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<span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versus_anaerobic_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versus_anaerobic_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Versus anaerobic exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versus_anaerobic_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fuel usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Risks and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commercialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerobic exercise</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="التمرين الهوائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التمرين الهوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardiom%C9%99%C5%9Fq" title="Kardioməşq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kardioməşq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সবাত ব্যায়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবাত ব্যায়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="འཚོ་རླུང་ལུས་རྩལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཚོ་རླུང་ལུས་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercici_aer%C3%B2bic" title="Exercici aeròbic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exercici aeròbic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobn%C3%AD_cvi%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Aerobní cvičení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aerobní cvičení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymarfer_aerobig" title="Ymarfer aerobig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymarfer aerobig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αερόβια άσκηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αερόβια άσκηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejercicio_aer%C3%B3bico" title="Ejercicio aeróbico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejercicio aeróbico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نرمش هوازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرمش هوازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="유산소 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유산소 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="एरोबिक व्यायाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एरोबिक व्यायाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latihan_aerobik" title="Latihan aerobik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latihan aerobik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercizio_aerobico" title="Esercizio aerobico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercizio aerobico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פעילות אירובית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פעילות אירובית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ಏರೋಬಿಕ್ ವ್ಯಾಯಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏರೋಬಿಕ್ ವ್ಯಾಯಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiofitness" title="Cardiofitness – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cardiofitness" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%85%B8%E7%B4%A0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="有酸素運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有酸素運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerob_trening" title="Aerob trening – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aerob trening" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਐਰੋਬਿਕਸ (ਕਸਰਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਰੋਬਿਕਸ (ਕਸਰਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86wiczenia_aerobowe" title="Ćwiczenia aerobowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćwiczenia aerobowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exerc%C3%ADcio_aer%C3%B3bico" title="Exercício aeróbico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exercício aeróbico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аэробное упражнение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэробное упражнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83" title="ඇරෝබික් අභ්‍යාස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇරෝබික් අභ්‍යාස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobinen_liikunta" title="Aerobinen liikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aerobinen liikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehersisyong_aerobiko" title="Ehersisyong aerobiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ehersisyong aerobiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="உயிர்வளிக்கோரும் பயிற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்வளிக்கோரும் பயிற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="การออกกำลังกายใช้ออกซิเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การออกกำลังกายใช้ออกซิเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobik_egzersiz" title="Aerobik egzersiz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aerobik egzersiz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Аеробне тренування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аеробне тренування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_d%E1%BB%A5c_aerobic" title="Thể dục aerobic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể dục aerobic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A7%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="有氧运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有氧运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Low to high intensity physical exercise</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg/300px-Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg/450px-Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg/600px-Bicycles_at_Frederiksberg_-_Flickr_-_Kristoffer_Trolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Cycling is an aerobic form of exercise.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerobic exercise</b>, also known as <b>cardio</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a><sup id="cite_ref-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of low to high <a href="/wiki/Exercise_intensity" title="Exercise intensity">intensity</a> that depends primarily on the aerobic <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">energy</a>-generating process.<sup id="cite_ref-PlowmanSmith2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlowmanSmith2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen",<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to meet energy demands during exercise via <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">aerobic metabolism</a> adequately.<sup id="cite_ref-McArdleKatch2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArdleKatch2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerobic exercise is performed by repeating sequences of light-to-moderate intensity activities for extended periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-PlowmanSmith2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlowmanSmith2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the World Health Organization, over 31% of adults and 80% of adolescents fail to maintain the recommended levels of physical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of cardiovascular or aerobic exercise are medium- to long-distance <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">stair climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For reducing the risk of health issues, 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, even doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise can reduce the risk of early death, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerobic exercise may be better referred to as "solely aerobic", as it is designed to be low-intensity enough that all carbohydrates are aerobically turned into energy via mitochondrial ATP production. <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondria</a> are <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> that rely on oxygen for the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats. Aerobic exercise causes a remodeling of mitochondrial cells within the tissues of the liver and heart.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg/220px-1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg/330px-1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg/440px-1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Athletes training for the 1896 Olympic marathon</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Exercise#History" title="Exercise">Exercise § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a>, a British physiologist, introduced the concepts of <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">maximal oxygen uptake</a> and oxygen debt in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German physician <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a> and Hill shared the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for their independent work related to muscle energy metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on this work, scientists began measuring oxygen consumption during exercise. Henry Taylor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> and Swedish scientists <a href="/wiki/Per-Olof_%C3%85strand" title="Per-Olof Åstrand">Per-Olof Åstrand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Saltin" title="Bengt Saltin">Bengt Saltin</a> made notable contributions in the 1950s and 60s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contributions were also made by the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre as well as various German universities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, health-oriented recreational activities such as <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a> became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Exercise_Plans" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans">Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans</a>, developed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Orban" title="Bill Orban">Bill Orban</a> and published in 1961, helped to launch modern <a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">fitness culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical therapists Col. <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Potts" title="Pauline Potts">Pauline Potts</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Cooper" title="Kenneth H. Cooper">Kenneth H. Cooper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of the United States Air Force, advocated the concept of aerobic exercise. In the 1960s, Cooper started research into preventive medicine. He conducted the first extensive research on aerobic exercise on over 5,000 U.S. Air Force personnel<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after becoming intrigued by the belief that exercise can preserve one's health. In 1966 he coined the term "aerobics". Two years later, in 1968, he published a book of the same name. In 1970, he created the Cooper Institute for non-profit research and education devoted to preventive medicine. He published a mass-market version of his book <i>The New Aerobics</i> in 1979. Cooper encouraged millions into becoming active and is now known as the "father of aerobics".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper's book inspired <a href="/wiki/Jacki_Sorensen" title="Jacki Sorensen">Jacki Sorensen</a> to create aerobic dancing exercise routines, which grew in popularity in the 1970s in the U.S., and at the same time, Judi Missett developed and expanded <a href="/wiki/Jazzercise" title="Jazzercise">Jazzercise</a>. </p><p>In the 1970s, there was a <a href="/wiki/Running_boom_of_the_1970s" title="Running boom of the 1970s">running boom</a>. It was inspired by the Olympics, the New-York marathon and the advent of cushioned shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerobics at home became popular worldwide after the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda%27s_Workout" title="Jane Fonda's Workout">Jane Fonda's Workout</a></i> exercise video in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Step_aerobics" title="Step aerobics">Step aerobics</a> was popular in the 1990s, driven by a step product and program from <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a> shoes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg/300px-Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg/450px-Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg/600px-Exercise_zones_Fox_and_Haskell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fox_and_Haskell_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox and Haskell formula">Fox and Haskell formula</a> shows the split between aerobic (light orange) and anaerobic (dark orange) exercise and heart rate.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetic_systems" title="Bioenergetic systems">Bioenergetic systems</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Aerobic_exercise#y" title="Talk:Aerobic exercise">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aerobic_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Aerobic exercise">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aerobic exercise comprises innumerable forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a> a long distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a> is not. Playing singles tennis, with near-continuous motion, is generally considered aerobic activity, while activities with brief bursts of energetic movement within longer periods of casual movement may not be aerobic. Some sports are thus inherently "aerobic", while other aerobic exercises, such as <a href="/wiki/Fartlek" title="Fartlek">fartlek</a> training or aerobic dance classes, are designed specifically to improve aerobic capacity and fitness. It is most common for aerobic exercises to involve the leg muscles, primarily or exclusively. There are some exceptions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> to distances of 2,000 meters or more is an aerobic sport that exercises several major muscle groups, including those of the legs, abdominals, chest, and arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg/300px-US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg/450px-US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg/600px-US_Army_51673_aerobathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Step_aerobics" title="Step aerobics">step aerobics</a> exercise instructor motivates her class to keep up the pace.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moderate activities</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a> on flat ground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Bicycling</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at less than 10 miles per hour (16 km/h)</li> <li>Moderate <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a> (about 3.5 miles per hour (5.6 km/h))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Downhill skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubles_(tennis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubles (tennis)">Tennis (doubles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li>Light <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">yard work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">Jogging</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Vigorous activities</b> </p> <ul><li>Brisk walking (about 4.5 miles per hour (7.2 km/h))</li> <li>Bicycling at more than 10 miles per hour (16 km/h)</li> <li>Hiking uphill</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skiing</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">Jogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumping rope">Jumping rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> (singles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li>Heavy yard work<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elliptical training<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versus_anaerobic_exercise">Versus anaerobic exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Versus anaerobic exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">anaerobic exercise</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">strength training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short-distance_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-distance running">short-distance running</a> are the most salient examples. The two types of exercise differ by the duration and intensity of muscular contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated within the muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New research on the endocrine functions of contracting muscles has shown that both aerobic and anaerobic exercise promote the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Myokine" title="Myokine">myokines</a>, with attendant benefits including growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myokine secretion in turn is dependent on the amount of muscle contracted, and the duration and intensity of contraction. As such, both types of exercise produce endocrine benefits. </p><p>In almost all conditions, anaerobic exercise is accompanied by aerobic (in the presence of oxygen) exercises because the less efficient anaerobic metabolism must supplement the aerobic system due to energy demands that exceed the aerobic system's capacity. During anaerobic exercise, the body must generate energy through other processes than aerobic metabolism, including <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> paired with <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">phosphocreatine system</a> to generate energy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. Common <a href="/wiki/Kettlebell" title="Kettlebell">kettlebell</a> exercises combine aerobic and anaerobic aspects. Allowing 24 hours of recovery between aerobic and strength exercise leads to greater fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerobic exercise is not just about maintaining physical fitness; it also provides extraordinary hormonal benefits. By increasing the release of growth hormone in the blood, this exercise helps the body in recovery, muscle building, and maintaining bone health.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_usage">Fuel usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fuel usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the intensity of exercise, the body preferentially utilizes certain fuel forms to meet energy demands. The two main fuel sources for aerobic exercise in the body include <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>. At lower intensity aerobic exercise, the body preferentially uses fat as its main fuel source for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>, however as intensity increases the body preferentially uses <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> stored in the muscles and liver or other carbohydrates, as it is a quicker source of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerobic exercise at low or moderate intensity is not a very efficient way to lose fat in comparison to high intensity aerobic exercise. Lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglyceride into fatty acids),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not fat burning (conversion of fatty acid to carbon dioxide), explains the intensity-dependent fat mass reduction. It has been shown that fatty acid is consumed for wound healing, where moderate intensity exercise does not produce significant damage like high intensity exercise. The size of adipose tissue is determined by the magnitude of nutrient competition from muscle and lungs for cell regeneration and energy replenishment after exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the possible health benefits of regular aerobic exercise are:<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>May improve mood<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Strengthens and enlarges the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, known as <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_conditioning" title="Aerobic conditioning">aerobic conditioning</a></li> <li>May improve circulation efficiency and reduce blood pressure</li> <li>May help maintain independence in later life<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increases the total number of red blood cells in the body, facilitating transport of oxygen<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Improves mental health, including reducing stress and lowering the incidence of depression, as well as increased cognitive capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Slightly reduced depression may also be observed, especially if aerobic exercises are used as additional treatment for patients with a hematological malignancy<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduces the risk for diabetes (One <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> has shown, from multiple conducted studies, that aerobic exercise does help lower <a href="/wiki/HbA1c" class="mw-redirect" title="HbA1c">Hb A<sub>1C</sub>levels</a> for type 2 diabetics.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Moderates the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Promotes <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May improve <a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increasing the Release of Growth Hormone<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_disadvantages">Risks and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Risks and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some drawbacks of aerobic exercise include: </p> <ul><li>Overuse injuries of the <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal system</a> because of repetitive exercise, with young athletes (under the age of 19) particularly at risk<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtraining" title="Overtraining">Overtraining</a> syndrome may lead to persistent dysfunction of a number of body systems<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>High volumes of training with insufficient calorie intake puts athletes—particularly female ones—at risk for <a href="/wiki/RED-S" class="mw-redirect" title="RED-S">RED-S</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aerobic exercise may not be as efficient as other exercise methods. For example, <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">High-intensity interval training</a> (HIIT) has been shown to provide similar benefits in a fraction of the time spent exercising per week.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both the health benefits and the performance benefits, or "training effect", require that the duration and the frequency of exercise both exceed a certain minimum. Most authorities suggest at least twenty minutes performed at least three times per week.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercialization">Commercialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerobic exercise has long been a popular approach to achieving weight loss and physical fitness, often taking a commercial form. </p> <ul><li>In the 1970s, Judi Sheppard Missett helped create the market for commercial aerobics with her <a href="/wiki/Jazzercise" title="Jazzercise">Jazzercise</a> program,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Jacki_Sorensen" title="Jacki Sorensen">Jacki Sorensen</a> was expanding her system of aerobic dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-McCormack1981_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormack1981-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Simmons" title="Richard Simmons">Richard Simmons</a> hosted an aerobic exercise show on television, and followed <a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a>'s lead by releasing a series of exercise videos.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Blanks" title="Billy Blanks">Billy Blanks</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tae_Bo" title="Tae Bo">Tae Bo</a> helped popularize cardio-boxing workouts that incorporated martial arts movements.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reebok" title="Reebok">Reebok</a> shoes popularized <a href="/wiki/Step_aerobics" title="Step aerobics">step aerobics</a> with their Reebok Step device and training program.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartford2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartford2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics">Aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_training" title="Endurance training">Endurance training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_aerobic_exercise_performance" title="Music and aerobic exercise performance">Music and aerobic exercise performance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_and_Physical_Fitness_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/exerciseandphysicalfitness.html">"Exercise and Physical Fitness"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Exercise+and+Physical+Fitness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fexerciseandphysicalfitness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlowmanSmith2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlowmanSmith2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlowmanSmith2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlowmanSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Plowman SA, Smith DL (1 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYiqixSbhEAC&pg=PT61"><i>Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8406-1"><bdi>978-0-7817-8406-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exercise+Physiology+for+Health%2C+Fitness%2C+and+Performance&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8406-1&rft.aulast=Plowman&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Smith%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYiqixSbhEAC%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper1997_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k75y6g5-aQAC&pg=PT40"><i>Can stress heal?</i></a>. 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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4991-6"><bdi>978-0-7817-4991-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+exercise+physiology&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4991-6&rft.aulast=McArdle&rft.aufirst=WD&rft.au=Katch%2C+FI&rft.au=Katch%2C+VL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4aZIDbmV3oC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2024" class="citation web cs1">WHO (June 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity">"Physical Activity"</a>. <i>Physical Acitivity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physical+Acitivity&rft.atitle=Physical+Activity&rft.date=2024-06-26&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fphysical-activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/aerobic-exercise/art-20045541">"10 great reasons to love aerobic exercise"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785721">"Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>106</b> (49): 20906–20911. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620906A">2009PNAS..10620906A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0905307106">10.1073/pnas.0905307106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785721">2785721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948959">19948959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Cardiovascular+fitness+is+associated+with+cognition+in+young+adulthood&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=20906-20911&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2785721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19948959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0905307106&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PNAS..10620906A&rft.aulast=Aberg&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+NL&rft.au=Tor%C3%A9n%2C+K&rft.au=Svartengren%2C+M&rft.au=B%C3%A4ckstrand%2C+B&rft.au=Johnsson%2C+T&rft.au=Cooper-Kuhn%2C+CM&rft.au=Aberg%2C+ND&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+M&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+HG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2785721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation book cs1">Cooper KD. <i>The New Aerobics</i>. Eldora, Iowa: Prairie Wind.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Aerobics.&rft.place=Eldora%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Prairie+Wind&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=KD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonatelle2005" class="citation book cs1">Donatelle RJ (2005). <i>Health: The Basics</i> (7th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-7795-8"><bdi>978-0-8053-7795-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-7795-8&rft.aulast=Donatelle&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation book cs1">Friedman D (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645493/lets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman/"><i>Let's Get Physical: How Women Discovered Exercise and Reshaped the World</i></a>. 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Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593188422" title="Special:BookSources/9780593188422"><bdi>9780593188422</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408230750/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/645493/lets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Get+Physical%3A+How+Women+Discovered+Exercise+and+Reshaped+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780593188422&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F645493%2Flets-get-physical-by-danielle-friedman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuineyMachado2013" class="citation journal cs1">Guiney H, Machado L (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-012-0345-4">"Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13423-012-0345-4">10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23229442">23229442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24190840">24190840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+regular+aerobic+exercise+for+executive+functioning+in+healthy+populations&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-86&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24190840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23229442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fs13423-012-0345-4&rft.aulast=Guiney&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Machado%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3758%252Fs13423-012-0345-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkle1992" class="citation book cs1">Hinkle JS (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719225713/http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-3/fitness.htm"><i>School Children and Fitness: Aerobics for Life</i></a>. ERIC Clearinghouse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/1992-3/fitness.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Children+and+Fitness%3A+Aerobics+for+Life.&rft.pub=ERIC+Clearinghouse&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hinkle&rft.aufirst=JS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericdigests.org%2F1992-3%2Ffitness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendiSzaboSzabóVelenczei2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rendi M, Szabo A, Szabó T, Velenczei A, Kovács A (March 2008). "Acute psychological benefits of aerobic exercise: a field study into the effects of exercise characteristics". <i>Psychology, Health & Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 180–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13548500701426729">10.1080/13548500701426729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18350462">18350462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24444650">24444650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology%2C+Health+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acute+psychological+benefits+of+aerobic+exercise%3A+a+field+study+into+the+effects+of+exercise+characteristics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=180-4&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24444650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18350462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13548500701426729&rft.aulast=Rendi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Szabo%2C+A&rft.au=Szab%C3%B3%2C+T&rft.au=Velenczei%2C+A&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerobic+exercise" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobic_exercise&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Physical_exercise" title="Template:Physical exercise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_exercise" title="Template talk:Physical exercise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_exercise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical exercise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exercise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobics" title="Aerobics">Aerobics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_training" title="Endurance training">Endurance training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">Jogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise" title="Anaerobic exercise">Anaerobic exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_interval_training" title="High-intensity interval training">High-intensity interval training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise" title="Bodyweight exercise">Bodyweight exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel_training" title="Flywheel training">Flywheel training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_training" title="Suspension training">Suspension training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">Weight training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">Calisthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_training" title="Circuit training">Circuit training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-training" title="Cross-training">Cross-training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_training" title="Interval training">Interval training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy" title="Muscle hypertrophy">Muscle hypertrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_fitness" title="Outdoor fitness">Outdoor fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretching" title="Stretching">Stretching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_physical_exercise" title="Epigenetics of physical exercise">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_mimetic" title="Exercise mimetic">Exercise mimetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_trends" title="Exercise trends">Exercise trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_app" title="Fitness app">Fitness app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_exercise" title="Outline of exercise">Outline of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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