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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #33CC00; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#33CC00"><b>Live, reproduce, die</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Biology</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#e1ffd6;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology"><img alt="Icon bioDNA.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/d/d1/Icon_bioDNA.svg/100px-Icon_bioDNA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/d/d1/Icon_bioDNA.svg/150px-Icon_bioDNA.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/d/d1/Icon_bioDNA.svg/200px-Icon_bioDNA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#33CC00; text-align:center;"><b>Life as we know it</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#e1ffd6;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">Fundamental unit of life: The cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Botany">Botany</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; 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text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biology" title="Template:Biology">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biology" title="Template talk:Biology">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biology&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Pasteur</b> (1822–1895) was one of the great <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientists</a>, famous for his work with curing <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> and developing the idea of <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>. He also championed the radical idea that dirty hands, clothes and instruments in hospitals contributed to the spread of disease, and basically demonstrated the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a> to be correct, although not in every case.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>While a student at École Normale Supérieure, Pasteur studied crystallography, which led him to the puzzle of why tartaric acid (found in grapes and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>) bent light passed through it, but para-tartaric did not. From examining the crystals of the two chemicals' salts, Pasteur found that tartaric acid crystals formed only right-handed crystals but that the para-tartaric acid crystals formed both right- and left-handed crystals. From this, he deduced that the uniform handedness of tartaric acid was the reason that it alone could bend light and that the handedness was also reflected in the chemicals' structures.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> His research on wine chemicals led to his work on microbes and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> At the time yeast was believed to be a chemical that acted like a catalyst in wine fermentation, but Pasteur was able to demonstrate that yeast was like a small plant (what is now called a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>), and that yeast was dependent on nutrition (<a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>) to reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> Pasteur was able to demonstrate that contaminating microbes were at fault for making bad wine, the discover of which saved the French wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> Pasteur was able to similarly show that microbes were at fault in bad <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> that caused sickness, and heat treatment (pasteurization) would solve the problems of these industries.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> In 1857, having proven the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory" title="Germ theory">germ theory</a> of disease, Pasteur summarized his work in a paper that marks the beginning of field of scientific microbiology.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:35</sup> Pasteur continued his research in microbiology and human health, by improving on <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>’s vaccination method by developing a generalized method using weakened microbes and injection methods for cholera, anthrax, rabies, and silkworm disease.<sup id="cite_ref-siegfried_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegfried-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>All in all, he was about as practical a scientist as one could possibly be, a brilliant man to whom millions of people owe their lives and one who it can truly be said made a difference in the lot of nearly all people alive today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Pasteurization"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Pasteurization</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cranks"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cranks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pasteurization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Pasteurisation, the process of heating/cooling food to kill germs, was also an idea that began with Pasteur (hence its name). In much of the food industry, particularly the dairy industry, it is considered one of the most important front-line sanitation procedures. </p><p>It is not so popular with certain <a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo">food faddists</a>, who believe that pasteurization <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">destroys</a> the nutrition of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raw_honey" title="Raw honey">honey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juicing" title="Juicing">juice</a>. Such is it ever with those with short memories of harder times. </p><p>Pasteurization does have the drawback that, as it's a heat treatment, it destroys those <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> that break down when heated. For that reason, pasteurized milk is usually sold with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> and vitamin A enrichment. It does not, however, destroy macronutrients — <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, fats, and carbohydrates. If a food item is heated <i>so</i> hot that its macronutrients are damaged, we don't call it pasteurization, we call it burning. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cranks">Cranks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cranks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Pasteur is beloved of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationists</a> because he disproved <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> They completely ignore, as is their forte, the fact that their idea of spontaneous generation and the idea that Pasteur disproved are vastly different things. He disproved the idea that bacteria formed in a broth of their own accord, using a flask which bears his name. Creationists think™ that he disproved the idea of a non-supernatural <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> event. </p><p>That said, there are still those who consider vaccination and pasteurisation to be the work of the <a href="/wiki/Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil">devil</a> (or at least a big agribusiness <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>), although these processes have saved countless lives over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccine hysteria">Vaccine denialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">germ theory denialism</a> still flourish today in spite of mountains of scientific evidence as to their efficacy. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk_movement" title="Raw milk movement">Raw milk movement</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasteurization of milk has all but eliminated milk-borne tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis, strep throat, scarlet fever, listeriosis, brucellosis and typhoid fever.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/louis-pasteur">Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization</a> <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegfried-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-4">2.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-5">2.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-siegfried_2-6">2.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/louis-pasteur-transformed-health-disease-microbiology">Louis Pasteur’s devotion to truth transformed what we know about health and disease</a> by Tom Siegfried (November 18, 2022 at 7:00 am) <i>Science News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mémoire sur la Fermentation appelée lactique" by Louis Pasteur (1857) <i>Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences</i> 45(22):913-916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pasteur and Modern Science</i> by René Dubos (1988) Science Tech Publishers. ISBN 0910239185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ullmann, Agnes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> <i>Encyclopedia Brittanica</i>. Dec 23, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705001732/http://www.answersingenesis.org/contents/379/Louis-Pasteur.pdf">Louis Pasteur’s Views on Creation, Evolution, and the Genesis of Germs</a> by Alan L. Gillen & Frank J. Sherwin III (2008) <i>Answers Research Journal</i> 1:43–52 (archived from July 5, 2010).</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&oldid=2702204">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur&oldid=2702204</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biology" title="Category:Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biochemists" title="Category:Biochemists">Biochemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemists" title="Category:Chemists">Chemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christians" title="Category:Christians">Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care" 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