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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belgian politician (1902–1973)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hendrik Elias</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HendrikElias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HendrikElias.jpg/220px-HendrikElias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HendrikElias.jpg/330px-HendrikElias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/HendrikElias.jpg/440px-HendrikElias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Elias (1942)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hendrik Jozef Elias</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-06-12</span>)</span>12 June 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Machelen" title="Machelen">Machelen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 February 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-02-02)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Belgian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">politician</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hendrik Jozef Elias</b> (12 June 1902 – 2 February 1973) was a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> politician and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, notable as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Nationaal_Verbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaams Nationaal Verbond">Vlaams Nationaal Verbond</a> between 1942 and 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Elias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elias was a noted academic, holding doctorates in both Law and Philosophy from studies at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> before serving in a number of leading roles in both academia and the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Little1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He began his political career in 1930 as the secretary of the Vlaams Nationale Verbond (<a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">Flemish National Union</a>). He was a member of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Chamber_of_People%27s_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives">Belgian Chamber of People's Representatives</a> from 1932 until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">Flemish National Union</a> (VNV) on its formation in 1933 and soon gained a reputation as a leading moderate in the party, despite expressing a strong personal admiration for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Little1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ghent" title="List of mayors of Ghent">Mayor of Ghent</a> after the German invasion, although he continued to oppose plans to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> into <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich">Nazi Germany</a>, arguing instead for a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became leader of VNV in 1942, following the death of <a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Staf Declercq</a>, despite opposition of <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Gottlob Berger</a>, who was suspicious of his views on keeping the Flemish distinct from the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elias sought to stop recruitment to the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> and disband the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to accomplish this he encouraged recruitment into the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> rather than the SS and achieved some success in diverting Flemings away from <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s men.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elias came into competition for support from the Germans with <a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">Jef van de Wiele</a>, whose <i>DeVlag</i> movement was allowed to co-exist in occupied Flanders alongside the VNV. Van de Wiele endorsed full integration of Flanders into Germany, a view not supported by the VNV.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 1943 Elias had become disillusioned with the Nazis as they increasingly backed <i>DeVlag</i> and he came to argue that Nazism and Flemish <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> were incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Little2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these private attitudes Elias did not go public with his reservations. In public, he claimed a German victory was needed, supported recruiting for the Eastern Front, defended forced labor service in Germany and requisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Little2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he came to co-operate more with the Nazis, fearing a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the liberation he authorized using the VNV militia in actions against the resistance. </p><p>He fled to Germany in September 1944 but took no part in the exiled Belgian collaboration movement under van der Wiele.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French</a> and extradited to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. He was sentenced to death and this sentence was confirmed in appeal. The Belgian government commuted it to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was released on 24 December 1959 for health reasons. In 1971 he published <i>Vijfentwintig Jaar Vlaamse Beweging</i>, part history of the Flemish nationalist movement, part autobiography .<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Elias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Little1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Little1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Littlejohn, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors" title="The Patriotic Traitors">The Patriotic Traitors</a></i>, London: Heinemann, 1972, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Philip Rees</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littlejohn, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors" title="The Patriotic Traitors">The Patriotic Traitors</a></i>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littlejohn, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors" title="The Patriotic Traitors">The Patriotic Traitors</a></i>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Little2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Littlejohn, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriotic_Traitors" title="The Patriotic Traitors">The Patriotic Traitors</a></i>, p. 175</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vanderstegen" title="Alfred Vanderstegen">Alfred Vanderstegen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ghent" title="List of mayors of Ghent"><i>effective</i> mayor of Ghent</a> </b><br />1941–1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vanderstegen" title="Alfred Vanderstegen">Alfred Vanderstegen</a> <i>incumbent mayo</i>r <br />Edward Anseele Jr. <i>acting mayor</i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_fascism" title="Template:Belgian fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_fascism" title="Template talk:Belgian fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism_in_Belgium_to_1945151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> in <span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></span></span> to 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties and collaborationist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="National Legion">National Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a> (Rex)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a> (VNV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen">Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">German-Flemish Working Group</a> (DeVlag)</li> <li><i>Vlaamse Wacht</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staf_De_Clercq" title="Staf De Clercq">Staf De Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Jean Denis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hendrik Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Jef François">Jef François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Ward Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Paul Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">René Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Matthys" title="Victor Matthys">Victor Matthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">José Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Joris Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">Jef van de Wiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_De_Becker" title="Raymond De Becker">Raymond De Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Robert Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Pierre Daye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenpolitik" title="Flamenpolitik">Flamenpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietsland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietsland">Dietsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123557550">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007003007">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127497624">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127497624">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Elias, Hendrik Jozef"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0270423&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068660855">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/18283274">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/123557550.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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