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role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/treatments/">Treatments and therapies</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/complementary-and-alternative-therapies/">Complementary and alternative therapies</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/caregivers/">Caregivers</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/rehabilitation/">Rehabilitation</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/family-life/">Family life</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/relationships-and-intimacy/">Relationships and intimacy</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/telling-people-you-have-ms-2/">Telling people you have MS</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/ageing-and-ms/">Ageing and MS</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/ms-and-menopause/">MS and menopause</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/keeping-healthy/">Keeping healthy</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/smoking-and-ms/">Smoking and MS</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/education-and-employment/">Education and employment</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/">International MS awards</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/">International MS awards</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/james-d-wolfensohn-award/">Award for people with MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/evelyn-nicholson-award/">Award for caregivers</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/?page_id=432">My story of MS</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/?page_id=432">My story of MS</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/">Access to MS healthcare</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/abdelhakim-janati/">Hanin, Jordan</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/my-story-of-ms/ling-pi/">Ling, Malaysia</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/oumaima-benyaich/">Alexia, Cyprus</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/christelle-taute/">Christelle, South Africa</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/sanae-hazim/">Hao, China</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/my-story-of-ms/sean-hegarty/">Sean, UK</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21 menu-item-has-children dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <a href="/research/" tabindex="0">Research</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="2" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/">Research</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/advocacy/atlas/">AtlasofMS.org</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/">Key topics in MS research</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/">Key topics in MS research</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/clinical-trials-and-clinical-developments/">Clinical research and trials</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/epstein-barr-virus-and-ms/">Epstein-Barr virus and MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/ms-registries-putting-people-with-ms-at-the-heart-of-research/">MS registries</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/proms/">Patient Reported Outcomes for MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/research-into-ms-and-quality-of-life/">Quality of life research in MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/progressive-ms/">Research into Progressive MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/stem-cell-therapy-for-ms/">Stem cell therapy for MS</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/">Awards, grants and fellowships</a> <div 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<div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/get-the-evidence/">Get the evidence</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/how-to-get-started-in-advocacy/">How to get started in advocacy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/learn-from-others/">Learn from others</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/msifs-work-on-access-to-ms-healthcare/">MSIF work on access</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1488"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-1515"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <header class="page-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="hidden-xs row"> <nav class="col-md-9"> <ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a href="/">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/">About MS</a></li><li><span>Diagnosing MS</span></li></ul> </nav> <div class="col-md-3"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <h1>Diagnosing MS</h1> <p class="hidden-xs">Neurologists carry out a number of tests to find out whether someone has MS.</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <p class="last-updated">Last updated: 29th August 2023</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <section class="content col-md-9"> <p>MS is complex and can cause many different <a href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/symptoms-of-ms/">symptoms</a>. Early MS may present itself as a history of vague symptoms, which may occur sporadically over a prolonged period of time and could often also be attributed to a number of other medical conditions. Invisible or subjective symptoms are often difficult to communicate to doctors and health professionals and it is not uncommon for a diagnosis to take several months, and frustratingly it can take even longer.</p> <p>Even when a person shows a ‘classic’ pattern of MS-type symptoms, the symptoms must conform to agreed criteria (called the <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/article/S1474-4422(17)30470-2/fulltext">McDonald criteria</a>, most recently updated in 2017) before a doctor or neurologist can diagnose clinically ‘definite’ MS.</p> <p>There are a range of tests that can be used to find out if someone has MS or not, but there is no single test to diagnose MS which is conclusive on its own. The tests include:</p> <h3>Neurological examination</h3> <p>Your neurologist will ask you lots of questions about past symptoms and problems – this is known as ‘history taking’. It helps the neurologist get a better picture of you and can help identify any other problems that may explain current symptoms. A physical examination checks for changes or weaknesses in your eye movements, leg or hand coordination, balance, sensation, speech or reflexes. Whilst a neurologist may strongly suspect MS at this stage, a diagnosis won’t be given until other test results confirm MS.</p> <h3>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</h3> <p>An MRI scanner uses a strong magnetic field to create a detailed image of the brain and spinal cord. It shows the exact location and size of any damage or scarring (lesions). To get the image of the brain and spinal cord, your will lie down and enter a small tunnel in the centre of the MRI scanner. The process can take between 20 and 60 minutes and is painless, but quite noisy.</p> <h3>Evoked potentials</h3> <p>Evoked potential testing involves measuring the time it takes for the brain to receive messages from the eyes. The neurologist will place small electrodes on your head to monitor brain waves as visual stimuli are presented on a screen. These electrodes measure tiny electrical impulses; they are not painful. If MS or a similar condition is active, this test can detect messages to and from the brain travelling more slowly than usual.</p> <h3>Lumbar puncture</h3> <p>During a lumbar puncture (or spinal tap), the neurologist inserts a needle into the space around the spinal cord, under local anaesthetic. A small sample of the fluid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, called ‘cerebrospinal fluid’, is taken out and tested for abnormalities that occur in MS. The fluid will be sent to the laboratories to be examined. In some cases the fluid pressure will also be measured. People commonly report headaches following a lumbar puncture. This is a recognised side effect and the neurologist can advise on how best to manage this.</p> <h3>Tests for other conditions</h3> <p>People may be given tests to rule out other conditions that have similar symptoms to MS, such as blood tests to look for the presence of specific antibodies.</p> <p> </p> <div class="image-blocks image-block-2 clearfix"> <div class="image-block"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDI0IDY4OSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNjg5IiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm1zaWYub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE0JTJGMDklMkZNUkktc2Nhbi13aXRoLW9wZXJhdG9yLmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxMDI0IiBkYXRhLWg9IjY4OSIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" alt="A man operates an MRI machine from a computer"> <p class="image-caption">MRI machine with operator. Photo: Robert van Willigenburg</p> </div> <div class="image-block"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNTIgMTY5IiB3aWR0aD0iMjUyIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjE2OSIgZGF0YS11PSJodHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5tc2lmLm9yZyUyRndwLWNvbnRlbnQlMkZ1cGxvYWRzJTJGMjAxNCUyRjA5JTJGRGlhZ25vc2lzLW1vbml0b3JpbmctYW5kLWJpb21hcmtlcnMtZTE0MTA3OTMzMjcxNjUuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9IjI1MiIgZGF0YS1oPSIxNjkiIGRhdGEtYmlwPSIiPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-spai="1" alt="A set of images from a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan"> <p class="image-caption">A set of images from a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan</p> </div> </div> <div class="page-tags clearfix"> <h4>Page Tags:</h4> <ul class="clearfix"> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/mri">MRI</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/diagnosis">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/mcdonald-criteria">McDonald criteria</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/lumbar-puncture">lumbar puncture</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/evoked-potential">evoked potential</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/neurologist">neurologist</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="sidebar col-md-3"> <div> <section class="widget widget-links"> <header> <h3>Download the 'Is it MS?' issue of MS in focus magazine</h3> </header> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="http://www.msif.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MS-in-focus-19-Is-it-MS-Arabic.pdf">Is it MS? – باللغة العربية [PDF, 1MB]</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.msif.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MS-in-focus-20-Is-it-MS-English.pdf">Is it MS? – English [PDF, 2MB]</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.msif.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MS-in-focus-19-Is-it-MS-Chinese.pdf">Is it MS? – Chinese [PDF, 3MB]</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.msif.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MS-in-focus-20-Is-it-MS-French.pdf">Is it MS? – Français [PDF, 2MB]</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <a href="/donate" class="bg-primary-red block block-simple block-donate widget" data-gtm-event="banner"> <div class="block-inner"> <h2>Make a donation</h2> <footer> <span class="btn btn-primary">Click here</span> </footer> </div> </a> <div> <section class="widget widget-links"> <header> <h3>Helpful info</h3> </header> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/improve-ms-diagnosis/">Improve MS diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/news/2017/09/07/diagnosis-making-early-getting-right/">Diagnosis: making it early and getting it right</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/news/2018/01/25/refining-diagnosis-for-people-with-ms/">Refining diagnosis for people with MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/news/2021/12/15/uruguays-ms-compass/">Uruguay’s MS Compass</a></li> <li><a href="http://mssociety.org.il/אבחון-טרשת-נפוצה/">Diagnosing MS Hebrew Translation (Translated by the Israel MS Society)</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> </section> </div> </div> </main> <div id="root-footer"></div> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading"><a href="/contact-us">Contact us</a></div> <p>MS International Federation<br> Canopi<br> Unit A, Arc House<br> 82 Tanner Street<br> London SE1 3GN<br> United Kingdom</p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading">Follow us</div> <p class="hidden-xs">Keep in touch with our work on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube.</p> <ul class="social-links"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/MSIntFederation" title="Follow us on Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Multiple-Sclerosis-International-Federation/110033075774139" title="Like us on Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/MSIFmedia" title="Subscribe to our YouTube channel">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading">Translate this site</div> <p>Parts of this site are available in Arabic and Spanish. 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