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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_courage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_courage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Northern courage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_courage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtuous_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtuous_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Virtuous paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtuous_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Christian_author's_pagan_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Christian_author's_pagan_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>A Christian author's pagan world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Christian_author's_pagan_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paganism in the literature of Tolkien</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg/330px-Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg/495px-Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg/660px-Baldr_dead_by_Eckersberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3778" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">Pagan pantheon</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a>, rulers of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, resemble the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, the strong and combative Norse gods of Asgard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth200386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2004169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painting by <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a>, 1817</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have identified <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">numerous themes</a> in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s Middle-earth writings, among them <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>. Despite Tolkien's assertion that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> was a fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian work</a>, paganism appears in that book and elsewhere in his fictional world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> in multiple ways. These include a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of god-like beings, the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a>, who function like the Norse gods, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>; the person of the wizard <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>, who Tolkien stated in a letter is an "<a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odinic</a> wanderer"; <a href="/wiki/Elbereth" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbereth">Elbereth</a>, the Elves' "Queen of the Stars", associated with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, the way that the natural world seems to be alive; and a <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>-like "<a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">northern courage</a>" which is determined to press on, no matter how bleak the outlook. </p><p>Tolkien was a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> interested in religion, and placed many hints of Christianity in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, but given that <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda#"Imagined_prehistory"" title="History of Arda">Middle-earth is the Earth in the distant past</a>, long before the time of Christ, he could not make his characters Christian, even the most <a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">virtuous pagans</a> among them. He was in addition a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> language and literature, especially of <i>Beowulf</i>, and he made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">that poem in his Middle-earth writings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity in Middle-earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg/170px-Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg/255px-Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg/340px-Stories_of_beowulf_queen_poring_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien was an expert in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon literature">Anglo-Saxon literature</a>, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, which like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> is about a <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> world told by a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1908 illustration by <a href="/wiki/J._R._Skelton" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Skelton">J. R. Skelton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> covers an eclectic mix of religious beliefs and practices, often including many gods (<a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>) and a living nature imbued with spirit (<a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>). It was defined in early Christian times largely negatively, as non-Christian religion. Pagans may speak as if there was just one deity, often "the Goddess", while accepting multiple deities; they may speak of nature or the Earth as divine, suggesting a form of <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, though this may shade into either animism or <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">transcendentalism</a>. There is thus a wide spectrum of belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009393–394_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009393–394-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was a devout <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. He described <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> as "fundamentally" Christian, and there are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">many Christian themes</a> in that work. He wrote in a letter to his close friend and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest, Robert Murray:<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision. That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The scholar Patrick Curry writes that Tolkien's statement <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elide" class="extiw" title="wikt:elide">elides</a> the paganism that pervades the work, and indeed the whole of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his Middle-earth Legendarium</a>; it may be <i>fundamentally</i> Christian, but on other levels it is another matter, with its pagan <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and many other features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Middle-earth is both Christian and pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat Reynolds of <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">the Tolkien Society</a> writes that the Catholic Tolkien was familiar with multiple systems of belief, something that did not in his view imply that Tolkien was "a closet pagan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reynolds adds that, on the contrary, Tolkien stated explicitly in a letter that <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> "is built on or out of certain 'religious' [Catholic] ideas, but is not an allegory of them ... and does not mention them overtly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#211_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#211-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal priest">Episcopal priest</a> and theologian <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a> adds that Middle-earth deliberately appears as "a curiously nonreligious world", since Tolkien wanted to avoid any hint of <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, pagan worship of the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professionally, Tolkien was a scholar of English literature, a <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medievalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievalist">medievalist</a> interested in language and poetry from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> and Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His professional knowledge of <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, telling of a pagan world but with a Christian narrator,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">helped to shape his fictional world of Middle-earth</a>. His intention to create what has been called "<a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">a mythology for England</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led him to construct not only stories but a fully-formed world with <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's languages">languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">peoples</a>, cultures, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle-earth">history</a>, based on medieval materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple_gods">Multiple gods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multiple gods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pantheon">Pantheon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pantheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology of Middle-earth">Cosmology of Middle-earth</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology of Middle-earth">the created world, Eä</a>, ruled by "the One" god, <a href="/wiki/Eru_Iluvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Iluvatar">Eru Iluvatar</a>, who in Tolkien's words "remains remote, outside the World",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-letters_181_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters_181-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it in principle <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> and thus compatible with Christianity. In practice, Middle-earth is ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>-like group of “angelic-beings”, the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who function, as Tolkien stated, with "the imaginative but not the theological place of 'gods'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-letters_212_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters_212-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are, further, related to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Elements">four ancient elements</a> of fire, earth, air, and water in a characteristically pagan way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes Middle-earth appear <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth200386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the resemblances are the strong <a href="/wiki/Orom%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromë">Oromë</a> who fights the monsters of <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a>, recalling the powerful Norse god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2004169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Curry (author)">Patrick Curry</a> writes that <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> "transcends any strictly monotheistic reading". Instead, he states, it displays "an extraordinary ethico-religious richness and complexity which derives from the <i>blending</i> (his emphasis) of Christian, pagan, and humanist ingredients".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998115–118_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998115–118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 473.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 471.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Like the pantheon of Greek gods, Tolkien's Valar behave as a group, making Middle-earth appear polytheistic.[1]"><img alt="Like the pantheon of Greek gods, Tolkien's Valar behave as a group, making Middle-earth appear polytheistic.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Raffaello%2C_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg/707px-Raffaello%2C_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="472" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Raffaello%2C_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg/1061px-Raffaello%2C_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Raffaello%2C_concilio_degli_dei_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Like the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Greek gods</a>, Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Valar_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Valar in Middle-earth">Valar</a> behave as a group, making Middle-earth appear <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth200386-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odin_the_wanderer">Odin the wanderer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Odin the wanderer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman,_1886_(Odin,_the_Wanderer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/130px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/195px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/260px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>-like figure of the pagan god <i><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, the Wanderer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painting by <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Rosen" title="Georg von Rosen">Georg von Rosen</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> the <a href="/wiki/Wizards_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizards (Middle-earth)">Wizard</a> constantly wanders Middle-earth, wearing a traveller's battered cloak and hat; and indeed, Tolkien stated in a 1946 letter that he thought of Gandalf as an "Odinic wanderer".<sup id="cite_ref-letters_107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letters_107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators have similarly compared Gandalf to the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse god</a> <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> in his "Wanderer" guise—an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJøn1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJøn1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although never described as a god, it is evident that Gandalf has power; Tolkien explains that the Wizards are <a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a>, lesser spirits who serve the Valar, and who may take human form when in Middle-earth. In several ways he thus resembles <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> the wanderer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998113–115_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998113–115-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2004169-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_of_the_heavens">Queen of the heavens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Queen of the heavens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elbereth" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbereth">Elbereth</a>, the Elves' "Queen of the Stars", Varda the "Lofty", is linked with <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a>'s star, which Tolkien makes clear is the Morning and Evening Star, in other words, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planet)">Venus</a>. Curry notes that the planet has since ancient times been associated with the goddess, called <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> by the Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not necessarily imply pagan origins; Elbereth has been likened to the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>; for instance, the Tolkien scholars <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a> see in the <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> hymn "<a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a>" an echo of <a href="/wiki/John_Lingard" title="John Lingard">John Lingard</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymn">Marian hymn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Queen_of_Heaven,_the_Ocean_Star" title="Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star">Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star</a></i>, alluding to Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2011251_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2011251-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldecott2002176–181_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldecott2002176–181-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry argues on the other hand that Mary and Elbereth share antecedents in Venus, the pagan Queen of the Heavens. He writes that any Elf would find the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>'s words of praise for Venus entirely suitable as praise for Elbereth: "Thou alone, O goddess, rulest over the totality of nature; without thee nothing comes to the heavenly shores of light, nothing is joyful, nothing lovable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrimbor_and_the_Rings_of_Power">Celebrimbor and the Rings of Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Celebrimbor and the Rings of Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg/220px-Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg/330px-Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg/440px-Roman_Temple_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1318760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien investigated an inscription with a curse upon a ring at the temple of the pagan god <a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a>. It may have inspired him to create the Elven-smith <a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a> "Silver-Hand" who forged <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Silvianus" title="Ring of Silvianus">Ring of Silvianus</a></div> <p>In Tolkien's legendarium, the Elven-smith <a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a> forges <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a>, with consequences told in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. Tolkien had been asked to investigate a Latin inscription excavated at a 4th-century temple of the pagan god <a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a> with a curse upon a ring. He concluded that Nodens was probably the origin of the Irish hero <i><a href="/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m" title="Nuada Airgetlám">Nuada Airgetlám</a></i>, "Nuada of the Silver-Hand". In the Elvish language of <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>, Celebrimbor similarly means "Silver-Hand". Paganism, lightly disguised, thus extends to central plot elements of Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200540–41_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey200540–41-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowers2019131–132_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2019131–132-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong199713–14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong199713–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animism">Animism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Animism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/130px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/195px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg/260px-SB_-_Altay_shaman_with_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a> has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a> shaman pictured.</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with polytheism, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, the belief that animals, plants and other objects are imbued with spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStringer1999541–556_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStringer1999541–556-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a clear marker of paganism. The natural world is in many places shown to be alive, with trees that have "feet", mountains that can show their anger with snowstorms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2019117_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2019117-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the herb <i><a href="/wiki/Athelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelas">athelas</a></i> that creates a sparkling joy, or the cockerel that crows to welcome the morning as the wind and weather indicate the changing tide of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Battle of the Pelennor Fields</a>. Or again, after the battle "a great rain came out of the Sea, and it seemed that all things wept" for those killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien illustrates animism in a far more domestic context, too, back in the Hobbits' homeland. After <a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">the Scouring of the Shire</a>, there was "wonderful sunshine and delicious rain ... but there seemed something more: an air of richness and growth, and a gleam of a beauty beyond that of mortal summers that flicker and pass upon this Middle-earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry writes that the cosmology of Middle-earth is "polytheist-cum-animist ... natural magic",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry199828_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry199828-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its cultures are pre-modern and pre-Christian, and "their religions and mythologies are animist, polytheist and <a href="/wiki/Shamanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanist">shamanist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry199832_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry199832-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wizard <a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a> shares his name with <a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">a pagan god</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrr199423–34_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr199423–34-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he has a shaman-like affinity for wild animals, skill with herbs, and ability to change his hue and shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirns2007113–126_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirns2007113–126-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_courage">Northern courage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern courage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stave_church_Urnes,_craving_detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg/130px-Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg/195px-Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg/260px-Stave_church_Urnes%2C_craving_detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></i></span>, where the <a href="/wiki/Norse_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse gods">Norse gods</a> know they will die, but go to fight anyway. <a href="/wiki/Urnes_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnes stave church">Urnes stave church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFazioMoffettWodehouse2003201_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFazioMoffettWodehouse2003201-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage in Middle-earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">Beowulf in Middle-earth</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">Middle-earth is strongly influenced by the Old English poem <i>Beowulf</i></a>. Tolkien made extensive use of the poem in his Middle-earth writings, not least for his boldly Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Riders_of_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a>. One aspect of paganism, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a> so prominent in <i>Beowulf</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears as a central virtue in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>. The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> takes the wildly blowing battle-horns of the Riders of Rohan, storming into battle, to mean "bravado and recklessness", that "he who fears for his life shall lose it, but that dying undaunted is no defeat; furthermore that this was true before the Christian myth that came to explain why".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005242–245_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005242–245-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medievalist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a> contrasts <a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">the hero</a> and future king <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> with the old <a href="/wiki/Steward_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steward of Gondor">Steward of Gondor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a>, who is incapable of such Northern courage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shippey observes that <a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings#Character_pairings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Denethor's other opposite</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a> of Rohan, lives by Northern courage, and dies through Denethor's despair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005136–137,_175–181,_187_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005136–137,_175–181,_187-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien stated in his 1936 lecture <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monsters and the Critics">The Monsters and the Critics</a></i> that he was inspired by the apocalyptic Norse legend of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></i></span>, where the gods know that they are doomed in their final battle for the world, but go to fight anyway. Even the home-loving Hobbits <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam</a> share this courage, knowing they have little prospect of returning home from their desperate mission to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtuous_paganism">Virtuous paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Virtuous paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg/130px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg/195px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg/260px-Hans_Burgkmair_d._%C3%84._Drei_heidnische_Helden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien shared the Catholic hope that God had a plan for <a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">virtuous pagans</a> like Aragorn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodcut <i>The Three Good Pagans</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Burgkmair" title="Hans Burgkmair">Hans Burgkmair</a>, 1519</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third Age</a> of Middle-earth was long before the time of Christ, its inhabitants were necessarily pagan; the Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> comments that "having made the times pre-Christian, [Tolkien] has freed himself from the need to deal with them in a Christian context, which would be awkward if applied to elves, ents, dwarves, and the rest."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200667–100_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200667–100-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a Christian like Tolkien, this raised the question of whether at least its most virtuous characters could be saved. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">virtuous paganism</a> became relevant to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> with its interest in <a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">North European mythology</a> or enthusiasm for the rediscovered <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Siðr">pagan ethos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a>. Shippey argues that the fiction of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> is significantly based on this concept:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tolkien was "rather disturbed by [an <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> which the wrong side wins (<i>Ragnarök</i>)]: he saw that the ethos it represented could be used by either side, as indeed it was in the deliberate cultivation of <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> leadership a few years later. Nevertheless it did provide an image of heroic virtue which could exist, and could be admired, outside the Christian framework. In some respects (as you can see in his 1936 <i>Beowulf</i> lecture...) the Old Norse '<a href="/wiki/Courage#Theories_of_courage" title="Courage">theory of courage</a>' might even be regarded as ethically superior to the Classical if not to the Christian world-view, in that it demanded commitment to virtue without any offer of lasting reward. ... He also felt that Old Norse mythology provided a model for what one might call 'virtuous paganism,' which was heathen; conscious of its own inadequacy, and so ripe for conversion; but not yet sunk into despair and disillusionment like so much of 20th-century post-Christian literature; a mythology which was in its way light-hearted."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Shippey analyses "<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>", an appendix to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, for what it says about Tolkien's delicate balance between open Christianity and his treatment of his characters as heathens, a word that Shippey observes Tolkien uses very sparingly. Shippey notes that both <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a> are pagan, though Aragorn is "remarkably virtuous .. without even the faults of Theoden, and he foreknows his death like a [Christian] saint".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shippey notes that Arwen is inconsolable, seeing nothing after death, rejecting Aragorn's "we are not bound for ever to the circles of the world, and beyond them is more than memory. Farewell!"; as Shippey says, "Arwen is not comforted" by this;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> none of the traditional consolations of religion are present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The salvation of a pagan who had done wrong is discussed in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in connection with the death of <a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a>, one of the nine members of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Ring (characters)">Fellowship of the Ring</a>. In Christian terms, Boromir atones for his assault on the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">Ring</a>-bearer Frodo by single-handedly but vainly defending <a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a>, illustrating the Catholic theme of the importance of good intention, especially at the point of death. This is clear from Gandalf's statement:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlar2002_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlar2002-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "But he [Boromir] escaped in the end.... It was not in vain that the young hobbits came with us, if only for Boromir's sake."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_Christian_author's_pagan_world"><span id="A_Christian_author.27s_pagan_world"></span>A Christian author's pagan world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A Christian author's pagan world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/330px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/495px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg/660px-Concealed_Christianity_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>While Tolkien embodied Christianity in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, the events take place in a pagan era imagined to be long before Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The scholar George Clark writes that Tolkien resembled the <i>Beowulf</i> poet in being <sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2000_hero_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2000_hero-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a learned Christian who re-created a heroic world and story in an implicitly Christian universe governed by a God whose existence and nature the poem's wiser characters intuit without the benefit of revelation. Tolkien's <i>Beowulf</i> poet was a version of himself, and his authorial persona in creating [<i>The Lord of the Rings</i>] was a version of that <i>Beowulf</i> poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2000_hero_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2000_hero-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> writes that in depicting a pagan Middle-earth, the Christian Tolkien was setting up an interesting relationship between his own religion and his invented world. He notes that Tolkien made this hard to investigate: he avoided biography, disliked critics, and distrusted analysis of literature based on the author rather than the work; and further, apart from his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i>, he left no memoirs and few clues in his diaries. Hutton suggests that the many unsent drafts of letters indicate that Tolkien was embarrassed by the question, as he wanted to be clear about his Christianity, and was pleased if people could glimpse that through his writings, but his remarks about the presence of Catholicism in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> were brief and difficult to interpret, as he had been stung by criticism of the absence of religion in the work. Hutton cites <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a>'s statement that Tolkien's faith was "subject to doubt and losses of confidence", and even in later life he wrote to his son Michael that he was constantly tempted to unbelief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201057–59_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201057–59-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hutton sees three, sometimes "discordant", elements in Middle-earth's (religious) cosmos. There is a single male supreme being, Eru Iluvatar, "in personality much like a Christian God". A heavenly choir of beings, the Ainur, serve him, while one, Melko/Morgoth, rebels against him, like <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>. Hutton calls this Christianity with a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> twist. However, secondly, the Ainur are not pure and virginal, but live in the world (Arda), have sex and quarrels, and make mistakes. This, he writes, is like the pagan Norse gods, or the classical era gods of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>: "a full-blown <i>pagan</i> Neoplatonism". Thirdly, unlike the ancient gods, his gods are at best only sporadically interested in the affairs of Middle-earth; instead, they defend their own "fairyland", <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>, and the rest of the world is like a fairy-tale in that it is seen through the eyes of elves or hobbits, not of humans. This, he writes, is "utterly un-Christian", and he finds it striking how badly they fit together. Thus, questions like what happens to humans after they die are handled differently in the early and later phases of his writing. The goddess Fui acts like <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, the Greek goddess of the underworld, judging the dead and sending them to "a dim plain", or to be tortured by the evil Melko, while a few are brought to the enchanted realm. Hutton notes that while Christopher Tolkien tried "gamely" to fit this to the Catholic scheme of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>, it "obviously" fits better with the Homeric or Virgilian accounts of the afterlife. If this was Christianity, Hutton writes, it would be a heretical form; he prefers to call it pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201062–70_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201062–70-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Tolkien and the classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien and the Celtic">Tolkien and the Celtic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#142_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #142 to Robert Murray, S.J., 2 December 1953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#211-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#211_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #131 to Milton Waldman, late 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters_181-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letters_181_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #181 draft to Michael Straight, probably January or February 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters_212-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letters_212_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #212 unsent draft to Rhona Beare, October 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters_107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-letters_107_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></i> #107 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Stanley Unwin</a>, 7 December 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1997">Tolkien 1997</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, book 3, ch 5 "The White Rider"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth200386-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth200386_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2004169-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2004169_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance2004">Chance 2004</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005104,_190–197,_217_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 104, 190–197, 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009393–394-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2009393–394_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, pp. 393–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998110–113_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 110–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998111,_115_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 111, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds20161_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2016">Reynolds 2016</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge20042–9_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 2–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance2003Introduction_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance2003">Chance 2003</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998115–118-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998115–118_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 115–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200595–101_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 95–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJøn1997-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJøn1997_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJøn1997">Jøn 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998113–115-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998113–115_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, p. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry1998114–115_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2011251-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2011251_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2011">Burns 2011</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldecott2002176–181-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldecott2002176–181_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldecott2002">Caldecott 2002</a>, pp. 176–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnger2013563–564_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnger2013">Anger 2013</a>, pp. 563–564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey200540–41-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey200540–41_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers2019131–132-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowers2019131–132_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowers2019">Bowers 2019</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong199713–14-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong199713–14_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1997">Armstrong 1997</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStringer1999541–556-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStringer1999541–556_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStringer1999">Stringer 1999</a>, pp. 541–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2019117-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2019117_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2019">Evans 2019</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry199828-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry199828_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurry199832-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurry199832_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurry1998">Curry 1998</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr199423–34-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrr199423–34_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrr1994">Orr 1994</a>, pp. 23–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirns2007113–126-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirns2007113–126_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirns2007">Birns 2007</a>, pp. 113–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFazioMoffettWodehouse2003201-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFazioMoffettWodehouse2003201_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2003">Fazio, Moffett & Wodehouse 2003</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005242–245-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005242–245_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 242–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolopova200928–29_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolopova2009">Solopova 2009</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005136–137,_175–181,_187-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005136–137,_175–181,_187_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 136–137, 175–181, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005229–230_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11,_77–78_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKocher1974">Kocher 1974</a>, pp. 8–11, 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200667–100-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200667–100_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2006">West 2006</a>, pp. 67–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2009191–192_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2009">Shippey 2009</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlar2002-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlar2002_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlar2002">Olar 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2004141–144_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2004">Rutledge 2004</a>, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_2000_hero-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2000_hero_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2000_hero_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2000">Clark 2000</a>, pp. 39-40ff, "Tolkien and the True Hero"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201057–59-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201057–59_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2010">Hutton 2010</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201062–70-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201062–70_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2010">Hutton 2010</a>, pp. 62–70.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnger2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anger, Don N. (2013) [2007]. "Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 563–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Excavation+of+the+Prehistoric%2C+Roman+and+Post-Roman+Site+in+Lydney+Park%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=563-564&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Anger&rft.aufirst=Don+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1997" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Helen (May 1997). "And Have an Eye to That Dwarf". <i><a href="/wiki/Amon_Hen_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon Hen (journal)">Amon Hen</a></i> (145): 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amon+Hen&rft.atitle=And+Have+an+Eye+to+That+Dwarf&rft.issue=145&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=1997-05&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirns2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Birns, Nicholas</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol26/iss1/8">"The Enigma of Radagast: Revision, Melodrama, and Depth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 113–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+Radagast%3A+Revision%2C+Melodrama%2C+and+Depth&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-126&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Birns&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol26%2Fiss1%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2019" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, John M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGOtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132"><i>Tolkien's Lost Chaucer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 131–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884267-5"><bdi>978-0-19-884267-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Lost+Chaucer&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884267-5&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGOtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uz2mCyzks8EC&pg=PA251">"Saintly and Distant Mothers"</a>. In Kerry, Paul E. (ed.). <i>The Ring and the Cross: Christianity and The Lord of the Rings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-064-2"><bdi>978-1-61147-064-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saintly+and+Distant+Mothers&rft.btitle=The+Ring+and+the+Cross%3A+Christianity+and+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-064-2&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duz2mCyzks8EC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms"><i>Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 95–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3806-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3806-9"><bdi>0-8020-3806-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+Realms%3A+Celtic+and+Norse+in+Tolkien%27s+Middle-earth&rft.pages=95-101&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8020-3806-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldecott2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Caldecott, Stratford</a> (2002). "The Lord & Lady of the Rings The Hidden Presence of Tolkien's Catholicism in The Lord of the Rings". <i><a href="/wiki/Touchstone:_A_Journal_of_Mere_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity">Touchstone</a></i> (Jan/Feb 2002): 176–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fchesterton2002281%2F229">10.5840/chesterton2002281/229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touchstone&rft.atitle=The+Lord+%26+Lady+of+the+Rings+The+Hidden+Presence+of+Tolkien%27s+Catholicism+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.issue=Jan%2FFeb+2002&rft.pages=176-181&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fchesterton2002281%2F229&rft.aulast=Caldecott&rft.aufirst=Stratford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (2003). <i>Tolkien the Medievalist</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47348-4"><bdi>978-0-415-47348-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53706034">53706034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+the+Medievalist&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53706034&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47348-4&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a>, ed. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth"><i>Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Sir George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrrtolkienhislit0000unse"><i>J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31330-845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31330-845-1"><bdi>978-0-31330-845-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.R.R.+Tolkien+and+His+Literary+Resonances%3A+Views+of+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-31330-845-1&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjrrtolkienhislit0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Curry, Patrick</a> (1998) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz2d3gYJpLkC"><i>Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10371-9"><bdi>978-0-261-10371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Middle-Earth%3A+Tolkien%3A+Myth+and+Modernity&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10371-9&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz2d3gYJpLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/EVAAAA-8">"Animism as an Approach to Arda"</a>. <i>International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+English+and+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Animism+as+an+Approach+to+Arda&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FEVAAAA-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazioMoffettWodehouse2003" class="citation book cs1">Fazio, Michael W.; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrzPlqLjR1MC"><i>A World History of Architecture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill Professional">McGraw-Hill Professional</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-141751-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-141751-6"><bdi>0-07-141751-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Architecture&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-141751-6&rft.aulast=Fazio&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Moffett%2C+Marian&rft.au=Wodehouse%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrzPlqLjR1MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarth2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tolkiengreatwart00gart/page/86"><i>Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-33129-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-33129-8"><bdi>0-618-33129-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Great+War%3A+The+Threshold+of+Middle-earth&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-33129-8&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftolkiengreatwart00gart%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (2009). 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In Pizza, Murphy (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/previewpdf/book/edcoll/9789047442356/Bej.9789004163737.i-650_016.xml"><i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 393–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163737" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163737"><bdi>9789004163737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animist+Paganism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Contemporary+Paganism&rft.pages=393-394&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004163737&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fpreviewpdf%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789047442356%2FBej.9789004163737.i-650_016.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2010). 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32FODDQdKLIC"><i>The Ring and the Cross: Christianity and the Lord of the Rings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson</a>. pp. 57–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-065-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-065-9"><bdi>978-1-61147-065-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pagan+Tolkien&rft.btitle=The+Ring+and+the+Cross%3A+Christianity+and+the+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=57-70&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-065-9&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32FODDQdKLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJøn1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Jøn, A. 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(July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graceandknowledge.faithweb.com/tolkien.html">"The Gospel According to J. R. R. Tolkien"</a>. <i>Grace and Knowledge</i> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grace+and+Knowledge&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+According+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Olar&rft.aufirst=Jared+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgraceandknowledge.faithweb.com%2Ftolkien.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1994" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Robert (1994). "Some Slavic Echos in J. R. R. 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R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth%3A+How+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Created+a+New+Mythology&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2009). "Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304223354/http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/wa/dp?detail=1004508&name=nordals_en_greinar_og_erindi"><i>Roots and Branches</i></a>. Walking Tree Publishers. pp. 191–192. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/wa/dp?detail=1004508&name=nordals_en_greinar_og_erindi">the original</a> on 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tolkien+and+Iceland%3A+The+Philology+of+Envy&rft.btitle=Roots+and+Branches&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Walking+Tree+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hi.is%2FApps%2FWebObjects%2FHI.woa%2Fwa%2Fdp%3Fdetail%3D1004508%26name%3Dnordals_en_greinar_og_erindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolopova2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2009). <i>Languages, Myths and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J. R. R. Tolkien's Fiction</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/North_Landing_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="North Landing Books">North Landing Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9816607-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9816607-1-4">978-0-9816607-1-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages%2C+Myths+and+History%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Linguistic+and+Literary+Background+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Fiction&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=North+Landing+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Solopova&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stringer, Martin D. (1999). "Rethinking Animism: Thoughts from the Infancy of our Discipline". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" title="Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute">Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4): 541–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2661147">10.2307/2661147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2661147">2661147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Animism%3A+Thoughts+from+the+Infancy+of+our+Discipline&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541-556&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2661147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2661147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042159111">1042159111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Towers&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042159111&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1997) [1983]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monsterscriticso00tolk"><i>The Monsters and the Critics</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10263-7"><bdi>978-0-261-10263-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monsters+and+the+Critics&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10263-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonsterscriticso00tolk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">West, Richard C.</a> (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And All the Days of Her Life Are Forgotten': 'The Lord of the Rings' as Mythic Prehistory". In <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (eds.). <i>The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University_Press" title="Marquette University Press">Marquette University Press</a>. pp. 67–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87462-018-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87462-018-X"><bdi>0-87462-018-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298788493">298788493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27And+All+the+Days+of+Her+Life+Are+Forgotten%27%3A+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27+as+Mythic+Prehistory&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%2C+1954-2004%3A+Scholarship+in+Honor+of+Richard+E.+Blackwelder&rft.pages=67-100&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298788493&rft.isbn=0-87462-018-X&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism+in+Middle-earth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template talk:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Volumes <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Stories <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reception <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonmoot" title="Oxonmoot">Oxonmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkienmoot" title="Tolkienmoot">Tolkienmoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/60px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/90px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/120px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_E%C3%A4rendil" title="Song of Eärendil">Song of Eärendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(song)" title="The Road Goes Ever On (song)">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">Addiction to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Sexuality in The Lord of the Rings">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Character pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">Impression of depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings">Narrative structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">Interlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Storytelling in The Lord of the Rings">Storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples#Free_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Free<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">Barrow-wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_in_the_Water" title="Watcher in the Water">Watcher in the Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helm%27s_Deep" title="Battle of Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Morannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliphaunt" title="Oliphaunt">Oliphaunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantírs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_derivative_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">derivative works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muddle_Earth" title="Muddle Earth">Muddle Earth</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Illustrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fellowship!" title="Fellowship!">Fellowship!</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="Lord of the Rings (musical)">Lord of the Rings</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>" (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>" (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" (1971)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hordes_of_the_Things_(radio_series)" title="Hordes of the Things (radio series)">Hordes of the Things</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (BBC, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe">Der Herr der Ringe</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Bakshi</a>, 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass</a>, 1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_War_of_the_Rohirrim" title="The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim">The War of the Rohirrim</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Peter Jackson<br />series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Hobbits" title="Concerning Hobbits">Concerning Hobbits</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)" title="Into the West (song)">Into the West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/May_It_Be" title="May It Be">May It Be</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Production of The Lord of the Rings film series">Production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khraniteli" title="Khraniteli">Khraniteli</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a></i> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fan-made</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Journey_to_Rivendell" title="The Lord of the Rings: Journey to Rivendell">Journey to Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Game_One" title="Lord of the Rings: Game One">Game One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Mordor" title="Shadows of Mordor">Game Two: Shadows of Mordor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_in_Middle_Earth" title="War in Middle Earth">War in Middle Earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1990_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1994_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1994 video game)"><i>Vol. I</i> (SNES)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_Riders_of_Rohan" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._II:_The_Two_Towers" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers"><i>Vol. II: The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)"><i>The Fellowship of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)"><i>The Two Towers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)"><i>The Return of the King</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring"><i>War of the Ring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age"><i>The Third Age</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age_(Game_Boy_Advance_video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance video game)">Game Boy Advance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Tactics" title="The Lord of the Rings: Tactics"><i>Tactics</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II"><i>The Battle for Middle-earth II</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II:_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king"><i>The Rise of the Witch-king</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"><i>Conquest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Aragorn%27s_Quest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest"><i>Aragorn's Quest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_in_the_North" title="The Lord of the Rings: War in the North"><i>War in the North</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(video_game)" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)"><i>Lego The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Middle-earth" title="Guardians of Middle-earth">Guardians of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor"><i>Shadow of Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of War"><i>Shadow of War</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Gollum" title="The Lord of the Rings: Gollum"><i>Gollum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Return_to_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria"><i>Return to Moria</i></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria"><i>Mines of Moria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Siege_of_Mirkwood" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood"><i>Siege of Mirkwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard"><i>Rise of Isengard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan"><i>Riders of Rohan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep"><i>Helm's Deep</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor"><i>Mordor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul"><i>Minas Morgul</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: War of Three Peaks"><i>War of Three Peaks</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad"><i>Fate of Gundabad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Before the Shadow"><i>Before the Shadow</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop role-<br />playing games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing" title="Middle-earth Role Playing">Middle-earth Role Playing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game">The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game" title="The One Ring Roleplaying Game">The One Ring Roleplaying Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth" title="Adventures in Middle-earth">Adventures in Middle-earth</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)" title="Middle Earth (board game)">Middle Earth</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)" title="War of the Ring (SPI game)">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith" title="Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith">Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron_(game)" title="Sauron (game)">Sauron</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)" title="Lord of the Rings (board game)">Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)" title="War of the Ring (board game)">War of the Ring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Middle-earth Collectible Card Game">Middle-earth Collectible Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game">The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game">The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&oldid=1241323326">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paganism_in_Middle-earth&oldid=1241323326</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_themes" title="Category:Middle-earth themes">Middle-earth themes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paganism_in_literature" title="Category:Paganism in literature">Paganism in literature</a></li><li><a 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