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20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tartu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tartu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Battle of Tartu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tartu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Final battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commemoration and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanders_and_notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders_and_notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commanders and notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders_and_notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="فرقة فافن غرينادير العشرين التابعة لقوات الأمن الخاصة (الاستونية الأولى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرقة فافن غرينادير العشرين التابعة لقوات الأمن الخاصة (الاستونية الأولى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._gran%C3%A1tnick%C3%A1_divize_SS_(1._estonsk%C3%A1)" title="20. granátnická divize SS (1. estonská) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="20. granátnická divize SS (1. estonská)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-Grenadier-Division_der_SS_(estnische_Nr._1)" title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._eesti_diviis" title="20. eesti diviis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="20. eesti diviis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/20.%C2%AA_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Granaderos_SS_(Estonia_n.%C2%BA_1)" title="20.ª División de Granaderos SS (Estonia n.º 1) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="20.ª División de Granaderos SS (Estonia n.º 1)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_division_SS_(estonienne_no_1)" title="20e division SS (estonienne no 1) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="20e division SS (estonienne no 1)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%9C%EC%9C%84%EB%8C%80_%EC%A0%9C20%EB%AC%B4%EC%9E%A5%EC%B2%99%ED%83%84%EB%B3%91%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%A8" title="친위대 제20무장척탄병사단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="친위대 제20무장척탄병사단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-Grenadier-Division_der_SS" title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._iero%C4%8Du_SS_grenadieru_div%C4%ABzija_(igau%C5%86u_Nr._1)" title="20. ieroču SS grenadieru divīzija (igauņu Nr. 1) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="20. ieroču SS grenadieru divīzija (igauņu Nr. 1)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-oji_SS_grenadieri%C5%B3_divizija" title="20-oji SS grenadierių divizija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="20-oji SS grenadierių divizija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-Grenadier-Division_der_SS_(estnische_Nr._1)" title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC20SS%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E6%93%B2%E5%BC%BE%E5%85%B5%E5%B8%AB%E5%9B%A3" title="第20SS武装擲弾兵師団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第20SS武装擲弾兵師団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Dywizja_Grenadier%C3%B3w_SS_(1_esto%C5%84ska)" title="20 Dywizja Grenadierów SS (1 estońska) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="20 Dywizja Grenadierów SS (1 estońska)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/20.%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_de_Granadeiros_Waffen_SS_(1.%C2%AA_Let%C3%A3)" title="20.ª Divisão de Granadeiros Waffen SS (1.ª Letã) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="20.ª Divisão de Granadeiros Waffen SS (1.ª Letã)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1_(1-%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F)" title="20-я добровольческая пехотная дивизия СС (1-я эстонская) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="20-я добровольческая пехотная дивизия СС (1-я эстонская)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-SS:n_krenat%C3%B6%C3%B6ridivisioona" title="20. Waffen-SS:n krenatööridivisioona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="20. Waffen-SS:n krenatööridivisioona" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-Grenadier-Division_der_SS_(estnische_Nr._1)" title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20._Waffen-SS_Grenadiye_T%C3%BCmeni" title="20. Waffen-SS Grenadiye Tümeni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="20. Waffen-SS Grenadiye Tümeni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1_(1-%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="20-та гренадерська дивізія СС (1-ша естонська) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="20-та гренадерська дивізія СС (1-ша естонська)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A%E7%AC%AC20%E5%B8%AB" title="親衛隊第20師 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="親衛隊第20師" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German infantry division</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/200px-20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/300px-20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg/400px-20th_SS_Division_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="637" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Divisional insignia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1944 – 9 May 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/III_(Germanic)_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps">III SS Panzer Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Estonian Division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornflower_blue" title="Cornflower blue">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> & <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6495ED; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Battle of Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Battle of Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Offensive">Tartu Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula-Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula-Oder Offensive">Vistula-Oder Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesian Offensive">Upper Silesian Offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Augsberger" title="Franz Augsberger">Franz Augsberger</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</b> was a foreign <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> that served alongside the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. According to some sources, the division was under <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s overall command but was not an integral part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012769_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012769-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially activated on 24 January 1944, and many of its soldiers had been members of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Legion" title="Estonian Legion">Estonian Legion</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Estonian_SS_Volunteer_Brigade" title="3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade">3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade</a>, which had been fighting as part of German forces since August 1942 and October 1943 respectively. Both of the preceding formations drew their personnel from <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German-occupied Estonia</a>. Shortly after its official activation, widespread conscription within Estonia was announced by the German occupying authorities. The division was formed in Estonia around a <a href="/wiki/En_cadre" class="mw-redirect" title="En cadre">cadre</a> comprising the 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade, and was initially known as the <b>20th Estonian SS Volunteer Division</b>. By 1944, a total of 60,000 Estonians were fighting in the ranks of the SS and Wehrmacht. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 38,000 men were conscripted in Estonia,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other Estonian units that had been part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">Finnish Infantry Regiment 200</a> were transferred to Estonia. In April 1944, the division had a designated strength of 16,135 men. Between March and September 1944, it had a total of 13,700 men pass through its reserve units, and by August 1944, some 10,427 were killed or missing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division fought the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> and surrendered in May 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></div> <p>A secret protocol of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> signed on 23 August 1939 between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> defined the spheres of influence, with Estonia assigned to the Soviet one.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16–17 June 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TM006241940_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM006241940-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> was complete by 21 June 1940 and rendered "official" by a communist <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">occupied Estonia</a> by the end of the summer. The Germans were perceived by most Estonians as liberators from the terror of <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalinist</a> USSR, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence. The initial enthusiasm that greeted the German invasion changed to disappointment, resentment, and in part even to enmity within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroenerMüllerUmbreit199058–59_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroenerMüllerUmbreit199058–59-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial German policy not to recruit Estonians into the German Army, the commander of the German <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a>, established 26 Estonian-manned security detachments (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Sicherungs-Abteilungen</i>), which by August 1941 had been formed into the 181st–186th Security Battalions (German: <i lang="de">Sicherungs-Bataillone</i>), each of 700 men. Motivated by a desire for revenge on the Soviet Union, volunteers were plentiful, and while the original intent was for these units to serve as guards in Estonia, they were sent to the front line and acquitted themselves well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1942, there were 16 Estonian battalions and companies in the Soviet Union, totalling 10,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1942, the existing security battalions were re-organised into "Eastern" battalions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the 181st becoming the 658th, the 182nd becoming the 659th, one company of the 184th becoming the 657th "Eastern" Company, the rest of the 184th becoming the 660th "Eastern" Battalion, and the 186th being converted into the "Eastern" Depot Battalion "Narwa". These were retitled as "Estonian" battalions on 1 January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232–33_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232–33-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in August 1941, the German police established defence detachments (German: <i lang="de">Schutzmannschaft-Abteilungen</i>) in Estonia to combat <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Estonia" title="Soviet partisans in Estonia">partisans</a>. In November the defence detachments were combined into defence battalions (German: <i lang="de">Schutzmannschaft-Bataillone</i>) or Schuma battalions, and by October 1942 there were 5,400 Estonians in 14 battalions, with another 5,100 Estonian civil police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201230_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201230-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1943, the remaining 18 Schuma battalions were retitled "Estonian Police Battalions". Of these, eleven served in operational areas outside Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201224_&_32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201224_&_32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, on 28 August 1942, the Germans had announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Legion" title="Estonian Legion">Estonian SS Legion</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, an armed branch of the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> that served alongside but was never formally part of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> during World War II. Its commander was <i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Augsberger" title="Franz Augsberger">Franz Augsberger</a>. While the Estonian leadership would have preferred to reform the Estonian Army, sufficient volunteers came forward for the Legion to be officially established on 1 October at <a href="/wiki/Pustk%C3%B3w,_Podkarpackie_Voivodeship" title="Pustków, Podkarpackie Voivodeship">Heidelager</a> near <a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bica" title="Dębica">Dębica</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied Poland</a>. When created, the Legion comprised the 1st SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">1. Estnische SS-Freiwilligen-Grenadier-Regiment</i>), which was under the command of an Estonian, <i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Soodla" title="Johannes Soodla">Johannes Soodla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1943, three of the best Schuma battalions were disbanded and their members joined the Legion or other Schuma battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1943, in response to the introduction of conscription and unhappy with German policies, some Estonians fled to Finland and enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finnish Army</a>. Soon after, Estonians formed two companies of the 3rd Battalion of the Finnish 47th Infantry Regiment, and soon the 3rd Battalion was entirely made up of Estonians. It fought the Red Army on the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> before helping form the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">200th Infantry Regiment</a>, which was made up of 310 Finns and 2,340 Estonians. The 200th Infantry Regiment continued fighting on the Isthmus until August 1944 when it was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1943, I. Battalion of the 1st SS Volunteer Regiment was retitled Volunteer Battalion Narwa (German: <i lang="de">Freiwillige-Bataillon</i> Narwa) and detached from the Legion. It joined the Nordic-recruited <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">5th SS Panzer Division Wiking</a>, replacing a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish SS battalion</a>. Volunteer Battalion Narwa distinguished itself fighting as part of the 5th SS Division until it returned to Estonia in July 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the same time as the I. Battalion was detached, the Legion became operational. Continuing manpower shortages resulted in the introduction of conscription at this time, with about 12,000 men called up, of whom about 5,300 were sent to the Legion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From spring 1943, some of the Estonian police battalions were used to form larger units, and many of their men volunteered for the Legion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German authorities began conscripting Estonians over the winter of 1942–43. Conscripts were given a choice between serving in the Legion, auxiliary units of the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> or working in factories. Those who opted to serve with the Waffen-SS were offered the immediate return of their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1943, the Germans expanded the Legion to <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> size, initially titling it as the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SS_Volunteer_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade">Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade</a> (German: <i lang="de">Estnische SS-Freiwillige Brigade</i>), under the command of Augsberger. The 1st SS Volunteer Regiment became the 45th SS Volunteer Regiment, and the 53rd Artillery Battalion was formed to support the brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_&_36_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_&_36-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1943, the 657th Estonian Company and 660th Estonian Battalion were used to help form the 46th SS Volunteer Regiment as the second regiment of the brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the brigade was retitled the 3rd SS Volunteer Brigade. Most of the officers and non-commissioned officers of the brigade were Estonian, including the two regimental commanders, and the brigade reached a strength of 5,099 men by December. From November the brigade had been committed to fighting partisans at <a href="/wiki/Nevel_(town)" title="Nevel (town)">Nevel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Velikiye_Luki" title="Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a> in the Soviet Union, and in December it moved further north to <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Russa" title="Staraya Russa">Staraya Russa</a> where it joined the German <a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">16th Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first steps in expanding the brigade into a <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> also began in December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1944, the brigade was sent back to Estonia to help defend against <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">a Soviet offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By January 1944, the front was pushed back by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> almost all the way to the border of German-occupied Estonia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 24 January, the 3rd SS Volunteer Brigade was expanded into the 20th Estonian SS Volunteer Division (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">20. Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (estnische Nr. 1)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">20. eesti diviis</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), under the command of Augsberger, now an <i><a href="/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberführer">SS-Oberführer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the main fighting formations of the division were the 45th and 46th SS Volunteer Regiments, and the 20th SS Volunteer Artillery Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, general conscription-mobilization was announced in Estonia by the German authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 February, the pre-war Prime minister <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Uluots" title="Jüri Uluots">Jüri Uluots</a> switched his stand on mobilization when the Soviet Army reached the Estonian border. At the time the Estonian units under German control had about 14,000 men. Counting on a German debacle, Uluots considered it imperative to have large numbers of Estonians armed, through any means. Uluots even managed to tell it to the nation through the German-controlled radio: Estonian troops on Estonian soil have "a significance much wider than what I could and would be able to disclose here". This led to 38,000 men registering for the military, according to Romuald Misiunas and <a href="/wiki/Rein_Taagepera" title="Rein Taagepera">Rein Taagepera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Misiunas,_p._60_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misiunas,_p._60-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rolf-Dieter_M%C3%BCller" title="Rolf-Dieter Müller">Rolf-Dieter Müller</a> states that 30,000 volunteered in addition to those conscripted,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another source states that the 20th SS Division received 15,000 volunteers, which was enough for it to reach full strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_History_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian History Commission">Estonian History Commission</a> reported 32,000 men were conscripted after Uluots's call.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the mobilised men had made known their reluctance in being a part of the Waffen-SS and wearing the SS uniform, <i>SS-Obersturmführer</i> Bernhardt redefined the concept of volunteering: individuals do not matter any more and can no longer decide on volunteering; it is effectively the occupier who chooses which men, how many and for what purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th SS Division received reinforcements, bringing the total of Estonian units up to 50,000 or 60,000 men. During the whole period at least 70,000 Estonians joined the German army, more than 10,000 may have been killed in action, about 10,000 reached the West after the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Misiunas,_p._60_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misiunas,_p._60-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonian officers and men in other units that fell under the conscription proclamation and had returned to Estonia had their rank prefix changed from "SS" to "Waffen" (<i><a href="/wiki/Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptscharführer">Hauptscharführer</a></i> would be referred to as a <i>Waffen-Hauptscharführer</i> rather than <i>SS-Hauptscharführer</i>). Since the wearing of SS runes on the collar was forbidden by Augsberger on 21 April 1943, these formations wore national insignia instead.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kingisepp%E2%80%93Gdov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive">Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive</a>, the division was ordered to be replaced on the <a href="/wiki/Nevel_(town)" title="Nevel (town)">Nevel</a> front and transported to the Narva front, to defend Estonia. </p><p>The arrival of the I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment at <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> coincided with the prepared landing operation by the left flank of the Leningrad Front to the west coast of Lake Peipus, 120 kilometres south of Narva.<sup id="cite_ref-hiio_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment was placed at the Yershovo Bridgehead on the east coast of Lake Peipus. Estonian and German units cleared the west coast of Peipsi of Soviets by 16 February. Soviet casualties were in thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-riipalu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riipalu-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Narva">Battle of Narva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Narva"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Battle of Narva (1944)</a></div> <p>On 8 February 1944, the division was attached to <a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer"><i>SS-Obergruppenführer</i> and General of the Waffen-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Steiner" title="Felix Steiner">Felix Steiner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/III_SS_(Germanic)_Panzer_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="III SS (Germanic) Panzer Corps">III SS (Germanic) Panzer Corps</a>, then defending the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva bridgehead</a>. The division was to replace the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany)">9th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Luftwaffe Field Division (Wehrmacht)">10th</a> Luftwaffe Field Divisions, which were struggling to hold the line against a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Narva_Bridgehead#Siivertsi_bridgehead_in_Mid-February" title="Battle for Narva Bridgehead">bridgehead north of the town</a> of Narva. Upon arriving at the front on 20 February, the division was ordered to eliminate the Soviet bridgehead. In nine days of heavy fighting, the division <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Narva_Bridgehead#Destruction_of_Soviet_bridgeheads_north_of_Narva" title="Battle for Narva Bridgehead">pushed the Soviets back</a> across the river and restored the line. The division remained stationed in the Siivertsi and Auvere sectors, being engaged in <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Narva_Bridgehead#Soviet_offensives_in_March_engaged_in" title="Battle for Narva Bridgehead">heavy combat</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April, the 658th and 659th Estonian Battalions were transferred to the Waffen-SS to become II. and I. Battalions of the newly formed 47th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the 658th Estonian Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Rebane" title="Alfons Rebane">Alfons Rebane</a> had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> in February, and was reluctant to transfer to the division. Rebane commanded the 47th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment, and was also Augsberger's deputy commander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201219_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201219-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 May, the division was retitled to become the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">20. Waffen-Grenadier Division der SS (Estnische Nr. 1)</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, the division was still 5,000 men understrength,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it was pulled out of the front line and reformed with the recently returned <i>Narwa</i> battalion absorbed into the division as the <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> battalion. By that time, active conscription of Estonian men into the German armed forces was well under way. By Spring 1944, approximately 32,000 men were drafted into the German forces, with the 20th Waffen Grenadier Division consisting of some 15,000 men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line">Battle of Tannenberg Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Tannenberg Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Battle of Tannenberg Line</a></div> <p>In July 1944, the Volunteer Battalion Narwa returned to Estonia and was absorbed by the division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in July, the division reached full combat strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Steiner ordered a withdrawal to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a> on 25 July, the division was deployed on the Lastekodumägi Hill, the first line of defence for the new position. Over the next month, the division was engaged in a heavy defensive battle in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Sinimäed</a> hills. </p><p>On 26 July, pursuing the withdrawing defenders, the Soviet attack fell onto the Tannenberg Line. The Soviet Air Force and artillery bombarded the German positions, destroying most of the forest on the hills.<sup id="cite_ref-hiio_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 27 July, the Soviet forces launched another powerful artillery barrage on the Sinimäed. </p><p>The heaviest Soviet attack took place on 29 July. By noon, the Red Army had almost seized control of the Tannenberg Line. The last reserve on the front, I.Battalion, 1st Estonian Regiment had been spared from the previous counterattacks. The scarcity of able-bodied men forced <i>Sturmbannführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maitla" title="Paul Maitla">Paul Maitla</a> to request reinforcements from patients in the field hospital. Twenty injured men responded, joining the remnants of other units including a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> and supported by the single remaining <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther tank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counterattack started from the parish cemetery south of the Tornimägi with the left flank of the assault clearing the hill of Soviet soldiers. The attack continued towards the summit under heavy Soviet artillery and bomber attack, culminating in close combat on the Soviet positions. The Estonian troops moved into the trenches. Running out of ammunition, they used Soviet grenades and automatic weapons taken from the fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some veterans, it appeared that low-flying Soviet bombers were attempting to hit every individual Estonian soldier moving between craters, some of them getting buried under soil from the explosions of Soviet shells.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets were forced to retreat from the Grenaderimägi Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-hiio_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tartu">Battle of Tartu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Tartu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Offensive">Tartu Offensive</a></div> <p>The 20th Waffen Grenadier Division was fully raised by August 1944, and had a strength of 13,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-August, the division's 45th <i>Estland</i> and 46th regiments were formed into <i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppe</a></i> Vent and sent south to help defend the <a href="/wiki/Emaj%C3%B5gi" title="Emajõgi">Emajõgi</a> river line, seeing heavy fighting. </p><p>On 20 August, III. Battalion of the 46th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment was formed from I. Battalion of the Finnish 200th Infantry Regiment, which had recently returned to Estonia.In total, 1,800 Estonian former members of the 200th Infantry Regiment joined the division in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As their largest operation, supported by the 37th and 38th Estonian Police Battalions and a tank squadron commanded by Mauritz Freiherr von Strachwitz, they destroyed the bridgehead of two Soviet divisions and recaptured Kärevere Bridge by 30 August. The operation shifted the entire front back to the southern bank of the Emajõgi and encouraged the II Army Corps to launch an operation attempting to recapture Tartu. The attack of 4–6 September reached the northern outskirts of the city but was repulsed by units of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/86th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="86th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">86th</a>, 128th, <a href="/wiki/291st_Rifle_Division" title="291st Rifle Division">291st</a> and <a href="/wiki/321st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="321st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">321st Rifle Divisions</a>. Relative calm settled on the front for the subsequent thirteen days.<sup id="cite_ref-hiio_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September, the division totalled 15,400 men, of whom two-thirds were conscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Estonian_Legion_Estonica_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estonian_Legion_Estonica-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in September, the badly-mauled 2nd Estonian Police Regiment was disbanded and its personnel were absorbed by the division. The 2nd Estonian Police Regiment had been formed in July from three veteran police battalions, and had formed part of <i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">Kampfgruppe</a></i> "Jeckeln" commanded by the <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> for Northern Russia, <a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer"><i>SS-Obergruppenführer</i> and General of Waffen-SS and Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a>, who was executed for war crimes after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 October 1944, the 287th Estonian Police Battalion was absorbed by the division. The 287th Estonian Police Battalion had been formed in April 1943 from men who had deserted from the Estonian-recruited Red Army <a href="/wiki/249th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="249th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">249th Rifle Division</a> the previous month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_&_32_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_&_32-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_battles">Final battles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources differ on what happened next. According to Müller, when the German military retreated from Estonia, Estonian volunteers in the Waffen-SS were forced to remain with their units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author Samuel Mitcham states that all troops wishing to remain in Estonia were released from German service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author Chris Bishop states that in September 1944, many Estonian troops were released from German service, and the remaining troops were evacuated from Estonia to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tosz%C3%B3w" title="Świętoszów">Neuhammer</a> training grounds, where the formation was reconstructed from October onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1944, the 37th and 38th Estonian Police Battalions were absorbed by the division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th Waffen Grenadier Division was almost destroyed during fighting in late 1944 or early 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the reformed division, which numbered roughly 11,000 Estonians and 2,500 Germans, returned to the front line in late February, just in time for the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vistula-Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula-Oder Offensive">Vistula-Oder Offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offensive forced the German forces back behind the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neisse">Neisse</a> rivers. The division was pushed back to the Neisse, taking heavy casualties. The division was then trapped with the <i><a href="/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XI. Armeekorps</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Oberglogau" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberglogau">Oberglogau</a> – Falkenberg/<a href="/wiki/Niemodlin" title="Niemodlin">Niemodlin</a> area in Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-gunterpp221-237_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunterpp221-237-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February, the division was so depleted that it was referred to as a <i>SS-<a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">kampfgruppe</a></i>, not as a division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017161-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March 1945, the <i>kampfgruppe</i> launched a major escape attempt, which despite making headway, failed. On 19 March, it tried again, this time succeeding, but leaving all heavy weapons and equipment behind in the pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-gunterpp221-237_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunterpp221-237-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April, the remnants of the division were moved south to the area around <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja" title="Złotoryja">Goldberg</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Offensive">Prague Offensive</a>, the division attempted to break out to the west, in order to surrender to the western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising#Czechs" title="Prague uprising">Czech partisans</a> resumed their hostilities on the surrendered Estonian troops regardless of their intentions. In what veterans of the Estonian Division who had laid their weapons down in May 1945 recall as the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hell" title="Czech Hell">Czech Hell</a>, the partisans chased, tortured and humiliated the Waffen SS men and murdered more than 500 Estonian POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-hiio_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-white_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Estonians who had reached the Western Allies were handed back to the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg/170px-Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg/255px-Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg/340px-Guards_in_Nurnberg_Prison_-_DPLA_-_d18c097cecdee0dea8d7cad210010d56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2893" /></a><figcaption>Former legionnaires, wearing black uniforms with blue helmets and white belts, guarding top Nazis during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1946, out of the ranks of those who had surrendered to the Western allies in the previous year, a total of nine <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> were formed. One of these units, the <b>4221st Guard Company</b>, formed from some 300 men on 26 December 1946, guarded the external perimeter of the Nuremberg International Tribunal courthouse and the various depots and residences of US officers and prosecutors connected with the trial. The men also guarded the accused Nazi war criminals held in prison during the trial, up until the day of execution.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, in declaring the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> a criminal organization, explicitly excluded <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a> in the following terms: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tribunal declares to be criminal within the meaning of the Charter the group composed of those persons who had been officially accepted as members of the SS as enumerated in the preceding paragraph who became or remained members of the organization with knowledge that it was being used for the commission of acts declared criminal by Article 6 of the Charter or who were personally implicated as members of the organization in the commission of such crimes, excluding, however, those who were drafted into membership by the State in such a way as to give them no choice in the matter, and who had committed no such crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Nuremberg tribunal ruled that the 30,000 Estonians who had served in the Baltic Legions were conscripts, not volunteers, and defined them as freedom fighters protecting their homelands from a Soviet occupation and as such they were not true members of the criminal Waffen SS.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (December 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Subsequently, on 13 April 1950, a message from the <a href="/wiki/Allied_High_Commission" title="Allied High Commission">Allied High Commission</a> (HICOG), signed by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a> to the Secretary of State, clarified the US position on the Baltic Legions: "they were not to be seen as 'movements', 'volunteer', or 'SS'. In short, they had not been given the training, indoctrination, and induction normally given to SS members".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Displaced Persons Commission declared in September 1950 that: "The Baltic Waffen SS Units (Baltic Legions) are to be considered as separate and distinct in purpose, ideology, activities, and qualifications for membership from the German SS, and therefore the Commission holds them not to be a movement hostile to the government of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration_and_controversy">Commemoration and controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commemoration and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg/220px-Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg/330px-Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg/440px-Sinim%C3%A4ed_Memorial_2009_-_162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>65th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Battle of Tannenberg Line</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Most living veterans of the division belong to the <b>20th Estonian Waffen Grenadier Division Veterans Union</b> (Estonian: <i>20. Eesti Relvagrenaderide Diviisi Veteranide Ühendus</i>). It was founded in 2000 and gatherings of veterans of the division are organised by the union on the anniversaries of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tannenberg_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Tannenberg Line">battle of the Tannenberg Line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinim%C3%A4ed_Hills" title="Sinimäed Hills">Sinimäed Hills</a>. Since 2008, the chairman of the union is Heino Kerde, a former member of the 45th Regiment. </p><p>In 2002, the Estonian government forced the removal of a <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Lihula" title="Monument of Lihula">monument to Estonian soldiers</a> erected in the Estonian city of Pärnu. The inscription <i>To Estonian men who fought in 1940–1945 against Bolshevism and for the restoration of Estonian independence</i> was the cause of the controversy. The monument was rededicated in <a href="/wiki/Lihula" title="Lihula">Lihula</a> in 2004 but was soon removed because the Estonian government opposed the opening. On 15 October 2005 the monument was finally moved to the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fight_for_Estonia%27s_Freedom" title="Museum of Fight for Estonia's Freedom">Museum of Fight for Estonia's Freedom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagedi" title="Lagedi">Lagedi</a> near the Estonian capital, Tallinn. </p><p>On 28 July 2007, a gathering of some 300 veterans of the 20th Waffen-Grenadier-Division and of other units of the <i>Wehrmacht</i>, including a few <i>Waffen SS</i> veterans from Austria and Norway, took place in <a href="/wiki/Sinim%C3%A4e" title="Sinimäe">Sinimäe</a>, where the battle between the German and Soviet armies had been particularly fierce. A gathering takes place every year that has seen veterans attending from Estonia, Norway, Denmark, Austria and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following units made of the division:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>45th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment</li> <li>46th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment</li> <li>47th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment</li> <li>20th SS Volunteer Artillery Regiment</li> <li>20th SS Fusilier Battalion</li> <li>20th SS <i><a href="/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger" title="Panzerjäger">Panzerjäger</a></i> (Anti-tank) Company</li> <li>20th SS Engineer Battalion</li> <li>20th SS Anti-aircraft Battalion</li> <li>20th SS Signals Battalion</li> <li>20th SS Divisional Supply Troops</li></ul> <p>Each grenadier regiment consisted of three battalions, and the artillery regiment consisted of four battalions—three equipped with <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_leFH_18" title="10.5 cm leFH 18">10.5 cm leFH 18</a> howitzers and one with <a href="/wiki/15_cm_sFH_18" title="15 cm sFH 18">15 cm sFH 18</a> heavy howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders_and_notable_members">Commanders and notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commanders and notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Commanders</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>The following officers commanded the division:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>SS-Oberführer</i> (<i>SS-Brigadeführer</i> from 21 June 1944) <a href="/wiki/Franz_Augsberger" title="Franz Augsberger">Franz Augsberger</a> (24 January 1944 – 19 March 1945)</li> <li><i>SS-Sturmbannführer</i> Hans-Joachim Muetzelfeldt (19 March 1945)</li> <li><i>SS-Oberführer</i> (<i>SS-Brigadeführer</i> from 20 April 1945) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Maack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Maack (page does not exist)">Berthold Maack</a> (19 March 1945 – 8 May 1945)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Notable members</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sch%C3%A4fer_(SS)" title="Wilhelm Schäfer (SS)">Wilhelm Schäfer</a>, German officer and former concentration camp official who was responsible for executing hundreds of prisoners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bruus" title="Rudolf Bruus">Rudolf Bruus</a>, Estonian commander 2nd Battalion of the 43rd SS Volunteer Regiment, later the commander of the 46th SS Volunteer Grenadier Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Maitla" title="Paul Maitla">Paul Maitla</a>, Estonian officer and <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross</a> recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Rebane" title="Alfons Rebane">Alfons Rebane</a>, Estonian officer and <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross with Oakleaves</a> recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Riipalu" title="Harald Riipalu">Harald Riipalu</a>, Estonian officer and <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross</a> recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Nugiseks" title="Harald Nugiseks">Harald Nugiseks</a>, Estonian officer and <a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross</a> recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalju_Lepik" title="Kalju Lepik">Kalju Lepik</a>, Estonian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaljo_Kiisk" title="Kaljo Kiisk">Kaljo Kiisk</a>, Estonian film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kurg" title="Friedrich Kurg">Friedrich Kurg</a>, Estonian commander of the 2nd Battalion of the 46th Regiment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Soodla" title="Johannes Soodla">Johannes Soodla</a>, Estonian <i>Brigadeführer</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Viirlaid" title="Arved Viirlaid">Arved Viirlaid</a> (formerly in Finnish Regiment 200), Estonian writer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Regiment_%22Reval%22" title="Estonian Regiment "Reval"">Estonian Regiment "Reval"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Legion" title="Estonian Legion">Estonian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units" title="List of Waffen-SS units">List of Waffen-SS units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Waffen-SS" title="Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS">Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012769-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012769_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 769.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio (2006). "Recruitment to the Estonian SS-Legion". In Toomas Hiio; Peter Kaasik (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. p. 590.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recruitment+to+the+Estonian+SS-Legion&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=590&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Toomas+Hiio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf-Dieter_Müller2012" class="citation book cs1">Rolf-Dieter Müller (2012). "Estonia". <i>The Unknown Eastern Front; the Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers</i>. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estonia&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Eastern+Front%3B+the+Wehrmacht+and+Hitler%27s+Foreign+Soldiers&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Rolf-Dieter+M%C3%BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio (2006). "The 1944 Mobilization in Estonia". In Toomas Hiio; Peter Kaasik (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. p. 949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1944+Mobilization+in+Estonia&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=949&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Toomas+Hiio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio (2006). "The 1944 Mobilization in Estonia". In Toomas Hiio; Peter Kaasik (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. p. 942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1944+Mobilization+in+Estonia&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=942&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Toomas+Hiio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estonia: Identity and Independence by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3">90-420-0890-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM006241940-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM006241940_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095701/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764071-2,00.html">Five Years of Dates</a> at Time magazine on Monday, 24 June 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroenerMüllerUmbreit199058–59-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroenerMüllerUmbreit199058–59_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroenerMüllerUmbreit1990">Kroener, Müller & Umbreit 1990</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201229_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2017160_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop2017">Bishop 2017</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232–33-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232–33_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201230-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201230_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201224_&_32-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201224_&_32_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, pp. 24 & 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201236_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201232_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201237_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014166_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller2014">Müller 2014</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_&_36-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_&_36_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, pp. 33 & 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007106_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitcham2007">Mitcham 2007</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saksa okupatsioon (1941–44). Eesti. Üld. <a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti_ents%C3%BCklopeedia" class="extiw" title="et:Eesti entsüklopeedia">Eesti entsüklopeedia</a> 11 (2002). pp. 312–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201233_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=99&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=4German">mobilisation in Estonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131101150/http://www.estonica.org/eng/lugu.html?menyy_id=99&kateg=43&alam=61&leht=4German">Archived</a> 31 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at estonica.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misiunas,_p._60-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misiunas,_p._60_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misiunas,_p._60_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Misiunas, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014168_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller2014">Müller 2014</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio (2006). "The 1944 Mobilization in Estonia". In Toomas Hiio; Peter Kaasik (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. p. 942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1944+Mobilization+in+Estonia&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=942&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Toomas+Hiio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarthBöhler2016" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert; Böhler, Jochen (2016). <i>The Waffen-SS: A European History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19250-782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19250-782-2"><bdi>978-0-19250-782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waffen-SS%3A+A+European+History&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19250-782-2&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=B%C3%B6hler%2C+Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio, ed. (2006). <i>Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i>. Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. p. 947. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789949130405" title="Special:BookSources/9789949130405"><bdi>9789949130405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.pages=947&rft.pub=Estonian+Foundation+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789949130405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiio-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiio_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiio_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiio_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiio_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiio_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToomas_Hiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Toomas Hiio (2006). "Combat in Estonia in 1944". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity"><i>Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</i></a>. Tallinn. pp. <span class="nowrap">1035–</span>1094.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combat+in+Estonia+in+1944&rft.btitle=Estonia+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1035-%3C%2Fspan%3E1094&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Toomas+Hiio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riipalu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-riipalu_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarald_Riipalu1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harald Riipalu (1951). <i>Kui võideldi kodupinna eest (When Home Ground Was Fought For)</i> (in Estonian). 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EVTÜ, Saku</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estonian_Legion_Estonica-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estonian_Legion_Estonica_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaasik2012" class="citation web cs1">Kaasik, Peter (2 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803011440/http://www.estonica.org/en/Estonian_Legion/">"Estonian Legion"</a>. <i>Estonica</i>. Estonian Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/en/Estonian_Legion/">the original</a> on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estonica&rft.atitle=Estonian+Legion&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft.aulast=Kaasik&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estonica.org%2Fen%2FEstonian_Legion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_&_32-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_&_32_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, pp. 25 & 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasJurado201225_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasJurado2012">Thomas & Jurado 2012</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2013" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77ifAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177"><i>Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780961637" title="Special:BookSources/9781780961637"><bdi>9781780961637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Giants%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Baltics+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780961637&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77ifAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunterpp221-237-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunterpp221-237_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunterpp221-237_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunter pp. 221–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Estonian)</span> Karl Gailit (1995). Eesti sõdur sõjatules. (Estonian Soldier in Warfare.) Estonian Academy of National Defense Press, Tallinn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-white_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstonian_State_Commission_on_Examination_of_Policies_of_Repression2005" class="citation book cs1">Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114130824/http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class%3Dfile/action%3Dpreview/id%3D12709/TheWhiteBook.pdf">"Human Losses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991</i>. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=12709/TheWhiteBook.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Losses&rft.btitle=The+White+Book%3A+Losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes.+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Estonian+State+Commission+on+Examination+of+Policies+of+Repression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.just.ee%2Forb.aw%2Fclass%3Dfile%2Faction%3Dpreview%2Fid%3D12709%2FTheWhiteBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eesti.ca/?op=article&articleid=3313">"Esprits de corps – Nuremberg Tribunal Guard Co. 4221 marks 56th anniversary"</a>. Eesti Elu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esprits+de+corps+%E2%80%93+Nuremberg+Tribunal+Guard+Co.+4221+marks+56th+anniversary&rft.pub=Eesti+Elu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eesti.ca%2F%3Fop%3Darticle%26articleid%3D3313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trial">Nuremberg Trial Proceedings</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/09-30-46.htm">Volume 22, September 1946</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221033105/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/09-30-46.htm">Archived</a> 21 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Rashke, <i>Useful Enemies: America's Open-Door Policy for Nazi War Criminals</i>, Open Road Media (2013), p26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirdza Kate Baltais, <i>The Latvian Legion in documents</i>, Amber Printers & Publishers (1999), p104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Rashke, <i>Useful Enemies: America's Open-Door Policy for Nazi War Criminals</i>, Open Road Media (2013), p27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kommersant.com/p790926/r_531/Waffen_SS_Forest_Brothers/">Official Estonia, Latvia Call Up Waffen SS Vets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154939/http://www.kommersant.com/p790926/r_531/Waffen_SS_Forest_Brothers/">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitcham (2007), p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitcham (2007), p.107</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2017" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Chris (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc8MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Waffen-SS Divisions: 1939–45</i></a>. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905704-55-2"><bdi>978-1-905704-55-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waffen-SS+Divisions%3A+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-905704-55-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc8MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629035526/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm">Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a> - <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629191844/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/051/1941-1944_ik.pdf">Phase II: The German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944</a></i></li> <li>Georg Gunter, Duncan Rogers, <i>Last Laurels: The German Defence of Upper Silesia, January–May 1945</i>, Helion & Co., 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874622-65-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-874622-65-5">1-874622-65-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroenerMüllerUmbreit1990" class="citation book cs1">Kroener, Bernhard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAlNsmScl3AC"><i>Germany and the Second World War, Volume 5, Part 2</i></a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198208730" title="Special:BookSources/9780198208730"><bdi>9780198208730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+5%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780198208730&rft.aulast=Kroener&rft.aufirst=Bernhard+R.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Umbreit%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAlNsmScl3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiunasRein_Taagepera1993" class="citation book cs1">Misiunas, Romuald; Rein Taagepera (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticstatesyear00misi"><i>The Baltic States, Years of Dependence, 1940-1990</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08228-1"><bdi>0-520-08228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%2C+Years+of+Dependence%2C+1940-1990&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-520-08228-1&rft.aulast=Misiunas&rft.aufirst=Romuald&rft.au=Rein+Taagepera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticstatesyear00misi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlCYMciy7zQC&pg=PP5"><i>German Order of Battle: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS divisions in World War II</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3438-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-3438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Order+of+Battle%3A+Panzer%2C+Panzer+Grenadier%2C+and+Waffen+SS+divisions+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3438-7&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlCYMciy7zQC%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2014" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2014). <i>The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers</i>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780768908" title="Special:BookSources/9781780768908"><bdi>9781780768908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Wehrmacht+and+Hitler%27s+Foreign+Soldiers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780768908&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasJurado2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel; Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SjDCwAAQBAJ"><i>Germany's Eastern Front Allies (2): Baltic Forces</i></a>. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-734-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-734-9"><bdi>978-1-78096-734-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+Eastern+Front+Allies+%282%29%3A+Baltic+Forces&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-734-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Jurado%2C+Carlos+Caballero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SjDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1984" class="citation book cs1">Stein, George H. (1984) [1966]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waffensshitlers00stei"><i>The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–45</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9275-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-9275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waffen+SS%3A+Hitler%27s+Elite+Guard+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9275-4&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaffensshitlers00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A20th+Waffen+Grenadier+Division+of+the+SS+%281st+Estonian%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SS_Divisions" title="Template:SS Divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SS_Divisions" title="Template talk:SS Divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_Divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SS Divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Waffen-SS_divisions511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Waffen-SS</i> divisions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/SS_Panzer_Division_order_of_battle" title="SS Panzer Division order of battle">Panzer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1 <i>Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2 <i>Das Reich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf" title="3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf">3 <i>Totenkopf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">5 <i>Wiking</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9 <i>Hohenstaufen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10 <i>Frundsberg</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12 <i>Hitlerjugend</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i>Panzer-<b><br /></b>grenadier</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland" title="11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland">11 <i>Nordland</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS">16 <i>Reichsführer-SS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen">17 <i>Götz von Berlichingen</i></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/18th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Horst_Wessel" title="18th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Horst Wessel">18 <i>Horst Wessel</i></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Legion_Netherlands" title="Volunteer Legion Netherlands">23 <i>Nederland</i></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Mountain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_SS_Mountain_Division_Nord" title="6th SS Mountain Division Nord">6 <i>Nord</i></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/7th_SS_Volunteer_Mountain_Division_Prinz_Eugen" title="7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen">7 <i>Prinz Eugen</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)" title="13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)">13 <i>Handschar</i> (1 Croatian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg">21 <i>Skanderbeg</i> (1 Albanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Kama_(2nd_Croatian)" title="23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)">23 <i>Kama</i> (2 Croatian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Karstj%C3%A4ger" title="24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger">24 <i>Karstjäger</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Cavalry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_SS_Cavalry_Division_Florian_Geyer" title="8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer">8 <i>Florian Geyer</i></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/22nd_SS_Volunteer_Cavalry_Division" title="22nd SS Volunteer Cavalry Division">22</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Cavalry_Division_of_the_SS_(3rd_Hungarian)" title="33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian)">33 (3 Hungarian)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/37th_SS_Volunteer_Cavalry_Division_L%C3%BCtzow" title="37th SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Lützow">37 <i>Lützow</i></a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cossack7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cossack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Cossack_Cavalry_Division" title="1st SS Cossack Cavalry Division">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Cossack_Cavalry_Division" title="2nd Cossack Cavalry Division">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Infantry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Galician)" title="14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)">14 (1 Galician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Latvian)" title="15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)">15 (1 Latvian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Latvian)" title="19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)">19 (2 Latvian)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">20 (1 Estonian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Hunyadi_(1st_Hungarian)" title="25th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Hunyadi (1st Hungarian)">25 <i>Hunyadi</i> (1 Hungarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Hungarian)" title="26th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Hungarian)">26 (2 Hungarian)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">27 <i>Langemarck</i> (1 Flemish)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">28 <i>Wallonien</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">29 RONA (1 Russian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Italian)" title="29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian)">29 (1 Italian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS" title="30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS">30 (2 Russian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS" title="30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS">30 (1 Belarusian)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/31st_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division" title="31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division">31</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/32nd_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division_30_Januar" class="mw-redirect" title="32nd SS Volunteer Grenadier Division 30 Januar">32 <i>30 Januar</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne">33 <i>Charlemagne</i> (1 French)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/34th_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division_Landstorm_Nederland" title="34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland">34 <i>Landstorm Nederland</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade" title="Dirlewanger Brigade">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_SS-Grenadier-Division_%22Nibelungen%22" class="mw-redirect" title="38th SS-Grenadier-Division "Nibelungen"">38 "Nibelungen"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division">4 (Panzergrenadier)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_SS-Police_Grenadier_Division" title="35th SS-Police Grenadier Division">35 (Grenadier)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Deception<br /><small>"Panzer"</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Panzergrenadier_Brigade_49" title="SS Panzergrenadier Brigade 49">26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=27th_SS_Panzer_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="27th SS Panzer Division (page does not exist)">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_division_commanders" title="List of Waffen-SS division commanders">Divisional commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions" title="List of Waffen-SS divisions">Divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div>Units marked in <b>bold</b> were officially named "volunteer". <i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/German_heavy_tank_battalion#SS_units" title="German heavy tank battalion">SS heavy Panzer battalions</a><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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