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data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 6; min-width: 406px; max-width: 406px; max-width: 175px; max-width: 175px; white-space: normal; font-size: 28px; line-height: 38px; font-weight: 100; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Advancing our knowledge of the Sun and operation of the largest and most advanced solar telescope in the world </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 4 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-38-layer-2" data-x="82" data-y="36" data-width="['503']" data-height="['229']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 7; min-width: 503px; max-width: 503px; max-width: 229px; max-width: 229px; white-space: normal; font-size: 60px; line-height: 70px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NSF National Solar Observatory </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 5 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-38-layer-5" data-x="658" data-y="bottom" data-voffset="" data-width="['374']" data-height="['33']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['inherit','inherit','inherit','inherit']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 8; min-width: 374px; max-width: 374px; max-width: 33px; max-width: 33px; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 20px; line-height: 22px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(0,0,0,1); letter-spacing: ;font-family:Open Sans;">Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 6 --> <div class="tp-caption rev-btn tp-resizeme" id="slide-38-layer-6" data-x="238" data-y="372" data-width="['182']" data-height="['42']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="button" data-actions='[{"event":"click","action":"simplelink","target":"_self","url":"\/centers\/national-solar-observatory-2\/","delay":""}]' data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"frame":"hover","speed":"0","ease":"Linear.easeNone","to":"o:1;rX:0;rY:0;rZ:0;z:0;","style":"c:rgba(0,0,0,1);bg:rgba(255,255,255,1);bc:rgba(0,0,0,1);bw:0 0 0 0;"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[10,10,10,10]" data-paddingright="[30,30,30,30]" data-paddingbottom="[10,10,10,10]" data-paddingleft="[30,30,30,30]" style="z-index: 9; min-width: 182px; max-width: 182px; max-width: 42px; max-width: 42px; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 17px; line-height: 17px; font-weight: 500; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: ;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,1);border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-radius:30px 30px 30px 30px;outline:none;box-shadow:none;box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;">About NSO </div> </li> <!-- SLIDE --> <li data-index="rs-36" data-transition="fade" data-slotamount="default" data-hideafterloop="0" data-hideslideonmobile="off" data-easein="default" data-easeout="default" data-masterspeed="300" data-thumb="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AURA-SlideShow1-100x50.jpg" data-rotate="0" data-saveperformance="off" data-title="Slide" data-param1="" data-param2="" data-param3="" data-param4="" data-param5="" data-param6="" data-param7="" data-param8="" data-param9="" data-param10="" data-description=""> <!-- MAIN IMAGE --> <img src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AURA-SlideShow1.jpg" alt="NSF's OIR Lab" title="AURA-SlideShow1" width="2560" height="1000" data-bgposition="center center" data-bgfit="cover" data-bgrepeat="no-repeat" class="rev-slidebg" data-no-retina> <!-- LAYERS --> <!-- LAYER NR. 7 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-shape tp-shapewrapper tp-resizeme" id="slide-36-layer-3" data-x="center" data-hoffset="" data-y="-25" data-width="['604']" data-height="['342']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="shape" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['inherit','inherit','inherit','inherit']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 5;font-family:Open Sans;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);"> </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 8 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-36-layer-1" data-x="center" data-hoffset="" data-y="7" data-width="['571']" data-height="['auto']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 6; min-width: 571px; max-width: 571px; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 80px; line-height: 120px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NSF NOIRLab </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 9 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-36-layer-2" data-x="center" data-hoffset="5" data-y="118" data-width="['472']" data-height="['auto']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 7; min-width: 472px; max-width: 472px; white-space: normal; font-size: 50px; line-height: 55px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Discovering Our Universe Together </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 10 --> <div class="tp-caption rev-btn tp-resizeme" id="slide-36-layer-6" data-x="center" data-hoffset="" data-y="center" data-voffset="15" data-width="['234']" data-height="['auto']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="button" data-actions='[{"event":"click","action":"simplelink","target":"_self","url":"\/centers\/nsfs-oir-lab\/","delay":""}]' data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"frame":"hover","speed":"0","ease":"Linear.easeNone","to":"o:1;rX:0;rY:0;rZ:0;z:0;","style":"c:rgba(0,0,0,1);bg:rgba(255,255,255,1);bc:rgba(0,0,0,1);bw:0 0 0 0;"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[12,12,12,12]" data-paddingright="[35,35,35,35]" data-paddingbottom="[12,12,12,12]" data-paddingleft="[35,35,35,35]" style="z-index: 8; min-width: 234px; max-width: 234px; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 17px; line-height: 17px; font-weight: 500; color: rgba(255,255,255,1); letter-spacing: px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,1);border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-radius:30px 30px 30px 30px;outline:none;box-shadow:none;box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;">About NOIRLab </div> </li> <!-- SLIDE --> <li data-index="rs-42" data-transition="fade" data-slotamount="default" data-hideafterloop="0" data-hideslideonmobile="off" data-easein="default" data-easeout="default" data-masterspeed="300" data-thumb="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/STScI2560x1000-2x-100x50.jpg" data-rotate="0" data-saveperformance="off" data-title="Slide" data-param1="" data-param2="" data-param3="" data-param4="" data-param5="" data-param6="" data-param7="" data-param8="" data-param9="" data-param10="" data-description=""> <!-- MAIN IMAGE --> <img src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/STScI2560x1000-2x.jpg" alt="" title="STScI2560x1000-2x" width="2560" height="1000" data-bgposition="center center" data-bgfit="cover" data-bgrepeat="no-repeat" class="rev-slidebg" data-no-retina> <!-- LAYERS --> <!-- LAYER NR. 11 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-shape tp-shapewrapper tp-resizeme" id="slide-42-layer-1" data-x="center" data-hoffset="-1" data-y="" data-width="['429']" data-height="['442']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="shape" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['inherit','inherit','inherit','inherit']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 5;font-family:Open Sans;background-color:rgba(16,33,64,0.50);"> </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 12 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-42-layer-2" data-x="center" data-hoffset="-4" data-y="24" data-width="['379']" data-height="['auto']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 6; min-width: 379px; max-width: 379px; white-space: normal; font-size: 48px; line-height: 58px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(255,255,255,1);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Space Telescope Science Institute </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 13 --> <div class="tp-caption tp-resizeme" id="slide-42-layer-3" data-x="center" data-hoffset="" data-y="157" data-width="['319']" data-height="['auto']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="text" data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingright="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingbottom="[0,0,0,0]" data-paddingleft="[0,0,0,0]" style="z-index: 7; min-width: 319px; max-width: 319px; white-space: normal; font-size: 26px; line-height: 34px; font-weight: 400; color: rgba(255,255,255,1);font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Helping humanity explore the universe with advanced space telescopes and ever-growing data archives </div> <!-- LAYER NR. 14 --> <div class="tp-caption rev-btn tp-resizeme" id="slide-42-layer-5" data-x="center" data-hoffset="-1" data-y="339" data-width="['182']" data-height="['42']" data-visibility="['on','on','on','off']" data-type="button" data-actions='[{"event":"click","action":"simplelink","target":"_self","url":"\/centers\/space-telescope-science-institute\/","delay":""}]' data-responsive_offset="on" data-frames='[{"delay":0,"speed":300,"frame":"0","from":"opacity:0;","to":"o:1;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"delay":"wait","speed":300,"frame":"999","to":"opacity:0;","ease":"Power3.easeInOut"},{"frame":"hover","speed":"0","ease":"Linear.easeNone","to":"o:1;rX:0;rY:0;rZ:0;z:0;","style":"c:rgba(16,33,64,1);bg:rgba(255,255,255,1);bc:rgba(0,0,0,1);bw:0 0 0 0;"}]' data-textAlign="['center','center','center','center']" data-paddingtop="[12,12,12,12]" data-paddingright="[35,35,35,35]" data-paddingbottom="[12,12,12,12]" data-paddingleft="[35,35,35,35]" style="z-index: 8; min-width: 182px; max-width: 182px; max-width: 42px; max-width: 42px; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 17px; line-height: 17px; font-weight: 500; color: rgba(255,255,255,1);font-family:Roboto;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,1);border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-radius:30px 30px 30px 30px;outline:none;box-shadow:none;box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;">About STScI </div> </li> </ul> <script>var htmlDiv = document.getElementById("rs-plugin-settings-inline-css"); var htmlDivCss=""; if(htmlDiv) { htmlDiv.innerHTML = htmlDiv.innerHTML + htmlDivCss; }else{ var htmlDiv = document.createElement("div"); htmlDiv.innerHTML = "<style>" + htmlDivCss + "</style>"; document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(htmlDiv.childNodes[0]); } </script> <div class="tp-bannertimer tp-bottom" style="visibility: hidden !important;"></div> </div> <script>var htmlDiv = document.getElementById("rs-plugin-settings-inline-css"); var htmlDivCss=".tp-caption.largewhitebg,.largewhitebg{color:#000;font-weight:300;font-size:50px;line-height:70px;font-family:\"Open Sans\";background-color:#fff;border-radius:0px;position:absolute;text-shadow:none;-webkit-border-radius:0px;-moz-border-radius:0px}"; 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At left is a galaxy cluster and background galaxies, showing thousands of overlapping objects at various distances. The background is black. The galaxies’ colors vary, including white, pink, orange, and blue. Most galaxies appear as ovals or dots. Just above center is a bright white oversized oval, a supergiant elliptical galaxy. Around it are many thin, long orange or pink arcs. These are background galaxies that appear stretched and distorted. To the bottom right is the outline of a small box. On the right side is a zoomed in view of this area. There are two smaller circular outlines flanking a larger central oval outline, labeled Firefly Sparkle galaxy. Within it is a long line, pointing from bottom left to top right with 10 circular star clusters in pink, purple, and blue. The circled galaxy to the bottom left is labeled Companion 1 and looks like a bright red dot. At top right, the circled galaxy labeled Companion 2 is lighter red and surrounded by a red disk." decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" data-no-lazy="1" /></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/12/11/found-first-actively-forming-galaxy-as-lightweight-as-young-milky-way/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">Found: First Actively Forming Galaxy as Lightweight as Young Milky Way</a></h4></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="8941"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/25/hats-off-to-nasas-webb-sombrero-galaxy-dazzles-in-new-image/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd cvp-responsive-image img-none" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198"><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/STScI-01JCGMTFA7D07SQHJX5VWCY29J-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none skip-lazy no-lazyload " alt="A two panel image. The top image is Webb’s view of the Sombrero galaxy, the bottom image is Hubble’s view. In the Webb view, the galaxy is a very oblong, blue disk that extends from left to right at an angle (from about 10 o’clock to 5 o’clock). The galaxy has a small bright core at the center. There is clear inner disk that has speckles of stars scattered throughout. The outer disk of the galaxy is whiteish-blue, and clumpy, like clouds in the sky. In the Hubble view, the galaxy is an oblong, pale white disk with a glowing core over the inner disk. The outer disk is darker and clumpy." decoding="async" data-no-lazy="1" /></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/25/hats-off-to-nasas-webb-sombrero-galaxy-dazzles-in-new-image/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">Hats Off to NASA&#8217;s Webb: Sombrero Galaxy Dazzles in New Image</a></h4></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="8962"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/21/neid-earth-twin-survey-delivers-on-its-goal-to-push-the-limits-of-exoplanet-discovery/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd cvp-responsive-image img-none" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198"><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ann24034a-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none skip-lazy no-lazyload " alt="Artist’s Illustration of Exoplanet HD 86728 b showing a planet orbiting a bright star" decoding="async" data-no-lazy="1" /></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/21/neid-earth-twin-survey-delivers-on-its-goal-to-push-the-limits-of-exoplanet-discovery/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">NEID Earth Twin Survey Delivers On Its Goal to Push the Limits of Exoplanet Discovery</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div> <style type="text/css" id="pt-cv-inline-style-0ad840aqcb">#pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v .pt-cv-title a, #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v .panel-title { line-height: 1.5 !important; } #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v .pt-cv-readmore { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v .pt-cv-readmore:hover { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pt-cv-more , #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pagination .active a, .pt-cv-pagination[data-sid='2f4aa45f4v'] .active a { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-2f4aa45f4v .cvp-responsive-image[style*="background-image"] { width: 348px; height: 198px; }</style> <div class="title-bordered"><div class="title-inner"><h2> <a href="/aura-updates" style="display: block; margin-top: 40px;">AURA NEWS</a> </h2></div></div> <div class="pt-cv-wrapper"><div class="pt-cv-view pt-cv-grid pt-cv-colsys pt-cv-mobile pt-cv-mobile-tablet" id="pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n"><div data-id="pt-cv-page-1" class="pt-cv-page" data-cvc="3"><div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="8935"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/12/11/aura-response-to-nsfs-us-elt-external-evaluation-panel-report/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd cvp-responsive-image img-none" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198"><img width="348" height="198" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20348%20198'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="Illustration of 2 large telescopes side by side with yellow laser lines coming out of them. the Logos of TMT NOIRLab and GMT are on the bottom of the image." decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/us-eltp2-348x198.jpg" /><noscript><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/us-eltp2-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="Illustration of 2 large telescopes side by side with yellow laser lines coming out of them. the Logos of TMT NOIRLab and GMT are on the bottom of the image." decoding="async" /></noscript></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/12/11/aura-response-to-nsfs-us-elt-external-evaluation-panel-report/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">AURA Response to NSF’s US ELT External Evaluation Panel Report</a></h4></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="8874"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/01/nsf-representatives-and-us-senate-staffers-visit-aura-facilities-in-chile/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd cvp-responsive-image img-none" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198"><img width="348" height="198" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20348%20198'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="A group poses in front of of a starry sky with a visible comet" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Tololo-y-cometa-2048x1365-1-348x198.jpg" /><noscript><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Tololo-y-cometa-2048x1365-1-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="A group poses in front of of a starry sky with a visible comet" decoding="async" /></noscript></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/11/01/nsf-representatives-and-us-senate-staffers-visit-aura-facilities-in-chile/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">NSF Representatives and US Senate Staffers Visit AURA Facilities in Chile</a></h4></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="8843"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/10/11/sharing-deep-sky-in-hawaii/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd cvp-responsive-image img-none" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198"><img width="348" height="198" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20348%20198'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="Sharing “Deep Sky” in Hawai’i" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DeepSkyScreening-348x198.jpg" /><noscript><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DeepSkyScreening-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none" alt="Sharing “Deep Sky” in Hawai’i" decoding="async" /></noscript></a> <h4 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/blog/2024/10/11/sharing-deep-sky-in-hawaii/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" data-iw="348" data-ih="198">Sharing “Deep Sky” in Hawai’i</a></h4></div></div></div></div></div> <style type="text/css" id="pt-cv-inline-style-e8fd22fvms">#pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n .pt-cv-title a, #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n .panel-title { line-height: 1.5 !important; } #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n .pt-cv-readmore { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n .pt-cv-readmore:hover { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pt-cv-more , #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pagination .active a, .pt-cv-pagination[data-sid='3cb3114b5n'] .active a { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #00aeef !important; } #pt-cv-view-3cb3114b5n .cvp-responsive-image[style*="background-image"] { width: 348px; height: 198px; }</style> </div> <div data-bg="/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Nebula.jpg" class="fullwidth-wrapper fullwidth-wrapper__parallax rocket-lazyload" style="" data-stellar-background-ratio="0.2"> <div style="text-shadow: 0 1px 2px black;"> <h2 class="text-center" style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 46px; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px black; opacity: 1;">AURA enables astronomical discovery and promotes broad engagement in exploring the Universe.</h2> </div> </div> <div class="title-bordered"><div class="title-inner"><h2> <a href="/centers">CENTERS</a></h2></div></div> <div class="pt-cv-wrapper"><div class="pt-cv-view pt-cv-grid pt-cv-colsys pt-cv-same-height pt-cv-mobile 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href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/nsfs-oir-lab/" class="_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success cvplbd" target="_self">Read More</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="3531"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/national-solar-observatory-2/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd" target="_self" ><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/DKIST-with-nice-sun-no-text-348x198.png" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none skip-lazy no-lazyload " alt="NSF NSO" decoding="async" data-no-lazy="1" /></a> <h1 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/national-solar-observatory-2/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" >NSF NSO</a></h1> <div class="pt-cv-content">Advancing knowledge of the Sun, the dominant external influence on Earth and the local archetype of a typical star.<br /><div class="pt-cv-rmwrap"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/national-solar-observatory-2/" class="_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success cvplbd" target="_self">Read More</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col" data-pid="3533"><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/space-telescope-science-institute/" class="_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default cvplbd" target="_self" ><img width="348" height="198" src="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/STScI-H-spacecraft28-3156x2327-348x198.jpg" class="pt-cv-thumbnail img-none skip-lazy no-lazyload " alt="STScI" decoding="async" data-no-lazy="1" /></a> <h1 class="pt-cv-title"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/space-telescope-science-institute/" class="_self cvplbd" target="_self" >STScI</a></h1> <div class="pt-cv-content">Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is a multi-mission operations center for NASA’s flagship observatories and a world-class astronomical research center.<br /><div class="pt-cv-rmwrap"><a href="https://www.aura-astronomy.org/centers/space-telescope-science-institute/" class="_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success cvplbd" target="_self">Read More</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <style type="text/css" id="pt-cv-inline-style-de1639550q">#pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr .pt-cv-title a, #pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr .panel-title { font-weight: 600 !important; display: block !important; text-align: center !important; clear: both !important; } #pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr .pt-cv-readmore { color: #ffffff !important; background-color: #0b8dbe !important; } #pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr .pt-cv-readmore:hover { color: #0b8dbe !important; background-color: #ffffff !important; } #pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pt-cv-more , #pt-cv-view-f46e2640kr + .pt-cv-pagination-wrapper .pagination .active a, .pt-cv-pagination[data-sid='f46e2640kr'] .active a { color: #ffffff 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