Faut-il d茅boulonner la statue verte de Dion?

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flex-row"> <div class="col-xs-14 col-sm-7 col-md-9 col-lg-10 "> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-14 col-md-10 col-md-offset-4"> <figure class="img-offset"> <img src="https://media1.ledevoir.com/images_galerie/nwdp_18197_32162/image.jpg" alt="St茅phane Dion" height="527" width="398" class="img-responsive"> <figcaption> <span> Photo: Agence Reuters </span> St茅phane Dion </figcaption> </figure> <div class="author-offset"> <aside class="author sans-photo sans-presentation"> <h3> <a href="/auteur/louis-gilles-francoeur" title="Louis-Gilles Francoeur"> <span>Louis-Gilles Francoeur</span></a> </h3> <time datetime="2006-12-09 00:00:00" class="clair">Publi茅 le 9 d茅c. 2006</time> <nav class="category-nav"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href="/politique/canada"><span>Canada</span></a></li> </ul> </nav> <ul class="social list-unstyled hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <li class="tw"><a 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apr猫s la divulgation de son Plan national de lutte contre les changements climatiques en avril 2005, St茅phane Dion appara卯t aujourd'hui 脿 certains comme le sauveur potentiel de Kyoto. Aurait-il fallu plut么t d茅boulonner cette statue qui n'a pas deux mois d'existence? </strong> </p> Quand Paul Martin est devenu chef du Parti lib茅ral et premier ministre en d茅cembre 2003, il n'a r茅serv茅 aucun portefeuille de ministre 脿 St茅phane Dion pour ne pas 锚tre associ茅 au politicien f茅d茅ral le plus impopulaire du Qu茅bec. Il a fallu que St茅phane Dion demeure tranquille et ne s'insurge pas trop fort quand on a m锚me voulu lui ravir son propre comt茅 pour finalement obtenir, apr猫s les 茅lections f茅d茅rales de juin 2004, la limousine qui l'a conduit au minist猫re f茅d茅ral de l'Environnement.<br /> <br /> Plusieurs hauts fonctionnaires de ce minist猫re ont 茅t茅 tr猫s inquiets de cette nomination parce que les 芦Toronto boys禄 de l'entourage de Paul Martin rageaient contre la ratification du protocole de Kyoto en raison de ses contraintes 茅ventuelles sur l'茅conomie. Ils craignaient surtout de se retrouver avec un ministre trop redevable pour oser tenir t锚te au nouvel 茅tat-major de Paul Martin, lequel avait ent茅rin茅 Kyoto comme un rem猫de amer prescrit par le Dr <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/jean-chretien">Jean Chr茅tien</a>.<br /> <br /> Il faudra attendre avril 2005 pour d茅couvrir le contenu du Plan national de lutte contre les <a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/changements-climatiques">changements climatiques</a> de St茅phane Dion. Entre-temps, le nouveau titulaire d'Environnement Canada n'avait pr茅sent茅 aux Communes aucun projet de loi novateur.<br /> <br /> Le discours du Tr么ne d'octobre 2004 devait, au contraire, ajouter aux inqui茅tudes des fonctionnaires d'Environnement Canada et des 茅cologistes. <br /> <br /> Tout en affirmant que le Canada gardait le cap sur Kyoto, le discours du Tr么ne pr茅cisait dans le langage actuel de Stephen Harper que le Canada miserait sur 芦une strat茅gie qui donnera des r茅sultats de longue dur茅e禄. Plusieurs y ont vu le signe que Kyoto indiquait la direction mais que le programme n'茅tait plus celui du trait茅. Les faits devaient le confirmer.<br /> <br /> En f茅vrier 2005, le Globe and Mail divulguait une analyse des hauts fonctionnaires f茅d茅raux qui affirmait clairement que 芦l'approche volontaire et les incitations financi猫res ne sont pas suffisantes pour provoquer un changement satisfaisant禄. On 茅voquait alors l'id茅e d'imposer aux grands 茅metteurs de GES un fardeau de r茅ductions de leurs 茅missions de 73 millions de tonnes ou m茅gatonnes (Mt), alors que ces industries sont responsables, en r茅alit茅, de la moiti茅 des 270 Mt que le Canada doit rayer de son bilan.<br /> <br /> Le ministre Dion fixait au m锚me moment comme objectif aux constructeurs automobiles de r茅duire les 茅missions de leur parc de 25 % d'ici 2010.<br /> <br /> Un plan national controvers茅<br /> <br /> Son plan national divulgu茅 quelques semaines plus tard d茅montrait l'incapacit茅 du ministre Dion de convaincre son gouvernement d'appliquer le principe du pollueur-payeur. Il a d没 aussi plier devant l'industrie automobile et se contenter d'un plan de r茅duction volontaire, et cela, pour 5 Mt sur un plan de r茅duction de 270 Mt, alors que ce secteur contribue pour environ le quart des 茅missions canadiennes.<br /> <br /> Quant aux grands 茅metteurs, le ministre leur a impos茅 tout au plus une r茅duction obligatoire de 36 Mt sur 270 Mt, soit 13 % de l'effort, alors qu'ils sont responsables de 50 % du probl猫me. Aucune mesure particuli猫re n'a alors 茅t茅 impos茅e 脿 l'industrie des sables bitumineux, responsable du tiers de la hausse des 茅missions canadiennes. 脌 ce moment, le bilan canadien des GES d茅passe de 24 % la barre de 1990, alors que le pays doit cibler 6 % en de莽脿.<br /> <br /> Tout le reste, soit 87 % des 234 Mt, sera englob茅 dans la politique de r茅ductions volontaires du ministre Dion, dont fonctionnaires et 茅cologistes avaient d茅montr茅 son inefficacit茅 chronique. <br /> <br /> La commissaire 脿 l'environnement, Johanne G茅linas, dira la m锚me chose du plan Dion cet automne et des principes volontaristes de son plan national, en soulignant encore plus pr茅cis茅ment la faiblesse des mesures adopt茅es 脿 l'endroit des producteurs p茅troliers et de gaz ainsi qu'envers le secteur des transports, les trois principaux responsables du mauvais bilan canadien.<br /> <br /> La conf茅rence de Montr茅al<br /> <br /> Quelques 茅cologistes vont oser briser le concert de louanges qui s'茅l猫vera pendant la conf茅rence internationale de Montr茅al sur les changements climatiques 脿 l'endroit de son pr茅sident, le ministre Dion. Ces esprits critiques diront que la conf茅rence a constitu茅 un 芦茅cran de fum茅e commode禄 pour masquer les faiblesses du plan canadien. La priorit茅 des grands groupes 茅cologistes consistait 脿 ne pas affaiblir la cr茅dibilit茅 de St茅phane Dion pour ne pas nuire 脿 son r么le de m茅diateur et 脿 ses chances d'entra卯ner les 脡tats-Unis dans le processus de Kyoto.<br /> <br /> L'Europe s'est abstenue, elle aussi, d'茅gratigner le pays h么te, m锚me si elle voyait tr猫s clairement la faiblesse de ce plan qui se proposait d'investir 10 milliards de dollars des fonds publics pour atteindre les r茅ductions promises 脿 la place des agents 茅conomiques, en finan莽ant leurs r茅ductions au lieu de 芦d茅carboniser禄 l'茅conomie canadienne en l'int茅grant au march茅 international des cr茅dits d'茅mission avec des plafonds r茅glementaires pour chaque secteur. On se demandait m锚me si Ottawa avait le droit, en vertu des r猫gles de l'OMC, d'absorber tout co没t sup茅rieur 脿 15 $ dans le cas des maigres 36 Mt de r茅ductions impos茅es aux grands 茅metteurs.<br /> <br /> Ceux qui ont commenc茅, durant la r茅cente course au leadership lib茅ral, 脿茅riger une statue verte 脿 St茅phane Dion ont vite oubli茅 qu'il a emp锚ch茅 le Qu茅bec d'obtenir 328 millions de dollars pour financer le seul plan de r茅duction de GES qui impose une taxe verte aux 茅metteurs. Le ministre Dion avait refus茅, en pleine conf茅rence de Montr茅al, de signer cette entente parce que Qu茅bec voulait obtenir un minimum de libert茅 dans le choix des projets environnementaux relevant de sa comp茅tence. En fin de n茅gociation, Qu茅bec avait m锚me accept茅 qu'Ottawa exerce un droit de veto sur ses choix et de les financer 脿 parts 茅gales. St茅phane Dion voulait pouvoir choisir les projets dans un comit茅 conjoint, un reflet d'une vision pas tr猫s d茅centralis茅e du f茅d茅ralisme.<br /> <br /> Thomas Mulcair, qui a bataill茅 ferme mais en vain pour obtenir les 328 millions de son homologue f茅d茅ral, avait pr茅dit publiquement, et sur la foi des analyses de ses services, que le plan f茅d茅ral 芦ne permettrait pas au Canada de r茅duire ses 茅missions de GES de 270 Mt禄 entre 2008 et 2012. Et c'est lui qui a perdu sa limousine!<br /> <br /> Leader vert ou habile?<br /> <br /> C'est finalement ce qu'a reconnu en entrevue au Devoir St茅phane Dion pendant la course 脿 la chefferie en d茅clarant que, dans la meilleure des hypoth猫ses, le Canada arrivera 脿 son objectif de Kyoto en 2012, mais pas pour l'ensemble de la p茅riode 2008-2012. 脌 cause des conservateurs 茅videmment.<br /> <br /> Une comparaison r茅alis茅e par Le Devoir entre les programmes des trois aspirants 脿 la chefferie lib茅rale a d茅montr茅 que St茅phane Dion avait toujours l'intention de refiler l'essentiel de la facture des changements climatiques aux contribuables, alors que Bob Rae et Michael Ignatieff voulaient confier la d茅carbonisation de l'茅conomie aux lois du march茅. Si Dion et Ignatieff s'engageaient r茅solument sur le sentier de l'茅cofiscalit茅, seul Ignatieff osait dire que chaque secteur industriel devrait faire un effort proportionnel 脿 sa contribution au bilan canadien des 茅missions. Par 芦茅quit茅禄 entre les acteurs 茅conomiques.<br /> <br /> Dion a r茅ussi malgr茅 tout 脿 imposer l'image du candidat le plus vert de la course. C'est d'autant plus 茅tonnant qu'il y est arriv茅脿 peine deux mois apr猫s que la commissaire 脿 l'environnement — qui est aussi une v茅rificatrice g茅n茅rale adjointe — eut 茅tabli, dans un rapport officiel, que les lib茅raux avaient omis de mettre en place un syst猫me de suivi des milliards f茅d茅raux d茅pens茅s dans les changements climatiques.<br /> <br /> Johanne G茅linas devait m锚me d茅clarer, au moment de d茅poser son rapport, que les programmes f茅d茅raux mis en place jusque-l脿, ce qui inclut le plan Dion, 芦permettraient 脿 peine de r茅duire la croissance des 茅missions, et certainement pas de les diminuer sous le niveau de 1990, pour attendre les objectifs de Kyoto禄. Elle attribuait cet 茅chec pr茅visible 脿 la faiblesses des politiques 脿 l'endroit des trois plus importants secteurs, soit le p茅trole, le gaz et les grandes industries, ainsi qu'脿 la philosophie volontariste adopt茅e jusque-l脿, ce qui englobe le plan national.<br /> <br /> On est en droit de se surprendre, dans ce contexte, qu'autant de journalistes et d'茅cologistes aient fait de St茅phane Dion un ministre vert confirm茅, et m锚me un 茅ventuel premier ministre 茅cologiste, alors qu'aucun indice ne laisse croire jusqu'ici qu'il a la capacit茅 de dompter les industries p茅troli猫re et automobile, qui ont fait d茅raper le Canada. Et cela, dans le respect des comp茅tences des provinces.<br /> <br /> La chef du Parti vert, Elisabeth May, a d茅clar茅 avant-hier que St茅phane Dion 茅tait 脿 des 芦ann茅es lumi猫re禄 devant Stephen Harper et qu'elle accepterait de travailler avec un premier ministre qui reconna卯t les fondements scientifiques des changements climatiques. C'est pr茅sentement la 芦ligne禄 politique du mouvement environnemental en g茅n茅ral, qui pr茅f猫re miser sur quiconque peut offrir mieux que le d茅mant猫lement du peu de programmes et de mesures en place, fussent-elles faibles. <br /> <br /> Un leader 茅cologiste qu茅b茅cois nous confiait, il y a deux jours, que rien ne garantit que St茅phane Dion pourra dompter le tigre qu'est l'industrie p茅troli猫re. Notre r么le, comme 茅cologistes, disait-il en substance, est de profiter de la conjoncture politique actuelle — c'est quand m锚me la premi猫re fois que l'environnement occupe une telle place dans le d茅bat politique — pour d茅crocher un plan national qui s'attaque aux p茅troli猫res, aux grands producteurs d'茅nergie et aux transports. 芦Certes, les plan猫tes sont mieux align茅es que jamais avec Dion dans le d茅cor, mais le travail politique reste 脿 faire禄, car la raison d'脡tat risque fort de reprendre vite le dessus. Et il aurait pu ajouter que, si on peut 茅riger des statues par strat茅gie politique, on peut aussi les d茅boulonner. 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