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<span>Job overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Job_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Job overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Job_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Job_Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Job Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-disciplines_of_volcanology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-disciplines_of_volcanology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sub-disciplines of volcanology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-disciplines_of_volcanology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_volcanologists_(currently_active)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_volcanologists_(currently_active)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable volcanologists (currently active)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_volcanologists_(currently_active)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_volcanologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_volcanologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable volcanologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_volcanologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientist who studies volcanoes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Volcanologist" title="Special:EditPage/Volcanologist">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Volcanologist%22">"Volcanologist"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Volcanologist%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Volcanologist%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Volcanologist%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Volcanologist%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Volcanologist%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg/220px-Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg/330px-Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg/440px-Sampling_lava_with_hammer_and_bucket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A volcanologist sampling lava using a rock hammer and a bucket of water</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>volcanologist</b>, or <b>volcano scientist</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> who focuses on understanding the formation and eruptive activity of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cascades_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cascades-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, sometimes active ones, to observe and monitor <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a>, collect eruptive products including <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> samples. One major focus of inquiry in recent times is the prediction of eruptions to alleviate the impact on surrounding populations and monitor <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural hazards</a> associated with volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologists who research volcanic materials that make up the solid Earth are referred to as igneous petrologists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>volcanologist</i> (or <i>vulcanologist</i>) is derived from the English <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> + <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-logy" class="extiw" title="wikt:-logy">-logy</a>), which was derived from the French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/volcanologie#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:volcanologie">volcanologie</a> (or vulcanologie), which was further derived from the French word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/volcan#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:volcan">volcan</a> (volcano), which was even further derived from <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcanus</a>, the Latin name of the Roman god of <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>. The Latin word is of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> origin, but unknown meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Job_overview">Job overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Job overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_Description">Job Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Job Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volcanologists research many aspects of volcanic processes to better understand planetary formation or to monitor current and future <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a> in order to protect citizens living in volcanic hazard zones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanologists work at universities, museums or other national research institutes (often including volcano observatories), or in industry. Volcanologists working in academia will be usually involved in teaching geology classes if based at a university (<a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>), running of laboratory experiments, data collection, and writing of scientific <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">peer-reviewed</a> papers for the scientific community to critique and advance knowledge and discovery. Volcanologists working for volcano observatories and museums work in close collaboration with academic researchers, but day-to-day tasks may also include the collection and curation of volcanic samples, writing of reports from monitoring stations, and public outreach relating to volcanic hazards and climate change </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-disciplines_of_volcanology">Sub-disciplines of volcanology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sub-disciplines of volcanology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Igneous petrologist</li> <li>Physical volcanogist - someone who typically studies the physical characteristics of volcanic ash deposits and rocks.</li> <li>Experimental petrologist - someone who simulates volcanic and magmatic processes in a laboratory (are often specialists in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> applied to Earth processes).</li> <li>Geochemist - those who study the chemical composition of volcanic rocks and gases (see also <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">isotope geochemistry</a>). Geochemists often use <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">electron microprobe</a> analysis to understand the pre-eruption history of volcanic rocks and how fast eruptions occur.</li> <li>Volcano geophysicist (or volcano <a href="/wiki/Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologist</a>)</li> <li>Planetary volcanologist - someone who studies volcanic processes on other planetary bodies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanology#History" title="Volcanology">Volcanology § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_volcanologists_(currently_active)"><span id="Notable_volcanologists_.28currently_active.29"></span>Notable volcanologists (currently active)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable volcanologists (currently active)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haraldur_Sigurdsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraldur Sigurdsson">Haraldur Sigurdsson</a> (1939-), Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McGuire_(volcanologist)" title="Bill McGuire (volcanologist)">Bill McGuire</a> (born 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Keith Rowley</a> (born 1949; Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago since 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stephen John Sparks">Robert Stephen John Sparks</a> Chaning Wills Professor of Geology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Dingwell" title="Donald B. Dingwell">Donald B. Dingwell</a> (born 1958 in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada) is a geoscientist, the director of the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Ordinarius for Mineralogy and Petrology of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cashman" title="Katharine Cashman">Katharine Cashman</a> is an American volcanologist, professor of <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Plank" title="Terry Plank">Terry Plank</a> an American geochemist, volcanologist and professor of Earth science at Columbia College, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arculus" title="Richard Arculus">Richard Arculus</a> is an Australian petrologist and volcanologist, formerly a professor of the School of Earth Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaly_Lopes" title="Rosaly Lopes">Rosaly Lopes</a> (born 8 January 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>) is a Senior Scientist at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> specializing in planetary <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geology</a> and volcanology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Oppenheimer" title="Clive Oppenheimer">Clive Oppenheimer</a> (born 1964) is a British volcanologist, and Professor of Volcanology in the Department of Geography of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Fink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Fink (page does not exist)">Jonathan Fink</a> (born 1951) is Professor of Geology at Portland State University known for studies of physical processes in volcanology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsin_Mather" title="Tamsin Mather">Tamsin Mather</a> British Professor of Earth Sciences at the Department of Earth Sciences, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. She studies volcanic processes and their impacts on the Earth's environment and has appeared on the television and radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Edmonds" title="Marie Edmonds">Marie Edmonds</a> (born 14 September 1975) is a Professor of volcanology and geology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> whose research focuses on the physics and chemistry of volcanic eruptions and magmatism and understanding volatile cycling in the solid Earth as mediated by <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_Radebaugh" title="Jani Radebaugh">Jani Radebaugh</a> American planetary scientist and professor of geology at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Elkins-Tanton" title="Lindy Elkins-Tanton">Lindy Elkins-Tanton</a>, planetary scientist and professor with expertise in planet formation and evolution. She is the Director of the School of Earth and Space Exploration at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> (ASU) in <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>, Principal Investigator of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche mission</a>, and former director of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a>'s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenni_Barclay" title="Jenni Barclay">Jenni Barclay</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a>. She works on ways to mitigate volcanic risks, the interactions between rainfall and volcanic activity and the communication of volcanic hazards in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Horwell" title="Claire Horwell">Claire Horwell</a>, professor of Geohealth in the Department of Earth Sciences and Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> and the founding Director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Volcanic_Health_Hazard_Network" title="International Volcanic Health Hazard Network">International Volcanic Health Hazard Network</a> (IVHHN). She studies the health hazards of natural and industrial mineral dusts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_volcanologists">Notable volcanologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable volcanologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> (61 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113 AD</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> (1707–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a> (1726–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9odat_Gratet_de_Dolomieu" title="Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu">Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu</a> (1750–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Poulett_Scrope" title="George Julius Poulett Scrope">George Julius Poulett Scrope</a> (1797–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Giuseppe Mercalli</a> (1850–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (1857-1939), Catholic pope who, in his early life as Achille Ratti, wrote a chapter on earthquakes in an authoritative book <i>"Vulcani e fenomeni vulcanici in Italia"</i> (<i>"Volcanoes and volcanic phenomena in Italy"</i>) co-authored with Giuseppe Mercalli, published in 1883<sup id="cite_ref-Pius_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pius-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lacroix" title="Alfred Lacroix">Alfred Lacroix</a> (1863–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Perret" title="Frank A. Perret">Frank A. Perret</a> (1867–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jaggar" title="Thomas Jaggar">Thomas Jaggar</a> (1871–1953), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rittmann" title="Alfred Rittmann">Alfred Rittmann</a> (1893–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howel_Williams" title="Howel Williams">Howel Williams</a> (1898–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Macdonald" title="Gordon A. Macdonald">Gordon A. Macdonald</a> (1911–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinsson" title="Sigurður Þórarinsson">Sigurður Þórarinsson</a> (1912–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroun_Tazieff" title="Haroun Tazieff">Haroun Tazieff</a> (1914–1998), advisor to the <a href="/wiki/French_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="French Government">French Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._L._Walker" title="George P. L. Walker">George P. L. Walker</a> (1926–2005), pioneering volcanologist who transformed the subject into a quantitative science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_and_Maurice_Krafft" title="Katia and Maurice Krafft">Katia and Maurice Krafft</a> (1942–1991 and 1946–1991, respectively), died at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_(volcanologist)" title="Peter Francis (volcanologist)">Peter Francis</a> (1944–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Johnston" title="David A. Johnston">David A. Johnston</a> (1949–1980), killed during the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Glicken" title="Harry Glicken">Harry Glicken</a> (1958–1991), died at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a>, 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Houghton" title="Bruce Houghton">Bruce Houghton</a> (1950-)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_petrology" title="Igneous petrology">Igneous Petrology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/cascades-volcano-observatory/information-about-volcanologists">"Information About Volcanologists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Information+About+Volcanologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fobservatories%2Fcascades-volcano-observatory%2Finformation-about-volcanologists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-04-early-indicators-magma-viscosity-volcano.html">"Early indicators of magma viscosity could help forecast a volcano's eruption style"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Early+indicators+of+magma+viscosity+could+help+forecast+a+volcano%27s+eruption+style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2021-04-early-indicators-magma-viscosity-volcano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eos.org/articles/volcanic-lands-warm-before-eruptions">"Volcanic Lands Warm Before Eruptions"</a>. <i>AGU EOS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AGU+EOS&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Lands+Warm+Before+Eruptions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Farticles%2Fvolcanic-lands-warm-before-eruptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410000727/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-st-vincent-volcano-erupting-in-caribbean-has-such-a-deadly-reputation">"Why the volcano erupting in the Caribbean has such a deadly reputation"</a>. <i>Science</i>. 2021-04-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-st-vincent-volcano-erupting-in-caribbean-has-such-a-deadly-reputation">the original</a> on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Why+the+volcano+erupting+in+the+Caribbean+has+such+a+deadly+reputation&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fwhy-st-vincent-volcano-erupting-in-caribbean-has-such-a-deadly-reputation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2021/04/08/hawaii-news/measuring-magma-viscosity-early-could-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/">"Measuring magma viscosity early could forecast volcanic eruptions"</a>. <i>West Hawaii Today</i>. 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Hawaii+Today&rft.atitle=Measuring+magma+viscosity+early+could+forecast+volcanic+eruptions&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westhawaiitoday.com%2F2021%2F04%2F08%2Fhawaii-news%2Fmeasuring-magma-viscosity-early-could-forecast-volcanic-eruptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pius-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pius_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Jaselli2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luca Jaselli (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/museostoppani/home/nel-centenario-della-morte-di-giuseppe-mercalli">"Giuseppe Mercalli"</a> (in Italian). Museo di Storia Naturale A.Stoppani (<a href="/wiki/Venegono_Inferiore" title="Venegono Inferiore">Venegono Inferiore</a>, Italy)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Mercalli&rft.pub=Museo+di+Storia+Naturale+A.Stoppani+%28Venegono+Inferiore%2C+Italy%29&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Luca+Jaselli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fmuseostoppani%2Fhome%2Fnel-centenario-della-morte-di-giuseppe-mercalli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanologist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanologist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915044457/http://www.volcanolive.com/volcanologist.html">Volcano Live- What is a volcanologist?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environmentalscience.org/career/volcanologist">Environmental Science- How to Become a Volcanologist</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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