CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mycophenolic acid - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4ddc0876-e3ea-4ea5-83f9-7d2fdb5f596f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mycophenolic_acid","wgTitle":"Mycophenolic acid","wgCurRevisionId":1276103673,"wgRevisionId":1276103673,"wgArticleId":530470,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2024","Infobox drug with local INN variant","Drugs with non-standard legal status","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields","Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from April 2020","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Carboxylic acids","Drugs developed by Genentech","Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche","Immunosuppressants","Italian inventions","Drugs developed by Novartis","Isobenzofurans","Phenol ethers","Hydroxyarenes","Phthalides","South African inventions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mycophenolic_acid","wgRelevantArticleId":530470,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q420553","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/1200px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="851"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/800px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="567"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/640px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mycophenolic acid - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mycophenolic_acid rootpage-Mycophenolic_acid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mycophenolic+acid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mycophenolic+acid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mycophenolic+acid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mycophenolic+acid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ_transplant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_transplant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organ transplant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_transplant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoimmune_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmune_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Autoimmune disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmune_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Comparison to other agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Blood tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycophenolic acid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الميكوفينوليك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الميكوفينوليك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenols%C3%A4ure" title="Mycophenolsäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mycophenolsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_micofen%C3%B3lico" title="Ácido micofenólico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido micofenólico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مایکوفنولیک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایکوفنولیک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_mycoph%C3%A9nolique" title="Acide mycophénolique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide mycophénolique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_micofenolico" title="Acido micofenolico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido micofenolico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikofenol%C3%A1t-mofetil" title="Mikofenolát-mofetil – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mikofenolát-mofetil" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Микофенолна киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Микофенолна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycofenolzuur" title="Mycofenolzuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mycofenolzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E9%85%B8" title="ミコフェノール酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミコフェノール酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1" title="ମାଇକୋଫେନୋଲିକ ଏସିଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଇକୋଫେନୋଲିକ ଏସିଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_mykofenolowy" title="Kwas mykofenolowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas mykofenolowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_micofen%C3%B3lico" title="Ácido micofenólico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido micofenólico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikofenolati" title="Mikofenolati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mikofenolati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikofenolna_kiselina" title="Mikofenolna kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mikofenolna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikofenolna_kiselina" title="Mikofenolna kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikofenolna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мікофенолова кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікофенолова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolic" title="Mycophenolic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mycophenolic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%B4%E9%85%9A%E9%85%B8" title="黴酚酸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黴酚酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mycophenolic_acid" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mycophenolic_acid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mycophenolic_acid" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&oldid=1276103673" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mycophenolic_acid&id=1276103673&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMycophenolic_acid"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMycophenolic_acid"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mycophenolic_acid&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mycophenolic_acid" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q420553" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Immunosuppressant medication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycophenolicacid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mycophenolicacid.svg/200px-Mycophenolicacid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mycophenolicacid.svg/300px-Mycophenolicacid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mycophenolicacid.svg/400px-Mycophenolicacid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/200px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/300px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png/400px-Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cellcept, Myfortic, Myhibbin, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">MPA, Mycophenolate sodium, Mycophenolate mofetil (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Approved_Name" title="Australian Approved Name">AAN</a> <small><abbr title="Australia">AU</abbr></small>), Mycophenolate mofetil (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</a> <small><abbr title="United States">US</abbr></small>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mycophenolate.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601081.html">a601081</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Mycophenolate+mofetil">Mycophenolate mofetil</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> D<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a><sup id="cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-Codex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L04" title="ATC code L04">L04AA06</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L04AA06">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-CellCept_PI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CellCept_PI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Myhibbin_FDA_label_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myhibbin_FDA_label-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-CellCept_EPAR_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CellCept_EPAR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">72% (sodium),<br />94% (mofetil)<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">82–97%<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Liver<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">17.9±6.5 hours<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine (93%),<br />faeces (6%)<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(4<i>E</i>)-6-(4-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=24280-93-1">24280-93-1</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/446541">446541</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6832">6832</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01024">DB01024</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.393865.html">393865</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/HU9DX48N0T">HU9DX48N0T</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D05096">D05096</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:168396">CHEBI:168396</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL866">ChEMBL866</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4041070">DTXSID4041070</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420553#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.041.912">100.041.912</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420553#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>17</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>20</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>6</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002320341000000000♠"></span>320.341</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1OCc2c1c%28O%29c%28c%28OC%29c2C%29C%5CC%3DC%28%2FC%29CCC%28%3DO%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1OCc2c1c(O)c(c(OC)c2C)C\C=C(/C)CCC(=O)O</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C17H20O6/c1-9(5-7-13(18)19)4-6-11-15(20)14-12(8-23-17(14)21)10(2)16(11)22-3/h4,20H,5-8H2,1-3H3,(H,18,19)/b9-4+<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:HPNSFSBZBAHARI-RUDMXATFSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476995047&page2=Mycophenolic+acid">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mycophenolic acid</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppressant medication</a> used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection</a> following <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplantation</a> and to treat <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune conditions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">lupus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCruz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCruz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically it is used following <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart transplant">heart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">liver transplantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes as <b>mycophenolate sodium</b> and <b>mycophenolate mofetil</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common side effects include nausea, infections, and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other serious side effects include an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal bleeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use during pregnancy may harm the baby.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It works by blocking <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase">inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase</a> (IMPDH), which is needed by <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">guanosine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mycophenolic acid was initially discovered by Italian <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Gosio" title="Bartolomeo Gosio">Bartolomeo Gosio</a> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Sch2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sch2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Las2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Las2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rediscovered in 1945 and 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Las2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Las2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1995 following the discovery of its immunosuppressive properties in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sch2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sch2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNF76_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was the 227th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organ_transplant">Organ transplant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organ transplant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolate is used for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a> <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejection</a>. Mycophenolate mofetil is indicated for the prevention of organ transplant rejection in adults and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplantation</a> rejection in children over 2 years; whereas mycophenolate sodium is indicated for the prevention of kidney transplant rejection in adults. Mycophenolate sodium has also been used for the prevention of rejection in <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">lung transplants</a> in children older than two years.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune_disease">Autoimmune disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Autoimmune disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolate is increasingly utilized as a steroid sparing treatment in <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a> and similar immune-mediated disorders including <a href="/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease" title="Behçet's disease">Behçet's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">pemphigus vulgaris</a>, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, small vessel <a href="/wiki/Vasculitides" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasculitides">vasculitides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used for <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_fibrosis" title="Retroperitoneal fibrosis">retroperitoneal fibrosis</a> along with a number of other medications.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically it has also be used for psoriasis not treatable by other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-silverman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its increasing application in treating <a href="/wiki/Lupus_nephritis" title="Lupus nephritis">lupus nephritis</a> has demonstrated more frequent complete response and less frequent complications<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a> bolus therapy, a regimen with risk of bone marrow suppression, infertility, and malignancy.<sup id="cite_ref-DCruz_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCruz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further work addressing maintenance therapy demonstrated mycophenolate superior to cyclophosphamide, again in terms of response and side-effects.<sup id="cite_ref-DCruz_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCruz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walsh proposed that mycophenolate should be considered as a first-line induction therapy for treatment of lupus nephritis in people without kidney dysfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_agents">Comparison to other agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison to other agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared with <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a> it has higher incidence of diarrhea, and no difference in risk of any of the other side effects in transplant patients.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mycophenolic acid is 15 times more expensive than azathioprine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">adverse drug reactions</a> (≥ 1% of people) include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, joint pain; infections, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> reflect the immunosuppressive and <a href="/wiki/Myelosuppressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelosuppressive">myelosuppressive</a> nature of the drug. Mycophenolate sodium is also commonly associated with fatigue, headache, cough and/or breathing issues. Intravenous (IV) administration of mycophenolate mofetil is also commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Thrombophlebitis" title="Thrombophlebitis">thrombophlebitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>. Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">esophagitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">gastritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>, and/or invasive <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a> (CMV) infection.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH2006_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More rarely, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a> or various <a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">neoplasia</a> occur: melanoma, lymphoma, other malignancies having an occurrences of 1 in 20 to 1 in 200, depending on the type, with neoplasia in the skin being the most common site.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (March 2018)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Several cases of <a href="/wiki/Pure_red_cell_aplasia" title="Pure red cell aplasia">pure red cell aplasia</a> (PRCA) have also been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) issued an alert that people are at increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a>, such as activation of latent viral infections, including <a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a> infections, cytomegalovirus, and <a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a> associated nephropathy. In addition the FDA is investigating<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> 16 people that developed a rare neurological disease while taking the drug. This is a <a href="/wiki/JC_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="JC virus">viral</a> infection known as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_multifocal_leukoencephalopathy" title="Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy">progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</a>; it attacks the brain and is usually fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolic acid is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when used during pregnancy, and should be avoided whenever possible by women trying to get pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_tests">Blood tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blood tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most common effects of this drug is increased blood cholesterol levels. Other changes in blood chemistry such as <a href="/wiki/Hypomagnesemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomagnesemia">hypomagnesemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">hypocalcemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>, and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Blood_urea_nitrogen" title="Blood urea nitrogen">blood urea nitrogen</a> (BUN) can occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-Codex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purines (including the nucleosides <a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">guanosine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a>) can either be synthesized <a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism#Biosynthesis" title="Purine metabolism"><i>de novo</i></a> using <a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">ribose 5-phosphate</a> or they can be <a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism#Salvage" title="Purine metabolism">salvaged</a> from free nucleotides. Mycophenolic acid is a potent, reversible, non-competitive inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/Inosine-5%E2%80%B2-monophosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase">inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase</a> (IMPDH), an enzyme essential to the <i>de novo</i> synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">guanosine-5'-monophosphate</a> (GMP) from <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">inosine-5'-monophosphate</a> (IMP).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMPDH inhibition particularly affects <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a> since they rely almost exclusively on <i>de novo</i> purine synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, many other cell types use both pathways, and some cells, such as terminally differentiated neurons, depend completely on purine nucleotide salvage.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, use of mycophenolic acid leads to a relatively selective inhibition of <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> in <a href="/wiki/T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/B_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B cells">B cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolate can be derived from the fungi <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_stoloniferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillium stoloniferum">Penicillium stoloniferum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_brevicompactum" title="Penicillium brevicompactum">P. brevicompactum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_echinulatum" title="Penicillium echinulatum">P. echinulatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mycophenolate mofetil is metabolised in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> to the active moiety mycophenolic acid. It reversibly inhibits <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase">inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fulton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that controls the rate of synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Guanine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanine monophosphate">guanine monophosphate</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/De_novo_synthesis" title="De novo synthesis">de novo</a></i> pathway of <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> synthesis used in the proliferation of B and T <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8588241_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8588241-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cells recover purines via a separate salvage pathway and are thus able to escape the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austria-Codex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mycophenolate is potent and can, in many contexts, be used in place of the older anti-proliferative <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually used as part of a three-compound regimen of immunosuppressants, also including a <a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">calcineurin</a> inhibitor (<a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">tacrolimus</a>) and a glucocorticoid (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24673712_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24673712-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png/300px-Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png/450px-Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png/600px-Mycophenolate_mofetil_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Mycophenolate mofetil, a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> form of mycophenolic acid used in medicine</figcaption></figure> <p>Mycophenolate mofetil is the <a href="/wiki/Morpholine" title="Morpholine">morpholino</a>‌ <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_group" title="Ethyl group">ethyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> of mycophenolic acid; the ester masks the <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8918281_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8918281-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mycophenolate mofetil is reported to have a <a href="/wiki/PKa" class="mw-redirect" title="PKa">pKa</a> values of 5.6 for the morpholino moiety and 8.5 for the phenolic group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolic acid was discovered by Italian medical scientist <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Gosio" title="Bartolomeo Gosio">Bartolomeo Gosio</a>. Gosio collected a fungus from spoiled corn and named it <i>Penicillium glaucum</i>. (The species is now called <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_brevicompactum" title="Penicillium brevicompactum">P. brevicompactum</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) In 1893 he found that the fungus had antibacterial activity. In 1896 he isolated crystals of the compound, which he successfully demonstrated as the active antibacterial compound against the <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">anthrax bacterium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first antibiotic that was isolated in pure and crystalline form. But the discovery was forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rediscovered by two American scientists C.L. Alsberg and O.M. Black in 1912, and given the name mycophenolic acid. The compound was eventually demonstrated to have antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antipsoriasis activities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is not commercialised as antibiotic due to its adverse effects, its modified compound (ester derivative) is an approved <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant drug">immunosuppressant drug</a> in kidney, heart, and liver transplantations, and is marketed under the brands Cellcept (mycophenolate mofetil by <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a>) and Myfortic (mycophenolate sodium by <a href="/wiki/Novartis_Foundation" title="Novartis Foundation">Novartis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cellcept was developed by a South African geneticist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Clifford_Allison" title="Anthony Clifford Allison">Anthony Allison</a> and his wife Elsie M. Eugui. In the 1970s while working at the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a>, Allison investigated the biochemical causes of immune deficiency in children. He discovered the metabolic pathway involving an enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase">inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase</a>, which is responsible for undesirable immune response in <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Immune_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune rejection">immune rejection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a>. He conceived an idea that if a molecule that could block the enzyme is discovered, then, it would become an immunosuppressive drug that could be used for autoimmune diseases and in organ transplantation. In 1981 he decided to go for drug discovery and approached several pharmaceutical companies, which turned him down one by one as he had no primary knowledge of drug research. However, <a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> liked his plans and asked him to join the company with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-watt_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watt-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became vice president for the research. In one of their experiments the Allisons used an antibacterial compound, mycophenolate mofetil, which was abandoned in clinical use due to its adverse effects. They discovered that the compound had immunosuppressive activity.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They synthesised a chemical variant for increased activity and reduced adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They subsequently demonstrated that it was useful in organ transplantation in experimental rats.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After successful clinical trials,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the compound was approved for use in <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplant</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> on 3 May 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-fda_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fda-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sold under the brand name Cellcept.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was approved for use in the European Union in February 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-CellCept_EPAR_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CellCept_EPAR-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was initially introduced as the <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, brand name Cellcept) to improve oral <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>. The salt mycophenolate sodium has also been introduced. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) is an alternative MPA formulation. </p><p>MMF and EC-MPS appear to be equal in benefits and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-MR2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MR2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mycophenolate mofetil is beginning to be used in the management of auto-immune disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura">idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (ITP), <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a> (SLE), <a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">scleroderma</a> (systemic sclerosis or SSc), and <a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">pemphigus vulgaris</a> (PV) with success for some patients.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also being used as a long-term therapy for maintaining remission of <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a>, though thus far, studies have found it inferior to <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A combination of mycophenolate and <a href="/wiki/Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">ribavirin</a> has been found to stop infection by and <a href="/wiki/Viral_replication" title="Viral replication">replication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a> virus <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also shown promising antiviral activity against <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus">MERS</a>, especially in combination with <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preliminary data suggest that <a href="/wiki/Mycophenolate_mofetil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycophenolate mofetil">mycophenolate mofetil</a> might have benefits in people with multiple sclerosis. However the evidence is insufficient to determine the effects as an add‐on therapy for interferon beta-1a in people with RRMS.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/mycophenolate-mofetil.html">"Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept) Use During Pregnancy"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. 24 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028143929/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/mycophenolate-mofetil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+%28Cellcept%29+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft.date=2020-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Fmycophenolate-mofetil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austria-Codex-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austria-Codex_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasek2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasek W, ed. (2007). <i>Austria-Codex</i> (in German) (62nd ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">1484–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85200-181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85200-181-4"><bdi>978-3-85200-181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria-Codex&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1484-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.edition=62nd&rft.pub=%C3%96sterreichischer+Apothekerverlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-85200-181-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CellCept_PI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CellCept_PI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guildlink.com.au/gc/ws/ro/pi.cfm?product=ropccept10215">"Cellcept (mycophenolate mofetil)"</a>. <i>Australian Product Information</i>. 30 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108233340/https://www.guildlink.com.au/gc/ws/ro/pi.cfm?product=ropccept10215">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Product+Information&rft.atitle=Cellcept+%28mycophenolate+mofetil%29&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guildlink.com.au%2Fgc%2Fws%2Fro%2Fpi.cfm%3Fproduct%3Dropccept10215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/pharmacor-mycophenolate-mycocell-alcept-pharmacor-pty-ltd">"Pharmacor mycophenolate, mycocell, alcept (Pharmacor Pty Ltd)"</a>. <i>Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)</i>. 11 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318050718/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/pharmacor-mycophenolate-mycocell-alcept-pharmacor-pty-ltd">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration+%28TGA%29&rft.atitle=Pharmacor+mycophenolate%2C+mycocell%2C+alcept+%28Pharmacor+Pty+Ltd%29&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fprescription-medicines-registrations%2Fpharmacor-mycophenolate-mycocell-alcept-pharmacor-pty-ltd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/info?lang=eng&code=75000">"Myfortic Product information"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></i>. 11 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Canada&rft.atitle=Myfortic+Product+information&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-products.canada.ca%2Fdpd-bdpp%2Finfo%3Flang%3Deng%26code%3D75000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1569/smpc">"Cellcept 1g/5ml powder for oral suspension - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i>(emc)</i>. 27 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163745/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1569/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Cellcept+1g%2F5ml+powder+for+oral+suspension+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1569%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1102/smpc">"Cellcept 250mg Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i>(emc)</i>. 17 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925173738/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1102/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Cellcept+250mg+Capsules+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1102%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1103/smpc">"Cellcept 500mg Film-Coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i>(emc)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925171640/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1103/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28emc%29&rft.atitle=Cellcept+500mg+Film-Coated+Tablets+-+Summary+of+Product+Characteristics+%28SmPC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1103%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=37241e87-4af4-4dc3-a1aa-ea6f20d8dc40">"Cellcept- mycophenolate mofetil tablet, film coated Cellcept- mycophenolate mofetil capsule Cellcept- mycophenolate mofetil hydrochloride injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Cellcept- mycophenolate mofetil powder, for suspension"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024084207/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=37241e87-4af4-4dc3-a1aa-ea6f20d8dc40">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Cellcept-+mycophenolate+mofetil+tablet%2C+film+coated+Cellcept-+mycophenolate+mofetil+capsule+Cellcept-+mycophenolate+mofetil+hydrochloride+injection%2C+powder%2C+lyophilized%2C+for+solution+Cellcept-+mycophenolate+mofetil+powder%2C+for+suspension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D37241e87-4af4-4dc3-a1aa-ea6f20d8dc40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myhibbin_FDA_label-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myhibbin_FDA_label_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d9af72d6-7b3e-4c08-94b9-1d8b499cb7f9">"Myhibbin- mycophenolate mofetil suspension"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Myhibbin-+mycophenolate+mofetil+suspension&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dd9af72d6-7b3e-4c08-94b9-1d8b499cb7f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CellCept_EPAR-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CellCept_EPAR_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CellCept_EPAR_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cellcept">"Cellcept EPAR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA)</i>. 17 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406184051/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cellcept">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Medicines+Agency+%28EMA%29&rft.atitle=Cellcept+EPAR&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2FEPAR%2Fcellcept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TGA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TGA_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-03448-3">"Cellcept"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TGA eBusiness Services</i>. Roche Products Pty Limited. 13 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708204033/https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-03448-3">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TGA+eBusiness+Services&rft.atitle=Cellcept&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebs.tga.gov.au%2Febs%2Fpicmi%2Fpicmirepository.nsf%2Fpdf%3FOpenAgent%26id%3DCP-2010-PI-03448-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCruz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCruz_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCruz_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCruz_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'CruzKhamashtaHughes2007" class="citation journal cs1">D'Cruz DP, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR (February 2007). "Systemic lupus erythematosus". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>369</b> (9561): <span class="nowrap">587–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1008.5428">10.1.1.1008.5428</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960279-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60279-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17307106">17307106</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28468112">28468112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Systemic+lupus+erythematosus&rft.volume=369&rft.issue=9561&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1008.5428%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28468112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17307106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2807%2960279-7&rft.aulast=D%27Cruz&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Khamashta%2C+MA&rft.au=Hughes%2C+GR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHFS2019-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHFS2019_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mycophenolate.html">"Mycophenolate Monograph for Professionals"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421004944/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/mycophenolate.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fmycophenolate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sch2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sch2011_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sch2011_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffMaddreySorrell2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiff ER, Maddrey WC, Sorrell MF (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsxFSx_B4sUC&pg=PT3219"><i>Schiff's Diseases of the Liver</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. PT3219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95048-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-95048-6"><bdi>978-1-119-95048-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429051159/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsxFSx_B4sUC&pg=PT3219">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schiff%27s+Diseases+of+the+Liver&rft.pages=PT3219&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-119-95048-6&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Maddrey%2C+WC&rft.au=Sorrell%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsxFSx_B4sUC%26pg%3DPT3219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Las2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Las2011_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Las2011_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaskinBennettGadd2001" class="citation book cs1">Laskin AI, Bennett JW, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd" title="Geoffrey Michael Gadd">Gadd GM</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WqTtYOVPTMC&pg=PA236"><i>Advances in Applied Microbiology</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-002648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-002648-7"><bdi>978-0-12-002648-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429051159/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WqTtYOVPTMC&pg=PA236">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Applied+Microbiology&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-002648-7&rft.aulast=Laskin&rft.aufirst=AI&rft.au=Bennett%2C+JW&rft.au=Gadd%2C+GM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WqTtYOVPTMC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNF76-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNF76_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>British national formulary : BNF 76</i> (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. <span class="nowrap">826–</span>827. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85711-338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85711-338-2"><bdi>978-0-85711-338-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+national+formulary+%3A+BNF+76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E826-%3C%2Fspan%3E827&rft.edition=76&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-85711-338-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">"The Top 300 of 2022"</a>. <i>ClinCalc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240830202410/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=The+Top+300+of+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FTop300Drugs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/MycophenolateMofetil">"Mycophenolate Mofetil Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"</a>. <i>ClinCalc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ClinCalc&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+Mofetil+Drug+Usage+Statistics%2C+United+States%2C+2013+-+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclincalc.com%2FDrugStats%2FDrugs%2FMycophenolateMofetil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMH2006-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMH2006_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMH2006_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2006" class="citation book cs1">Rossi S, ed. (2006). <a href="/wiki/Australian_Medicines_Handbook" title="Australian Medicines Handbook"><i>Australian Medicines Handbook</i></a>. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757919-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757919-2-9"><bdi>978-0-9757919-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Medicines+Handbook&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Australian+Medicines+Handbook&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9757919-2-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreDerry2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moore RA, Derry S (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794528">"Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials and cohort studies of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis"</a>. <i>Arthritis Research & Therapy</i>. <b>8</b> (6): R182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Far2093">10.1186/ar2093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794528">1794528</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17163990">17163990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+Research+%26+Therapy&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomised+trials+and+cohort+studies+of+mycophenolate+mofetil+in+lupus+nephritis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=R182&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1794528%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17163990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Far2093&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Derry%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1794528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarber2014" class="citation book cs1">Harber M (2014). Harber M (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GQgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA449"><i>Practical nephrology</i></a>. Springer. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5547-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-5547-8"><bdi>978-1-4471-5547-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429051159/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GQgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+nephrology&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-5547-8&rft.aulast=Harber&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GQgBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silverman_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverman_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchinPomeranzPakWashenik1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchin JE, Pomeranz MK, Pak G, Washenik K, Shupack JL (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2897%2970147-6">"Rediscovering mycophenolic acid: a review of its mechanism, side effects, and potential uses"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>37</b> (3 Pt 1): <span class="nowrap">445–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2897%2970147-6">10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70147-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9308561">9308561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+mycophenolic+acid%3A+a+review+of+its+mechanism%2C+side+effects%2C+and+potential+uses&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3+Pt+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2897%2970147-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9308561&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Pomeranz%2C+MK&rft.au=Pak%2C+G&rft.au=Washenik%2C+K&rft.au=Shupack%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0190-9622%252897%252970147-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghHossainKotbWells2016" class="citation journal cs1">Singh JA, Hossain A, Kotb A, Wells GA (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020478">"Comparative effectiveness of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13643-016-0328-z">10.1186/s13643-016-0328-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020478">5020478</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27619512">27619512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comparative+effectiveness+of+immunosuppressive+drugs+and+corticosteroids+for+lupus+nephritis%3A+a+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5020478%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27619512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13643-016-0328-z&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Hossain%2C+A&rft.au=Kotb%2C+A&rft.au=Wells%2C+GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5020478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshJamesJayneTonelli2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh M, James M, Jayne D, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Hemmelgarn BR (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2215%2FCJN.01200307">"Mycophenolate mofetil for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology</i>. <b>2</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">968–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2215%2FCJN.01200307">10.2215/CJN.01200307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17702723">17702723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+for+induction+therapy+of+lupus+nephritis%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E968-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2215%2FCJN.01200307&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17702723&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=James%2C+M&rft.au=Jayne%2C+D&rft.au=Tonelli%2C+M&rft.au=Manns%2C+BJ&rft.au=Hemmelgarn%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2215%252FCJN.01200307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightRussellBarcenaMorris2009" class="citation journal cs1">Knight SR, Russell NK, Barcena L, Morris PJ (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FTP.0b013e3181952623">"Mycophenolate mofetil decreases acute rejection and may improve graft survival in renal transplant recipients when compared with azathioprine: a systematic review"</a>. <i>Transplantation</i>. <b>87</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">785–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FTP.0b013e3181952623">10.1097/TP.0b013e3181952623</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19300178">19300178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33596652">33596652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplantation&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+decreases+acute+rejection+and+may+improve+graft+survival+in+renal+transplant+recipients+when+compared+with+azathioprine%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33596652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19300178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FTP.0b013e3181952623&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Russell%2C+NK&rft.au=Barcena%2C+L&rft.au=Morris%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FTP.0b013e3181952623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemuzziLestiGottiGaneva2004" class="citation journal cs1">Remuzzi G, Lesti M, Gotti E, Ganeva M, Dimitrov BD, Ene-Iordache B, et al. (2004). "Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine for prevention of acute rejection in renal transplantation (MYSS): a randomised trial". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>364</b> (9433): <span class="nowrap">503–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916808-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16808-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302193">15302193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22033113">22033113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+versus+azathioprine+for+prevention+of+acute+rejection+in+renal+transplantation+%28MYSS%29%3A+a+randomised+trial&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=9433&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22033113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15302193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916808-6&rft.aulast=Remuzzi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lesti%2C+M&rft.au=Gotti%2C+E&rft.au=Ganeva%2C+M&rft.au=Dimitrov%2C+BD&rft.au=Ene-Iordache%2C+B&rft.au=Gherardi%2C+G&rft.au=Donati%2C+D&rft.au=Salvadori%2C+M&rft.au=Sandrini%2C+S&rft.au=Valente%2C+U&rft.au=Segoloni%2C+G&rft.au=Mourad%2C+G&rft.au=Federico%2C+S&rft.au=Rigotti%2C+P&rft.au=Sparacino%2C+V&rft.au=Bosmans%2C+JL&rft.au=Perico%2C+N&rft.au=Ruggenenti%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.medscape.com/drug/cellcept-myfortic-mycophenolate-343209#4">"Cellcept, Myfortic (mycophenolate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"</a>. <i>reference.medscape.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430035139/https://reference.medscape.com/drug/cellcept-myfortic-mycophenolate-343209#4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reference.medscape.com&rft.atitle=Cellcept%2C+Myfortic+%28mycophenolate%29+dosing%2C+indications%2C+interactions%2C+adverse+effects%2C+and+more&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.medscape.com%2Fdrug%2Fcellcept-myfortic-mycophenolate-343209%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.org/">"Homepage - BNF Publications"</a>. <i>www.bnf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427213820/https://www.bnf.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bnf.org&rft.atitle=Homepage+-+BNF+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnf.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm177397.htm">"Cellcept (mycophenolate mofetil) August 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>. 14 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821063629/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm177397.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellcept+%28mycophenolate+mofetil%29+August+2009&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FSafety%2FMedWatch%2FSafetyInformation%2FSafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts%2Fucm177397.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm177397.htm">"Cellcept (mycophenolate mofetil) August 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a>. 14 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821063629/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm177397.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellcept+%28mycophenolate+mofetil%29+August+2009&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FSafety%2FMedWatch%2FSafetyInformation%2FSafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts%2Fucm177397.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224081912/http://www.newsinferno.com/archive/fda-issues-second-cellcept-warning/">"FDA Issues Second Cellcept Warning"</a>. newsinferno.com. 18 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsinferno.com/archive/fda-issues-second-cellcept-warning/">the original</a> on 24 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Issues+Second+Cellcept+Warning&rft.pub=newsinferno.com&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsinferno.com%2Farchive%2Ffda-issues-second-cellcept-warning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm092157.htm">"MedWatch Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products"</a>. fda.gov. May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019142831/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm092157.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MedWatch+Safety+Alerts+for+Human+Medical+Products&rft.pub=fda.gov&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FSafety%2FMedWatch%2FSafetyInformation%2FSafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts%2Fucm092157.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drugs.com: Mycophenolic acid <span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/sfx/mycophenolic-acid-side-effects.html">Side Effects</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pharmacology North American Edition</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2014. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-9177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4511-9177-6"><bdi>978-1-4511-9177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmacology+North+American+Edition.&rft.pages=625&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4511-9177-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnhamNijkamp2005" class="citation book cs1">Parnham FP, Nijkamp MJ, eds. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesimmuno00nijk_004"><i>Principles of immunopharmacology</i></a></span> (2nd rev. and extended ed.). Basel: Birkhèauser Verlag. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesimmuno00nijk_004/page/n474">453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3764358044" title="Special:BookSources/978-3764358044"><bdi>978-3764358044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+immunopharmacology&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=453&rft.edition=2nd+rev.+and+extended&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A8auser+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3764358044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesimmuno00nijk_004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuCeballos-PicotTorresLarovere2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fu R, Ceballos-Picot I, Torres RJ, Larovere LE, Yamada Y, Nguyen KV, et al. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999711">"Genotype-phenotype correlations in neurogenetics: Lesch-Nyhan disease as a model disorder"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>137</b> (Pt 5): <span class="nowrap">1282–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt202">10.1093/brain/awt202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3999711">3999711</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23975452">23975452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Genotype-phenotype+correlations+in+neurogenetics%3A+Lesch-Nyhan+disease+as+a+model+disorder&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1282-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3999711%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23975452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt202&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Ceballos-Picot%2C+I&rft.au=Torres%2C+RJ&rft.au=Larovere%2C+LE&rft.au=Yamada%2C+Y&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+KV&rft.au=Hegde%2C+M&rft.au=Visser%2C+JE&rft.au=Schretlen%2C+DJ&rft.au=Nyhan%2C+WL&rft.au=Puig%2C+JG&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+PJ&rft.au=Jinnah%2C+HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3999711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBracewellFraserJones1988" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson HA, Bracewell JM, Fraser AR, Jones D, Robertson GW, Russell JD (December 1988). "5-Hydroxymaltol and mycophenolic acid, secondary metabolites from Penicillium echinulatum". <i>Transactions of the British Mycological Society</i>. <b>91</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">649–</span>651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0007-1536%2888%2980040-8">10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80040-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+British+Mycological+Society&rft.atitle=5-Hydroxymaltol+and+mycophenolic+acid%2C+secondary+metabolites+from+Penicillium+echinulatum&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E649-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0007-1536%2888%2980040-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.au=Bracewell%2C+JM&rft.au=Fraser%2C+AR&rft.au=Jones%2C+D&rft.au=Robertson%2C+GW&rft.au=Russell%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulton-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fulton_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFultonMarkham1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fulton B, Markham A (February 1996). "Mycophenolate mofetil. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in renal transplantation". <i>Drugs</i>. <b>51</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">278–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003495-199651020-00007">10.2165/00003495-199651020-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8808168">8808168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46954073">46954073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil.+A+review+of+its+pharmacodynamic+and+pharmacokinetic+properties+and+clinical+efficacy+in+renal+transplantation&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46954073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8808168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003495-199651020-00007&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Markham%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8588241-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8588241_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRansom1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ransom JT (December 1995). "Mechanism of action of mycophenolate mofetil". <i>Therapeutic Drug Monitoring</i>. <b>17</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">681–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007691-199512000-00023">10.1097/00007691-199512000-00023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8588241">8588241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6439393">6439393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Drug+Monitoring&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+of+mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6439393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8588241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007691-199512000-00023&rft.aulast=Ransom&rft.aufirst=JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooleyJayneGinzlerIsenberg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dooley MA, Jayne D, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Olsen NJ, Wofsy D, et al. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/8623j6697">"Mycophenolate versus azathioprine as maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis"</a>. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>365</b> (20): <span class="nowrap">1886–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1014460">10.1056/NEJMoa1014460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648%2F8250">20.500.12648/8250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22087680">22087680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27689350">27689350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308023022/https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/8623j6697">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+versus+azathioprine+as+maintenance+therapy+for+lupus+nephritis&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1886-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12648%2F8250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27689350%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22087680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1014460&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Jayne%2C+D&rft.au=Ginzler%2C+EM&rft.au=Isenberg%2C+D&rft.au=Olsen%2C+NJ&rft.au=Wofsy%2C+D&rft.au=Eitner%2C+F&rft.au=Appel%2C+GB&rft.au=Contreras%2C+G&rft.au=Lisk%2C+L&rft.au=Solomons%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdr.lib.unc.edu%2Fdownloads%2F8623j6697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24673712-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24673712_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDingZheng2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang W, Ding C, Zheng S (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijcp.12399">"Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium: an update"</a>. <i>International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement</i>. <b>68</b> (181): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijcp.12399">10.1111/ijcp.12399</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24673712">24673712</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2630344">2630344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Clinical+Practice.+Supplement&rft.atitle=Enteric-coated+mycophenolate+sodium%3A+an+update&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=181&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2630344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24673712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijcp.12399&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Ding%2C+C&rft.au=Zheng%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fijcp.12399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8918281-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8918281_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipsky1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lipsky JJ (November 1996). "Mycophenolate mofetil". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>348</b> (9038): <span class="nowrap">1357–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2896%2910310-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10310-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8918281">8918281</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36837474">36837474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=348&rft.issue=9038&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1357-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36837474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8918281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2896%2910310-X&rft.aulast=Lipsky&rft.aufirst=JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDemain2005" class="citation book cs1">Zhang L, Demain AL (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iP0i7x_38ZwC"><i>Natural Products: Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Medicine</i></a>. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-976-9"><bdi>978-1-59259-976-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429051222/https://books.google.com/books?id=iP0i7x_38ZwC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Products%3A+Drug+Discovery+and+Therapeutic+Medicine&rft.place=Totowa%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59259-976-9&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Demain%2C+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiP0i7x_38ZwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegueiraKildegaardHansenMortensen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Regueira TB, Kildegaard KR, Hansen BG, Mortensen UH, Hertweck C, Nielsen J (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126426">"Molecular basis for mycophenolic acid biosynthesis in Penicillium brevicompactum"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>77</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3035–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApEnM..77.3035R">2011ApEnM..77.3035R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.03015-10">10.1128/AEM.03015-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126426">3126426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21398490">21398490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Molecular+basis+for+mycophenolic+acid+biosynthesis+in+Penicillium+brevicompactum&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3035-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3126426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21398490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.03015-10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ApEnM..77.3035R&rft.aulast=Regueira&rft.aufirst=TB&rft.au=Kildegaard%2C+KR&rft.au=Hansen%2C+BG&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+UH&rft.au=Hertweck%2C+C&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3126426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bentley R (October 2000). "Mycophenolic Acid: a one hundred year odyssey from antibiotic to immunosuppressant". <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. <b>100</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">3801–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr990097b">10.1021/cr990097b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11749328">11749328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mycophenolic+Acid%3A+a+one+hundred+year+odyssey+from+antibiotic+to+immunosuppressant&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3801-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr990097b&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11749328&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watt-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watt_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2014" class="citation journal cs1">Watts G (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2960635-8">"Anthony Clifford Allison"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>383</b> (9925): 1290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2960635-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60635-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54281245">54281245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Anthony+Clifford+Allison&rft.volume=383&rft.issue=9925&rft.pages=1290&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2960635-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54281245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252814%252960635-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2000" class="citation journal cs1">Allison AC (May 2000). "Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward". <i>Immunopharmacology</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0162-3109%2800%2900186-7">10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00186-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10878284">10878284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunopharmacology&rft.atitle=Immunosuppressive+drugs%3A+the+first+50+years+and+a+glance+forward&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0162-3109%2800%2900186-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10878284&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonKowalskiMullerEugui1993" class="citation journal cs1">Allison AC, Kowalski WJ, Muller CD, Eugui EM (November 1993). "Mechanisms of action of mycophenolic acid". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>696</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993NYASA.696...63A">1993NYASA.696...63A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1993.tb17143.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17143.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7906496">7906496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34520788">34520788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+action+of+mycophenolic+acid&rft.volume=696&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1993-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1993.tb17143.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34520788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7906496&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993NYASA.696...63A&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Kowalski%2C+WJ&rft.au=Muller%2C+CD&rft.au=Eugui%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonEuguiWangAllison1990" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson PH, Eugui E, Wang CC, Allison AC (February 1990). "Synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of some side-chain variants of mycophenolic acid". <i>Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">833–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00164a057">10.1021/jm00164a057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1967654">1967654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+immunosuppressive+activity+of+some+side-chain+variants+of+mycophenolic+acid&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjm00164a057&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1967654&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=PH&rft.au=Eugui%2C+E&rft.au=Wang%2C+CC&rft.au=Allison%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuguiAllison1993" class="citation journal cs1">Eugui EM, Allison AC (June 1993). "Immunosuppressive activity of mycophenolate mofetil". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>685</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993NYASA.685..309E">1993NYASA.685..309E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1993.tb35881.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35881.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8363235">8363235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9028169">9028169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Immunosuppressive+activity+of+mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=685&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1993.tb35881.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9028169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8363235&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993NYASA.685..309E&rft.aulast=Eugui&rft.aufirst=EM&rft.au=Allison%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonEugui1996" class="citation journal cs1">Allison AC, Eugui EM (February 1996). "Purine metabolism and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)". <i>Clinical Transplantation</i>. <b>10</b> (1 Pt 2): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0012.1996.tb00651.x">10.1111/j.1399-0012.1996.tb00651.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8680053">8680053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Transplantation&rft.atitle=Purine+metabolism+and+immunosuppressive+effects+of+mycophenolate+mofetil+%28MMF%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1+Pt+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-0012.1996.tb00651.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8680053&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Eugui%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonEugui1993" class="citation journal cs1">Allison AC, Eugui EM (1993). "The design and development of an immunosuppressive drug, mycophenolate mofetil". <i>Springer Seminars in Immunopathology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">353–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00192309">10.1007/bf00192309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8322167">8322167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26433174">26433174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springer+Seminars+in+Immunopathology&rft.atitle=The+design+and+development+of+an+immunosuppressive+drug%2C+mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26433174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8322167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00192309&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Eugui%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonEugui1993" class="citation journal cs1">Allison AC, Eugui EM (December 1993). "Immunosuppressive and other effects of mycophenolic acid and an ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil". <i>Immunological Reviews</i>. <b>136</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-065x.1993.tb00652.x">10.1111/j.1600-065x.1993.tb00652.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7907572">7907572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:711727">711727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Immunosuppressive+and+other+effects+of+mycophenolic+acid+and+an+ester+prodrug%2C+mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A711727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7907572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-065x.1993.tb00652.x&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Eugui%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechsteinSuzukiKawamuraJaffee1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bechstein WO, Suzuki Y, Kawamura T, Jaffee B, Allison A, Hullett DA, et al. (1992). "Low-dose combination therapy of DUP-785 and RS-61443 prolongs cardiac allograft survival in rats". <i>Transplant International</i>. <b>5</b> (Suppl 1): S482-3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftri.1992.5.s1.482">10.1111/tri.1992.5.s1.482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14621853">14621853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222199749">222199749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplant+International&rft.atitle=Low-dose+combination+therapy+of+DUP-785+and+RS-61443+prolongs+cardiac+allograft+survival+in+rats&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S482-3&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222199749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14621853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftri.1992.5.s1.482&rft.aulast=Bechstein&rft.aufirst=WO&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Y&rft.au=Kawamura%2C+T&rft.au=Jaffee%2C+B&rft.au=Allison%2C+A&rft.au=Hullett%2C+DA&rft.au=Sollinger%2C+HW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawamuraHullettSuzukiBechstein1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kawamura T, Hullett DA, Suzuki Y, Bechstein WO, Allison AM, Sollinger HW (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007890-199304000-00001">"Enhancement of allograft survival by combination RS-61443 and DUP-785 therapy"</a>. <i>Transplantation</i>. <b>55</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">691–</span>4, discussion 694–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007890-199304000-00001">10.1097/00007890-199304000-00001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8475537">8475537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplantation&rft.atitle=Enhancement+of+allograft+survival+by+combination+RS-61443+and+DUP-785+therapy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E691-%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+discussion+694-5&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007890-199304000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8475537&rft.aulast=Kawamura&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Hullett%2C+DA&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Y&rft.au=Bechstein%2C+WO&rft.au=Allison%2C+AM&rft.au=Sollinger%2C+HW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00007890-199304000-00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorEnsleyOlsenDunn1994" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor DO, Ensley RD, Olsen SL, Dunn D, Renlund DG (1994). "Mycophenolate mofetil (RS-61443): preclinical, clinical, and three-year experience in heart transplantation". <i>The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">571–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7947873">7947873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Heart+and+Lung+Transplantation&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+%28RS-61443%29%3A+preclinical%2C+clinical%2C+and+three-year+experience+in+heart+transplantation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E571-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7947873&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=DO&rft.au=Ensley%2C+RD&rft.au=Olsen%2C+SL&rft.au=Dunn%2C+D&rft.au=Renlund%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fda-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fda_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm148735.htm">"Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Under Review for Cellcept and Myfortic"</a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808102218/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm148735.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risk+Evaluation+and+Mitigation+Strategy+%28REMS%29+Under+Review+for+Cellcept+and+Myfortic&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FDrugSafety%2FPostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders%2Fucm148735.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonlon1995" class="citation web cs1">Donlon DM (15 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/cell-cept.htm">"New Agent to Prevent Kidney Transplant Rejection Now Available"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727040934/http://web.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/cell-cept.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Agent+to+Prevent+Kidney+Transplant+Rejection+Now+Available&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1995-06-15&rft.aulast=Donlon&rft.aufirst=DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FHPS%2Ftransplant%2Fhtml%2Fcell-cept.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726060253/http://www.roche.com/investors/ir_update/inv-update-2004-05-17a.htm">"Cellcept registry data demonstrated superior long-term organ transplant outcomes"</a>. <i>Roche.com</i>. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roche.com/investors/ir_update/inv-update-2004-05-17a.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roche.com&rft.atitle=Cellcept+registry+data+demonstrated+superior+long-term+organ+transplant+outcomes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roche.com%2Finvestors%2Fir_update%2Finv-update-2004-05-17a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MR2015-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MR2015_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_GelderHesselink2015" class="citation journal cs1">van Gelder T, Hesselink DA (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftri.12554">"Mycophenolate revisited"</a>. <i>Transplant International</i>. <b>28</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">508–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ftri.12554">10.1111/tri.12554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25758949">25758949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1673466">1673466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transplant+International&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+revisited&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E508-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1673466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25758949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ftri.12554&rft.aulast=van+Gelder&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Hesselink%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Ftri.12554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMimouniAnhaltCumminsKouba2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Cummins DL, Kouba DJ, Thorne JE, Nousari HC (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.139.6.739">"Treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus with mycophenolate mofetil"</a>. <i>Archives of Dermatology</i>. <b>139</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">739–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.139.6.739">10.1001/archderm.139.6.739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810504">12810504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+pemphigus+vulgaris+and+pemphigus+foliaceus+with+mycophenolate+mofetil&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchderm.139.6.739&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12810504&rft.aulast=Mimouni&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Anhalt%2C+GJ&rft.au=Cummins%2C+DL&rft.au=Kouba%2C+DJ&rft.au=Thorne%2C+JE&rft.au=Nousari%2C+HC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchderm.139.6.739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondZachariahHarris2002" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond MS, Zachariah M, Harris E (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.2002.1685">"Mycophenolic acid inhibits dengue virus infection by preventing replication of viral RNA"</a>. <i>Virology</i>. <b>304</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.2002.1685">10.1006/viro.2002.1685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12504563">12504563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virology&rft.atitle=Mycophenolic+acid+inhibits+dengue+virus+infection+by+preventing+replication+of+viral+RNA&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fviro.2002.1685&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12504563&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.au=Zachariah%2C+M&rft.au=Harris%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fviro.2002.1685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhampunyaUbolHoungCameron2006" class="citation journal cs1">Takhampunya R, Ubol S, Houng HS, Cameron CE, Padmanabhan R (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.81655-0">"Inhibition of dengue virus replication by mycophenolic acid and ribavirin"</a>. <i>The Journal of General Virology</i>. <b>87</b> (Pt 7): <span class="nowrap">1947–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.81655-0">10.1099/vir.0.81655-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16760396">16760396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Virology&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+dengue+virus+replication+by+mycophenolic+acid+and+ribavirin&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=Pt+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1947-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fvir.0.81655-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16760396&rft.aulast=Takhampunya&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Ubol%2C+S&rft.au=Houng%2C+HS&rft.au=Cameron%2C+CE&rft.au=Padmanabhan%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fvir.0.81655-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanChanKaoTo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chan JF, Chan KH, Kao RY, To KK, Zheng BJ, Li CP, et al. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112612">"Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus"</a>. <i>The Journal of Infection</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">606–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2013.09.029">10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112612">7112612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24096239">24096239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infection&rft.atitle=Broad-spectrum+antivirals+for+the+emerging+Middle+East+respiratory+syndrome+coronavirus&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E606-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112612%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24096239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2013.09.029&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Chan%2C+KH&rft.au=Kao%2C+RY&rft.au=To%2C+KK&rft.au=Zheng%2C+BJ&rft.au=Li%2C+CP&rft.au=Li%2C+PT&rft.au=Dai%2C+J&rft.au=Mok%2C+FK&rft.au=Chen%2C+H&rft.au=Hayden%2C+FG&rft.au=Yuen%2C+KY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoHuangLuoWang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Xiao Y, Huang J, Luo H, Wang J (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10875409">"Mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2014</b> (2): CD010242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010242.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010242.pub2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10875409">10875409</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24505016">24505016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Mycophenolate+mofetil+for+relapsing-remitting+multiple+sclerosis&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD010242&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10875409%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24505016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010242.pub2&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft.au=Luo%2C+H&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10875409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycophenolic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immunosuppressive_drugs_/_Immunosuppressants_(L04)180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunosuppressants" title="Template talk:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immunosuppressive_drugs_/_Immunosuppressants_(L04)180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drugs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppressants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L04" title="ATC code L04">L04</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular<br />(initiation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Purine_synthesis_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine synthesis inhibitor">purine synthesis inhibitors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycophenolic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a></i> inhibitors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leflunomide" title="Leflunomide">Leflunomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriflunomide" title="Teriflunomide">Teriflunomide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">antifolate</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolides</a>/<br />other <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL-2</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/FKBP" title="FKBP">FKBP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cyclophilin" title="Cyclophilin">Cyclophilin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">Calcineurin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">Ciclosporin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">Pimecrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voclosporin" title="Voclosporin">Voclosporin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abetimus" title="Abetimus">Abetimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusperimus" title="Gusperimus">Gusperimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulatory_imide_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulatory imide drug">IMiDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">Lenalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">Pomalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PDE4_inhibitor" title="PDE4 inhibitor">PDE4 inhibitor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apremilast" title="Apremilast">Apremilast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular<br />(reception)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">IL-1 receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">Everolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridaforolimus" title="Ridaforolimus">Ridaforolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temsirolimus" title="Temsirolimus">Temsirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umirolimus" title="Umirolimus">Umirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotarolimus" title="Zotarolimus">Zotarolimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serum target<br />(noncellular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5" title="Complement component 5">Complement component 5</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eculizumab" title="Eculizumab">Eculizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/TNF_inhibitor" title="TNF inhibitor">TNF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">Adalimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afelimomab" title="Afelimomab">Afelimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol" title="Certolizumab pegol">Certolizumab pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">Golimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">Infliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerelimomab" title="Nerelimomab">Nerelimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">Interleukin 5</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepolizumab" title="Mepolizumab">Mepolizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">Immunoglobulin E</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsilimomab" title="Elsilimomab">Elsilimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL-23</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">Lebrikizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL-17A</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular<br />target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muromonab-CD3" title="Muromonab-CD3">Muromonab-CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otelixizumab" title="Otelixizumab">Otelixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplizumab" title="Teplizumab">Teplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visilizumab" title="Visilizumab">Visilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clenoliximab" title="Clenoliximab">Clenoliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliximab" title="Keliximab">Keliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanolimumab" title="Zanolimumab">Zanolimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD11a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11a">CD11a</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efalizumab" title="Efalizumab">Efalizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD18" class="mw-redirect" title="CD18">CD18</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlizumab" title="Erlizumab">Erlizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">Obinutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab" title="Ocrelizumab">Ocrelizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascolizumab" title="Pascolizumab">Pascolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">Rituximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ublituximab" title="Ublituximab">Ublituximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomiliximab" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomiliximab">Gomiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiliximab" title="Lumiliximab">Lumiliximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teneliximab" title="Teneliximab">Teneliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toralizumab" title="Toralizumab">Toralizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L-selectin" title="L-selectin">CD62L/L-selectin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aselizumab" title="Aselizumab">Aselizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galiximab" title="Galiximab">Galiximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">CD147/Basigin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavilimomab" title="Gavilimomab">Gavilimomab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frexalimab" title="Frexalimab">Frexalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruplizumab" title="Ruplizumab">Ruplizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>BLyS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belimumab" title="Belimumab">Belimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase" title="Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase">CAT</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertilimumab" title="Bertilimumab">Bertilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">Integrin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalizumab" title="Natalizumab">Natalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedolizumab" title="Vedolizumab">Vedolizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">Interleukin-6 receptor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte_function-associated_antigen_1" title="Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1">LFA-1</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odulimomab" title="Odulimomab">Odulimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IL-2_receptor" title="IL-2 receptor">IL-2 receptor/CD25</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inolimomab" title="Inolimomab">Inolimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T-lymphocyte</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zolimomab_aritox" title="Zolimomab aritox">Zolimomab aritox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorolimumab" title="Atorolimumab">Atorolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Begelomab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begelomab (page does not exist)">Begelomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedelizumab" title="Cedelizumab">Cedelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inebilizumab" title="Inebilizumab">Inebilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslimomab" title="Maslimomab">Maslimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morolimumab" title="Morolimumab">Morolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">Ofatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pexelizumab" title="Pexelizumab">Pexelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reslizumab" title="Reslizumab">Reslizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovelizumab" title="Rovelizumab">Rovelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siplizumab" title="Siplizumab">Siplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talizumab" title="Talizumab">Talizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telimomab_aritox" title="Telimomab aritox">Telimomab aritox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teprotumumab" title="Teprotumumab">Teprotumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapaliximab" title="Vapaliximab">Vapaliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepalimomab" title="Vepalimomab">Vepalimomab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">Polyclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-thymocyte_globulin" title="Anti-thymocyte globulin">Anti-thymocyte globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lymphocyte_globulin" title="Anti-lymphocyte globulin">Anti-lymphocyte globulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-cept (<a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">Fusion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatacept" title="Abatacept">Abatacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatacept" title="Belatacept">Belatacept</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TNF_inhibitor" title="TNF inhibitor">TNF inhibitor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">Etanercept</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinercept (page does not exist)">Opinercept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alefacept" title="Alefacept">Alefacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avacopan" title="Avacopan">Avacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blisibimod" title="Blisibimod">Blisibimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovalimab" title="Crovalimab">Crovalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danicopan" title="Danicopan">Danicopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darvadstrocel" title="Darvadstrocel">Darvadstrocel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diroximel_fumarate" title="Diroximel fumarate">Diroximel fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa" title="Efgartigimod alfa">Efgartigimod alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa/hyaluronidase" title="Efgartigimod alfa/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrasimod" title="Etrasimod">Etrasimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolimod" title="Fingolimod">Fingolimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptacopan" title="Iptacopan">Iptacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itacitinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itacitinib (page does not exist)">Itacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozanimod" title="Ozanimod">Ozanimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegcetacoplan" title="Pegcetacoplan">Pegcetacoplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirfenidone" title="Pirfenidone">Pirfenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponesimod" title="Ponesimod">Ponesimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravulizumab" title="Ravulizumab">Ravulizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanolixizumab" title="Rozanolixizumab">Rozanolixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siponimod" title="Siponimod">Siponimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutimlimab" title="Sutimlimab">Sutimlimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telitacicept" title="Telitacicept">Telitacicept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&oldid=1276103673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&oldid=1276103673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carboxylic_acids" title="Category:Carboxylic acids">Carboxylic acids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Genentech" title="Category:Drugs developed by Genentech">Drugs developed by Genentech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Hoffmann-La_Roche" title="Category:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche">Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immunosuppressants" title="Category:Immunosuppressants">Immunosuppressants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_inventions" title="Category:Italian inventions">Italian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Novartis" title="Category:Drugs developed by Novartis">Drugs developed by Novartis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isobenzofurans" title="Category:Isobenzofurans">Isobenzofurans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenol_ethers" title="Category:Phenol ethers">Phenol ethers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroxyarenes" title="Category:Hydroxyarenes">Hydroxyarenes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phthalides" title="Category:Phthalides">Phthalides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_African_inventions" title="Category:South African inventions">South African inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2024">Use dmy dates from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_drug_with_local_INN_variant" title="Category:Infobox drug with local INN variant">Infobox drug with local INN variant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_non-standard_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with non-standard legal status">Drugs with non-standard legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_verified_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_April_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2020">Vague or ambiguous time from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 22:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycophenolic_acid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycophenolic acid</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>19 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-wknv4","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.284","walltime":"1.473","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10291,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":308527,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14046,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":271381,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1289.262 1 -total"," 42.88% 552.877 1 Template:Reflist"," 32.32% 416.679 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 25.81% 332.715 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.95% 205.603 33 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.70% 202.400 23 Template:Cite_web"," 7.62% 98.299 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.91% 89.048 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.90% 88.929 1 Template:Immunosuppressants"," 6.63% 85.473 17 Template:Unbulleted_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.736","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9730565,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-wdxsq","timestamp":"20250216221153","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mycophenolic acid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycophenolic_acid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q420553","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q420553","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-16T11:27:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T22:11:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/05\/Mycophenolic_acid_ball-and-stick2.png","headline":"chemical compound"}</script> </body> </html>