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<span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_population_of_Chinese_citizenship_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_population_of_Chinese_citizenship_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foreign population of Chinese citizenship in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_population_of_Chinese_citizenship_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Victimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_in_Spain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Spain">Chinese in Spain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overseas ethnic group of Spain</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chinese people in Spain</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese people on the street in Madrid"><img alt="Chinese people on the street in Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg/230px-Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg/345px-Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg/460px-Chinesepeopleinspain123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="531" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chinese people on the street in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">195,345 / 215,970 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qingtianese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qingtianese (page does not exist)">Qingtianese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">195,345 is the size of the population in Spain born in China (including those with Spanish citizenship). 215,970 is the size of the foreign population in Spain with Chinese citizenship (thus, with no Spanish citizenship).<sup id="cite_ref-INE2018nacidos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INE2018nacidos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INE2018nacionalidad_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INE2018nacionalidad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese people in Spain</b> form the ninth-largest non-<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> foreign community in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, official figures showed 145,425 Chinese citizens residing in Spain; however, this figure does not include people with origins in other <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> communities, nor Spanish citizens of Chinese origin or descent.<sup id="cite_ref-INE2018nacionalidad_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INE2018nacionalidad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Chinese people in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese immigration to Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese Mexicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Slavery in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Slavery in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_community_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian community of Spain">Indian community of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Portugal" title="Indians in Portugal">Indians in Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg/220px-E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg/330px-E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg/440px-E5275-Zaragoza-Lenceria-oriental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese wholesale clothing store in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. The sign is in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a>, indicating comparatively recent (and PRC-based) origin of the local Chinese community.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded arrivals of Chinese people to Spain date from the late 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Escalante" title="Bernardino de Escalante">Bernardino de Escalante</a> in his <i>Discurso de la navegación...</i> (one of the first European books on China, published in 1577) says that among his sources of information were "Chinese themselves, who came to Spain" ("los mesmos naturales Chinas que an venido à España").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a> in his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_history_of_the_great_and_mighty_kingdom_of_China_and_the_situation_thereof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof (page does not exist)">History of the great and mighty kingdom of China</a></i>, wrote that in 1585 "three merchants of China" arrived in Mexico "and neuer staied till they came into Spaine and into other kingdomes further off."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A legal case was brought before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> involving two Chinese men in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, one a freeman, Esteban Cabrera, and the other a slave, Diego Indio, against Juan de Morales, Diego's owner. Diego called on Esteban to give evidence as a witness on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diego recalled that he was taken as a slave by Francisco de Casteñeda from Mexico, to Nicaragua, then to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in Peru, then to Panama, and eventually to Spain via <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, while he was still a boy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esteban testified that he knew Diego as a boy in Limpoa (Liampó, the Portuguese name of <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, a Chinese city in Zhejiang), which he claimed to be part of the Spanish colonial indies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a false claim since Liampo was not under Spanish rule, and it is speculated that Esteban and Diego lied about it in order to help Diego win his freedom, playing on the fact that the Spanish conducting the case were ignorant of Spain's Asian affairs. It worked in their favor and in July 1575 the Council issued a ruling siding with Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juana de Castañeda also testified on behalf of Diego, claiming that she knew Diego in Lima and she also married Esteban during the ordeal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juana was a <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in Peru">native woman</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juana was around 40 years old when she testified on behalf of Diego in 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">native woman from Panama</a>, Isabel García also testified in favor of Diego, saying she knew him while he was in Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esteban's will dated 15 March 1599 left his property to his daughter Francisca de Altamirana and her husband Miguel de la Cruz who was a tailor and probably Chinese like Esteban.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A family of tailors was started by Esteban.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tristán de la China was <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">taken as a slave by the Portuguese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while he was still a boy and in the 1520s was obtained by Cristobál de Haro in Lisbon, and taken to live in Seville and Valladolid. He was paid for his service as a translator on the 1525 <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Jofre_de_Loa%C3%ADsa" class="mw-redirect" title="García Jofre de Loaísa">Loaísa expedition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he was still an adolescent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survivors, including Tristan, were shipwrecked for a decade until 1537 when they were returned to Lisbon by a Portuguese ship.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records from 7 May 1618 show that Hernando de los Ríos Coronel was permitted to bring from the Philippines to Spain two Chinese slaves, named Cosme and Juan de Terrenate, who was married to a woman named Manuela.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Asians took advantage of laws requiring that the Spanish state pay for their return to their homeland after being trafficked to Spain illegally. A Chinese named Juan Castelindala Moreno petitioned to be sent home in 1632.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Chinese_people_in_Spain#Disputed" title="Talk:Chinese people in Spain">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Asian slaves who were shipped from the Spanish Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila-Acapulco galleons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico) were all called "Chino" which meant Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Malays, Javanese, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Ternate, and Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people in this community of diverse Asians in Mexico were called "los indios chinos" by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these slaves were male and were obtained from Portuguese slave traders who obtained them from Portuguese colonial possessions and outposts of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_da_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado da India">Estado da India</a>, which included parts of India, Bengal, Malacca, Indonesia, Nagasaki in Japan, and Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Spanish temporarily brought some of these Chino slaves to Spain itself from Mexico, where owning and showing off a Chino slave showed high class since Spanish aristocrats viewed their Chino slaves as fascinating trendy symbols of class. A Spanish woman, Doña María de Quesada y Figueroa,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New Spain owned a China born Chinese man called Manuel who before being enslaved to her was taken from New Spain to be shown off in Seville until he was transferred to her ownership to be used by her as a slave by the woman's son Doctor D. Juan de Quesada in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of three Japanese slaves dating from the 16th century, named Gaspar Fernandes, Miguel and Ventura who ended up in Mexico showed that they were purchased by Portuguese slave traders in Japan, brought to Manila from where they were shipped to Mexico by their owner Perez.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these Asian slaves were also brought to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, where there was a small community of Asians including Chinese, Japanese, and Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first large wave of Chinese immigrants came to Spain in the 1920s and 1930s, working as itinerant peddlers. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, they branched out into the restaurant industry, and later into textiles and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Beltran2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltran2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the vast majority of Chinese residents in Spain started arriving in the country around the 1980s. According to Xu Songhua, president of the Association of Chinese in Spain (<i>Asociación de Chinos en España</i>), established in 1985, there are 13,000 Chinese-owned businesses in Spain, including 4,000 restaurants, 3,200 "dollar shops", 1,500 fruit shops, 600 wholesale warehouses, 80 Chinese groceries, 200 textile factories, and 120 photo processing shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, Madrid and Barcelona are home to the largest Chinese communities of Spain. Unlike earlier waves of Chinese immigrants in other countries, over 80% of the Chinese in Spain come from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Qingtian_County" title="Qingtian County">Qingtian County</a>, with smaller numbers from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. Others have come from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and Chinese communities of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera,_Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg/220px-201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg/330px-201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg/440px-201803_Jin_Yun_Shao_Bing_at_Usera%2C_Madrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Usera" title="Usera">Usera</a> district (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>), the "<a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>" of Spanish capital.</figcaption></figure> <p>The age structure of Chinese in Spain is skewed very young; 2003 figures showed only 1.8% aged 65 or older, as compared to 7% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and 17.5% of that of Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-Aranda_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aranda-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while over 17% were under the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the small proportion of elderly, combined with long working hours and the illegal status of some, Chinese are reported to use medical services at a far lower rate than other ethnic groups in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-LyPen_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyPen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_population_of_Chinese_citizenship_in_Spain">Foreign population of Chinese citizenship in Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foreign population of Chinese citizenship in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee" align="center"><td><b>Vertical bar chart of foreign population of Chinese nationality in Spain between 1998 and 2017</b></td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff" align="center"> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_q0edls62ol9rogm5s5eo5oq6zc25rr1"></map><img usemap="#timeline_q0edls62ol9rogm5s5eo5oq6zc25rr1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/q0edls62ol9rogm5s5eo5oq6zc25rr1.png" /></div> </td></tr><tr style="background:#eee"><td> <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#88c2cc; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a> (1998-2017) Foreign population in Spain of Chinese nationality according to the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ineextranjeros_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ineextranjeros-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Taoista_de_Barcelona" class="extiw" title="ca:Temple Taoista de Barcelona">Taoist temple</a> was opened in 2014 by the Chinese community of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priest</a> Liu Zemin, a 21st-generation descendant of poet, soldier and prophet Liu Bo Wen (1311-1375). The temple, located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_(district)" title="Sant Martí (district)">Sant Martí</a> and inaugurated with the presence of the People's Republic of China consul Qu Chengwu, enshrines 28 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">deities</a> of the province of China where most of the Chinese in Barcelona come from.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victimization">Victimization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Victimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2004, protests in <a href="/wiki/Elx" class="mw-redirect" title="Elx">Elche</a> over cheap imported shoes from China undercutting local shoe markets resulted in the burning of a Chinese-owned shoe warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Guo_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crime is a problem in the Chinese community due to the <a href="/wiki/Triad_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad society">triads</a>, which are involved in <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and extortion of Chinese business owners. However, the Triads have not established themselves as drug distributors due to competition from other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ResaNestares_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResaNestares-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhi_Wen" class="mw-redirect" title="He Zhi Wen">He Zhi Wen</a>, world-ranked male table tennis player (Originally from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang, China">Zhejiang, China</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yanfei" title="Shen Yanfei">Shen Yanfei</a>, world-ranked female table tennis player (Originally from <a href="/wiki/Hebei,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei, China">Hebei, China</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">China–Spain relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics of Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-INE2018nacidos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INE2018nacidos_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000624/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F&file=01006.px">"Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a>. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=01006.px">the original</a> on 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+%28espa%C3%B1oles%2Fextranjeros%29+por+Pa%C3%ADs+de+Nacimiento%2C+sexo+y+a%C3%B1o&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fjaxi%2FDatos.htm%3Fpath%3D%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F%26file%3D01006.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INE2018nacionalidad-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-INE2018nacionalidad_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-INE2018nacionalidad_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px">"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+extranjera+por+Nacionalidad%2C+comunidades%2C+Sexo+y+A%C3%B1o.&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fjaxi%2FDatos.htm%3Fpath%3D%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp08%2Fl0%2F%26file%3D02005.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nieto_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieto2003" class="citation cs2">Nieto, G. (September 2003), "The Chinese in Spain", <i>International Migration</i>, <b>41</b> (3), Blackwell Publishing: 215–237, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2435.00247">10.1111/1468-2435.00247</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Migration&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+in+Spain&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-237&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2435.00247&rft.aulast=Nieto&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante1577" class="citation cs2">Escalante, Bernardino de (1577), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221090618/https://www.upf.edu/asia/projectes/che/s16/escal.pdf"><i>Discurso de la navegación que los portugueses hazen a los reinos y provincias del oriente, y de la noticia que se tiene del reino de China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Sevilla, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upf.edu/asia/projectes/che/s16/escal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discurso+de+la+navegaci%C3%B3n+que+los+portugueses+hazen+a+los+reinos+y+provincias+del+oriente%2C+y+de+la+noticia+que+se+tiene+del+reino+de+China&rft.place=Sevilla&rft.date=1577&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=Bernardino+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upf.edu%2Fasia%2Fprojectes%2Fche%2Fs16%2Fescal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span>, folio 100. (Modern transcription, with slight modification to the original orthography. Full text as a PDF file.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofgreatmi14151gonz#page/95/mode/2up">[1]</a> The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof</i>. English translation by Robert Parke, 1588, in an 1853 reprint by Hakluyt Society. Page 95. Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0x1Io6VOuAIC&pg=PA791">quoted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Lach" title="Donald F. Lach">Donald F. Lach</a>. Modern annotations (as in the 1944 Spanish edition) note that this fact is absent in the first Spanish edition (Rome, 1585) but appears in the next Spanish edition (Madrid, 1586), meaning that Mendoza added a current fact to the new edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Chinese+Esteban+Cabrera+diego+indio&pg=PT44"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DChinese%2BEsteban%2BCabrera%2Bdiego%2Bindio%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H._Lee2016" class="citation book cs1">Christina H. Lee, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLGXCwAAQBAJ&q=manuel+slave+chino&pg=PA14"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Routledge. p. 13 and 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134759521" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134759521"><bdi>978-1134759521</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=13+and+14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1134759521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLGXCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmanuel%2Bslave%2Bchino%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Científicas1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (1984). José Jesús Hernández Palomo; Bibiano Torres Ramírez (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_G_-1LxBecoC&q=De+China+viaje+escalas+M%C3%A9xico+Nicaragua+Lima+Panam%C3%A1+Lisboa+indios+Diego&pg=PA555"><i>Andalucia y America en el Siglo Xvi</i></a>. Vol. 292 (Publicaciones de la Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla) (illustrated ed.). Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400056647" title="Special:BookSources/8400056647"><bdi>8400056647</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-5802">0210-5802</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia+y+America+en+el+Siglo+Xvi&rft.pages=553&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+-+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0210-5802&rft.isbn=8400056647&rft.au=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_G_-1LxBecoC%26q%3DDe%2BChina%2Bviaje%2Bescalas%2BM%25C3%25A9xico%2BNicaragua%2BLima%2BPanam%25C3%25A1%2BLisboa%2Bindios%2BDiego%26pg%3DPA555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Iwasaki_Cauti2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwCeavlP9QC&q=los+esclavos+parar+Portugal+Lisboa+Diego+Yndio&pg=PA293"><i>Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI</i></a>. Vol. 12 of Colección Orientalia (illustrated ed.). Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972426718" title="Special:BookSources/9972426718"><bdi>9972426718</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremo+Oriente+y+el+Per%C3%BA+en+el+siglo+XVI&rft.pages=293&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9972426718&rft.au=Fernando+Iwasaki+Cauti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwCeavlP9QC%26q%3Dlos%2Besclavos%2Bparar%2BPortugal%2BLisboa%2BDiego%2BYndio%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Lima+Diego+slave+Morales&pg=PT284"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DLima%2BDiego%2Bslave%2BMorales%26pg%3DPT284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_López-Calvo2013" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio López-Calvo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=Lima+Diego+Chinese+slave&pg=PA134"><i>The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru</i></a>. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816599875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816599875"><bdi>978-0816599875</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affinity+of+the+Eye%3A+Writing+Nikkei+in+Peru&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0816599875&rft.au=Ignacio+L%C3%B3pez-Calvo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMY4-ffumwUC%26q%3DLima%2BDiego%2BChinese%2Bslave%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Esteban+Juan+Benito+Limpoa&pg=PT282"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DEsteban%2BJuan%2BBenito%2BLimpoa%26pg%3DPT282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&pg=PT289"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26pg%3DPT289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Esteban+de+Cabrera+Juana+Seville+compelling&pg=PT287"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DEsteban%2Bde%2BCabrera%2BJuana%2BSeville%2Bcompelling%26pg%3DPT287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HDiAAAAMAAJ&q=Aun+as%C3%AD%2C+testimonios++Juana++Castañeda+y+Esteban++Cabrera"><i>Studia, Issues 58-59</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia%2C+Issues+58-59&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HDiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAun%2Bas%25C3%25AD%252C%2Btestimonios%2B%2BJuana%2B%2BCasta%C3%B1eda%2By%2BEsteban%2B%2BCabrera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Científicas1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (1984). José Jesús Hernández Palomo; Bibiano Torres Ramírez (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_G_-1LxBecoC&q=Esteban+de+cabrera+chino+Juana+de+Casta%C3%B1eda&pg=PA555"><i>Andalucia y America en el Siglo Xvi</i></a>. Vol. 292 (Publicaciones de la Escuela de estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla) (illustrated ed.). Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400056647" title="Special:BookSources/8400056647"><bdi>8400056647</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0210-5802">0210-5802</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia+y+America+en+el+Siglo+Xvi&rft.pages=553&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+-+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0210-5802&rft.isbn=8400056647&rft.au=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_G_-1LxBecoC%26q%3DEsteban%2Bde%2Bcabrera%2Bchino%2BJuana%2Bde%2BCasta%25C3%25B1eda%26pg%3DPA555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibiano_Torres_Ramírez,_José_Jesús_Hernández_Palomo,_Escuela_de_Estudios_Hispano-Americanos_(Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Científicas),_Huelva_(Spain_:_Province)._Excma._Diputación_Provincial1983" class="citation book cs1">Bibiano Torres Ramírez, José Jesús Hernández Palomo, Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Huelva (Spain : Province). Excma. Diputación Provincial (1983). Bibiano Torres Ramírez; José Jesús Hernández Palomo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJl6AAAAMAAJ&q=En+el+proceso+testificaron+a+su+favor+una+india+limeña,+Juana+de+Castañeda,+que+vino+a+España+en+el+mismo+viaje+que+Diego.+También+Esteban+de+Cabrera,+anciano+indio+chino,+tra%C3%ADdo+en+la+misma+expedición,+quien+aseguró+que+Diego+..."><i>Andalucia y America en el Siglo XVI</i></a>. Bibiano Torres Ramírez (illustrated ed.). Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, C.S.I.C. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8400056647" title="Special:BookSources/8400056647"><bdi>8400056647</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalucia+y+America+en+el+Siglo+XVI&rft.pages=553&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Escuela+de+Estudios+Hispano-Americanos%2C+C.S.I.C.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=8400056647&rft.au=Bibiano+Torres+Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Jes%C3%BAs+Hern%C3%A1ndez+Palomo%2C+Escuela+de+Estudios+Hispano-Americanos+%28Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADficas%29%2C+Huelva+%28Spain+%3A+Province%29.+Excma.+Diputaci%C3%B3n+Provincial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJl6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DEn%2Bel%2Bproceso%2Btestificaron%2Ba%2Bsu%2Bfavor%2Buna%2Bindia%2Blime%C3%B1a%2C%2BJuana%2Bde%2BCasta%C3%B1eda%2C%2Bque%2Bvino%2Ba%2BEspa%C3%B1a%2Ben%2Bel%2Bmismo%2Bviaje%2Bque%2BDiego.%2BTambi%C3%A9n%2BEsteban%2Bde%2BCabrera%2C%2Banciano%2Bindio%2Bchino%2C%2Btra%25C3%25ADdo%2Ben%2Bla%2Bmisma%2Bexpedici%C3%B3n%2C%2Bquien%2Basegur%C3%B3%2Bque%2BDiego%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Iwasaki_Cauti2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwCeavlP9QC&q=Esteban+de+cabrera+chino+Juana+de+Casta%C3%B1eda&pg=PA292"><i>Extremo Oriente y el Perú en el siglo XVI</i></a>. Vol. 12 (Colección Orientalia) (illustrated ed.). Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972426718" title="Special:BookSources/9972426718"><bdi>9972426718</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremo+Oriente+y+el+Per%C3%BA+en+el+siglo+XVI&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9972426718&rft.au=Fernando+Iwasaki+Cauti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwCeavlP9QC%26q%3DEsteban%2Bde%2Bcabrera%2Bchino%2BJuana%2Bde%2BCasta%25C3%25B1eda%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HDiAAAAMAAJ&q=Juana+40"><i>Studia, Issues 58-59</i></a>. 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Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DEsteban%2Bde%2BCabrera%2BJuana%2BSeville%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Chinese+Asians+Indio+Cabrera+tailors&pg=PT294"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DChinese%2BAsians%2BIndio%2BCabrera%2Btailors%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Chinos+in+sixteenth+Diego+Indio&pg=PT43"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DChinos%2Bin%2Bsixteenth%2BDiego%2BIndio%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=tristan+de+la+china+cristobal+de+haro&pg=PT276"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3Dtristan%2Bde%2Bla%2Bchina%2Bcristobal%2Bde%2Bharo%26pg%3DPT276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=haro+Catalina+Diaz&pg=PT278"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3Dharo%2BCatalina%2BDiaz%26pg%3DPT278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=haro+Seville+1538&pg=PT277"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3Dharo%2BSeville%2B1538%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=Chinese+Manuela+Cosme++Trade&pg=PT293"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Visions+of+the+Far+East+in+a+Transpacific+Age%2C+1522%E2%80%931657&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409483687&rft.au=Christina+H+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFIn7R1w8GYC%26q%3DChinese%2BManuela%2BCosme%2B%2BTrade%26pg%3DPT293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HDiAAAAMAAJ&q=En+la+servidumbre+de+las+autoridades+que+volv%C3%ADan+de+Manila+a+España+se+colaron+sin+duda+algunos+chinos(51).+...+Su+séquito+se+compon%C3%ADa+de+cuatro+criados:+dos+españoles+y+%22dos+esclavos,+el+uno+chino+y+el+otro+terre-+nate+y...+su+muger,+...+esclavos+la+cédula+virreinal+los+convirtió+en+%22dos+chinos+blancos%22;+se+llamaban+Juan+de+Terrenate+(%22es+casado,+llevando+consigo+a+Manuela,+su+muger+%22)+y+Cosme(52)."><i>Studia, Issues 58-59</i></a>. Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. 2001. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia%2C+Issues+58-59&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HDiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DEn%2Bla%2Bservidumbre%2Bde%2Blas%2Bautoridades%2Bque%2Bvolv%25C3%25ADan%2Bde%2BManila%2Ba%2BEspa%C3%B1a%2Bse%2Bcolaron%2Bsin%2Bduda%2Balgunos%2Bchinos%2851%29.%2B...%2BSu%2Bs%C3%A9quito%2Bse%2Bcompon%25C3%25ADa%2Bde%2Bcuatro%2Bcriados%3A%2Bdos%2Bespa%C3%B1oles%2By%2B%2522dos%2Besclavos%2C%2Bel%2Buno%2Bchino%2By%2Bel%2Botro%2Bterre-%2Bnate%2By...%2Bsu%2Bmuger%2C%2B...%2Besclavos%2Bla%2Bc%C3%A9dula%2Bvirreinal%2Blos%2Bconvirti%C3%B3%2Ben%2B%2522dos%2Bchinos%2Bblancos%2522%3B%2Bse%2Bllamaban%2BJuan%2Bde%2BTerrenate%2B%28%2522es%2Bcasado%2C%2Bllevando%2Bconsigo%2Ba%2BManuela%2C%2Bsu%2Bmuger%2B%2522%29%2By%2BCosme%2852%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_H_Lee2012" class="citation book cs1">Christina H Lee (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFIn7R1w8GYC&q=1632+Juan+Castelindala+Moreno+Chinese&pg=PT319"><i>Western Visions of the Far East in a Transpacific Age, 1522–1657</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409483687" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409483687"><bdi>978-1409483687</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Americas&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3884797131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM25cDaIsFNYC%26q%3Dacapulco%2Bslaves%2Basian%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_J._Meagher2008" class="citation book cs1">Arnold J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Race+Formation+in+North+America&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0802096784&rft.au=James+W.+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZgR6ubuUXcC%26q%3Dacapulco%2Bslaves%2Basian%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Paulina_Machuca_Chávez2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claudia Paulina Machuca Chávez (Fall–Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081131/http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/Lhistoricas/pdfs/vol1/4.pdf">"El alcalde de los chinos en la provincia de Colima durante el siglo xvii"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Letras Históricas</i> (in Spanish) (1). Ciesas Occidente: 95–116. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/Lhistoricas/pdfs/vol1/4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Letras+Hist%C3%B3ricas&rft.atitle=El+alcalde+de+los+chinos+en+la+provincia+de+Colima+durante+el+siglo+xvii&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-116&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Claudia+Paulina+Machuca+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F148.202.18.157%2Fsitios%2Fpublicacionesite%2Fpperiod%2FLhistoricas%2Fpdfs%2Fvol1%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDéborah_Oropeza_Keresey2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Déborah Oropeza Keresey (July–September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/600/60022589001.pdf">"La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historia Mexicana</i> (in Spanish). <b>LXI</b> (1). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexicanistas.eu/uploads/Ideas%20centrales%20en%20torno%20a%20la%20esclavitud%20asiatica%20en%20la%20Nueva%20Espana,%20Deborah%20Oropeza.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Mexicana&rft.atitle=Ideas+centrales+en+torno+a+la+esclavitud+asi%C3%A1tica+en+la+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009&rft.au=D%C3%A9borah+Oropeza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexicanistas.eu%2Fuploads%2FIdeas%2520centrales%2520en%2520torno%2520a%2520la%2520esclavitud%2520asiatica%2520en%2520la%2520Nueva%2520Espana%2C%2520Deborah%2520Oropeza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo_Lohmann_VillenaFrancisco_de_Solano1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Guillermo Lohmann Villena; Francisco de Solano (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jlefq-NJKq0C&q=Doctor+Juan+Quesada+de+Figueroa++Maria+de+Quesada+y+Figueroa+juan+hurtado+de+mendoza&pg=PA342"><i>Los Americanos en Las órdenes Nobiliarias</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Americanos+en+Las+%C3%B3rdenes+Nobiliarias&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC+-+CSIC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=8400073517&rft.au=Guillermo+Lohmann+Villena&rft.au=Francisco+de+Solano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlefq-NJKq0C%26q%3DDoctor%2BJuan%2BQuesada%2Bde%2BFigueroa%2B%2BMaria%2Bde%2BQuesada%2By%2BFigueroa%2Bjuan%2Bhurtado%2Bde%2Bmendoza%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFélix_González_de_Leon1844" class="citation book cs1">Félix González de Leon (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlWOCVNEV7cC&q=Juan+Quesada+de+Figueroa++Maria+de+Quesada+y+Figueroa+juan+hurtado+de+mendoza&pg=RA1-PA212"><i>Noticia artistica: histórica y curiosa de todos los edificios publicos, sagrados y profanos de esta muy noble, muy leal, muy heroica e invicta ciudad de Sevilla, y de muchas casas particulares, con todo lo que les sirve de adorno artístico, antiguedades, inscripciones y curiosidades que contienen</i></a>. J. Hidalgo. p. 212<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noticia+artistica%3A+hist%C3%B3rica+y+curiosa+de+todos+los+edificios+publicos%2C+sagrados+y+profanos+de+esta+muy+noble%2C+muy+leal%2C+muy+heroica+e+invicta+ciudad+de+Sevilla%2C+y+de+muchas+casas+particulares%2C+con+todo+lo+que+les+sirve+de+adorno+art%C3%ADstico%2C+antiguedades%2C+inscripciones+y+curiosidades+que+contienen&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=J.+Hidalgo&rft.date=1844&rft.au=F%C3%A9lix+Gonz%C3%A1lez+de+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlWOCVNEV7cC%26q%3DJuan%2BQuesada%2Bde%2BFigueroa%2B%2BMaria%2Bde%2BQuesada%2By%2BFigueroa%2Bjuan%2Bhurtado%2Bde%2Bmendoza%26pg%3DRA1-PA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermo_Lohmann_Villena1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Guillermo Lohmann Villena (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VBwbAAAAYAAJ&q=Padres+:+el+Doctor+D.+Juan+Quesada+de+Figueroa,+n.+en+Sevilla,+Oidor+sucesivamente+en+las+Audiencias+de+Santo+Domingo+y+México+...+Abuelos+paternos:+D.+Juan+Hurtado+de+Mendoza,+y+D.a+Mar%C3%ADa+de+Quesada+y+Figueroa,+n.+ambos+en+Sevilla."><i>Santiago</i></a>. Vol. 1 (Los americanos en las órdenes nobiliarias, Los americanos en las órdenes nobiliarias). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científícas, Instituto "Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo". p. 342<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santiago&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investigaciones+Cient%C3%ADf%C3%ADcas%2C+Instituto+%22Gonzalo+Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Oviedo%22&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Guillermo+Lohmann+Villena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVBwbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPadres%2B%3A%2Bel%2BDoctor%2BD.%2BJuan%2BQuesada%2Bde%2BFigueroa%2C%2Bn.%2Ben%2BSevilla%2C%2BOidor%2Bsucesivamente%2Ben%2Blas%2BAudiencias%2Bde%2BSanto%2BDomingo%2By%2BM%C3%A9xico%2B...%2BAbuelos%2Bpaternos%3A%2BD.%2BJuan%2BHurtado%2Bde%2BMendoza%2C%2By%2BD.a%2BMar%25C3%25ADa%2Bde%2BQuesada%2By%2BFigueroa%2C%2Bn.%2Bambos%2Ben%2BSevilla.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton_Look_LaiChee_Beng_Tan2010" class="citation book cs1">Walton Look Lai; Chee Beng Tan, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&q=acapulco+Chino+Seville+Cadiz+Madrid+slaves&pg=PA13"><i>The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004182134" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004182134"><bdi>978-9004182134</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004182134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrGShVU6VrgC%26q%3Dacapulco%2BChino%2BSeville%2BCadiz%2BMadrid%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Yomiuri_Shimbun/Asia_News_Network2013" class="citation news cs1">The Yomiuri Shimbun/Asia News Network (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html">"Japanese slaves taken to Mexico in 16th century"</a>. <i>Asiaone News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218055328/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20130514-422430.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiaone+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+slaves+taken+to+Mexico+in+16th+century&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.au=The+Yomiuri+Shimbun%2FAsia+News+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FAsiaOne%2BNews%2FAsia%2FStory%2FA1Story20130514-422430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2013" class="citation news cs1">Torres, Ida (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131111645/http://japandailypress.com/records-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777/">"Records show Japanese slaves crossed the Pacific to Mexico in 16th century"</a>. <i>Japan Daily Press</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japandailypress.com/records-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777/">the original</a> on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Records+show+Japanese+slaves+crossed+the+Pacific+to+Mexico+in+16th+century&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapandailypress.com%2Frecords-show-japanese-slaves-crossed-the-pacific-to-mexico-in-16th-century-1428777%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhro2013" class="citation news cs1">Phro, Preston (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rocketnews24.com/2013/05/15/to-mexico-in-chains-the-tale-of-three-16th-century-japanese-slaves/">"To Mexico in Chains: The Tale of Three 16th Century Japanese Slaves"</a>. <i>Rocket News 24</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocket+News+24&rft.atitle=To+Mexico+in+Chains%3A+The+Tale+of+Three+16th+Century+Japanese+Slaves&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Phro&rft.aufirst=Preston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rocketnews24.com%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fto-mexico-in-chains-the-tale-of-three-16th-century-japanese-slaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Bethell1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Leslie Bethell (1984). Leslie Bethell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhNfVshMw64C&q=slaves+lima+chinese+filipinos+japanese+malays&pg=PA21"><i>The Cambridge History of Latin America</i></a>. Vol. 2 (The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II) (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521245168" title="Special:BookSources/0521245168"><bdi>0521245168</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0521245168&rft.au=Leslie+Bethell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhNfVshMw64C%26q%3Dslaves%2Blima%2Bchinese%2Bfilipinos%2Bjapanese%2Bmalays%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_López-Calvo2013" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio López-Calvo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMY4-ffumwUC&q=slaves+lima+chinese+japanese&pg=PA134"><i>The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru</i></a>. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816599875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816599875"><bdi>978-0816599875</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James. Duke University Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822384078" title="Special:BookSources/0822384078"><bdi>0822384078</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(July 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S1131-57682001000700004&script=sci_arttext">"Patologías prevalentes en pacientes de etnia china (Prevalent diseases of Chinese people in Spain)"</a>, <i>Medifam</i>, <b>11</b> (7): 34–44<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medifam&rft.atitle=Patolog%C3%ADas+prevalentes+en+pacientes+de+etnia+china+%28Prevalent+diseases+of+Chinese+people+in+Spain%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=34-44&rft.date=2001-07&rft.aulast=Ly+Pen&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscielo.isciii.es%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS1131-57682001000700004%26script%3Dsci_arttext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ineextranjeros-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ineextranjeros_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px&L=0">"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge. 29/04/2014. Retrieved 06/05/2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20140424/54405255194/asi-funciona-el-primer-templo-taoista-de-barcelona.html">"Así funciona el primer templo taoísta de Barcelona"</a>. La Vanguardia, 23/04/2014. Retrieved 06/05/2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guo-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guo_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2004" class="citation news cs1">Guo, Xiaohong (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/110505.htm">"Spanish Arson a Warning to 'Made in China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>China.org.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China.org.cn&rft.atitle=Spanish+Arson+a+Warning+to+%27Made+in+China%27&rft.date=2004-10-27&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Xiaohong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2FBAT%2F110505.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ResaNestares-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ResaNestares_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResa_Nestares2001" class="citation cs2">Resa Nestares, Carlos (7 December 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uam.es/carlos.resa/text9.html"><i>Transnational organised crime in Spain: Structural factors explaining its penetration</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Madrid" title="Autonomous University of Madrid">Autonomous University of Madrid</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+organised+crime+in+Spain%3A+Structural+factors+explaining+its+penetration&rft.pub=Autonomous+University+of+Madrid&rft.date=2001-12-07&rft.aulast=Resa+Nestares&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uam.es%2Fcarlos.resa%2Ftext9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_people_in_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieto2003" class="citation cs2">Nieto, Gladys (2003), "Overseas Chinese associations building up a national identity: specific cases in Spain", in Fernández-Stembridge, Leila (ed.), <i>China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion, and Collective Identities</i>, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 173–195, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31267-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31267-1"><bdi>0-415-31267-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overseas+Chinese+associations+building+up+a+national+identity%3A+specific+cases+in+Spain&rft.btitle=China+Today%3A+Economic+Reforms%2C+Social+Cohesion%2C+and+Collective+Identities&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=173-195&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-31267-1&rft.aulast=Nieto&rft.aufirst=Gladys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+people+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="Immigration_to_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration to Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Spanish">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerians_in_Spain" title="Algerians in Spain">Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawis_in_Spain" title="Sahrawis in Spain">Sahrawis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Spanish" title="Cape Verdean Spanish">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinean_immigration_to_Spain" title="Equatorial Guinean immigration to Spain">Equatorial Guineans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_Spain" title="Latin American migration to Spain">Latin American</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_in_Spain" title="Argentines in Spain">Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_boliviana_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración boliviana en España">Bolivians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_chilena_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración chilena en España">Chileans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians_in_Spain" title="Colombians in Spain">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_cubana_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración cubana en España">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicans_in_Spain" title="Dominicans in Spain">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_Spain" title="Ecuadorians in Spain">Ecuadorians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en España">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayans_in_Spain" title="Paraguayans in Spain">Paraguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_Spain" title="Peruvians in Spain">Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_salvadore%C3%B1a_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración salvadoreña en España">Salvadorans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Spain" title="Uruguayans in Spain">Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_in_Spain" title="Venezuelans in Spain">Venezuelans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Spain" title="Arabs in Spain">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Spain" title="Lebanese people in Spain">Lebanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Armenians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_people_of_Filipino_ancestry" title="Spanish people of Filipino ancestry">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgians in Spain">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Spain" title="Indians in Spain">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Spain" title="Iranians in Spain">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Spain" title="Japanese people in Spain">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Spain" title="Koreans in Spain">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Spain" title="Pakistanis in Spain">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Spain" title="Turks in Spain">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_immigration_in_Spain" title="British immigration in Spain">British immigration in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Spain" title="Bulgarians in Spain">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Spain" title="Romanians in Spain">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Spain" title="Russians in Spain">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Spain" title="Serbs in Spain">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Spain" title="Italians in Spain">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Spain" title="Poles in Spain">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Spain">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Spain">Ethnic groups in Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturians" title="Asturians">Asturians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including <i><a href="/wiki/Vaqueiros_de_alzada" title="Vaqueiros de alzada">Vaqueiros de alzada</a></i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islanders" title="Canary Islanders">Canary Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_people" title="Cantabrian people">Cantabrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremadurans" title="Extremadurans">Extremadurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_people" title="Leonese people">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencians" title="Valencians">Valencians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and related minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gypsies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Kale">Iberian Kale</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Sephardim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Spain" title="Template:Immigration to Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Spain" title="Template talk:Immigration to Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration to Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Spanish">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerians_in_Spain" title="Algerians in Spain">Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawis_in_Spain" title="Sahrawis in Spain">Sahrawis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Spanish" title="Cape Verdean Spanish">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinean_immigration_to_Spain" title="Equatorial Guinean immigration to Spain">Equatorial Guineans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_Spain" title="Latin American migration to Spain">Latin American</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentines_in_Spain" title="Argentines in Spain">Argentines</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_boliviana_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración boliviana en España">Bolivians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_chilena_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración chilena en España">Chileans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians_in_Spain" title="Colombians in Spain">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_cubana_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración cubana en España">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicans_in_Spain" title="Dominicans in Spain">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians_in_Spain" title="Ecuadorians in Spain">Ecuadorians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en España">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">Mexicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayans_in_Spain" title="Paraguayans in Spain">Paraguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_Spain" title="Peruvians in Spain">Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_salvadore%C3%B1a_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración salvadoreña en España">Salvadorans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Spain" title="Uruguayans in Spain">Uruguayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_in_Spain" title="Venezuelans in Spain">Venezuelans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Spain" title="Arabs in Spain">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Spain" title="Lebanese people in Spain">Lebanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Armenians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_people_of_Filipino_ancestry" title="Spanish people of Filipino ancestry">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgians in Spain">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Spain" title="Indians in Spain">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Spain" title="Iranians in Spain">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Spain" title="Japanese people in Spain">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Spain" title="Koreans in Spain">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Spain" title="Pakistanis in Spain">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Spain" title="Turks in Spain">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_immigration_in_Spain" title="British immigration in Spain">British immigration in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Spain" title="Bulgarians in Spain">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Spain" title="Romanians in Spain">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Spain" title="Russians in Spain">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Spain" title="Serbs in Spain">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Spain" title="Italians in Spain">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Spain" title="Poles in Spain">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Spain">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overseas_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin" title="Mauritians of Chinese origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_East_Timor" title="Chinese people in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. <i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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