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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Track subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sprints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Middle distance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Long-distance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relay_races" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay_races"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Relay races </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay_races-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurdling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurdling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Hurdling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurdling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Field </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Field-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Field subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Jumping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_jump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_jump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Long jump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_jump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triple_jump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triple_jump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Triple jump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triple_jump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_jump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_jump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 High jump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_jump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pole_vault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_vault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Pole vault </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole_vault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throwing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throwing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Throwing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throwing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shot_put" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shot_put"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Shot put </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shot_put-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discus_throw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discus_throw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Discus throw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discus_throw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Javelin_throw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Javelin_throw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Javelin throw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Javelin_throw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammer_throw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammer_throw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Hammer throw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammer_throw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Combined events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadiums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadiums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Stadiums </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stadiums-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Stadiums subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Stadiums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outdoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Outdoor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Indoor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Starts_use_in_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starts_use_in_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Starts use in race </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Starts_use_in_race-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Starts use in race subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Starts_use_in_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Track_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Track rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Starting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Running_the_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Running_the_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Running the race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Running_the_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_finish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_finish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 The finish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_finish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Field rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertical_Jumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_Jumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Vertical Jumps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_Jumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_Jumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_Jumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Horizontal Jumps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_Jumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Competitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Competitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olympics,_Paralympics_and_world_championships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympics,_Paralympics_and_world_championships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Olympics, Paralympics and world championships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympics,_Paralympics_and_world_championships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_championships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_championships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Other championships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_championships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-sport_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-sport_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Multi-sport events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-sport_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Meetings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 World rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Doping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Related sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Track and field</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سباقات المضمار والميدان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباقات المضمار والميدان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ট্র্যাক অ্যান্ড ফিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্র্যাক অ্যান্ড ফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A2n-k%C3%A8ng_%C5%ABn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Chhân-kèng ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhân-kèng ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atletismo_de_pista_y_campo" title="Atletismo de pista y campo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atletismo de pista y campo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojkampa_atletiko" title="Vojkampa atletiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vojkampa atletiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دو و میدانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دو و میدانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athl%C3%A9tisme_en_stade" title="Athlétisme en stade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Athlétisme en stade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%99_%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="트랙 필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랙 필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ट्रैक और फील्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रैक और फील्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trek_dan_lapangan" title="Trek dan lapangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trek dan lapangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രാക്ക് ആൻഡ് ഫീൽഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാക്ക് ആൻഡ് ഫീൽഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balapan_dan_padang" title="Balapan dan padang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balapan dan padang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%B1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯝꯄꯥꯛ ꯱ꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯝꯖꯦꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯝꯄꯥꯛ ꯱ꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯝꯖꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%26%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="トラック&フィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラック&フィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਟਰੈਕ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ੀਲਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰੈਕ ਅਤੇ ਫ਼ੀਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrak_ah_fiil_atletix" title="Chrak ah fiil atletix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chrak ah fiil atletix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sports based on running, jumping or throwing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Track & Field" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Track_%26_Field_(video_game)" title="Track & Field (video game)">Track & Field (video game)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Sport of athletics</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Track and field</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_and_field_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Track_and_field_stadium.jpg/220px-Track_and_field_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Track_and_field_stadium.jpg/330px-Track_and_field_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Track_and_field_stadium.jpg/440px-Track_and_field_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Part of a track and field stadium</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Sport</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> Track and field is a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Competition#Sports" title="Competition">athletic contests</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Throwing" title="Throwing">throwing</a> skills.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a <a href="/wiki/Running_track" title="Running track">running track</a> and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">sport of athletics</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country running</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a>. In British English the term athletics is synonymous with American track and field and includes all jumping events. Outside of Canada and the United States, athletics is the official term for this sport with 'track' and 'field' events being subgroups of athletics events. The foot racing events, which include <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">middle-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">long-distance events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">hurdling</a>, are won by the <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athlete</a> who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">triple jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a>, while the most common throwing events are <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer</a>. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_pentathlon" title="Athletics pentathlon">pentathlon</a> consisting of five events, <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">heptathlon</a> consisting of seven events, and <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">decathlon</a> consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are <a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">individual sports</a> with a single victor; the most prominent team events are <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay races</a>, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. Recently, "mixed" relay events have been introduced into meets, whereby two men and two women make up the four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants. Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Olympics">athletics competition at the Olympic Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Athletics Championships</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a>, formerly known as the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), is the <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">international governing body</a> for the sport of athletics. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world</a>, continental, and <a href="/wiki/National_records_in_athletics" title="National records in athletics">national</a> levels. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a>, rather than strictly track-based events.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics#History" title="Sport of athletics">History of athletics</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History of sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/220px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/330px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/440px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3275" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> vase from 600 BC depicting a running contest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg/220px-DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg/330px-DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/DETROIT_ATHLETIC_CLUB-1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>An early model of <a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">hurdling</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Athletic_Club" title="Detroit Athletic Club">Detroit Athletic Club</a> in 1888</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg/220px-Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="481" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg/330px-Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg/440px-Jim_Thorpe_1912b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>American athlete <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a> lost his <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medals</a> after taking expense money prior to the <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Olympics</a> for playing <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, a violation of <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">amateurism</a> rules.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlLewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/CarlLewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a>, one of the athletes who helped increase track and field's profile</figcaption></figure> The sport of track and field has <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> roots, being among the oldest of sporting <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competitions</a>, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal human physical expressions. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events are the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Olympic">Ancient Olympic</a> include further running competitions, but the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Ancient Olympic pentathlon</a> marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a>, stadion footrace,<a href="#cite_note-Instone-3">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">wrestling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Track and field events were also present at the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 201 BC.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Stone_put" title="Stone put">stone put</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weight_throw" title="Weight throw">weight throw</a> competitions popular among <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a> events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a>, which stemmed from competitions such as <a href="/wiki/Fierljeppen" title="Fierljeppen">fierljeppen</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Lowlands</a> in the 18th century. Discrete track and field competitions, separate from general <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">sporting festivals</a>, were first recorded in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> These were typically organised among rival <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military organisation">military organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">sports clubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFintro-9">[9]</a> Influenced by a <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>-rich curriculum, competitions in the English <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> were conceived as human equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">hare coursing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt</a> is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10">[10]</a> The school organised <a href="/wiki/Paper_Chase_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper Chase (game)">Paper Chase</a> races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes";<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10">[10]</a> even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first definite record of Shrewsbury's cross-country Annual <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a> is in 1834, making it the oldest running race of the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10">[10]</a> The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still extant, the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10">[10]</a> This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes, the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-10">[10]</a> 13 miles (21 km) away and a decade later, the first <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Games" title="Wenlock Olympian Games">Wenlock Olympian Games</a> were held at <a href="/wiki/Much_Wenlock" title="Much Wenlock">Much Wenlock</a> racecourse in 1851. It included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wenlock-13">[13]</a> In 1865, Dr <a href="/wiki/William_Penny_Brookes" title="William Penny Brookes">William Penny Brookes</a> of Wenlock helped set up the <a href="/wiki/National_Olympian_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Olympian Association">National Olympian Association</a>, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at the <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-Wenlock-13">[13]</a> This national event was a great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people.<a href="#cite_note-Wenlock-13">[13]</a> In response, the Amateur Athletic Club was formed that same year and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite.<a href="#cite_note-Wenlock-13">[13]</a> Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through and in 1880 the AAC was reconstituted as the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Athletic Association">Amateur Athletic Association</a>, the first national body for the <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">sport of athletics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/AAA_Championships" title="AAA Championships">AAA Championships</a>, the de facto British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, helping to codify its rules. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club" title="New York Athletic Club">New York Athletic Club</a> in 1876 began holding an annual national competition, the <a href="/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships">USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Champs-15">[15]</a> The establishment of general sports governing bodies for the United States (the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> in 1888) and France (the <a href="/wiki/Union_des_soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_fran%C3%A7aises_de_sports_athl%C3%A9tiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques">Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques</a> in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and made international competitions possible. The revival of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Olympics">Olympic athletics programme</a>, comprising track and field events plus a <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a>. The Olympics also consolidated the use of <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric measurements</a> in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field remained among its most prominent contests. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, only open to <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">amateur sportsmen</a>. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a> was stripped of his track and field medals from the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Olympics</a> after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic <a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">amateurism</a> rules. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> That same year, the <a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Athletic_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Amateur Athletic Federation">International Amateur Athletic Federation</a> (IAAF) was established as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sport_federations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of international sport federations">international governing body</a> for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as a founding principle for the sport. The <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> held their first <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championship" title="NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship">Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship</a> in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students. In 1923 track and field featured at the inaugural <a href="/wiki/World_Student_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World Student Games">World Student Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The first continental track and field competition was the <a href="/wiki/1919_South_American_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1919 South American Championships in Athletics">1919 South American Championships</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships" title="European Athletics Championships">European Athletics Championships</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Until the early 1920s, track and field was almost an exclusively male pursuit. Many colleges required women to participate in walking events. Walking was considered to be a primarily female sport. In the late 1800s it was still incredibly rare to find women in the gym, as this was considered a masculine activity. On 9 November 1895, the first women's track meet in the United States was held and it was called "a field day".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Milliat" title="Alice Milliat">Alice Milliat</a> argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused. She founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Sports_Federation" title="International Women's Sports Federation">International Women's Sports Federation</a> in 1921 and, alongside a growing <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">women's sports</a> movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Olympiad" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Olympiad">Women's Olympiad</a>, held annually from 1921 to 1923. In cooperation with the English <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Amateur_Athletic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Amateur Athletic Association">Women's Amateur Athletic Association</a> (WAAA), the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Games" title="Women's World Games">Women's World Games</a> was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as a <a href="/wiki/1924_Women%27s_Olympiad" title="1924 Women's Olympiad">Women's International and British Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1924. These efforts ultimately led to the introduction of five track and field events for women in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics">athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B-20">[20]</a> National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing the <a href="/wiki/1923_WAAA_Championships" title="1923 WAAA Championships">First British Track & Field championships for women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> (AAU) sponsoring the <a href="/wiki/1923_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships">first American Track & Field championships for women</a>. In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences. Physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Kinue_Hitomi" title="Kinue Hitomi">Kinue Hitomi</a> and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women's track and field in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> More women's events were gradually introduced, though it was only towards the end of the century that the athletics programmes approached gender parity. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the sport, major track and field competitions for <a href="/wiki/Disabled_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled sports">disabled athletes</a> were first introduced at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Paralympics" title="Athletics at the 1960 Summer Paralympics">1960 Summer Paralympics</a>. With the rise of numerous regional championships, and the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-American Games">Pan-American Games</a>), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onward, the sport gained exposure and commercial appeal through <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">television coverage</a> and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, in the late 1970s the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professionalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFintro-9">[9]</a> As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the US and replaced with a non-amateur body focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics Congress (later <a href="/wiki/USA_Track_and_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Track and Field">USA Track and Field</a>).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and later rebranded itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFintro-9">[9]</a> While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a> always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> 1983 saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Championships in Athletics">IAAF World Championships in Athletics</a>, becoming, with the Olympics, one of track and field's most prestigious competitions. The profile of the sport reached an apogee in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household names, like <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zola_Budd" title="Zola Budd">Zola Budd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_Griffith_Joyner" title="Florence Griffith Joyner">Florence Griffith Joyner</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world records</a> were broken then, and the added <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in sport">political element</a> between competitors of the United States, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and the Soviet Union, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The rising commerciality of track and field was also met with developments in <a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">sports science</a>, and there were transformations in coaching methods, athlete's diets, training facilities, and sports equipment. The use of <a href="/wiki/Use_of_performance-enhancing_drugs_in_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport">performance-enhancing drugs</a> also increased. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_East_Germany" title="Doping in East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_China" title="Doping in China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia#Soviet_era" title="Doping in Russia">Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-26">[26]</a> and early 21st century <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Russia</a>, as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists <a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Jones" title="Marion Jones">Marion Jones</a>, damaged the public image and marketability of the sport. From the 1990s onward, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over 200 member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">prize money</a> in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-IAAFintro-9">[9]</a> and in 1998 the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Golden_League" title="IAAF Golden League">IAAF Golden League</a>—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—raised the economic incentive through its US$1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative <a href="/wiki/Diamond_League" title="Diamond League">Diamond League</a>, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_athletics_events" title="List of athletics events">List of athletics events</a></div> Track and field events are divided into three categories: track events, field events and combined events.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The majority of athletes tend to specialize in one event type with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, and—in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">hurdling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">steeplechase</a> events—surmounting obstacles. There are also <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay races</a> in which teams of athletes run and pass on a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(running)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton (running)">baton</a> to their team members at the end of a certain distance. There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of the jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and overstepping this mark is judged as a foul. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a>. The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavyweight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and field events. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete or team with the highest score at the end of all events is the winner. <table class="wikitable centre" style="font-size:94%" width="100%"> <caption>Official world championship track and field events </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" width="100">Track </th> <th colspan="2" width="70">Field </th> <th rowspan="2" width="70"><a href="/wiki/Combined_track_and_field_events" title="Combined track and field events">Combined events</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprints</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdles</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relays</a> </th> <th>Jumps </th> <th>Throws </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 m</a> <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 m</a> <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 m</a> <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 m</a> <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 m</a> <a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000 m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5000 m</a> <a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10,000 m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/60_metres_hurdles" title="60 metres hurdles">60 m hurdles</a> <a href="/wiki/100_metres_hurdles" title="100 metres hurdles">100 m hurdles</a> <a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 m hurdles</a> <a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 m hurdles</a> <a href="/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase" title="3000 metres steeplechase">3000 m steeplechase</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay" title="4 × 100 metres relay">4 × 100 m relay</a> <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay" title="4 × 400 metres relay">4 × 400 m relay</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a> <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">Triple jump</a> <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a> <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a> <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus throw</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">Hammer throw</a> <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pentathlon" title="Women's pentathlon">Pentathlon</a> <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">Heptathlon</a> <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">Decathlon</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note: Events in italics are competed at indoor world championships only</li> <li>Note: Heptathlon can refer to two different events, each consisting of different disciplines and both recognised by IAAF: the <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon#Men's_heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">indoor heptathlon for men</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heptathlon#Women's_heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">outdoor heptathlon for women</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Track">Track</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Track">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprints">Sprints</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sprints">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprint (running)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg/220px-100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg/330px-100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg/440px-100m_women_Golden_League_2007_in_Zurich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="2573" /></a><figcaption>The finish of a women's 100 m race</figcaption></figure> Races over short distances, or <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprints</a>, are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> featured only one event, the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion race">stadion race</a>, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other.<a href="#cite_note-Instone-3">[3]</a> Sprinting events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200</a>, and <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 metres</a>. These events have their roots in races of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial measurement">imperial measurements</a> that later changed to metric: the 100 metres evolved from the <a href="/wiki/100-yard_dash" title="100-yard dash">100-yard dash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the 200 m distances came from the <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a> (or 1/8 of a <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</a>),<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and the 400 m was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/440_yard_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="440 yard dash">440 yard dash</a> or quarter-mile race.<a href="#cite_note-400M-31">[31]</a> At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the <a href="/wiki/Starting_blocks" title="Starting blocks">starting blocks</a> before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained.<a href="#cite_note-100_m_–_For_the_Expert-32">[32]</a> Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,<a href="#cite_note-400M-31">[31]</a> with the sole exception of the indoor 400 m. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.<a href="#cite_note-100_m_–_For_the_Expert-32">[32]</a> All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">Human physiology</a> dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-400M-31">[31]</a> Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Japanese man <a href="/wiki/Hidekichi_Miyazaki" title="Hidekichi Miyazaki">Hidekichi Miyazaki</a> was the world's oldest competitive sprinter, sprinting the 100m race at 105 years old before his death in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 metres</a> is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-common events include the <a href="/wiki/50_metres" title="50 metres">50</a>, <a href="/wiki/55_metres" title="55 metres">55</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_metres" title="300 metres">300</a>, and <a href="/wiki/500_metres" title="500 metres">500 metres</a>, which are run in some <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">collegiate</a> competitions in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/150_metres" title="150 metres">150 metres</a>, though rarely competed, has a star-studded history: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mennea" title="Pietro Mennea">Pietro Mennea</a> set a world best in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-150M-36">[36]</a> Olympic champions <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)" title="Michael Johnson (sprinter)">Michael Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> went <a href="/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Johnson_150-metre_race" title="Bailey–Johnson 150-metre race">head-to-head</a> over the distance in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usain_Bolt" title="Usain Bolt">Usain Bolt</a> improved Mennea's record in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-150M-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_distance">Middle distance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle distance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg/220px-ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg/330px-ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/ArneAndersson%26GunderHagg1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arne_Andersson" title="Arne Andersson">Arne Andersson</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Gunder_H%C3%A4gg" title="Gunder Hägg">Gunder Hägg</a> (right) broke a number of middle distance world records in the 1940s.</figcaption></figure> The most common middle-distance track events are the <a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 metres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mile_run" title="Mile run">mile run</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000 metres</a> may also be classified as a middle-distance event.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/880_yard_run" class="mw-redirect" title="880 yard run">880 yard run</a>, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF800-39">[39]</a> The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF1500-40">[40]</a> Middle distance events can begin in one of two ways: a staggered start or a waterfall start. In the 800 meter race, athletes begin in individual lanes that are staggered before the turn.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Runners must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m before cutting in to run as a pack.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This rule was introduced to reduce jostling between runners in the early stages of the race.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF800-39">[39]</a> The 1500 meter and longer events typically use a waterfall start, where runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and then immediately cut in towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Physiologically, middle-distance events demand that athletes have good <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic energy producing systems</a>, and also that they have strong <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Swedish rivals <a href="/wiki/Gunder_H%C3%A4gg" title="Gunder Hägg">Gunder Hägg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arne_Andersson" title="Arne Andersson">Arne Andersson</a> broke each other's 1500 m and mile <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world records</a> on a number of occasions in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The prominence of the distances were maintained by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bannister" title="Roger Bannister">Roger Bannister</a>, who in 1954 was the first to run the long-elusive <a href="/wiki/Four-minute_mile" title="Four-minute mile">four-minute mile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ryun" title="Jim Ryun">Jim Ryun</a>'s exploits served to popularise <a href="/wiki/Interval_training" title="Interval training">interval training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF1500-40">[40]</a> Races between British rivals <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ovett" title="Steve Ovett">Steve Ovett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cram" title="Steve Cram">Steve Cram</a> characterised middle-distance running in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From the 1990s until the 2010s, North Africans such as <a href="/wiki/Noureddine_Morceli" title="Noureddine Morceli">Noureddine Morceli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hicham_El_Guerrouj" title="Hicham El Guerrouj">Hicham El Guerrouj</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> came to dominate the 1500 and mile events.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF1500-40">[40]</a> In the 2020s, Western European athletes have returned to the forefront of the distance, with athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ingebrigtsen" title="Jakob Ingebrigtsen">Jakob Ingebrigtsen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jake_Wightman" title="Jake Wightman">Jake Wightman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Kerr_(runner)" title="Josh Kerr (runner)">Josh Kerr</a> (both <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> milers) winning global titles. Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Pace_(running)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pace (running)">pace</a>, tactics and <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a> become more so.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF800-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAAF1500-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-distance">Long-distance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Long-distance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg/220px-Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg/330px-Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg/440px-Kenenisa_Bekele_-_Smiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopian runner <a href="/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele" title="Kenenisa Bekele">Kenenisa Bekele</a> leading in a long-distance track event</figcaption></figure> There are three common long-distance running events in track and field competitions: <a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000</a>, <a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5000</a>, and <a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10,000 metres</a>. The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3000 m is held at the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Indoor Championships">IAAF World Indoor Championships</a>. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was used as a women's long-distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-LDIAAF-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathons</a>, while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events. In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing, <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">stamina</a>, and tactics become much greater factors in performances.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-AboutLong-52">[52]</a> A number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd_Aouita" title="Saïd Aouita">Saïd Aouita</a> who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Pace-setter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pace-setter">pace-setters</a> in long-distance events is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win.<a href="#cite_note-AboutLong-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Finn" title="Flying Finn">Flying Finns</a>", such as multiple Olympic champion <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Nurmi" title="Paavo Nurmi">Paavo Nurmi</a>. The successes of <a href="/wiki/Emil_Z%C3%A1topek" title="Emil Zátopek">Emil Zátopek</a> in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but <a href="/wiki/Ron_Clarke" title="Ron Clarke">Ron Clarke</a>'s record-breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even-paced running. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyans and Ethiopians, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events.<a href="#cite_note-LDIAAF-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relay_races">Relay races</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relay races">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relay_race#In_athletics" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0002422_003_L%C3%A4uferinnen_beim_Weiterreichen_des_Staffelstabes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Girls handing over the baton in a relay race in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure> Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFRelay1-55">[55]</a> Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(running)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton (running)">baton</a> to a teammate, who then begins their leg. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to have wilfully impeded other competitors. Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firemen</a>, who would hand a red <a href="/wiki/Pennant_(sports)" title="Pennant (sports)">pennant</a> on to teammates every 300 yards. Two very common relay events are the <a href="/wiki/4%C3%97100_metres_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="4×100 metres relay">4×100 metres relay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4%C3%97400_metres_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="4×400 metres relay">4×400 metres relay</a>. Both entered the Olympic programme at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Summer Games</a> after a one-off men's <a href="/wiki/Sprint_medley_relay" title="Sprint medley relay">medley relay</a> featured in 1908 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFRelay2-56">[56]</a> The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inmost part of the circuit. For the second and third baton changeovers, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while members of slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFRelay1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_hurdle_relay" title="Shuttle hurdle relay">shuttle hurdle relay</a>, each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used. The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_200_metres_relay" title="4 × 200 metres relay">4×200 m</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_800_metres_relay" title="4 × 800 metres relay">4×800 m</a> and <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_1500_metres_relay" title="4 × 1500 metres relay">4×1500 m relays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Other events include the <a href="/wiki/Distance_medley_relay" title="Distance medley relay">distance medley relay</a> (comprising legs of 1200, 400, 800, and 1600 metres), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_medley_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish medley relay">Swedish medley relay</a>, which is popular in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and was held at the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athletics" title="IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics">IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relay_carnival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relay carnival (page does not exist)">relay carnivals</a>) are focused almost solely on relay events.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurdling">Hurdling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hurdling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">steeplechase</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg/220px-20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg/330px-20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg/440px-20070701-nk2007-400m-horden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>A women's 400 m hurdles race at the 2007 Dutch Championships</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MITSteeple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MITSteeple.jpg/220px-MITSteeple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MITSteeple.jpg/330px-MITSteeple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MITSteeple.jpg/440px-MITSteeple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Men traversing the water jump in a steeplechase competition</figcaption></figure> Races with <a href="/wiki/Hurdle" title="Hurdle">hurdles</a> as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race (110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's <a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 metres hurdles</a>, has changed little.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF100H-62">[62]</a> The origin of the <a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 metres hurdles</a> also lies in Oxford, where around 1860 a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a>: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF400H-63">[63]</a> Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF100H-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAAF400H-63">[63]</a> The most common events are the <a href="/wiki/100_metres_hurdles" title="100 metres hurdles">100 metres hurdles</a> for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF100H-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAAF400H-63">[63]</a> Women's initially competed in the <a href="/wiki/80_metres_hurdles" title="80 metres hurdles">80 metres hurdles</a> event, which entered the Olympic programme in <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics,<a href="#cite_note-IAAF100H-62">[62]</a> but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the <a href="/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1983 World Championships in Athletics">1983 World Championships in Athletics</a> the previous year).<a href="#cite_note-IAAF400H-63">[63]</a> Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the <a href="/wiki/200_metres_hurdles" title="200 metres hurdles">200 metres hurdles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_hurdles" title="Low hurdles">low hurdles</a>, were once common but are now held infrequently. The <a href="/wiki/300_metres_hurdles" title="300 metres hurdles">300 metres hurdles</a> is run in some levels of American competition. Outside of the hurdles events, the <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">steeplechase</a> race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechase competition</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> marked the rise of the <a href="/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase" title="3000 metres steeplechase">3000 metres steeplechase</a> as the standard event.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFSteeple-64">[64]</a> The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jump (page does not exist)">water jump</a> on each lap.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field">Field</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Field">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jumping">Jumping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jumping">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_jump">Long jump</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Long jump">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naide_Gomes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Naide_Gomes.JPG/220px-Naide_Gomes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Naide_Gomes.JPG/330px-Naide_Gomes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Naide_Gomes.JPG/440px-Naide_Gomes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naide_Gomes" title="Naide Gomes">Naide Gomes</a> in the jumping phase of the event</figcaption></figure> The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_pentathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek pentathlon">ancient Greek pentathlon</a> contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest.<a href="#cite_note-AOG_book-66">[66]</a> Small weights (<a href="/wiki/Halteres_(ancient_Greece)" title="Halteres (ancient Greece)">Halteres</a>) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance.<a href="#cite_note-Miller68-67">[67]</a> The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a <a href="/wiki/Sandpit" title="Sandpit">sandpit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFLJ-68">[68]</a> The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body.<a href="#cite_note-AboutLJ-69">[69]</a> The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFLJ-68">[68]</a> Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed.<a href="#cite_note-AboutLJ-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In addition to the traditional long jump, a <a href="/wiki/Standing_long_jump" title="Standing long jump">standing long jump</a> contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit">[update]</a>, the men's long jump world record is held by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Powell_(long_jumper)" title="Mike Powell (long jumper)">Mike Powell</a>, jumping 8.95 meters in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triple_jump">Triple jump</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Triple jump">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">Triple jump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv/220px--Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv/Triple_jump_Athletissima_2012.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olga_Rypakova" title="Olga Rypakova">Olga Rypakova</a> performing a <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">triple jump</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFTJ-73">[73]</a> There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games,<a href="#cite_note-IAAFTJ-73">[73]</a> others such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Miller" title="Stephen G. Miller">Stephen G. Miller</a> believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phayllus_of_Croton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phayllus of Croton (page does not exist)">Phayllus of Croton</a> having jumped 55 ancient <a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a> (around 16.3 m).<a href="#cite_note-Miller68-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leinster" title="Book of Leinster">Book of Leinster</a>, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFTJ-73">[73]</a> The men's <a href="/wiki/Standing_triple_jump" title="Standing triple jump">standing triple jump</a> event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Current world record for the Men's triple jump is 18.29 meter (60 ft 0in) held by Jonathan Edwards. The current women's world record is 15.67 meters (51 ft 4 3/4in) held by Yulimar Rojas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_jump">High jump</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: High jump">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womens_high_jump_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Womens_high_jump_3.jpg/220px-Womens_high_jump_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Womens_high_jump_3.jpg/330px-Womens_high_jump_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Womens_high_jump_3.jpg/440px-Womens_high_jump_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>A woman attempting to <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a> while using the <a href="/wiki/Fosbury_Flop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosbury Flop">Fosbury Flop</a> technique</figcaption></figure> The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFHJ-78">[78]</a> Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928. Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the <a href="/wiki/Scissors-Jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissors-Jump">Scissors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_cut-off" title="Eastern cut-off">Eastern cut-off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_roll" title="Western roll">Western roll</a> technique. The <a href="/wiki/Straddle_technique" title="Straddle technique">straddle technique</a> became prominent in the mid-20th century, but <a href="/wiki/Dick_Fosbury" title="Dick Fosbury">Dick Fosbury</a> overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the <a href="/wiki/Fosbury_Flop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosbury Flop">Fosbury Flop</a> – which won him the gold at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Olympics</a>. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFHJ-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Standing_high_jump" title="Standing high jump">standing high jump</a> was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pole_vault">Pole vault</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pole vault">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole_vault9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pole_vault9.jpg/220px-Pole_vault9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pole_vault9.jpg/330px-Pole_vault9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pole_vault9.jpg/440px-Pole_vault9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Giordano_Bruno" title="Anna Giordano Bruno">Anna Giordano Bruno</a> releases the pole after clearing the bar in <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a></figcaption></figure> In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Fierljeppen" title="Fierljeppen">Fierljeppen</a> contests in the <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisian</a> area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> competitions in Germany in the 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFPV-81">[81]</a> One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, England in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFPV-81">[81]</a> The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from artificial materials such as <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre">carbon fibre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first women's world championship competition was held at the <a href="/wiki/1997_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" title="1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships">1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships</a>. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFPV-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throwing">Throwing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Throwing">edit</a>]</div> Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of <a href="/wiki/Throwing_sports" title="Throwing sports">throwing sports</a>, and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shot_put">Shot put</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shot put">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg/220px-Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg/330px-Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg/440px-Remigius_Machura_senior_CZ_championships_in_athletics_Kladno_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Remigius_Machura" title="Remigius Machura">Remigius Machura</a> preparing to throw within the circle in <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a></figcaption></figure> The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks:<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the <a href="/wiki/Stone_put" title="Stone put">stone put</a> was known in Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Steinstossen" title="Steinstossen">steinstossen</a> was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">cannonball</a> throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFSP-87">[87]</a> The term "shot" originates from the use of <a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">round shot</a>-style ammunition for the sport.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFSP-87">[87]</a> The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Parry_O%27Brien" title="Parry O'Brien">Parry O'Brien</a> popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Baryshnikov" title="Aleksandr Baryshnikov">Aleksandr Baryshnikov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Oldfield" title="Brian Oldfield">Brian Oldfield</a> introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFSP-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discus_throw">Discus throw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Discus throw">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus throw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoltan_Kovago_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zoltan_Kovago_o.jpg/220px-Zoltan_Kovago_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Zoltan_Kovago_o.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_K%C5%91v%C3%A1g%C3%B3" title="Zoltán Kővágó">Zoltán Kővágó</a> preparing to spin and throw in <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a>, athletes compete to throw a heavy <a href="/wiki/Disc_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc (mathematics)">disc</a> the farthest. In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Miller61-90">[90]</a> In ancient times a heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a>, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFDT-91">[91]</a> This continued until the <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906 Intercalated Games</a> in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The discus implement was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in diameter in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFDT-91">[91]</a> The women's discus was among the first women's events on the Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Janda-Suk" title="František Janda-Suk">František Janda-Suk</a>, who invented the technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver medal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Javelin_throw">Javelin throw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Javelin throw">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg/220px-Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg/330px-Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg/440px-Bregje_crolla_Europacup_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> athlete</figcaption></figure> As an implement of war and hunting, the <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> began in prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-trackandfield.about.com-94">[94]</a> Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern event derives.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFJT-95">[95]</a> In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an ankyle (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance.<a href="#cite_note-Miller69-96">[96]</a> The javelin throw gained much popularity in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFJT-95">[95]</a> The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered with the same surface as the track.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-trackandfield.about.com-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete <a href="/wiki/Bud_Held" title="Bud Held">Bud Held</a> introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFJT-95">[95]</a> Another former athlete, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miklós Németh (athlete)">Miklós Németh</a> invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward <a href="/wiki/Pitching_moment" title="Pitching moment">pitching moment</a> to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFJT-95">[95]</a> The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hammer_throw">Hammer throw</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hammer throw">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">Hammer throw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yury_Shayunou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Yury_Shayunou.JPG/220px-Yury_Shayunou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Yury_Shayunou.JPG/330px-Yury_Shayunou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Yury_Shayunou.JPG/440px-Yury_Shayunou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yury_Shayunou" title="Yury Shayunou">Yury Shayunou</a> spinning with the hammer within the circle in <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest recorded precursors to the modern <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a> stem from the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a> of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> wheel on a wooden <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AboutHT-101">[101]</a> Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFHT-102">[102]</a> In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">Sledgehammers</a> were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-AboutHT-101">[101]</a> The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFHT-102">[102]</a> The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Professional hammer throwers were historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations.<a href="#cite_note-IAAFHT-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combined_events">Combined events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Combined events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combined_track_and_field_events" title="Combined track and field events">Combined track and field events</a></div> Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's <a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">decathlon</a> (ten events) and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_heptathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's heptathlon">women's heptathlon</a> (seven events). Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_heptathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's heptathlon">men's heptathlon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pentathlon" title="Women's pentathlon">women's pentathlon</a>. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the <a href="/wiki/Decathlon_scoring_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Decathlon scoring table">decathlon scoring table</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Ancient Olympic pentathlon</a> (comprising <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, javelin, discus, the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(ancient_sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (ancient sports)">stadion</a> race and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">wrestling</a>) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games" title="Athletics at the 1906 Intercalated Games">1906 Summer Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intercalated_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated Games">Intercalated Games</a>). A men's all-around was held at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_all-around" title="Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's all-around">1904 Summer Olympics</a>, contested between five American and two British athletes. <table class="wikitable centre" style="font-size:94%" width="100%"> <caption>Composition of combined events </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Event </th> <th colspan="4">Track </th> <th colspan="6">Field </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">Men's decathlon</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 m hurdles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus throw</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Heptathlon#Women.27s_heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">Women's heptathlon</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/100_metres_hurdles" title="100 metres hurdles">100 m hurdles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_heptathlon#Men.27s_heptathlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's heptathlon">Men's heptathlon</a> (indoor) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 m</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1000_metres" title="1000 metres">1000 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/60_metres_hurdles" title="60 metres hurdles">60 m hurdles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pentathlon#Indoors" title="Women's pentathlon">Women's pentathlon</a> (indoor) </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/60_metres_hurdles" title="60 metres hurdles">60 m hurdles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stadiums">Stadiums</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Stadiums">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Track_and_field" title="Special:EditPage/Track and field">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Track+and+field%22">"Track and field"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Track+and+field%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Track+and+field%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Track+and+field%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Track+and+field%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Track+and+field%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor">Outdoor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Outdoor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_Athens_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/220px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/330px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/440px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, one of the first modern track and field stadiums</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg/220px-Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg/330px-Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg/440px-Piste_athl%C3%A9tisme-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>A typical layout of an outdoor track and field stadium</figcaption></figure> The term track and field is intertwined with the <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadiums</a> that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped <a href="/wiki/Running_track" title="Running track">running track</a> and an area of <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">turf</a> within this track—the <a href="/wiki/Playing_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing field">field</a>. In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the <a href="/wiki/Panathinaiko_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathinaiko Stadium">Panathinaiko Stadium</a> measured 333.33 metres at the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a>, while at the <a href="/wiki/1904_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 Olympics">1904 Olympics</a> the distance was a third of a <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</a> (536.45 m) at <a href="/wiki/Francis_Field_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Field (St. Louis)">Francis Field</a>. As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes. Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened <a href="/wiki/Cinder_track" title="Cinder track">cinders</a> were popular in the early 20th century but <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a> tracks became standard in the late 1960s. <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tartan_track" title="Tartan track">Tartan track</a> (an <a href="/wiki/All-weather_running_track" class="mw-redirect" title="All-weather running track">all-weather running track</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>) gained popularity after its use at the 1968 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Olympic Trials (track and field)">US Olympic Trials</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a> and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport. Many track and field stadiums are <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadiums</a>, with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of <a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">football</a>. The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events. The <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">triple jump</a> areas comprise a straight, narrow 40-metre running track with a <a href="/wiki/Sandpit" title="Sandpit">sandpit</a> at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Plasticine" title="Plasticine">plasticine</a> marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line. The <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a> area is also a 40-metre running track and has an indentation in the ground (the box) where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned <a href="/wiki/Landing_mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing mat">landing mats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a> is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it. The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. The <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a> typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Straight_(racing)" title="Straight (racing)">straights</a> of the main running track. The javelin throwing area is a <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">sector</a> shape frequently across the Pitch (sports field) in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. The <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a> contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field. The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel diagonally across the field in the centre of the stadium. The <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a> features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end. The throwing area is a <a href="/wiki/Circular_sector" title="Circular sector">sector</a>. Some stadia also have a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jump (page does not exist)">water jump</a> area on one side of the field specifically for <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">steeplechase</a> races. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor">Indoor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indoor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_practice_facility" title="Indoor practice facility">Indoor practice facility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG/220px-Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG/330px-Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG/440px-Harvard_gordon_indoor_track_z.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The Gordon Indoor Track sports an 80-yard sprint straight, and the track is 220 yards in length.</figcaption></figure> Basic indoor venues may be adapted <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gymnasiums</a>, which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events. Full-size indoor arenas (i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Indoor Championships">World Indoor Championships</a>) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents. Typically, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes. The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably. Some have a second running track going straight across the field area, parallel to the straights of the main circuit. This track is used for the <a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 metres</a> and <a href="/wiki/60_metres_hurdles" title="60 metres hurdles">60 metres hurdles</a> events, which are held almost exclusively indoors. Another common adaptation in the United States is a 160-yard track (11 laps to a mile; 148m) that fits into a common <a href="/wiki/Basketball_court" title="Basketball court">basketball court</a>-sized arena. This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances, which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s. Examples of this configuration include the <a href="/wiki/Millrose_Games" title="Millrose Games">Millrose Games</a> at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunkist_Invitational" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunkist Invitational">Sunkist Invitational</a> formerly held in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Sports Arena">Los Angeles Sports Arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp/220px-Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp/330px-Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp/440px-Short_track_indoor_athletics_track_and_field_without_inner_track.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>200m short track oval running field. Does not show the inner central 60m lanes.</figcaption></figure> All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts. The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track. <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weight_throw" title="Weight throw">weight throw</a> are the only throwing events held indoors due to size restrictions. The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event, but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF has hosted the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Indoor_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Indoor Tour">IAAF World Indoor Tour</a> since 2016. In May 2023, <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> announced they were renaming "indoor track" and "indoor athletics" to "short track", effectively expanding the "indoor track" category to allow for the theoretical possibility of an outdoor 200 meter-track being used for valid "indoor" qualification marks. The change took effect at the beginning of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Various events <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships#Events" title="World Athletics Indoor Championships">have been discontinued</a> from the World Athletics Indoor Championships, including 200m and <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a>. Some race distance events have been held in world tour (<a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Indoor_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Indoor Tour">IAAF World Indoor Tour</a> and <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Indoor_Permit_Meetings" title="IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings">IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings</a> in 1997 or later) events, including at <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Indoor_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviva Indoor Grand Prix">Aviva Indoor Grand Prix</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter_Meeting" title="Russian Winter Meeting">Russian Winter Meeting</a>, but never at the world championships, including: <ul><li>300m.</li> <li>500m (<a href="/wiki/Millrose_Games" title="Millrose Games">Millrose Games</a> during Permit Meeting status).</li> <li>600m.</li> <li>1,000m.</li> <li>1 mile.</li> <li>2,000m.</li> <li>2 miles.</li> <li>5,000m.</li> <li>4×100m (<a href="/wiki/Sparkassen_Cup_(athletics)" title="Sparkassen Cup (athletics)">Sparkassen Cup</a>).</li> <li>4x200m (Millrose Games).</li> <li>4×800m (Millrose Games during Permit Meeting status).</li> <li>400m hurdles (2011 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix).</li> <li>2,000m steeplechase (<a href="/wiki/Indoor_Flanders_Meeting" title="Indoor Flanders Meeting">Indoor Flanders Meeting</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Starts_use_in_race">Starts use in race</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Starts use in race">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_rules">Track rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Track rules">edit</a>]</div> The rules of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">International Association of Athletics Federations</a> (IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing. Current World Athletics (WA) Rules are available on WA's website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/technical-information">[1]</a>. Current USATF (USA) Competition Rules booklet is available on the USATF website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.usatf.org/governance/rule-books">[2]</a>. Prior USATF Competition Rules booklets are also available (2002, 2006 to 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mastershistory.org/standards-specifications/">[3]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Starting">Starting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Starting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg/220px-20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg/330px-20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg/440px-20070701-nk2007-100m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Men assuming the starting position for a sprint race</figcaption></figure> The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_m_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="4 × 100 m relay">4 × 100 m</a> and <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_m" class="mw-redirect" title="4 × 400 m">4 × 400 m</a>) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> All races must be started by the report of the <a href="/wiki/Starter%27s_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter's gun">starter's gun</a> or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_161.2-113">[113]</a> An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_161.3-114">[114]</a> For sprint races up to 400 m, the starter gives two commands: "on your marks" to instruct athletes to approach the start line, followed by "set" to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent. The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national competitions, or in English or French in international competitions. Once all athletes are set in their starting position, the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_161.3-114">[114]</a> There are different types of starts for races of different distances. Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right away, as long as it is safe to do so. For some middle-distance races, such as 800 m, each athlete starts in their own lane. Once the gun fires, they must run in the lane they began in until they reach a set of cones on the track that signal that they can cut in and move towards the inside lane. For sprint races, athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a <a href="/wiki/False_start" title="False start">false start</a>. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit">[update]</a>, any athlete making a false start is disqualified.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In International elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than 0.1 second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_161.2-113">[113]</a> Since 2009, the offending athletes are immediately disqualified.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Running_the_race">Running the race</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Running the race">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pistorius,_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg/220px-Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg/330px-Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg/440px-Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_400m_at_the_London_2012_Olympic_Games.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a> running in the first round of the 400 m at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> For sprinting events, except the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres, each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish. If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified. Lane rules also apply for initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the 800 m. Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_163.2-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_163.3-119">[119]</a> Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.<a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_163.2-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-IAAF_Rule_163.3-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_finish">The finish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The finish">edit</a>]</div> The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fully_automatic_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully automatic timing">Fully automatic timing</a> systems (photo timing) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets, improving the accuracy, while eliminating the need for eagle-eyed officials on the finish line. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a sprint record is set (though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches).<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual time recorded by the athletes to one thousandth of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result stands. Ties in other placings remain.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_rules">Field rules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Field rules">edit</a>]</div> In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition. Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the greatest distance.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertical_Jumps">Vertical Jumps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vertical Jumps">edit</a>]</div> Vertical jumps (high jump and pole vault) set a bar at a particular height. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar (flat). Three failures in a row ends the competitor's participation in the event. The competitor has the option to PASS their attempt, which can be used to strategic advantage (of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses). A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings. After all competitors have either cleared, passed or failed their attempts at a height, the bar goes up. The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition, though when one competitor remains, that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts. A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Ties are broken by first, the number of attempts taken at the highest height (fewest wins), and then if still tied, by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole. The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. If those critical positions are still tied after applying the tiebreakers, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment where they again jump. This process continues until the tie is broken.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontal_Jumps">Horizontal Jumps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Horizontal Jumps">edit</a>]</div> Horizontal jumps (long jump and triple jump) and all throws must be initiated behind a line. In the case of horizontal jumps, that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway. In the case of throws, that line is an arc or a circle. Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates the attempt—it becomes a foul. All landings must occur in a sector. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul (the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector). Assuming a proper attempt, officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line. The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. To accomplish this, the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps, or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length. Whenever a record (or potential record) occurs, that measurement is taken (again) with a steel tape, and observed by at least three officials (plus usually the meet referee). Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged, so are not used to measure everyday competitions. For major competitions, each competitor gets three tries. The top competitors (usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition's rules or the number of lanes on the track) gets three more tries. At that level of competition, the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set—so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last, while the last competitor to qualify goes first. Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts. Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts.<a href="#cite_note-RuleBook1-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Track_and_field" title="Special:EditPage/Track and field">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Track and Field athletes wear special shoes with spikes, known as <a href="/wiki/Track_spikes" title="Track spikes">track spikes</a> or simply spikes. Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women, men's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women, men's discus is 2 kilograms to women's 1, men's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women, and men's hammer throw is also 16 pounds to the women's 8. Additionally, men's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women's hurdles which are 33 inches. For the intermediate hurdles (400 meter hurdles), the men's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations. <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> is the global <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">governing body</a> for track and field, and athletics as a whole. The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies. Some national federations are named after the sport, including <a href="/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field" title="USA Track & Field">USA Track & Field</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Amateur_Track_%26_Field_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association">Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association</a>, but these organisations govern more than just track and field and are in fact athletics governing bodies.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> These national federations regulate sub-national and local track and field clubs, as well as other types of <a href="/wiki/Running_club" title="Running club">running clubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chap2-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitions">Competitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Competitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics#Competitions" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics competitions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympics,_Paralympics_and_world_championships">Olympics, Paralympics and world championships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Olympics, Paralympics and world championships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg/220px-Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg/330px-Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg/440px-Usain_Bolt_winning-cropped2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The 100 m final at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Athletics at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympic athletics</a> programmes, which occur every four years. Track and field events have held a prominent position at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> since its inception in 1896,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Events such as the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a> receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event. The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its <a href="/wiki/World_championship" title="World championship">world championship</a> event in 1913, but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Championships in Athletics">IAAF World Championships in Athletics</a>. The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a> competitions. Initially, this worked on a quadrennial basis but, after 1991, it changed to a biennial format. In terms of indoor track and field, the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Indoor Championships">IAAF World Indoor Championships</a> has been held every two years since 1985 and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_championships">Other championships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other championships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg/220px-2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg/330px-2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg/440px-2006_European_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Ullevi_august_11th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2006_European_Athletics_Championships" title="2006 European Athletics Championships">2006 European Athletics Championships</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ullevi_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullevi Stadium">Ullevi Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The <a href="/wiki/South_American_Championships_in_Athletics" title="South American Championships in Athletics">South American Championships in Athletics</a>, created in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> was the first continental championships and the <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships" title="European Athletics Championships">European Athletics Championships</a> became the second championships of this type in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Athletics_Championships" title="Asian Athletics Championships">Asian Athletics Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Championships_in_Athletics" title="African Championships in Athletics">African Championships in Athletics</a> were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Area_Championships_in_Athletics" title="Oceania Area Championships in Athletics">championships</a> in 1990. There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe (<a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="European Athletics Indoor Championships">European Athletics Indoor Championships</a>) and Asia (<a href="/wiki/Asian_Indoor_Athletics_Championships" title="Asian Indoor Athletics Championships">Asian Indoor Athletics Championships</a>). There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be (in part) due to the success of both the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics" title="Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics">Central American and Caribbean Championships</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships" title="USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships">USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships</a>. Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. Some countries hold many track and field championships at <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> and <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a>-level, which help develop younger athletes. Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige, such as the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Track_and_Field_Championship_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="NCAA Track and Field Championship (disambiguation)">NCAA Track and Field Championship</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Secondary_Schools_Boys_and_Girls_Championships" title="Inter-Secondary Schools Boys and Girls Championships">Jamaican High School Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> However, the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-sport_events">Multi-sport events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Multi-sport events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics#multi-sport_events" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics at multi-sport events</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fabiana_Murer02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fabiana_Murer02.jpg/220px-Fabiana_Murer02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fabiana_Murer02.jpg/330px-Fabiana_Murer02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fabiana_Murer02.jpg/440px-Fabiana_Murer02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a> competition at the <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">2007 Pan American Games</a></figcaption></figure> Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport events</a>. Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the <a href="/wiki/World_University_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World University Games">World University Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1923_International_Universities_Championships" title="1923 International Universities Championships">1923</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_Maccabiah_Games" title="1932 Maccabiah Games">1932</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them. Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games. After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the <a href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Africa Games">All-Africa Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a>. Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Universiade">Summer Universiade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Games" title="World Masters Games">World Masters Games</a> have significant participation from track and field athletes. Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_China" title="National Games of China">Chinese National Games</a> serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meetings">Meetings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Meetings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia,_Track_meet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg/220px-Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg/330px-Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg/440px-Northbridge_International_School_Cambodia%2C_Track_meet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A child taking part in a local schools meeting in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> One-day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition. Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club, or by a group or business that serves as the <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">meeting promoter</a>. In the case of the former, athletes are selected to represent their club or institution. In the case of privately run or independent meetings, athletes participate on an invitation-only basis.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The most basic type of meetings are <a href="/wiki/All-comers_track_meet" title="All-comers track meet">all-comers track meets</a>, which are largely small, local, informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete. As meetings become more organized they can gain official sanctioning by the local or national association for the sport.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> At the professional level, meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Four" title="Golden Four">Golden Four</a> competition, comprising meetings in <a href="/wiki/Weltklasse_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Weltklasse Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Van_Damme" title="Memorial Van Damme">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISTAF_Berlin" title="ISTAF Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bislett_Games" title="Bislett Games">Oslo</a>. This expanded and received IAAF backing as the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Golden_League" title="IAAF Golden League">IAAF Golden League</a> in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> which was later supplemented by the branding of selected meetings worldwide as the <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Athletics_Tour" title="IAAF World Athletics Tour">IAAF World Athletics Tour</a>. In 2010, the Golden League idea was expanded globally as the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_League" title="Diamond League">Diamond League</a> series and this now forms the top tier of professional one-day track and field meetings.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_rankings">World rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: World rankings">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF World Rankings">IAAF World Rankings</a> system was introduced for the 2018 season. An athlete's position within the ranking will be determined by points scored based on their performance and importance of the competition. The points will be considered for eligibility for the World Athletics Championships and Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> This system will affect athlete participation, which has typically been determined by national bodies, either through selection panels or national trials events.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Records">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">List of world records in athletics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100m_men_WR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/100m_men_WR.svg/220px-100m_men_WR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/100m_men_WR.svg/330px-100m_men_WR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/100m_men_WR.svg/440px-100m_men_WR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>A graph of the world record progression in the men's 100 metres</figcaption></figure> Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions. Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event, but it can also be used for historical comparison (i.e. a record). A large variety of record types exist and men's and women's performances are recorded separately. The foremost types of records organise athlete's performances by the region they represent—beginning with <a href="/wiki/National_records_in_athletics" title="National records in athletics">national records</a>, then continental records, up to the global or <a href="/wiki/World_record" title="World record">world record</a> level. National governing bodies control the national record lists, the area associations organise their respective continental lists, and the IAAF ratifies world records. The IAAF ratifies track and field world records if they meet their set criteria. The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914, initially for men's events only. There were 53 recognised records in running, hurdling and relay, and 12 field records. World records in women's events began in 1936 as more events were gradually added to the list, but significant changes were made in the late 1970s. First, all records in imperial measurements were abandoned in 1976, with the sole exceptional being the mile run due to the prestige and history of the event. The following year, all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if <a href="/wiki/Fully_automatic_electronic_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully automatic electronic timing">fully automatic electronic timing</a> was used (as opposed to the traditional hand-timing stopwatch method). In 1981, electronic timing was made compulsory for all world record runs in track and field, with times being recorded to within one hundredth of a second. Two additional types of world record were introduced in 1987: world records for indoor competitions, and world records for junior athletes under 20 years old.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition. For example, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Olympic records in athletics">Olympic records</a> represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer Olympics. All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records. Other record types include: stadium records, records by age range, records by disability, and records by institution or organisation. Cash bonuses are usually offered to athletes if they break significant records, as doing so can generate greater interest and public attendance in track and field competitions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doping">Doping</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Doping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping in sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics" title="List of doping cases in athletics">List of doping cases in athletics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marion_Jones_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marion_Jones_12.jpg/220px-Marion_Jones_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marion_Jones_12.jpg/330px-Marion_Jones_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marion_Jones_12.jpg/440px-Marion_Jones_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marion_Jones" title="Marion Jones">Marion Jones</a>, after admitting to doping, lost her Olympic medals, was banned from the sport, and spent six months in jail.</figcaption></figure> Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. The IAAF's constitution incorporates the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="World Anti-Doping Code">World Anti-Doping Code</a> among other anti-doping measures.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Practices such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">blood doping</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic steroids">anabolic steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a> can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes' performances, performance-enhancing substances create an uneven playing field — athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases,<a href="#cite_note-AntiDopingRegs-139">[139]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Collins" title="Kim Collins">Kim Collins</a>' failed drug test due to <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> medication.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance, with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives, as exemplified by research by Mirkin,<a href="#cite_note-MirkinSMB-141">[141]</a> Goldman<a href="#cite_note-Goldman1992-142">[142]</a> and Connor<a href="#cite_note-Connor2013-143">[143]</a> in researching attitudes to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Goldman%27s_dilemma" title="Goldman's dilemma">Goldman dilemma</a>. To prevent use of performance-enhancing substances, athletes must submit to <a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">drug tests</a> that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti-doping officials or accredited medical staff.<a href="#cite_note-AntiDopingRegs-139">[139]</a> Penalized athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition. Athletes found to have taken substances on the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a>'s banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> However, the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use.<a href="#cite_note-AntiDopingRegs-139">[139]</a> Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field. State-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_East_Germany" title="Doping in East Germany">doping in East Germany</a> with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s. A number of these women, such as <a href="/wiki/Marita_Koch" title="Marita Koch">Marita Koch</a>, broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions. Some athletes, who were following a doping plan from their teenage years, suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> A similar state-sponsored doping system was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. According to British journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jennings" title="Andrew Jennings">Andrew Jennings</a>, a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to undermine <a href="/wiki/Doping_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping test">doping tests</a> and that Soviet competitors were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".<a href="#cite_note-DG2011-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Regarding the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a>, a 1989 Australian study said, "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."<a href="#cite_note-DG2011-147">[147]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published an article detailing the use of doping by the Soviets in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres" title="Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres">1988 Seoul Olympics</a> but was later banned for using anabolic steroids.<a href="#cite_note-times-149">[149]</a> In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/BALCO_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="BALCO Scandal">BALCO Scandal</a> eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as <a href="/wiki/Marion_Jones" title="Marion Jones">Marion Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomery" title="Tim Montgomery">Tim Montgomery</a>, among others, through their usage of banned substances.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The revelation state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">doping in Russia</a> led to an international ban on all its athletes in 2016, with Russians having to apply to the IAAF to compete as <a href="/wiki/Authorised_Neutral_Athletes" title="Authorised Neutral Athletes">Authorised Neutral Athletes</a> at events such as the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2017 World Championships in Athletics">2017 World Championships in Athletics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Doping has affected countries on all continents and has occurred in individual, team and national settings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_sports">Related sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Related sports">edit</a>]</div> Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">sport of athletics</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country running</a>, and road forms of <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a> and running. All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times, have strictly defined start and finish points, and are generally individual in nature. Middle- and long-distance runners usually participate in cross country and road events, in addition to the track. Track racewalkers are most typically road specialists as well. It is unusual for track and field athletes outside of these two groups to compete in cross country or road events. Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Strength_athletics" title="Strength athletics">strength athletics</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man" title="World's Strongest Man">World's Strongest Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">highland games</a>, often incorporate forms of footracing, carrying heavy objects, as well as throwing events such as the <a href="/wiki/Caber_toss" title="Caber toss">caber toss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keg-tossing" title="Keg-tossing">keg toss</a>, which bear similarities to track and field throwing events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/17px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/26px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/35px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3274" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sport_of_athletics" title="Portal:Sport of athletics">Sport of athletics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_track_and_field_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of track and field stadiums by capacity">List of track and field stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/track-and-field">"Track and Field"</a>. Scholastic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103160011/https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/track-and-field/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Track+and+Field&rft.pub=Scholastic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholastic.com%2Fteachers%2Farticle%2Ftrack-and-field&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Rosenbaum, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529222041/http://trackandfield.about.com/od/trackfieldhistory/p/introallevents.htm">"Introductions to Track and Field Events"</a>. About. 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Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About&rft.atitle=Introductions+to+Track+and+Field+Events&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrackandfield.about.com%2Fod%2Ftrackfieldhistory%2Fp%2Fintroallevents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Instone-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instone_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instone_3-1">b</a> Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_01.shtml#two">The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202064634/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_01.shtml#two">Archived</a> 2 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 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Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schweizer+Radio+und+Fernsehen+%28SRF%29&rft.atitle=Leichtathletik+neu+mit+Weltrangliste&rft.au=agenturen%2Fpwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srf.ch%2Fsport%2Fmehr-sport%2Fleichtathletik%2Fleichtathletik-neu-mit-weltrangliste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/AboutIAAF/Publications/05/47/96/20100113075829_httppostedfile_IAAFConstitution-01.11.09-Eng-Website_17812.pdf">IAAF Constitution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705013805/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/AboutIAAF/Publications/05/47/96/20100113075829_httppostedfile_IAAFConstitution-01.11.09-Eng-Website_17812.pdf">Archived</a> 5 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pp. 79–80). <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules&Regulations/03/30/48/20100113104605_httppostedfile_Chap32010-2011_EN_17816.pdf">IAAF Competition Rules 2010–11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072739/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/03/30/48/20100113104605_httppostedfile_Chap32010-2011_EN_17816.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/education/substances/">Banned Substances</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406101927/http://www.itftennis.com/antidoping/education/substances/">Archived</a> 6 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-AntiDopingRegs-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AntiDopingRegs_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AntiDopingRegs_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AntiDopingRegs_139-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules&Regulations/05/63/49/20100331073253_httppostedfile_2010Anti-DopingRegulations-Website-Final-Eng_19750.pdf">IAAF Anti-Doping Regulation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605072954/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/05/63/49/20100331073253_httppostedfile_2010Anti-DopingRegulations-Website-Final-Eng_19750.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportscaribe.com/worldchamps/athletes/view_profile_92.html">Kim Collins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103220527/http://sportscaribe.com/worldchamps/athletes/view_profile_92.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sports Caribe. Retrieved 7 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-MirkinSMB-141"><a href="#cite_ref-MirkinSMB_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirkin,_GabeMarshall_Hoffman1978" class="citation book cs1">Mirkin, Gabe; Marshall Hoffman (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sportsmedicinebo00mirk">The Sports Medicine Book</a>. 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Elite Sports Medicine Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinlockerroo00gold/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963145109" title="Special:BookSources/9780963145109"><bdi>9780963145109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+the+locker+room%3A+drugs+%26+sports&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elite+Sports+Medicine+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780963145109&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ronald+Klatz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinlockerroo00gold%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connor2013-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Connor2013_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor,_JamesJules_WoolfJason_Mazanov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Connor, James; Jules Woolf; Jason Mazanov (January 2013). 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British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47 (11): 697–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091826">10.1136/bjsports-2012-091826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23343717">23343717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32029739">32029739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Would+they+dope%3F+Revisiting+the+Goldman+dilemma&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=697-700&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32029739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23343717&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsports-2012-091826&rft.au=Connor%2C+James&rft.au=Jules+Woolf&rft.au=Jason+Mazanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401010423/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Antidoping/Rules%26Regulations/05/52/78/20100112023517_httppostedfile_WADA_Prohibited_List_2010_EN_17798.pdf">"The 2010 Prohibited List"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2010+Prohibited+List&rft.pub=IAAF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fwada-prohibited-list-2010-now-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Turnbull, Simon (23 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics-under-the-microscope-321577.html">Athletics: Under the microscope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722000920/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics-under-the-microscope-321577.html">Archived</a> 22 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendonk,_Brigitte_&_W._Franke,_Werner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Berendonk, Brigitte & W. Franke, Werner (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/7/1262.full">"Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Clinical Chemistry (journal)">Clinical Chemistry</a>. 43 (7): 1262–1279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F43.7.1262">10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9216474">9216474</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722000019/http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/7/1262.full">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Hormonal+doping+and+androgenization+of+athletes%3A+a+secret+program+of+the+German+Democratic+Republic+government&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1262-1279&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F43.7.1262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9216474&rft.au=Berendonk%2C+Brigitte+%26+W.+Franke%2C+Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclinchem.aaccjnls.org%2Fcontent%2F43%2F7%2F1262.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DG2011-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG2011_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG2011_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2011" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Thomas M. 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Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224182116/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-1980-moscow-olympics-rank-as-the-cleanest-in-history-athletes-recall-how-the-u-s-s-r-cheated-the-system-/30741567.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. 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The Times. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Ambition%2C+naivety+and+tantalising+prospect+of+inheriting+the+world&rft.date=2003-09-22&rft.au=Slot%2C+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fambition-naivety-and-tantalising-prospect-of-inheriting-the-world-32v6h0c5lzd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt,_Sarah2004" class="citation news cs1">Holt, Sarah (6 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4067449.stm">"Stars dimmed by Balco's shadow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051105020138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4067449.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2005. 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Retrieved 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+IAAF+must+ensure+Russia+remains+banned+for+Rio+Olympics&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft.au=Ingle%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2016%2Fmar%2F06%2Fiaaf-russia-athletes-banned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrack+and+field" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Track_and_field&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldathletics.org/">World Athletics</a> (official website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usatf.org/">USA Track & Field</a> (official website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005224658/http://trackandfield.about.com/">Track and Field</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 5 October 2012) from about.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athletic.net/">Results and statistics</a> for collegiate, high school, middle school, and club teams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastersathletics.net/">Masters T&F World Rankings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209210014/http://www.mastersathletics.net/">Archived</a> 9 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Athletics_events" title="Template:Athletics events"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Athletics_events" title="Template talk:Athletics events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Athletics_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Athletics events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Athletics_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_athletics_events" title="List of athletics events">events</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Track</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_metres" title="50 metres">50 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55_metres" title="55 metres">55 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100-yard_dash" title="100-yard dash">100 y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/150_metres" title="150 metres">150 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 m</a> (<a href="/wiki/200_metres_straight" title="200 metres straight">straight</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/300_metres" title="300 metres">300 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/440-yard_dash" title="440-yard dash">440 y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50_metres_hurdles" title="50 metres hurdles">50 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55_metres_hurdles" title="55 metres hurdles">55 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60_metres_hurdles" title="60 metres hurdles">60 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80_metres_hurdles" title="80 metres hurdles">80 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_metres_hurdles" title="100 metres hurdles">100 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_metres_hurdles" title="200 metres hurdles">200 m</a> (<a href="/wiki/Low_hurdles" title="Low hurdles">low</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/300_metres_hurdles" title="300 metres hurdles">300 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/500_metres" title="500 metres">500 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/600_metres" title="600 metres">600 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000_metres" title="1000 metres">1000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_meters" title="1600 meters">1600 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_run" title="Mile run">One mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_metres" title="2000 metres">2000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_metres_steeplechase" title="2000 metres steeplechase">2000 m steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase" title="3000 metres steeplechase">3000 m steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3200_metres" title="3200 metres">3200 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_miles" title="Two miles">Two miles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5000_metres" title="5000 metres">5000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10,000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20,000_metres" title="20,000 metres">20,000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_hour_run" title="One hour run">One hour run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_metres_relay" title="4 × 100 metres relay">4 × 100 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_200_metres_relay" title="4 × 200 metres relay">4 × 200 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay" title="4 × 400 metres relay">4 × 400 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_800_metres_relay" title="4 × 800 metres relay">4 × 800 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_1500_metres_relay" title="4 × 1500 metres relay">4 × 1500 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_mile_relay" title="4 × mile relay">4 × mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_medley_relay" title="Sprint medley relay">Sprint medley relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_medley_relay" title="Distance medley relay">Distance medley relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_relay" title="Swedish relay">Swedish relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_hurdle_relay" title="Shuttle hurdle relay">Shuttle hurdle relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Walking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mile_walk" title="Mile walk">Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3000_metres_race_walk" title="3000 metres race walk">3000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5000_metres_race_walk" title="5000 metres race walk">5000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10,000_metres_race_walk" title="10,000 metres race walk">10,000 m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20,000_metres_race_walk" title="20,000 metres race walk">20,000 m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Throws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_throw" title="Club throw">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_throw" title="Weight throw">Weight throw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball_throw" title="Softball throw">Softball throw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Jumps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_high_jump" title="Standing high jump">standing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_long_jump" title="Standing long jump">standing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">Triple jump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_triple_jump" title="Standing triple jump">standing</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combined_track_and_field_events" title="Combined track and field events">Combined</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_pentathlon" title="Athletics pentathlon">Athletics pentathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pentathlon" title="Women's pentathlon">women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throws_pentathlon" title="Throws pentathlon">throws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexathlon" title="Hexathlon">Hexathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptathlon" title="Heptathlon">Heptathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octathlon" title="Octathlon">Octathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decathlon" title="Decathlon">Decathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradecathlon" title="Tetradecathlon">Tetradecathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosathlon" title="Icosathlon">Icosathlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5K_run" title="5K run">5 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10K_run" title="10K run">10 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15K_run" title="15K run">15 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10-mile_run" title="10-mile run">10 mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20K_run" title="20K run">20 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25K_run" title="25K run">25 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Walking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_kilometres_race_walk" title="10 kilometres race walk">10 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_kilometres_race_walk" title="20 kilometres race walk">20 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35_kilometres_race_walk" title="35 kilometres race walk">35 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_kilometres_race_walk" title="50 kilometres race walk">50 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_miles_race_walk" title="50 miles race walk">50 mi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_kilometres_race_walk" title="100 kilometres race walk">100 km</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_race_walk_mixed_relay" title="Marathon race walk mixed relay">Marathon mixed relay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_running" title="Frame running">Frame running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiday_race" title="Multiday race">Multiday race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_racing" title="Wheelchair racing">Wheelchair racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/10px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/15px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/20px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sport_of_athletics" title="Portal:Sport of athletics">Sport of athletics portal</a> • Current <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics#Events" title="Athletics at the Summer Olympics">Olympic events</a> shown in italics</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racing" title="Template:Racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racing" title="Template talk:Racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Track running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/80px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/160px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1107" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Off-road running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Radio orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Bicycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel racing">Gravel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain bike racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keirin" title="Keirin">Keirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animal racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_racing" title="Sled dog racing">Sled dog racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Open water swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_swimming" title="Marathon swimming">Marathon swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motor racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing" title="Pickup truck racing">Pickup truck racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">Truck racing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/80px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/160px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_racing" title="Beach racing">Beach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing" title="Motorcycle chariot racing">Motorcycle chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">Track racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing" title="Boat racing">Motorboat racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_boat_racing" title="Drag boat racing">Drag boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_racing" title="Hydroplane racing">Hydroplane racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsprint" title="Jetsprint">Jet sprint boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">Inshore powerboat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Offshore powerboat racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_racing" title="Slot car racing">Slot car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">Slalom skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon" title="Aquathlon">Aquathlon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing" title="List of forms of racing">List of forms of racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312129#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3312129#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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