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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research and publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_and_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research and publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_and_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies_of_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_of_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Studies of Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_of_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_temperature_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_temperature_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Global temperature analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_temperature_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_carbon_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_carbon_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Black carbon studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_carbon_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropogenic_impact_on_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropogenic_impact_on_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Anthropogenic impact on climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropogenic_impact_on_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_model_development_and_projections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_model_development_and_projections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Climate model development and projections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_model_development_and_projections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_forcings,_feedbacks,_and_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_forcings,_feedbacks,_and_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate forcings, feedbacks, and sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_forcings,_feedbacks,_and_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_climate_change_causation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_climate_change_causation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Analysis of climate change causation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_climate_change_causation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate change activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_change_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate change activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_Senate_committee_testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Senate_committee_testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>US Senate committee testimony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Senate_committee_testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_coal_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_coal_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Criticism of coal industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_coal_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountaintop_removal_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountaintop_removal_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Mountaintop removal mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountaintop_removal_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cap_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cap_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cap and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cap_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_from_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_from_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Retirement from NASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_from_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keystone_Pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keystone_Pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Keystone Pipeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keystone_Pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Proposed solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_interference_at_NASA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_interference_at_NASA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Political interference at NASA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_interference_at_NASA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials_for_energy_company_executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_for_energy_company_executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Trials for energy company executives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials_for_energy_company_executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_at_2011_demonstration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_at_2011_demonstration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Arrest at 2011 demonstration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_at_2011_demonstration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Hansen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جيمس هانسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس هانسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جیمز هنسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز هنسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansen" title="James E. Hansen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James E. Hansen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جیمز هنسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز هنسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Hansen" title="James E. Hansen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James E. Hansen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಹಾನ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಹಾನ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Хансен, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хансен, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Hansen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Гансен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Гансен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BC%A2%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·漢森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·漢森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q724095#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Hansen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Hansen_profile_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/James_Hansen_profile_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-James_Hansen_profile_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/James_Hansen_profile_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="449" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hansen in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Edward Hansen</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1941-03-29</span>) </span>March 29, 1941<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 83)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Denison,_Iowa" title="Denison, Iowa">Denison, Iowa</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">Radiative transfer</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Planetary atmospheres</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate models</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klopsteg_Memorial_Award" title="Klopsteg Memorial Award">Klopsteg Memorial Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Rossby_Research_Medal" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal">Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal</a></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span> </p> <span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in the Environment <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Atmospheric physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Currently <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>;<br />NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies 1967–2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32152921">The atmosphere of Venus : a dust insulation model</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1967)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satoshi_Matsushima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satoshi Matsushima (page does not exist)">Satoshi Matsushima</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1">www<wbr />.columbia<wbr />.edu<wbr />/~jeh1</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Edward Hansen</b> (born March 29, 1941) is an American <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct professor</a> directing the Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute" title="The Earth Institute">Earth Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. He is best known for his research in <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>, his 1988 Congressional testimony on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> that helped raise broad awareness of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and his advocacy of action to avoid dangerous climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scopus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, he has become a climate <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of global warming">mitigate the effects of global warming</a>, on a few occasions leading to his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen also proposed an alternative approach of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, where the 0.7°C global mean temperature increase of the last 100 years can essentially be explained by the effect of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansen was born in <a href="/wiki/Denison,_Iowa" title="Denison, Iowa">Denison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, to James Ivan Hansen and Gladys Ray Hansen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was trained in physics and astronomy in the <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> program of <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>. He obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in physics and mathematics with highest distinction in 1963, an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.S.</a> in astronomy in 1965 and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in physics in 1967, all three degrees from the University of Iowa. He participated in the NASA graduate traineeship from 1962 to 1966 and, at the same time, between 1965 and 1966, he was a visiting student at the Institute of Astrophysics at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a> and in the department of astronomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>. He then began work at the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Tracker_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tracker-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a>, Hansen continued his work with <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_radiative_transfer_codes" title="Atmospheric radiative transfer codes">radiative transfer models</a>, attempting to understand the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venusian atmosphere</a>. He later applied and refined these models to understand the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, and in particular, the effects that <a href="/wiki/Aerosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosols">aerosols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trace_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace gases">trace gases</a> have on Earth's climate. His development and use of <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate model">global climate models</a> has contributed to the further understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's climate">Earth's climate</a>. In 2009, his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren" title="Storms of My Grandchildren">Storms of My Grandchildren</a></i>, was published.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, he presented the <a href="/wiki/TED_Talk" class="mw-redirect" title="TED Talk">TED Talk</a> "Why I must speak out about climate change".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1981 to 2013, he was the director of the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Goddard Institute for Space Studies in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>. </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Hansen directs the Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions at Columbia University's Earth Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program is working to continue to "connect the dots" from advancing basic climate science to promoting public awareness to advocating policy actions. </p><p>Hansen is representing his granddaughter as well as "future generations" as plaintiffs in the <i><a href="/wiki/Juliana_v._United_States" title="Juliana v. United States">Juliana v. United States</a></i> lawsuit, which is suing the United States government and some of its executive branch's positions for not protecting a stable climate system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_publications">Research and publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research and publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a college student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a>, Hansen was attracted to science and the research done by James Van Allen's <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> program in the physics and astronomy department. A decade later, his focus shifted to planetary research that involved trying to understand the climate change on earth that will result from <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> changes of the atmospheric composition. </p><p>Hansen has stated that one of his research interests is radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres, especially the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> of the Earth's atmosphere and surface from satellites. Because of the ability of satellites to monitor the entire globe, they may be one of the most effective ways to monitor and study global change. His other interests include the development of <a href="/wiki/Global_circulation_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Global circulation model">global circulation models</a> to help understand the observed climate trends, and diagnosing human impacts on climate.<sup id="cite_ref-hansenbio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansenbio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_of_Venus">Studies of Venus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Studies of Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus-real_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/220px-Venus-real_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/330px-Venus-real_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Venus-real_color.jpg/440px-Venus-real_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Venus is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">thick atmosphere</a> composed mainly of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and its clouds are sulfuric acid. The thickness of the atmosphere initially made it difficult to determine why the surface was so hot.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1960s and early 1970s, following his Ph.D. dissertation, Hansen published several papers on the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. Venus has a high <a href="/wiki/Brightness_temperature" title="Brightness temperature">brightness temperature</a> in the radio frequencies compared to the infrared. He proposed that the hot surface was the result of aerosols trapping the internal energy of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-dustmodel1967_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dustmodel1967-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies have suggested that several billion years ago, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus's atmosphere</a> was much more like Earth's than it is now and that there were probably substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a> was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in its atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-kasting-greenhouse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasting-greenhouse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen continued his study of Venus by looking at the composition of its <a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a>. He looked at the near-infrared reflectivity of ice clouds, compared them to observations of Venus, and found that they qualitatively agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-venus1968_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venus1968-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was able to use a <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_radiative_transfer_codes" title="Atmospheric radiative transfer codes">radiative transfer model</a> to establish an upper limit to the size of the ice particles if the clouds were actually made of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-venusclouds1968_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venusclouds1968-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1974, the composition of Venus' clouds had not yet been determined, with many scientists proposing a wide variety of compounds, including liquid water and aqueous solutions of ferrous chloride. Hansen and Hovenier used the polarization of sunlight reflected from the planet to establish that the clouds were spherical and had a <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloud_drop_effective_radius" title="Cloud drop effective radius">cloud drop effective radius</a> which eliminated all of the proposed cloud types except sulfuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-polarization1974_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polarization1974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiyoshi_Kawabata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiyoshi Kawabata (page does not exist)">Kiyoshi Kawabata</a> and Hansen expanded upon this work by looking at the variation of polarization on Venus. They found that the visible clouds are a diffuse haze rather than a thick cloud, confirming the same results obtained from transits across the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-polarization1975_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polarization1975-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus project</a> was launched in May 1978 and reached Venus late that same year. Hansen collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Larry_Travis" title="Larry Travis">Larry Travis</a> and other colleagues in a 1979 <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> article that reported on the development and variability of clouds in the ultraviolet spectrum. They concluded that there are at least three different cloud materials that contribute to the images: a thin haze layer, sulfuric acid clouds and an unknown ultraviolet absorber below the sulfuric acid cloud layer.<sup id="cite_ref-travis-venus-1979_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-travis-venus-1979-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linear polarization data obtained from the same mission confirmed that the low- and mid-level clouds were <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> with radius of about 1 micrometer. Above the cloud layer was a layer of submicrometre haze.<sup id="cite_ref-kawabata-venus-polarimetry_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kawabata-venus-polarimetry-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence published in the early 1980s showed that the clouds consist mainly of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> droplets.<sup id="cite_ref-venus-clouds_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venus-clouds-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_temperature_analysis">Global temperature analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global temperature analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoria_ASOS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peoria_ASOS.jpg/220px-Peoria_ASOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peoria_ASOS.jpg/330px-Peoria_ASOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peoria_ASOS.jpg/440px-Peoria_ASOS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Automated_airport_weather_station" title="Automated airport weather station">automated airport weather station</a> which records the routine hourly weather observations of temperature, weather type, wind, sky condition, and visibility. These surface stations are located around the world, and are used to derive a <a href="/wiki/Global_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Global temperature">global temperature</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global temperature analysis was published in 1981. Hansen and his co-author analyzed the surface air temperature at meteorological stations focusing on the years from 1880 to 1985. Temperatures for stations closer together than 1000 kilometers were shown to be highly correlated, especially in the mid-latitudes, providing a way to combine the station data to provide accurate long-term variations. They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions. Warming in the past century was found to be <span class="nowrap">0.5-0.7 °C</span>, with warming similar in both hemispheres.<sup id="cite_ref-temptrends-1987_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temptrends-1987-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s. The two warmest years were 1981 and 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-temptrends-1988_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temptrends-1988-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than at any time in the history of instrumental measurements, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a>, 1992 saw a cooling in global temperatures. There was speculation that this would cause the next couple of years to be cooler because of the large <a href="/wiki/Serial_correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial correlation">serial correlation</a> in the global temperatures. Bassett and Lin found the statistical odds of a new temperature record to be small.<sup id="cite_ref-bassettandlin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bassettandlin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen countered by saying that having insider information shifted the odds to those who know the physics of the climate system, and that whether there is a new temperature record depends upon the particular data set used.<sup id="cite_ref-temptrends-1993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temptrends-1993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temperature data was updated in 1999 to report that 1998 was the warmest year since the instrumental data began in 1880. They also found that the rate of temperature change was larger than at any time in instrument history, and concluded that the recent <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> was not solely responsible for the large temperature anomaly in 1998. In spite of this, the United States had seen a smaller degree of warming, and a region in the eastern U.S. and the western Atlantic Ocean had actually cooled slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-temptrends-1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-temptrends-1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2001 saw a major update to how the temperature was calculated. It incorporated corrections due to the following reasons: time-of-observation bias; station history changes; classification of rural/urban station; the urban adjustment based on satellite measurements of night light intensity, and relying more on rural station than urban. Evidence was found of local urban warming in urban, suburban and small-town records.<sup id="cite_ref-ustemptrends-2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ustemptrends-2001-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anomalously high global temperature in 1998 due to <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a> resulted in a brief drop in subsequent years. However, a 2001 Hansen report in the journal <i>Science</i> states that global warming continues, and that the increasing temperatures should stimulate discussions on how to slow global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen2002science_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen2002science-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now <span class="nowrap"> 0.8 °C</span> warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban heat island effect">urban heat island effect</a>. The regional variation of warming, with more warming in the higher latitudes, is further evidence of warming that is anthropogenic in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansenPNAS2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_McIntyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen McIntyre">Stephen McIntyre</a> notified <a href="/wiki/GISS" class="mw-redirect" title="GISS">GISS</a> that many of the U.S. temperature records from the <a href="/wiki/Global_Historical_Climatology_Network" title="Global Historical Climatology Network">Historical Climatology Network</a> (USHCN) displayed a discontinuity around the year 2000. NASA corrected the computer code used to process the data and credited McIntyre with pointing out the flaw.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen indicated that he felt that several news organizations had overreacted to this mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-usufruct_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usufruct-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Hansen published a paper entitled "Global Surface Temperature Change" describing current global temperature analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Globalsurfacetemperaturechange-2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globalsurfacetemperaturechange-2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_carbon_studies">Black carbon studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black carbon studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg/220px-Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg/330px-Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg/440px-Fire_above_Snake_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>The incomplete combustion of biomass during the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988" title="Yellowstone fires of 1988">Yellowstone fires of 1988</a> near the Snake River introduced a large quantity of black carbon particles into the atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hansen has also contributed toward the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> on regional climate. In recent decades, northern China has experienced increased drought, and southern China has received increased summer rain resulting in a larger number of floods. Southern China has had a decrease in temperatures while most of the world has warmed. In a paper with Menon and colleagues, through the use of observations and climate models results, they conclude that the black carbon heats the air, increases convection and precipitation, and leads to larger surface cooling than if the aerosols were sulfates.<sup id="cite_ref-menon2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-menon2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, Hansen teamed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makiko_Sato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makiko Sato (page does not exist)">Makiko Sato</a> to publish a study on black carbon using the global network of <a href="/wiki/AERONET" title="AERONET">AERONET</a> sun photometers. While the location of the AERONET instruments did not represent a global sample, they could still be used to validate global aerosol climatologies. They found that most aerosol climatologies underestimated the amount of black carbon by a factor of at least 2.<sup id="cite_ref-novakov2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novakov2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This corresponds to an increase in the climate forcing of around <span class="nowrap"> 1 W/m<sup>2</sup></span>, which they hypothesize is partially offset by the cooling of non-absorbing aerosols.<sup id="cite_ref-sato2003_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sato2003-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimations of trends in black carbon emissions show that there was a rapid increase in the 1880s after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and a leveling off from 1900 to 1950 as environmental laws were enacted. China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.<sup id="cite_ref-novakov2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novakov2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emissions from the United Kingdom were estimated using a network of stations that measured black smoke and sulfur dioxide. They report that atmospheric black carbon concentrations have been decreasing since the beginning of the record in the 1960s, and that the decline was faster than the decline in black-carbon-producing fuel use. </p><p>A 2007 paper used the GISS climate model in an attempt to determine the origin of black carbon in the arctic. Much of the arctic aerosol comes from south Asia. Countries such as the United States and Russia have a lower contribution than previously assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-koch-2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropogenic_impact_on_climate">Anthropogenic impact on climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic impact on climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miamibeachnorth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Miamibeachnorth.jpg/220px-Miamibeachnorth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Miamibeachnorth.jpg/330px-Miamibeachnorth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Miamibeachnorth.jpg/440px-Miamibeachnorth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>Hansen has warned that low-lying coastal areas such as Florida (seen here), East Anglia, the Netherlands, oceanic islands and Bangladesh are vulnerable to sea levels rising.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> is an international environmental treaty that has the objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would <a href="/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding dangerous climate change">prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system</a>. </p><p>In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a>) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> other than carbon dioxide, such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorofluorocarbons">chlorofluorocarbons</a>. However, even then he wrote "the future balance of forcings is likely to shift toward dominance of CO<sub>2</sub> over aerosols".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Hansen wrote a paper called "Can We Defuse the Global Warming Time Bomb?" in which he argued that human-caused forces on the climate are now greater than natural ones, and that this, over a long time period, can cause large climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>. His view on actions to mitigate climate change was that "halting global warming requires urgent, unprecedented international cooperation, but the needed actions are feasible and have additional benefits for human health, agriculture and the environment." </p><p>In a 2004 presentation at the University of Iowa, Hansen announced that he was told by high-ranking government officials not to talk about how anthropogenic influence could have a dangerous effect on climate because it was not understood what 'dangerous' meant, or how humans were actually affecting climate. He described this as a <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Faustian bargain</a> because atmospheric aerosols had health risks, and should be reduced, but doing so would effectively increase the warming effects from CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faustianbargain2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faustianbargain2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen and coauthors proposed that the global mean temperature was a good tool to diagnose dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Two elements were identified as particularly important when discussing dangerous anthropogenic interference: sea level rise and the extinction of species. They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline. Under the alternate scenario, sea levels could rise by 1 meter per century, causing problems due to the dense population in coastal areas. But this would be minor compared to the 10-meter increase in sea level under the business-as-usual scenario. Hansen described the situation with species extinction similarly to that of sea level rise. Assuming the alternate scenario, the situation would not be good, but it would be much worse for business as usual.<sup id="cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansenPNAS2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of dangerous anthropogenic interference was clarified in a 2007 paper, finding that further warming of 1 °C would be highly disruptive to humans. An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. The conclusion was that CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> levels above 450 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> were considered dangerous, but that reduction in non-CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> greenhouse gases could provide temporary relief from drastic CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> cuts. Further findings are that arctic climate change has been forced by non-CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> constituents as much as by CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. The 2007 paper cautioned that prompt action is needed to slow CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> growth and to prevent a dangerous anthropogenic interference.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen-interference-2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-interference-2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_model_development_and_projections">Climate model development and projections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate model development and projections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg/220px-Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg/330px-Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg/440px-Hansen_2006_temperature_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global surface temperature</a> computed for three scenarios and compared with two analysis of observational data</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes" title="Vilhelm Bjerknes">Vilhelm Bjerknes</a> began the modern development of the general circulation model in the early 20th century. The progress of numerical modeling was slow due to the slow speed of early computers and the lack of adequate observations. It was not until the 1950s that the numerical models were getting close to being realistic.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen's first contribution to numerical climate models came with the 1974 publication of the GISS model. He and his colleagues claimed that the model was successful in simulating the major features of sea-level pressure and 500mb heights in the North American region.<sup id="cite_ref-GISS-model-1974_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GISS-model-1974-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1981 <i>Science</i> publication by Hansen and a team of scientists at Goddard concluded that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would lead to warming sooner than previously predicted. They used a one-dimensional radiative-convective model that calculates temperature as a function of height. They reported that the results from the 1D model are similar to those of the more complex 3D models, and can simulate basic mechanisms and feedbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen1981_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen1981-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen predicted that temperatures would rise out of the climate noise by the 1990s, much earlier than predicted by other researches. He also predicted that it would be difficult to convince politicians and the public to react.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, the computational speed of computers, along with refinements in climate models, allowed longer experiments. The models now included physics beyond the previous equations, such as convection schemes, diurnal changes, and snow-depth calculations. The advances in computational efficiency, combined with the added physics, meant the GISS model could be run for five years. It was shown that global climate can be simulated reasonably well with a grid-point resolution as coarse as 1000 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-3dmodels-1983_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3dmodels-1983-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19880624_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19880624-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second generation of the GISS model was used to estimate the change in <a href="/wiki/Mean_surface_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean surface temperature">mean surface temperature</a> based on a variety of scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions. Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a>. He argued that if the temperature rose <span class="nowrap"> 0.4 °C</span> above the 1950–1980 mean for a few years, it would be the "smoking gun" pointing to human-caused global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-3dforecast-1988_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3dforecast-1988-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Hansen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Hansen.jpg/220px-James_Hansen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/James_Hansen.jpg/330px-James_Hansen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/James_Hansen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Hansen giving testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, Hansen and colleagues compared the observations with the projections made by Hansen in his 1988 testimony before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario. It contained the effects of three volcanic eruptions in the fifty-year projections. They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios. The warming rates of the two most modest warming scenarios were nearly the same through the year 2000, and they were unable to provide a precise model assessment. They noted that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the <a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">climate sensitivity</a> used was higher than current estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansenPNAS2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, Hansen joined with <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rahmstorf" title="Stefan Rahmstorf">Rahmstorf</a> and colleagues comparing climate projections with observations. The comparison was done from 1990 through January 2007 against physics-based models that are independent from the observations after 1990. They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate. Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that <a href="/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sea level rise">sea levels are rising</a> at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic ice sheets">Antarctic ice sheets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rahmstorf2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahmstorf2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the launch of spacecraft capable of determining temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Spencer (scientist)">Roy Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Christy" title="John Christy">John Christy</a> published the first version of their <a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite temperature measurements">satellite temperature measurements</a> in 1990. Contrary to climate models and surface measurements, their results showed a cooling in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spencer_and_christy_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencer_and_christy-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1998, Wentz and Schabel determined that <a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">orbital decay</a> had an effect on the derived temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-wentzand_schabel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentzand_schabel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen compared the corrected troposphere temperatures with the results of the published GISS model, and concluded that the model is in good agreement with the observations, noting that the satellite temperature data had been the last holdout of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">global warming denialists</a>, and that the correction of the data would result in a change from discussing whether global warming is occurring to what is the rate of global warming, and what should be done about it.<sup id="cite_ref-science-1998_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-1998-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen has continued the development and diagnostics of climate models. For instance, he has helped in the investigations of the decadal trends in <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> height, which could be a useful tool for determining the human "fingerprint" on climate.<sup id="cite_ref-santer-2003_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santer-2003-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 12 February 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the current version of the GISS model is Model E. This version has seen improvements in many areas, including upper-level winds, cloud height, and precipitation. This model still has problems with regions of <a href="/wiki/Marine_stratocumulus" title="Marine stratocumulus">marine stratocumulus</a> clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-2006_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-2006-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later paper showed that the model's main problems are having too weak of an <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">ENSO</a>-like variability, and poor sea ice modeling, resulting in too little ice in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> and too much in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen-modele-2007_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-modele-2007-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_forcings,_feedbacks,_and_sensitivity"><span id="Climate_forcings.2C_feedbacks.2C_and_sensitivity"></span>Climate forcings, feedbacks, and sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate forcings, feedbacks, and sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NasaHansenFig1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NasaHansenFig1.gif/220px-NasaHansenFig1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NasaHansenFig1.gif/330px-NasaHansenFig1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NasaHansenFig1.gif/440px-NasaHansenFig1.gif 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Estimated <a href="/wiki/Climate_forcings" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate forcings">climate forcings</a> between 1850 and 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called "Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO<sub>2</sub> gases and <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel emissions">fossil fuel emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that the net warming observed to date is roughly as big as that expected from non-CO<sub>2</sub> gases only. This is because CO<sub>2</sub> warming is offset by climate-cooling aerosols emitted with fossil fuel burning and because at that time non-CO<sub>2</sub> gases, taken together, were responsible for roughly 50% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas warming. </p><p>In a 2007 paper, Hansen discussed the potential danger of "fast-feedback" effects causing <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> disintegration, based on <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimate</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-trace_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> reports "The <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen's paper argues that the slow melting of ice sheets the panel expects doesn't fit the data. The geological record suggests that ice at the poles does not melt in a gradual and linear fashion, but flips suddenly from one state to another. When temperatures increased to 2 - 3 °C (3.6-5.4 °F) above today's level 3.5 million years ago, sea levels rose not by 59 centimeters but by 25 metres (82 ft). The ice responded immediately to changes in temperature."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen stressed the uncertainties around these predictions. "It is difficult to predict time of collapse in such a nonlinear problem … An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."<sup id="cite_ref-trace_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concludes that "present knowledge does not permit accurate specification of the dangerous level of human-made [greenhouse gases]. However, it is much lower than has commonly been assumed. If we have not already passed the dangerous level, the energy infrastructure in place ensures that we will pass it within several decades."<sup id="cite_ref-trace_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Hansen authored a paper called "Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide," in which he estimated climate sensitivity to be (3±1)<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C based on <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimate</a> data. The paper also concluded that burning all fossil fuels "would make most of the planet uninhabitable by humans."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a team of 19 researchers led by Hansen published a paper "Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2 °C global warming could be dangerous" describing the effect of meltwater from ice sheets on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (slowing it or even stopping) and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic bottom water</a> formation. This would speed up ice sheet melting and sea level rise by increasing the water temperature at hundreds of meters depth, thawing ice shelves from below. And the cool fresh meltwater on the ocean close to Greenland and Antarctica leads to larger temperature difference between tropics and middle latitudes, what would enable storms as strong as in the last interglacial, the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a>, whose evidence includes, among others, megaboulders on Bahamas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Hansen led a team of 18 researchers to publish a paper titled "Global Warming in the Pipeline."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Hansen et al. concluded that a doubling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would lead to an increase of 4.8 ±1.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C, significantly above earlier estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His team also concluded that the decline in global aerosol emissions from air pollution will accelerate the rate of global warming, going from an increase of 0.18 °C per decade between 1970 and 2010 to an increase of 0.27 °C per decade after 2010, with the world passing the 1.5 °C threshold before the end of the 2020s and the 2 °C threshold before 2050 without significant changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper also concluded that sea level rise will be greater than the IPCC estimates and one of the ocean's major circulation systems could collapse before the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_climate_change_causation">Analysis of climate change causation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis of climate change causation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The first action that people should take is to use the democratic process. What is frustrating people, me included, is that democratic action affects elections but what we get then from political leaders is <a href="/wiki/Greenwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwash">greenwash</a>. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— James Hansen (March 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Hansen noted that in determining responsibility for climate change, the effect of greenhouse gas emissions on climate is determined not by current emissions, but by accumulated emissions over the lifetime of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. </p><p>By this measure, among major economies, as of 2009 the U.K. still had the highest cumulative per capita contribution to climate change, followed by the U.S. and Germany, even though the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> currently produces the highest total annual emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-hansen-testimony_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansen-testimony-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On public policy, Hansen is critical of what he sees as efforts to mislead the public on the issue of climate change. He points specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">Competitive Enterprise Institute</a>'s commercials with the tagline "carbon dioxide—they call it pollution, we call it life",<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and politicians who accept money from fossil-fuel interests and then describe global warming as "a great hoax."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also says that changes needed to reduce global warming do not require hardship or reduction in the quality of life, but will also produce benefits such as cleaner air and water, and growth of high-tech industries.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a critic of both the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Administration">George W. Bush Administrations</a>' stances on climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the potential effects of climate change, Hansen has stated in an interview in January 2009, "We cannot now afford to put off change any longer. We have to get on a new path within this new administration. We have only four years left for Obama to set an example to the rest of the world. America must take the lead."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_activism">Climate change activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate change activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Senate_committee_testimony">US Senate committee testimony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: US Senate committee testimony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansen was invited by <a href="/wiki/Rafe_Pomerance" title="Rafe Pomerance">Rafe Pomerance</a> to testify before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a> on June 23, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-besel2013_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-besel2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now"<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19880624_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19880624-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."<sup id="cite_ref-wp19880624_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp19880624-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen said that NASA was 99% confident that the warming was caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not a random fluctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19880624_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19880624-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp19880624_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp19880624-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to science historian <a href="/wiki/Spencer_R._Weart" title="Spencer R. Weart">Spencer R. Weart</a>, Hansen's testimony increased public awareness of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richard Besel of <a href="/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="California Polytechnic State University">California Polytechnic State University</a>, Hansen's testimony "was an important turning point in the history of global climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-besel2013_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-besel2013-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Timothy M. O'Donnell of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington" title="University of Mary Washington">University of Mary Washington</a>, Hansen's testimony was "pivotal," "ignited public discussion of global warming and moved the controversy from a largely scientific discussion to a full blown science policy debate," and marked "the official beginning of the global warming policy debate."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Pielke" title="Roger A. Pielke">Roger A. Pielke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Center for Atmospheric Research">National Center for Atmospheric Research</a>, Hansen's "call to action" "elevated the subject of global warming and the specter of associated impacts such as more hurricanes, floods, and heat waves, to unprecedented levels of attention from the public, media, and policy makers."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_coal_industry">Criticism of coal industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism of coal industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansen has been particularly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">coal industry</a>, stating that coal contributes the largest percentage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia.edu_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia.edu-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has called for <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal phase out">phasing out coal power</a> completely by the year 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his testimony before the Iowa Utilities Board in 2007, Hansen likened coal trains to "death trains" and asserted that these would be "no less gruesome than if they were boxcars headed to crematoria, loaded with uncountable irreplaceable species."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBlog_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBlog-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a> stated that his comparison "trivialized the suffering of millions" and "undermined his credibility."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing the reactions of "several people" and "three of his scientific colleagues" as his primary motivation, Hansen stated that he certainly did not mean to trivialize suffering by the families who lost relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and then apologized, saying he regretted that his words caused pain to some readers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mountaintop_removal_mining">Mountaintop removal mining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mountaintop removal mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 23, 2009, James Hansen, along with 30 other <a href="/wiki/Protester" class="mw-redirect" title="Protester">protesters</a> including actress <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Hannah" title="Daryl Hannah">Daryl Hannah</a>, was arrested on <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> charges of obstructing police and impeding traffic, during a protest against <a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining" title="Mountaintop removal mining">mountaintop removal mining</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_County,_West_Virginia" title="Raleigh County, West Virginia">Raleigh County, West Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protesters intended to enter the property of <a href="/wiki/Massey_Energy_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Massey Energy Company">Massey Energy Company</a>, but were blocked by a crowd of several hundred coal miners and supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen said that mountaintop removal for coal mining "[provides] only a small fraction of our energy" and "should be abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT.E_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT.E-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen called on President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> to abolish mountaintop coal mining.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Hansen's arrest, <i>New York Times</i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Revkin" title="Andrew Revkin">Andrew Revkin</a> wrote: "Dr. Hansen has pushed far beyond the boundaries of the conventional role of scientists, particularly government scientists, in the environmental policy debate."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT.E_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT.E-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen and about 100 other people were arrested in September 2010 in front of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in Washington, DC. The group was seeking a ban on mountaintop removal or <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">surface mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cap_and_trade">Cap and trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cap and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009 Hansen spoke out against <a href="/wiki/Cap_and_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap and trade">cap and trade</a>, advocating instead what he believes would be a progressive <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> at source carbon as oil, gas or coal, with a 100% dividend returned to citizens in equal shares, as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Climate_Lobby" title="Citizens' Climate Lobby">Citizens' Climate Lobby</a>. He has made many appearances and talks supporting the work of CCL.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Hansen_2009_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Hansen_2009-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TellTruth_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TellTruth-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement_from_NASA">Retirement from NASA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retirement from NASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansen retired from NASA in April 2013 after 46 years of government service, saying he planned to take a more active role in the political and legal efforts to limit <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>, an organization noted for defending the teaching of evolution in United States science classrooms, named Hansen as an advisor to support the extension of its area of concern into the teaching of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keystone_Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Keystone Pipeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a CBC interview aired in April 2013, as Canadian Natural Resources Minister <a href="/wiki/Joe_Oliver_(politician)" title="Joe Oliver (politician)">Joe Oliver</a> lobbied in Washington, DC for approval of the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline#Keystone_XL" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone pipeline extension</a> intended to carry more <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic crude oil">synthetic crude oil</a> from Canada's <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Oil_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabasca Oil Sands">Athabasca Oil Sands</a> to the Gulf of Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-mongabay2011_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongabay2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen forcefully argued against the use of these unconventional fossil fuels. According to <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) and other energy organizations "there is more than twice as much carbon in the tar sands oil" than in conventional oil. Hansen argued that coal, tar sands, and tar shale should not be used as energy sources because of their carbon emissions and claimed that the completion of the Keystone pipeline would increase the extraction of oil from oil sands. He explained that the effects of climate change may not be apparent until the far future: "It's not the case where you emit something and you see the effect. We see the beginnings of the effect but the large impacts are going to be in future decades and that science is crystal clear … Effects come slowly because of the inertia of the climate system. It takes decades, even centuries to get the full response. But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher."<sup id="cite_ref-neanderthal27april2013_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neanderthal27april2013-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen urged President Obama to reject the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline#Keystone_XL" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone pipeline extension</a> intended to carry more <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic crude oil">synthetic crude oil</a> from Canada's <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Oil_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabasca Oil Sands">Athabasca Oil Sands</a> to the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-mongabay2011_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongabay2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, 2013, Hansen was again arrested at the White House, along with Daryl Hannah and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.</a>, during a further protest against the proposed Keystone pipeline extension.<sup id="cite_ref-dhxl_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhxl-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_solutions">Proposed solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proposed solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently Hansen stated his support for a revenue-neutral <a href="/wiki/Fee_and_dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Fee and dividend">fee and dividend</a> system to impose a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">price on carbon</a> that returns the money collected from the fossil fuel industry equally to all legal residents of the United States. In an interview on CBC television on March 3, 2015, Dr Hansen stated "The solution [to climate change] has to be a rising price on carbon and then the really dirty fuels like tar sands would fall on the table very quickly. They make no sense at all if you look at it from an economic-wide perspective. If we would simply put a fee on carbon – you would collect from the fossil fuel companies at the source (the domestic mines or the ports of entry) and then distribute that money to the public, an equal amount to all legal residents, that would begin to make the prices honest. And that's what the economy needs in order to be most efficient. Right now the external costs of fossil fuels are borne completely by the public. If your child gets asthma, you pay the bill, the fossil fuel company doesn't. What we need is to make the system honest."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 2008, Hansen stated five priorities that he felt then President-elect Barack Obama should adopt "for solving the climate and energy problems, while stimulating the economy": <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">efficient energy use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">generation IV nuclear reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>. Regarding nuclear, he expressed opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a>, stating that the $25 Billion (US) surplus held in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Waste_Policy_Act" title="Nuclear Waste Policy Act">Nuclear Waste Fund</a> "should be used to develop <a href="/wiki/Integral_Fast_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral Fast Reactor">fast reactors</a> that consume nuclear waste, and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">thorium reactors</a> to prevent the creation of new long-lived nuclear waste."<sup id="cite_ref-TellTruth_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TellTruth-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Hansen wrote an open letter to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> where he advocated a "Moratorium and phase-out of coal plants that do not capture and store CO<sub>2</sub>".<sup id="cite_ref-James_Hansen_2009_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Hansen_2009-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first book <i>Storms of My Grandchildren</i>, similarly, Hansen discusses his <i>Declaration of Stewardship</i>, the first principle of which requires "a moratorium on coal-fired power plants that do not capture and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequester carbon</a> dioxide".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2013, Hansen co-authored a paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></i>, entitled "Prevented mortality and greenhouse gas emissions from historical and projected nuclear power". The paper examined mortality rates per unit of electrical power produced from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> (coal and natural gas) as well as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. It estimated that 1.8 million air pollution-caused deaths were prevented worldwide between 1971 and 2009, through the use of nuclear power instead of fossil fuels. The paper also concluded that the emission of some 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent were avoided by nuclear power use between 1971 and 2009. Looking to the future, between 2010 and 2050, it was estimated that nuclear could additionally avoid up to 420,000 to 7 million premature deaths and 80 to 240 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This paper elicited a critical response to Kharecha and Hansen's analysis, from an international group of senior academic energy policy analysts, including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sovacool" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Sovacool">Benjamin Sovacool</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.V._Ramana" class="mw-redirect" title="M.V. Ramana">M.V. Ramana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Jacobson" title="Mark Z. Jacobson">Mark Z. Jacobson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Diesendorf" title="Mark Diesendorf">Mark Diesendorf</a>. They asserted that nuclear power needs large subsidies to be economically viable, and typically there are substantial construction delays and cost overruns associated with nuclear plants. Sovacool et al. also claim that Kharecha and Hansen's estimates of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Disaster">Chernobyl Disaster</a> mortalities is very low, which biases their conclusions. All of these factors are said to make Kharecha and Hansen's article "incomplete and misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kharecha and Hansen countered that all the data these scientists use to make their criticism, "lacks credibility".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Hansen and three other leading climate experts wrote an open letter to policy makers, saying that "continued opposition to nuclear power threatens humanity's ability to avoid dangerous climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction from <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> environmental groups (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>) was negative, citing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">nuclear safety and security</a> issues, and the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">economics of nuclear power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shellenberger" title="Michael Shellenberger">Michael Shellenberger</a>, Hansen began touring the world in the late 2010s, providing evidence for the climatic benefits of nuclear energy and to bring attention to the $2 trillion the US has spent on "new renewables" that despite the cost have not even caught up to nuclear in annual electricity generation, an issue reflected in Germany and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_interference_at_NASA">Political interference at NASA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political interference at NASA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, Hansen alleged that <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> administrators had attempted to influence his public statements about the <a href="/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution of recent climate change">causes of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen said that NASA public relations staff were ordered to review his public statements and interviews after a December 2005 lecture at the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>. NASA responded that its policies are similar to those of any other federal agency in requiring employees to coordinate all statements with the public affairs office without exception.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after Hansen and other agency employees described a pattern of distortion and suppression of climate science by political <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appointee" class="extiw" title="wikt:appointee">appointees</a>, the agency's inspector general confirmed that such activities had taken place, with the NASA Office of Public Affairs having "reduced, marginalized or mischaracterized climate change science made available to the general public".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2006, Hansen appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> stating that the George W. Bush White House had edited climate-related press releases reported by federal agencies to make global warming seem less threatening.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that he was unable to speak freely without the backlash of other government officials, and that he had not experienced that level of restrictions on communicating with the public during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials_for_energy_company_executives">Trials for energy company executives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trials for energy company executives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 interviews with <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, and in a separate op-ed, Hansen has called for putting <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> company executives, including the CEOs of <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Coal">Peabody Coal</a>, on trial for "<a href="/wiki/High_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="High crimes">high crimes</a> against humanity and nature", on the grounds that these and other fossil-fuel companies had actively spread doubt and misinformation about <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> companies tried to hide the link between smoking and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-abc20ylater_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc20ylater-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardtrial_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardtrial-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ww20ylater_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww20ylater-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_at_2011_demonstration">Arrest at 2011 demonstration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arrest at 2011 demonstration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg/170px-NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg/255px-NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg/340px-NASA_Scientist_James_Hansen_Arrested.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>James Hansen arrested at a demonstration outside the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, August 29, 2011</figcaption></figure><p>Hansen and 1,251 other activists were arrested at a two week long protest in August and September 2011, in front of the White House. Hansen urged President Obama to reject the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline#Keystone_XL" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone pipeline extension</a> intended to carry more <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic crude oil">synthetic crude oil</a> from Canada's <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tar_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabasca Tar Sands">Athabasca Tar Sands</a> to the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-mongabay2011_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongabay2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, 2013, Hansen was again arrested at the White House, along with Daryl Hannah and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.</a>, during a further protest against the proposed Keystone pipeline extension.<sup id="cite_ref-dhxl_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhxl-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i> journalist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a> wrote that Hansen is "increasingly isolated among climate activists."<sup id="cite_ref-EKNY_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKNY-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Claussen" title="Eileen Claussen">Eileen Claussen</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Center_on_Global_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Center on Global Climate Change">Pew Center on Global Climate Change</a>, said that "I view Jim Hansen as heroic as a scientist.... But I wish he would stick to what he really knows. Because I don't think he has a realistic idea of what is politically possible, or what the best policies would be to deal with this problem."<sup id="cite_ref-EKNY_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKNY-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2009, <i>New York Times</i> climate columnist Christa Marshall asked if Hansen still matters in the ongoing climate debate, noting that he "has irked many longtime supporters with his scathing attacks against President Obama's plan for a <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> system."<sup id="cite_ref-CMa_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMa-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The right wing loves what he's doing," said <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Romm" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Romm">Joseph Romm</a>, a senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, a liberal <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMa_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMa-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen said that he had to speak out, since few others could explain the links between politics and the climate models. "You just have to say what you think is right," he said.<sup id="cite_ref-CMa_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMa-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hansen was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1996 for his "development of pioneering radiative transfer models and studies of planetary atmospheres; development of simplified and three-dimensional global climate models; explication of climate forcing mechanisms; analysis of current climate trends from observational data; and projections of anthropogenic impacts on the global climate system."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, he received the 7th Annual <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Award">Heinz Award</a> in the Environment (endowed with US$250,000) for his research on global warming,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was listed as one of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 Most Influential People</a> in 2006. Also in 2006, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (AAAS) selected James Hansen to receive its <a href="/wiki/Award_for_Scientific_Freedom_and_Responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility">Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility</a> "for his courageous and steadfast advocacy in support of scientists' responsibilities to communicate their scientific opinions and findings openly and honestly on matters of public importance."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Hansen shared the US$1-million <a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> for "achievements having an outstanding scientific, technological, cultural or social impact on our world". In 2008, he received the <a href="/wiki/PNC_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="PNC Bank">PNC Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Wealth_Award_of_Distinguished_Service" title="Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service">Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service</a> for his "outstanding achievements" in science. At the end of 2008, Hansen was named by <a href="/w/index.php?title=EarthSky_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EarthSky Communications (page does not exist)">EarthSky Communications</a> and a panel of 600 scientist-advisors as the <i>Scientist Communicator of the Year</i>, citing him as an "outspoken authority on climate change" who had "best communicated with the public about vital science issues or concepts during 2008."<sup id="cite_ref-rossby_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rossby-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Hansen was awarded the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Carl-Gustaf_Rossby_Research_Medal" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal">Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rossby_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rossby-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest honor bestowed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>, for his "outstanding contributions to climate modeling, understanding climate change forcings and sensitivity, and for clear communication of climate science in the public arena."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Freedman wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> that the Society had erred in giving Hansen the medal: "His body of work is not at issue... Rather, the problem arises due to the AMS' recognition of Hansen's public communication work on climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-AMS_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansen won the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Prize" title="Sophie Prize">Sophie Prize</a>, set up in 1997 by Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Jostein_Gaarder" title="Jostein Gaarder">Jostein Gaarder</a>, the author of the 1991 best-selling novel and teenagers' guide to philosophy <i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_World" title="Sophie's World">Sophie's World</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his " key role for the development of our understanding of human-induced climate change." </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> named Hansen one of its 2012 FP Top 100 Global Thinkers "for sounding the alarm on climate change, early and often".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2012, Hansen received the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_of_California" title="Commonwealth Club of California">Commonwealth Club of California</a>'s annual <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schneider_(scientist)" title="Stephen Schneider (scientist)">Stephen H. Schneider</a> Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communications at a ceremony in San Francisco<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 7, 2013, Hansen received the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> Award at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> in Carlisle, Pennsylvania "...for his work advancing our understanding of climate change, including the early application of numerical models to better understand observed climate trends and to project humans' impact on climate, and for his leadership in promoting public understanding of climate and linking the knowledge to action on climate policy." He delivered a lecture, entitled, "White House Arrest and the Climate Crisis," later that same day at Anita Tuvin Schlechter Auditorium on the college's campus.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James Hansen was co-winner with climatologist <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in the Climate Change category in the ninth edition (2016) of the awards. The two laureates were separately responsible for constructing the first computational models with the power to simulate climate behavior. Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. The scores of models currently in use to chart climate evolution are heirs to those developed by Manabe and Hansen.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, Hansen was named joint winner, with <a href="/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a>, of Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a>. Hansen's prize had a total value of NT$25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q724095" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q724095"><b>James E. Hansen <small>(Q724095)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <p>Over 160 publications have been authored by James Hansen. Since 2020, he has published observations and commentary at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redgreenandblue.org">redgreenandblue.org</a>, averaging approximately once per month.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHansen2009" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, James E. (2009). <a href="/wiki/Storms_of_My_Grandchildren" title="Storms of My Grandchildren"><i>Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-200-7"><bdi>978-1-60819-200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storms+of+My+Grandchildren%3A+The+Truth+About+the+Coming+Climate+Catastrophe+and+Our+Last+Chance+to+Save+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-200-7&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/21px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/32px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg/42px-Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Global warming">Global warming</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoRuedy1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Ruedy, R. (1997). "Radiative forcing and climate response". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>102</b> (D6): 6831. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...102.6831H">1997JGR...102.6831H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F96JD03436">10.1029/96JD03436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Radiative+forcing+and+climate+response&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=D6&rft.pages=6831&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96JD03436&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGR...102.6831H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sato%2C+M.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenTravis1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J. E.; Travis, L. D. (1974). "Light scattering in planetary atmospheres". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 527–610. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974SSRv...16..527H">1974SSRv...16..527H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00168069">10.1007/BF00168069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122043532">122043532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Light+scattering+in+planetary+atmospheres&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527-610&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122043532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00168069&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974SSRv...16..527H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Travis%2C+L.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlsonSchwartzHalesCess1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Charlson" title="Robert Jay Charlson">Charlson, R. J.</a>; Schwartz, S. E.; Hales, J. M.; Cess, R. D.; Coakley Jr, J. A.; Hansen, J. E.; Hofmann, D. J. (1992). "Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols". <i>Science</i>. <b>255</b> (5043): 423–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...255..423C">1992Sci...255..423C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.255.5043.423">10.1126/science.255.5043.423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17842894">17842894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26740611">26740611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate+forcing+by+anthropogenic+aerosols&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=5043&rft.pages=423-30&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.255.5043.423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26740611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17842894&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...255..423C&rft.aulast=Charlson&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+S.+E.&rft.au=Hales%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Cess%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Coakley+Jr%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csas.ei.columbia.edu/">"Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions Program home page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Science%2C+Awareness+and+Solutions+Program+home+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsas.ei.columbia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kerr, R. A. (1989). "Hansen vs. The World on the Greenhouse Threat: Scientists like the attention the greenhouse effect is getting on Capitol Hill, but they shun the reputedly unscientific way their colleague James Hansen went about getting that attention". <i>Science</i>. <b>244</b> (4908): 1041–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...244.1041K">1989Sci...244.1041K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.244.4908.1041">10.1126/science.244.4908.1041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17741038">17741038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Hansen+vs.+The+World+on+the+Greenhouse+Threat%3A+Scientists+like+the+attention+the+greenhouse+effect+is+getting+on+Capitol+Hill%2C+but+they+shun+the+reputedly+unscientific+way+their+colleague+James+Hansen+went+about+getting+that+attention&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=4908&rft.pages=1041-3&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17741038&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.244.4908.1041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...244.1041K&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scopus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7404334532">James Hansen's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockströmSteffenNoonePersson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rockström, J.; Steffen, W.; Noone, K.; Persson, Å.; Chapin Fs, F. S.; Lambin, E. F.; Lenton, T. M.; Scheffer, M.; Folke, C.; Schellnhuber, H. J.; Nykvist, B. R.; De Wit, C. A.; Hughes, T.; Van Der Leeuw, S.; Rodhe, H.; Sörlin, S.; Snyder, P. K.; Costanza, R.; Svedin, U.; Falkenmark, M.; Karlberg, L.; Corell, R. W.; Fabry, V. J.; Hansen, J.; Walker, B.; Liverman, D.; Richardson, K.; Crutzen, P.; Foley, J. A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461472a">"A safe operating space for humanity"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7263): 472–475. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.461..472R">2009Natur.461..472R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F461472a">10.1038/461472a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19779433">19779433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205049746">205049746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+safe+operating+space+for+humanity&rft.volume=461&rft.issue=7263&rft.pages=472-475&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F461472a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205049746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19779433&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.461..472R&rft.aulast=Rockstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Steffen%2C+W.&rft.au=Noone%2C+K.&rft.au=Persson%2C+%C3%85.&rft.au=Chapin+Fs%2C+F.+S.&rft.au=Lambin%2C+E.+F.&rft.au=Lenton%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Scheffer%2C+M.&rft.au=Folke%2C+C.&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+H.+J.&rft.au=Nykvist%2C+B.+R.&rft.au=De+Wit%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+T.&rft.au=Van+Der+Leeuw%2C+S.&rft.au=Rodhe%2C+H.&rft.au=S%C3%B6rlin%2C+S.&rft.au=Snyder%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Costanza%2C+R.&rft.au=Svedin%2C+U.&rft.au=Falkenmark%2C+M.&rft.au=Karlberg%2C+L.&rft.au=Corell%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Fabry%2C+V.+J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+B.&rft.au=Liverman%2C+D.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+K.&rft.au=Crutzen%2C+P.&rft.au=Foley%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F461472a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151203155606/http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/02/13/top-nasa-climate-scientist-arrested-again-in-white-house-protest/">"Top NASA scientist arrested (again) in White House protest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Top+NASA+scientist+arrested+%28again%29+in+White+House+protest&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2F02%2F13%2Ftop-nasa-climate-scientist-arrested-again-in-white-house-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoRuedyLacis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Ruedy, Reto; Lacis, Andrew; Oinas, Valdar (August 29, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27611">"Global warming in the twenty-first century: An alternative scenario"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>97</b> (18): 9875–9880. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.9875H">2000PNAS...97.9875H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.170278997">10.1073/pnas.170278997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27611">27611</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10944197">10944197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+warming+in+the+twenty-first+century%3A+An+alternative+scenario&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=9875-9880&rft.date=2000-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC27611%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.9875H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10944197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.170278997&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sato%2C+Makiko&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+Reto&rft.au=Lacis%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Oinas%2C+Valdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC27611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Sherwin Shene and Donna Hansen Stene, <i>The Hansen Family,</i> Decorah, IA, 2009, 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tracker-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tracker_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Herring2007" class="citation web cs1">David Herring (November 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GISSTemperature/">"Earth's Temperature Tracker"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Temperature+Tracker&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.au=David+Herring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FFeatures%2FGISSTemperature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloor2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kloor, Keith (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fclimate.2009.124">"The eye of the storm"</a>. <i>Nature Reports Climate Change</i>. <b>1</b> (912): 139–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fclimate.2009.124">10.1038/climate.2009.124</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reports+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=The+eye+of+the+storm&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=912&rft.pages=139-140&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fclimate.2009.124&rft.aulast=Kloor&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fclimate.2009.124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/james_hansen_why_i_must_speak_out_about_climate_change">"Why I must speak out about climate change"</a>. 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Sci.</a></i> <b>25</b> (4): 629–633. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JAtS...25..629H">1968JAtS...25..629H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0629%3ANIROVA%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0629:NIROVA>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19680027730">2060/19680027730</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123127374">123127374</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1968/1968_Hansen_Cheyney.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Atmos.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Near+infrared+reflectivity+of+Venus+and+ice+clouds&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=629-633&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19680027730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123127374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281968%29025%3C0629%3ANIROVA%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968JAtS...25..629H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Cheyney%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1968%2F1968_Hansen_Cheyney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-venusclouds1968-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-venusclouds1968_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenCheyney1968" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.E.; Cheyney, H. (1968). "Comments on the paper by D.G. Rea and B.T. O'Leary, "On the composition of the Venus clouds"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/J._Geophys._Res." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Geophys. Res.">J. Geophys. Res.</a></i> <b>73</b> (18): 6136–6137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JGR....73.6136H">1968JGR....73.6136H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJB073i018p06136">10.1029/JB073i018p06136</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19680013001">2060/19680013001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Comments+on+the+paper+by+D.G.+Rea+and+B.T.+O%27Leary%2C+%22On+the+composition+of+the+Venus+clouds%22&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=6136-6137&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19680013001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJB073i018p06136&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968JGR....73.6136H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Cheyney%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polarization1974-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polarization1974_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHovenier1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.E.; Hovenier, J.W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022211738/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1974/1974_Hansen_Hovenier.pdf">"Interpretation of the polarization of Venus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Atmos. Sci</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 1137–1160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAtS...31.1137H">1974JAtS...31.1137H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1137%3AIOTPOV%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1137:IOTPOV>2.0.CO;2</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1974/1974_Hansen_Hovenier.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Atmos.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+the+polarization+of+Venus&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1137-1160&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1137%3AIOTPOV%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JAtS...31.1137H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Hovenier%2C+J.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1974%2F1974_Hansen_Hovenier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-polarization1975-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-polarization1975_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawabata,_K.J.E._Hansen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Kawabata, K.; J.E. Hansen (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023015046/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1975/1975_Kawabata_Hansen.pdf">"Interpretation of the variation of polarization over the disk of Venus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Atmos. Sci</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 1133–1139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975JAtS...32.1133K">1975JAtS...32.1133K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281975%29032%3C1133%3AIOTVOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1133:IOTVOP>2.0.CO;2</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1975/1975_Kawabata_Hansen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Atmos.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+the+variation+of+polarization+over+the+disk+of+Venus&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1133-1139&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281975%29032%3C1133%3AIOTVOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975JAtS...32.1133K&rft.au=Kawabata%2C+K.&rft.au=J.E.+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1975%2F1975_Kawabata_Hansen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-travis-venus-1979-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-travis-venus-1979_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravisCoffeenDel_GenioHansen1979" class="citation journal cs1">Travis, L.D.; Coffeen, D.L.; Del Genio, A.D.; Hansen, J.E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A.A.; Lane, W.A.; Limaye, S.A.; Rossow, W.B.; Stone, P.H. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021204331/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1979/1979_Travis_etal_1.pdf">"Cloud images from the Pioneer Venus orbiter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>205</b> (4401): 74–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...205...74T">1979Sci...205...74T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.74">10.1126/science.205.4401.74</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778907">17778907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43906539">43906539</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1979/1979_Travis_etal_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Cloud+images+from+the+Pioneer+Venus+orbiter&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=4401&rft.pages=74-76&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.205.4401.74&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43906539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17778907&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...205...74T&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=L.D.&rft.au=Coffeen%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Del+Genio%2C+A.D.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Kawabata%2C+K.&rft.au=Lacis%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Lane%2C+W.A.&rft.au=Limaye%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Rossow%2C+W.B.&rft.au=Stone%2C+P.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1979%2F1979_Travis_etal_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kawabata-venus-polarimetry-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kawabata-venus-polarimetry_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawabataCoffeenHansenLane1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kawabata, K.; Coffeen, D.L.; Hansen, J.E.; Lane, W.A.; Sato, Mko.; Travis, L.D. (1980). "Cloud and Haze Properties from Pioneer Venus Polarimetry". <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>. <b>85</b> (A13): 8129–8140. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JGR....85.8129K">1980JGR....85.8129K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJA085iA13p08129">10.1029/JA085iA13p08129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Cloud+and+Haze+Properties+from+Pioneer+Venus+Polarimetry&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=A13&rft.pages=8129-8140&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA085iA13p08129&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980JGR....85.8129K&rft.aulast=Kawabata&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Coffeen%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Lane%2C+W.A.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Mko.&rft.au=Travis%2C+L.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-venus-clouds-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-venus-clouds_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnopolskyParshev1981" class="citation journal cs1">Krasnopolsky, V.A.; Parshev, V.A. 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Lebedeff (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020211124/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1987/1987_Hansen_Lebedeff.pdf">"Global trends of measured surface air temperature"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Geophys. Res</i>. <b>92</b> (D11): 13345–13372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....9213345H">1987JGR....9213345H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.187.9839">10.1.1.187.9839</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJD092iD11p13345">10.1029/JD092iD11p13345</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1987/1987_Hansen_Lebedeff.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Global+trends+of+measured+surface+air+temperature&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=D11&rft.pages=13345-13372&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.187.9839%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJD092iD11p13345&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JGR....9213345H&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.E.&rft.au=S.+Lebedeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1987%2F1987_Hansen_Lebedeff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temptrends-1988-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-temptrends-1988_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_J.S._Lebedeff1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; S. 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Lett</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 323–326. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GeoRL..15..323H">1988GeoRL..15..323H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL015i004p00323">10.1029/GL015i004p00323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophys.+Res.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Global+surface+air+temperatures%3A+Update+through+1987&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=323-326&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGL015i004p00323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988GeoRL..15..323H&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.&rft.au=S.+Lebedeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1231388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822055700/http://climatechange.procon.org/sourcefiles/1988_Hansen_Senate_Testimony.pdf">"Statement of Dr. James Hansen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Change</i>. June 23, 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climatechange.procon.org/sourcefiles/1988_Hansen_Senate_Testimony.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Statement+of+Dr.+James+Hansen&rft.date=1988-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimatechange.procon.org%2Fsourcefiles%2F1988_Hansen_Senate_Testimony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bassettandlin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bassettandlin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett,_Jr.Lin1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Jr., G.W; Lin, Z. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211315/http://tigger.uic.edu/~gib/Breaking%20Global%20Temp%20Records.pdf">"Breaking global temperature records after Mt. Pinatubo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 179–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ClCh...25..179B">1993ClCh...25..179B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01661205">10.1007/BF01661205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154503363">154503363</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigger.uic.edu/~gib/Breaking%20Global%20Temp%20Records.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1993/1993_Hansen_Wilson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+the+significance+of+global+temperature+records&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-191&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154848782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01661206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ClCh...25..185H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1993%2F1993_Hansen_Wilson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-temptrends-1999-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-temptrends-1999_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRuedyGlascoeSato1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Glascoe, J.; Sato, Mki. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1999/1999_Hansen_etal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=GISS+analysis+of+surface+temperature+change&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=D24&rft.pages=30997-31022&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13720294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999JD900835&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JGR...10430997H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rft.au=Glascoe%2C+J.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Mki.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F1999%2F1999_Hansen_etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ustemptrends-2001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ustemptrends-2001_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRuedySatoImhoff2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, Mki.; Imhoff, M.; Lawrence, W.; Easterling, D.; Peterson, T.; Karl, T. 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Res</i>. <b>106</b> (D20): 23947–23963. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...10623947H">2001JGR...10623947H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JD000354">10.1029/2001JD000354</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+United+States+and+global+surface+temperature+change&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=D20&rft.pages=23947-23963&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JD000354&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10623947H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Mki.&rft.au=Imhoff%2C+M.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+W.&rft.au=Easterling%2C+D.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+T.&rft.au=Karl%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001JD000354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen2002science-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansen2002science_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenRuedySatoLo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, Mki.; Lo, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021155741/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2002/2002_Hansen_etal_1.pdf">"Global warming continues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>295</b> (5553): 275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.295.5553.275c">10.1126/science.295.5553.275c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11789536">11789536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29762706">29762706</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2002/2002_Hansen_etal_1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+warming+continues&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5553&rft.pages=275&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29762706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11789536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.295.5553.275c&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+R.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Mki.&rft.au=Lo%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.giss.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2F2002%2F2002_Hansen_etal_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansenPNAS2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansenPNAS2006_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoRuedyLo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; Sato, Mki.; Ruedy, R.; Lo, K.; Lea, D.W.; Medina-Elizade, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GISS+Surface+Temperature+Analysis&rft.atitle=August+2007+update&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2Fupdates%2F200708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usufruct-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usufruct_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hansen2007" class="citation web cs1">James Hansen (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218204605/http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/20070816_realdeal.pdf">"The Real Deal: Usufruct & the Gorilla"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Res</i>. <b>110</b> (D4): D04204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..110.4204K">2005JGRD..110.4204K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JD005296">10.1029/2004JD005296</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Geophys.+Res.&rft.atitle=Distant+origins+of+Arctic+black+carbon%3A+A+Goddard+Institute+for+Space+Studies+ModelE+experiment&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=D4&rft.pages=D04204&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JD005296&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRD..110.4204K&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2004JD005296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Hansen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jim Hansen (July 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19131">"The Threat to the Planet"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <b>53</b> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Threat+to+the+Planet&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft.au=Jim+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F19131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoRuedyLacis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, James; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Natural regional climate fluctuations remain larger today than human-made effects such as global warming.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Anthropogenic+Interference&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft.au=James+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~jeh1%2F2004%2Fdai_complete_20041026.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-interference-2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansen-interference-2007_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_J.M._SatoR._RuedyP._Kharecha2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, J.; M. Sato; R. Ruedy; P. Kharecha; A. Lacis; R.L. Miller; L. Nazarenko; K. Lo; <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Schmidt" title="Gavin Schmidt">G.A. Schmidt</a>; G. Russell; I. Aleinov; S. Bauer; E. Baum; B. Cairns; V. Canuto; M. Chandler; Y. Cheng; A. Cohen; A. Del Genio; G. Faluvegi; E. Fleming; A. Friend; T. Hall; C. Jackman; J. Jonas; M. Kelley; N.Y. Kiang; D. Koch; G. Labow; J. Lerner; S. Menon; T. Novakov; V. Oinas; Ja. Perlwitz; Ju. Perlwitz; D. Rind; A. Romanou; R. Schmunk; D. Shindell; P. Stone; S. Sun; D. Streets; N. Tausnev; D. Thresher; N. Unger; M. Yao; S. Zhang (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022014654/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2007/2007_Hansen_etal_1.pdf">"Dangerous human-made interference with climate: A GISS modelE study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Atmos. Chem. Phys</i>. <b>7</b> (9): 2287–2312. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0610115">physics/0610115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.2287H">2007ACP.....7.2287H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-7-2287-2007">10.5194/acp-7-2287-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14992639">14992639</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2012</span>. <q>...Dr. James E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+Iowa%3A+Before+the+Iowa+Utilities+Board&rft.atitle=Direct+Testimony+of+James+E.+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~jeh1%2F2007%2FIowaCoal_20071105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoKharechaBeerling2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hansen, J.</a>; Sato, M.; Kharecha, P.; <a href="/wiki/David_Beerling" title="David Beerling">Beerling, D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Berner" title="Robert Berner">Berner, R.</a>; Masson-Delmotte, V.; Pagani, M.; <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Raymo" title="Maureen Raymo">Raymo, M.</a>; Royer, D. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874282300802010217">"Target Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>: Where Should Humanity Aim?"</a>. <i>The Open Atmospheric Science Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 217–231. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1126">0804.1126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OASJ....2..217H">2008OASJ....2..217H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874282300802010217">10.2174/1874282300802010217</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14890013">14890013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Open+Atmospheric+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Target+Atmospheric+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Where+Should+Humanity+Aim%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-231&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.1126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14890013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874282300802010217&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008OASJ....2..217H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sato%2C+M.&rft.au=Kharecha%2C+P.&rft.au=Beerling%2C+D.&rft.au=Berner%2C+R.&rft.au=Masson-Delmotte%2C+V.&rft.au=Pagani%2C+M.&rft.au=Raymo%2C+M.&rft.au=Royer%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Zachos%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2174%252F1874282300802010217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTBlog-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTBlog_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevkin2007" class="citation news cs1">Revkin, Andrew (November 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/26/holocausts/">"Climate, Coal and Crematoria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansen%27s+correspondence+with+NMA+re+%22coal+crematoria%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~jeh1%2FNMAletters_20071121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2007/11/des-moines-register-coal-plant-permit-an">More from NASA's Hansen on coal</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines Register">Des Moines Register</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Knight_Science_Journalism_at_MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Science Journalism at MIT">Knight Science Journalism at MIT</a>, November 7, 2007, Retrieved November 23, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2007" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, James (November 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211405/http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2007/20071128_AvertingOurEyes.pdf">"Averting Our Eyes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. James Hansen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2007/20071128_AvertingOurEyes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2008</span>. <q>In my opinion, these CEOs should be tried for high crimes against humanity and nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guest+Opinion%3A+Global+Warming+Twenty+Years+Later&rft.pub=Worldwatch+Institute&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.au=James+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatch.org%2Fnode%2F5798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKNY-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EKNY_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EKNY_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbert2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Kolbert, Elizabeth (June 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/06/29/the-catastrophist">"The Catastrophist"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Catastrophist&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Kolbert&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2009%2F06%2F29%2Fthe-catastrophist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMa-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMa_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMa_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMa_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation news cs1">Marshall, Christa (July 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/80274">"Does NASA's James Hansen Still Matter in Climate Debate?"</a>. <i>Climatewire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatewire&rft.atitle=Does+NASA%27s+James+Hansen+Still+Matter+in+Climate+Debate%3F&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Fstories%2F80274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/694414760?pg=vprof&mbr=1003147&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F694414760%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link">"Directory of the National Academy of Sciences"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan+News+Channel&rft.atitle=Hansen%2C+Ramanathan+win+Tang+Prize+in+sustainable+development&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Faedu%2F201806180001.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redgreenandblue.org/tag/dr-james-hansen/">"Dr James Hansen Archives"</a>. <i>Red, Green, and Blue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red%2C+Green%2C+and+Blue&rft.atitle=Dr+James+Hansen+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredgreenandblue.org%2Ftag%2Fdr-james-hansen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bowen_(writer)" title="Mark Bowen (writer)">Bowen, Mark</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/censoringscience00bowe"><i>Censoring Science: Inside the Political Attack on Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dutton_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutton Penguin">Dutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95014-1"><bdi>978-0-525-95014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censoring+Science%3A+Inside+the+Political+Attack+on+Dr.+James+Hansen+and+the+Truth+of+Global+Warming&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-525-95014-1&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcensoringscience00bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hansen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_Hansen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James Hansen">James Hansen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2310230/">James Hansen</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csas.ei.columbia.edu/">Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions</a> at the Earth Institute, Columbia University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113060351/http://eesc.columbia.edu/faculty/james-e-hansen">"James Hansen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eesc.columbia.edu/faculty/james-e-hansen">the original</a> on November 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feesc.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjames-e-hansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span> Directory entry at the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015153937/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html">"James Hansen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/jhansen.html">the original</a> on October 15, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giss.nasa.gov%2Fstaff%2Fjhansen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Hansen" class="Z3988"></span> Directory entry at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/james_hansen">James Hansen</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724095#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/person/?jamesehansen">James Hansen</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7z61UZoppM"><i>James Hansen - Scientific Reticence: A Threat to Humanity and Nature</i></a>. Press Conference in Bonn during COP23, 2017-11-19 (24 min). From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climatematters.tv/"><i>ClimateMatters.TV</i></a> series of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upfsi.org/">United Planet Faith and Science Initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206222212/http://www.upfsi.org/">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7404334532">James Hansen's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GSFC" title="Template:GSFC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GSFC" title="Template talk:GSFC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GSFC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="History of the Goddard Space Flight Center">GSFC History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility" title="Wallops Flight Facility">Wallops Flight Facility (WFF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Scientific_Balloon_Facility" title="Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility">Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Magnetic_Test_Facility" title="Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility">Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson_Independent_Verification_and_Validation_Facility" title="Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility">Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Fabrication_Facility_(Goddard)" title="Spacecraft Fabrication Facility (Goddard)">Spacecraft Fabrication Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable missions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaway_Special" title="Getaway Special">Getaway Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope (HST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Earth_Observing_System" title="Goddard Earth Observing System">Goddard Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Kinney" title="Anne L. Kinney">Anne L. Kinney</a> (Deputy Center Director)</li> <li>Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)</li> <li>Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scientists<br />and engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Louis_Band" title="David Louis Band">David Louis Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bindschadler" title="Robert Bindschadler">Robert Bindschadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Carl_Feldman" title="Gene Carl Feldman">Gene Carl Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figueroa" title="Orlando Figueroa">Orlando Figueroa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Kuchner" title="Marc Kuchner">Marc Kuchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissette_Martinez" title="Lissette Martinez">Lissette Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Roman" title="Nancy Roman">Nancy Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Template:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sustainable Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Rosenfeld" title="Arthur H. Rosenfeld">Arthur H. Rosenfeld</a> (USA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Hansen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (Jordan, USA, Saudi Arabia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biopharmaceutical Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Zhang" title="Feng Zhang">Feng Zhang</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Anthony R. Hunter</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mendelsohn_(doctor)" title="John Mendelsohn (doctor)">John Mendelsohn</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Dinarello" title="Charles A. Dinarello">Charles A. Dinarello</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Feldmann" title="Marc Feldmann">Marc Feldmann</a> (Australia, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> (Hungary, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Cullis" title="Pieter Cullis">Pieter Cullis</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Theodore_de_Bary" title="Wm. Theodore de Bary">Wm. Theodore de Bary</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(sinologist)" title="Stephen Owen (sinologist)">Stephen Owen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Shiba" title="Yoshinobu Shiba">Yoshinobu Shiba</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gungwu" title="Wang Gungwu">Wang Gungwu</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Jessica Rawson</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Cho-yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Cho-yun">Hsu Cho-yun</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rule of Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albie_Sachs" title="Albie Sachs">Albie Sachs</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a> (UK, Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environmental_Lawyers_Association" title="Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association">Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejusticia" title="Dejusticia">Dejusticia: The Center for Law, Justice and Society</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Legal_Agenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Legal Agenda (page does not exist)">The Legal Agenda</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Saunders" title="Cheryl Saunders">Cheryl Saunders</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (Ireland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004"><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" 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