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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ritual topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Myth of origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Sacrifice of dogs in Roman religion</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg/220px-Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg/330px-Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg/440px-Roman_-_Hound%27s_Head_Appliq%C3%A9_from_a_Bed_-_Walters_54865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Roman bronze dog furniture ornament of the 1st century <i>(<a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>supplicia canum</b></i> ("punishment of the dogs") was an annual sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a> in which live dogs were suspended from a <i>furca</i> ("fork") or cross <i>(crux)</i> and paraded. It appears on none of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Roman_fasti" title="List of ancient Roman fasti">extant Roman calendars</a>, but a late source<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> places it on August 3 <i>(<a href="/wiki/Sextilis#Dates" title="Sextilis">III Non. Aug.</a>)</i>. </p><p>In the same procession, geese were decorated in gold and purple and carried in honor. Ancient sources who explain the origin of the <i>supplicia</i> say that the geese were honored for saving the city during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_siege_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic siege of Rome">Gallic siege of Rome</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> launched a nocturnal assault by stealth on the citadel, the geese raised a noisy alarm. The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">watch dogs</a> to bark was thereafter ritually punished each year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_of_punishment">Form of punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Form of punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The implement on which the dog was carried is called a <i>furca</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> (1st century AD), who describes it as made of <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elder wood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <i>crux</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> (4th century).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> uses a verbal form referring to a <i><a href="/wiki/Stauros" title="Stauros">stauros</a></i>, "stake".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> was banned by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> to convert to Christianity, the <i>furca</i> replaced the <i>crux</i> in sentencing prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">legal code</a>. The <i>furca</i> had a Y shape.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>furca</i> or <i>palus</i> ("stake")<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a traditional instrument of punishment to which the condemned was bound for the <i>supplicium de <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">more maiorum</a></i> ("punishment according to ancestral custom"), a form of capital punishment by scourging. His hands were tied, and his head was veiled. The stake was originally a dead or barren tree, possibly a fruit tree, or an <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#arbor_felix" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">arbor infelix</a></i> ("unproductive tree" or "tree of ill fortune"),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the several species regarded as under the guardianship <i>(<a href="/wiki/Tutela" title="Tutela">tutela</a>)</i> of the gods below <i>(<a href="/wiki/Di_inferi" title="Di inferi">di inferi</a>)</i>. The <i>arbores infelices</i> included trees and shrubs bearing black berries or fruit, as does the elder.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The punishment <i>de more maiorum</i> was distinct from crucifixion, which was reserved for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">slaves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scourging at the stake was a sentence for treason <i>(<a href="/wiki/Perduellio" title="Perduellio">perduellio</a>)</i> and for committing a sex crime <i>(<a href="/wiki/Stuprum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuprum">stuprum</a>)</i> against or with one of the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestals</a>, who were the only women subject to this punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lapsed into disuse during the late Republic of the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, but was revived during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a>, when people of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire#Unequal_justice" title="Roman Empire">higher social status were exempt</a> from it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Defixio" class="mw-redirect" title="Defixio">Binding</a> and striking probably had a religious dimension, present also in other Roman rituals such as the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a>, when youths clad in goatskins ran through the streets flailing bystanders with leather thongs from sacrificed goats and dogs, and the <a href="/wiki/Mamuralia" title="Mamuralia">Mamuralia</a>, for which a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> figure was beaten with sticks. Although the dogs are not said to have been beaten, the <i>supplicia canum</i> shares some elements with the traditional punishment at the stake, and with the punishment <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> administered in the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">province of Africa</a> to priests of the Carthaginian god identified with the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>, usually regarded as <a href="/wiki/Baal-hamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal-hamon">Baal</a>. In retribution for their ancestral custom of <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a> (whether or not such sacrifices actually occurred), Tiberius had them crucified on trees in their own temple precinct as offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_topography">Ritual topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ritual topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The procession route involved the temples of <a href="/wiki/Juventas" title="Juventas">Juventas</a> ("Youth") and <a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a>, an obscure and complex <a href="/wiki/Di_inferi" title="Di inferi">chthonic god</a> of archaic Roman religion who shares some attributes with both <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>. It may have taken place in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myth_of_origin">Myth of origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Myth of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sources mentioning the ritual agree that the "punishment" was inflicted on the dogs for their failure to warn the Romans of the stealth attack against the <a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">citadel</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_siege_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic siege of Rome">Gallic siege of Rome</a> in 390 BC (or 387). Legends vary regarding this historical event—the only sack of the city during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican era</a>—but in the sources that allude to the <i>supplicia canum</i>, temple geese are said to have raised the alarm instead. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> rationalize the dogs' failure by explaining that the Gauls fed the siege-starved dogs and silenced them, while the geese called out excitedly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of this service, for the <i>supplicia</i> procession geese were decked out in purple and gold, then carried on a <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">litter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The August 3 date, however, is hard to account for within the traditional chronology that had the Gauls setting fire to the city on July 19 and maintaining a siege through February.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg/220px-Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg/330px-Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg/440px-Bronze_goose_Musei_Capitolini_MC1169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Roman Imperial <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> goose <i>(<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In some stories, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manlius_Capitolinus" title="Marcus Manlius Capitolinus">Marcus Manlius Capitolinus</a> led the way in responding to the alarm, warding off the first Gaul to reach the top of the Capitoline cliff, or alternatively expelling them from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter</a>, which they had entered through tunnels. Manlius is described once as a <i>custos</i>, "guard" of the citadel, perhaps in command of the <i>iuventus</i>, the young warriors as a collective.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two or three years later, however, Manlius had attempted to capitalize on his reputation for heroism and to establish himself as a king or <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannos">tyrannos</a></i>, a much-despised role in Republican Rome. He was accused of treason,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in one source, was sentenced to be beaten to death <i>de more maiorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman narrative traditions regarding the Gallic siege are complex, "a hopeless jumble of aetiological tales, family <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologias</a>, doublets, and transferences from Greek history",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including an improbable last-minute victory or at least the holding of the citadel itself, thanks to the geese. Some scholars have suspected that the citadel was breached and that the Romans ameliorated the disaster with layers of legend over time. The incongruity of Manlius's legendary heroism and his execution for treason a relatively short time later could conceal a military disgrace.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crucified dogs may originally have been intended to serve as a <i><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">pharmakos</a></i> or scapegoat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christian writers <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> indicate that geese and dogs were kept on the Capitoline well into the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dogs, or parts of a dog's body, held numerous magical and medical powers in Greco-Roman belief,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were regarded in Roman religion with ambivalence. Dogs were companions to the household <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a>, but could not be touched or <a href="/wiki/Taboo_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo word">spoken of</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Flamen_Dialis" title="Flamen Dialis">Flamen Dialis</a>, the high priest of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dog sacrifices were carried out in Rome also for the <a href="/wiki/Robigalia" title="Robigalia">Robigalia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman festival">spring festival</a> aimed at warding off crop diseases. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">augurium canarium</i></span> ("dog augury"), which involved both <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">state priests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">moveable feast</a> in response to the rising of the Dogstar, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Festivals in August following the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">supplicia canum</i></span> deal with themes of agricultural bounty ensured by sun and water, centering on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanalia">Volcanalia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Volcanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanus">Volcanus</a> (Vulcan) August 23.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dog sacrifice is found among other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Italic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscans">Oscans</a> sacrificed an unblemished dog or puppy to the chthonic <span title="Oscan-language text"><i lang="osc">Hondus Jovius</i></span>: it was butchered, and certain parts roasted on spits, with remains left after the sacrifice buried at the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No mention is made of disposal after the <i>supplicia canum</i>. The Romans typically sacrificed domestic animals that were a normal part of their diet, and shared the meat in a communal meal. Victims such as dogs were <a href="/wiki/Food_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Food taboo">considered inedible</a>, as was the <a href="/wiki/October_Horse" title="October Horse">October Horse</a> offered to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, and were usually consumed in a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">holocaust</a> for deities whose spheres of influence pertained to the cycle of birth and death, such as <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mana_Genita" title="Mana Genita">Mana Genita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following ancient authors (listed chronologically) describe or refer indirectly to the <i>supplicia canum</i>, a name for the rite which comes from Pliny:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Natural History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/29*.html#57">29.57</a> (Latin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>On the Fortune of the Romans</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Romanorum*.html#12">12</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <i>De natura animalium</i> 12.33 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0590%3Abook%3D12%3Achapter%3D33">Greek</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Aelian/de_Natura_Animalium/12*.html#33">Latin translation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, <i>Adversus nationes</i> 6.20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <i>Hexameron</i> 5.13.44</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, note to <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+8.652&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053">8.652</a> (Latin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Lydus">Johannes Lydus</a>, <i>De mensibus</i> 4.114</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_goose" title="Roman goose">Roman goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_goose" title="Guard goose">Guard goose</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Lydus">Johannes Lydus</a>, <i>De mensibus</i> 4.114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i> 29.57; <a href="/wiki/H.H._Scullard" class="mw-redirect" title="H.H. Scullard">H.H. Scullard</a>, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic</i> (Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Servius, note to <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 8.652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>On the Fortune of the Romans</i> 12: ἀνεσταυρωμένος <i>(anestauromenos)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William A. Oldfather, "Livy i, 26 and the <i>Supplicium de More Maiorum</i>," <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i> 39 (1908), p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> gives <i><a href="/wiki/Patibulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Patibulum">patibulum</a></i> as a synonym for <i>furca</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> 5.27.33).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldfather, "Livy and the <i>Supplicium</i>," pp. 69–70, with comparison to the <i>supplicia canum</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a>, <i>Saturnalia</i> 3.20: <i>quaeque bacam nigram nigrosque fructus ferunt</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rawson" title="Elizabeth Rawson">Elizabeth Rawson</a>, "Sallust on the Eighties?" <i>Classical Quarterly</i> 37.1 (1987), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldfather, "Livy and the <i>Supplicium</i>," pp. 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldfather, "Livy and the <i>Supplicium</i>," p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>Apologeticum</i> 9.2; Oldfather, "Livy and the <i>Supplicium</i>," p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies,</i> p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>On the Fortune of the Romans</i> 12; <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <i>De natura animalium</i> 12.33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies</i>, p. 170 (described by Plutarch and Servius).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas Horsfall, "From History to Legend: M. Manlius and the Geese," <i>Classical Journal</i> 76.4 (1981), p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">T.P. Wiseman</a>, "Topography and Rhetoric: The Trial of Manlius," <i>Historia</i> 28.1 (1979), pp. 40 and 48, citing <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> 1.7.13, and <i>De viris illustribus</i> 23.9 and 24.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, pp. 45–46, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oldfather, "Livy and the <i>Supplicium</i>," p. 68, citing the version of Nepos, frg. 5, as preserved by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> 17.21.24, in contrast to the version given by Livy 6.20.12. See also Wiseman, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horsfall, "From History to Legend," p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horsfall, "From History to Legend," pp. 298, 306ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Edward Burriss, "The Place of the Dog in Superstition as Revealed in Latin Literature," <i>Classical Philology</i> 30.1 (1935), pp. 36, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horsfall, "From History to Legend," p. 308. Arnobius (<i>Adversus nationes</i> 6.20) says that geese and dogs are still kept on the Capitoline, without referring to a specific ceremony; Ambrose (<i>Hexameron</i> 5.13.44) says that geese are kept in state and receive sacrifices, without specific reference to the dogs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burriss, "The Place of the Dog in Superstition," p 39ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack L. Lennon, <i>Pollution and Religion in Ancient Rome</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Linderski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Linderski (page does not exist)">Jerzy Linderski</a>, "The Augural Law", <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> II.16 (1986), p. 2222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Elaine Fantham</a>, <i>Ovid: Fasti, Book IV</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Boin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Boin (page does not exist)">Douglas Boin</a>, <i>Ostia in Late Antiquity</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick J. Simoons, <i>Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present</i> (University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, 2nd ed.), p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse," <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i> 85 (1981), p. 277; <a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a>, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," in <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, pp. 267–268; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_(historian)" title="Robert Parker (historian)">Robert Parker</a>, <i>On Greek Religion</i> (Cornell University Press, 2011), pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited by Scullard, <i>Festivals and Ceremonies,</i> p. 252, note 212, and Horsfall, "From History to Legend," p. 308.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lacam Jean-Claude. "Le sacrifice du chien dans les communautés grecques, étrusques, italiques et romaines: approche comparatiste". In: <i>Mélanges de l'École française de Rome</i>. Antiquité, tome 120, n°1. 2008. Antiquité. pp. 29-80. [DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.2008.10414">https://doi.org/10.3406/mefr.2008.10414</a>]; [www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2008_num_120_1_10414]</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&oldid=1118995408">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplicia_canum&oldid=1118995408</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Processions_in_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Processions in ancient Rome">Processions in ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_animal_sacrifice" title="Category:Roman animal sacrifice">Roman animal sacrifice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:August_observances" title="Category:August observances">August observances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dogs_in_religion" title="Category:Dogs in religion">Dogs in religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_BC_establishments_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Category:4th-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic">4th-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Oscan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Oscan-language text">Articles containing Oscan-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 04:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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