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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chirality_and_biological_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirality_and_biological_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chirality and biological activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirality_and_biological_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leprosy_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leprosy_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Leprosy treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leprosy_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cancer treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_defect_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_defect_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Birth defect crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_defect_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_in_drug_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_in_drug_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Change in drug regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_in_drug_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_research_involving_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_research_involving_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Impact on research involving women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_research_involving_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Quality of life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thalidomide_analogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thalidomide_analogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Thalidomide analogs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thalidomide_analogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Clinical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Thalidomide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ثاليدوميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثاليدوميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تالیدومید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تالیدومید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Талидомид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Талидомид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Θαλιδομίδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θαλιδομίδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomido" title="Talidomido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Talidomido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تالیدومید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالیدومید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thalidomide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailidim%C3%ADd" title="Tailidimíd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tailidimíd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="탈리도마이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탈리도마이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Թալիդոմիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թալիդոմիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="थैलियोडोमाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थैलियोडोमाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%ADd%C3%B3m%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Talídómíð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Talídómíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomide" title="Talidomide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Talidomide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="תלידומיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תלידומיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="თალიდომიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თალიდომიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Талидомид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Талидомид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ტელადომიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელადომიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thalidomide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="サリドマイド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サリドマイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thalidomid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1" title="ଥାଲିଡୋମାଇଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥାଲିଡୋମାଇଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomida" title="Talidomida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Talidomida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Талидомид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Талидомид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="තැලිමොයිඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තැලිමොයිඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thalidomide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomidi" title="Talidomidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Talidomidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தாலிடோமைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாலிடோமைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talidomid" title="Talidomid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Talidomid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Талідомід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Талідомід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thalidomide" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Immunomodulatory drug which can cause birth defects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the drug. For the thalidomide scandal and birth defect crisis, see <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide_scandal" title="Thalidomide scandal">Thalidomide scandal</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Thalidomide</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg/200px-Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg/300px-Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg/400px-Thalidomide_enantiomers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="591" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/θəˈlɪdəmaɪd/</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Contergan, Thalomid, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">α-Phthalimidoglutarimide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699032.html">a699032</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr> <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">EMA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/search_api_aggregation_ema_active_substance_and_inn_common_name/Thalidomide">by INN</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Thalidomide&SearchType=BasicSearch">Thalidomide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: X (High risk)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L04" title="ATC code L04">L04AX02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L04AX02">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C3" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C3</a> (Immunosuppressive drugs)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><a href="#cite_note-Thalomid_FDA_label-2">[2]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>: Rx-only<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55% and 66% for the (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-enantiomers, respectively<a href="#cite_note-clinp-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (minimally via <a href="/wiki/CYP2C19" title="CYP2C19">CYP2C19</a>-mediated 5-hydroxylation; mostly via non-enzymatic hydrolysis at the four amide sites)<a href="#cite_note-clinp-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5–7.5 hours (dose-dependent)<a href="#cite_note-clinp-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine, feces and semen<a href="#cite_note-clinp-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-35-1">50-35-1</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5426">5426</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=7327">7327</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01041">DB01041</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5233.html">5233</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/4Z8R6ORS6L">4Z8R6ORS6L</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00754">D00754</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:9513">CHEBI:9513</a> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL468">ChEMBL468</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9022524">DTXSID9022524</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.029">100.000.029</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C13H10N2O4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">258.233 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1c2ccccc2C%28%3DO%29N1C3CCC%28%3DO%29NC3%3DO">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">Chirality</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Racemic mixture</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1c2ccccc2C(=O)N1C3CCC(=O)NC3=O</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C13H10N2O4/c16-10-6-5-9(11(17)14-10)15-12(18)7-3-1-2-4-8(7)13(15)19/h1-4,9H,5-6H2,(H,14,16,17) <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N<img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=420478187&page2=Thalidomide">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Skin_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disorder">skin disorders</a> (e.g., complications of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Skin_lesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesion">skin lesions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-7">[7]</a> Thalidomide has been used to treat conditions associated with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aphthous_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphthous ulcers">aphthous ulcers</a>, HIV-associated <a href="/wiki/Wasting_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasting syndrome">wasting syndrome</a>, diarrhea, and <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, but increases in HIV viral load have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a> Common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a> Severe side effects include <a href="/wiki/Tumor_lysis_syndrome" title="Tumor lysis syndrome">tumor lysis syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_clots" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clots">blood clots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-8">[8]</a> Thalidomide is a known human <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a> and carries an extremely high risk of severe, life-threatening birth defects if administered or taken during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a> It causes skeletal deformities such as <a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">amelia</a> (absence of legs and/or arms), absence of bones, and <a href="/wiki/Phocomelia" title="Phocomelia">phocomelia</a> (malformation of the limbs). A single dose of thalidomide, regardless of dosage, is enough to cause <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratogenic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a> Thalidomide was first marketed in 1957 in West Germany, where it was available <a href="/wiki/Over_the_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the counter">over-the-counter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OUP2003-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mill1991-10">[10]</a> When first released, thalidomide was promoted for <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">trouble sleeping</a>, "tension", and <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mill1991-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lou2004-11">[11]</a> While it was initially thought to be safe in pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide_scandal" title="Thalidomide scandal">concerns regarding birth defects</a> arose, resulting in its removal from the market in Europe in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-OUP2003-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mill1991-10">[10]</a> The total number of infants severely harmed by thalidomide use during pregnancy is estimated at over 10,000, possibly 20,000, of whom about 40% died around the time of birth.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mill1991-10">[10]</a> Those who survived had limb, eye, urinary tract, and heart problems.<a href="#cite_note-OUP2003-9">[9]</a> Its initial entry into the US market was prevented by <a href="/wiki/Frances_Kelsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Kelsey">Frances Kelsey</a>, a reviewer at the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-Lou2004-11">[11]</a> The birth defects caused by thalidomide led to the development of greater <a href="/wiki/Drug_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug regulation">drug regulation</a> and monitoring in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-OUP2003-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lou2004-11">[11]</a> It was approved in the United States in 1998 for use as a treatment for cancer.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS-6">[6]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_List_of_Essential_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-12">[12]</a> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BNF76-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg/220px-Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg/330px-Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg/440px-Pack_of_Thalidomide_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Pack of thalidomide capsules</figcaption></figure> Thalidomide is used as a first-line treatment for <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a> or with <a href="/wiki/Melphalan" title="Melphalan">melphalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> to treat acute episodes of <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum_leprosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema nodosum leprosum">erythema nodosum leprosum</a>, as well as for maintenance therapy.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> The bacterium that causes <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB) is related to <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. Thalidomide may be helpful in some cases where <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberculosis management">standard TB drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> are not sufficient to resolve severe inflammation in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is used as a second-line treatment to manage <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">aphthous stomatitis</a> in children and has been prescribed for other conditions in children, including <a href="/wiki/Actinic_prurigo" title="Actinic prurigo">actinic prurigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa" title="Epidermolysis bullosa">epidermolysis bullosa</a>; the evidence for these uses is weak.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is recommended only as a third line treatment in graft-versus-host-disease in adults because of lack of efficacy and side effects observed in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Prescriptions of thalidomide are accompanied by strict measures to avoid any possibility of use during pregnancy, and thalidomide should be avoided in women wanting to conceive.<a href="#cite_note-bermas2019a-21">[21]</a> In the United States, the prescribing doctor is required to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> is being used and that regular pregnancy tests are taken.<a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_thalidomide_side_effects" title="List of thalidomide side effects">List of thalidomide side effects</a></div> Thalidomide <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">causes birth defects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-toxmech2009-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and other regulatory agencies have approved marketing of the drug only with an auditable <a href="/wiki/Risk_evaluation_and_mitigation_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy">risk evaluation and mitigation strategy</a> that ensures that people using the drug are aware of the risks and avoid pregnancy; this applies to both men and women, as the drug can be transmitted in <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toxmech2009-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-bermas2019a-21">[21]</a> There is a high risk that thalidomide can cause excessive <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">blood clots</a>. There is also a high risk that thalidomide can interfere with the production of several types of new blood cells, creating a risk of infection via <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphopenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphopenia">lymphopenia</a>, and risks that blood will not clot via <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a>. There is also a risk of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> via lack of red blood cells. The drug can also damage nerves, causing potentially irreversible <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> Thalidomide has several adverse cardiovascular effects, including risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>, and changes in heart rhythm, such as <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">syncope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_block" title="Atrioventricular block">atrioventricular block</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> Thalidomide can cause <a href="/wiki/Liver_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver damage">liver damage</a> and severe skin reactions like <a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a>. It tends to make people sleepy, which creates risk when driving and operating other machinery. As it kills cancer cells, it can cause <a href="/wiki/Tumor_lysis_syndrome" title="Tumor lysis syndrome">tumor lysis syndrome</a>. Thalidomide can <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">prevent menstruation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> In addition, very common (reported in more than 10% of people) adverse effects include <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, dizziness, tingling, numbness, constipation, and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">peripheral edema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> Common adverse effects (reported by 1–10% of people) include confusion, depressed mood, reduced coordination, heart failure, difficulty breathing, interstitial lung disease, lung inflammation, vomiting, dry mouth, rashes, dry skin, fever, weakness, and a sense of unwellness.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions">Interactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> There are no expected <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetic</a> interactions between thalidomide and other medicines due to its neutral effects on <a href="/wiki/P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">P-glycoprotein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> family. It may interact with sedatives due to its sedative action and bradycardic agents, like beta-blockers, due to its bradycardia-inducing effects. The risk of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">peripheral neuropathy</a> may be increased by concomitant treatment of thalidomide with other agents known to cause peripheral neuropathy.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-24">[24]</a> The risk of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolisms</a> with thalidomide seems to be increased when patients are treated with <a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptives">oral contraceptives</a> or other cytotoxic agents (including <a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">doxorubicin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melphalan" title="Melphalan">melphalan</a>) concurrently. Thalidomide may interfere with various contraceptives, and hence it is advised that women of reproductive age use at least two different means of contraception to ensure that no child will be conceived while they are taking thalidomide.<a href="#cite_note-UKlabel2017-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-USlabel2017-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-TGA-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> As of 2013, eighteen cases of overdoses had been reported with doses of up to 14.4 grams, none of them fatal.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-24">[24]</a> No specific antidote for overdose exists and treatment is purely <a href="/wiki/Supportive_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive treatment">supportive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> The precise mechanism of action for thalidomide was not known until the twenty-first century,<a href="#cite_note-Yamamoto-25">[25]</a> although efforts to identify thalidomide's <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratogenic</a> action generated more than 2,000 research papers and the proposal of 15 or 16 plausible mechanisms by 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Stephens2000-26">[26]</a> The primary mechanism of action of thalidomide and its analogs in both their anti-cancer and teratogenic effects is now known to be as <a href="/wiki/Cereblon" title="Cereblon">cereblon</a> <a href="/wiki/E3_ligase" class="mw-redirect" title="E3 ligase">E3 ligase</a> modulators.<a href="#cite_note-Yamamoto-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Thalidomide also binds to and acts as an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> and hence is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a> of some capacity.<a href="#cite_note-LiuSu2010-30">[30]</a> In accordance, it can produce <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> as side effects in men.<a href="#cite_note-NuttallWarrier2015-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirality_and_biological_activity">Chirality and biological activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chirality and biological activity">edit</a>]</div> Thalidomide is provided as a <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic mixture</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a>; while there are reports that only one of the enantiomers may cause birth defects, the body converts each enantiomer into the other through mechanisms that are not well understood.<a href="#cite_note-toxmech2009-22">[22]</a> The (R)-enantiomer has the desired sedative effect while the (S)-enantiomer harbors embryo-toxic and teratogenic effects. Attempting to extract solely R-thalidomide does not remove the risk of birth defects, as it was demonstrated that the "safe" R-thalidomide undergoes an in vivo <a href="/wiki/Chiral_inversion" title="Chiral inversion">chiral inversion</a> to the "teratogenic" S-thalidomide. Under biological conditions, the enantiomers interconvert (bidirectional chiral inversion – (R)- to (S)- and vice versa).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalidomide-structures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thalidomide-structures.png/300px-Thalidomide-structures.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thalidomide-structures.png/450px-Thalidomide-structures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thalidomide-structures.png/600px-Thalidomide-structures.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>The two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantiomers">enantiomers</a> of thalidomide: Left: (S)-(−)-thalidomide Right: (R)-(+)-thalidomide</figcaption></figure> Thalidomide is <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic</a>; while S-thalidomide is the bioactive form of the molecule, the individual enantiomers can <a href="/wiki/Racemization" title="Racemization">racemize</a> to each other due to the acidic hydrogen at the <a href="/wiki/Chiral_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral centre">chiral centre</a>, which is the carbon of the <a href="/wiki/Glutarimide" title="Glutarimide">glutarimide</a> ring bonded to the <a href="/wiki/Phthalimide" title="Phthalimide">phthalimide</a> <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituent</a>. The racemization process can occur <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clinp-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-stereospecific44-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14505639-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett2004-36">[36]</a> The process of conversion of one enantiomer to its mirror-image version with no other change in the molecule is called chiral inversion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celgene_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Celgene Corporation">Celgene Corporation</a> originally synthesized thalidomide using a three-step sequence starting with <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">L-glutamic acid</a> treatment, but this has since been reformed by the use of <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">L-glutamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-synth-38">[38]</a> As shown in the image below, N-carbethoxyphthalimide (1) can react with L-glutamine to yield N-phthaloyl-L-glutamine (2). Cyclization of N-phthaloyl-L-glutamine occurs using <a href="/wiki/Carbonyldiimidazole" title="Carbonyldiimidazole">carbonyldiimidazole</a>, which then yields thalidomide (3).<a href="#cite_note-synth-38">[38]</a> Celgene Corporation's original method resulted in a 31% yield of S-thalidomide, whereas the two-step synthesis yields 85–93% product that is 99% pure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2023, it is reported that <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">phthalic anhydride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">L-glutamine</a> under suitable conditions can react directly to form thalidomide. In the procedure, phthalic anhydride and L-glutamine are grounded and added into <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> solvent. The solution, along with <a href="/wiki/Triethylamine" title="Triethylamine">triethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a>, is refluxed at ~110°C for 9 hours; after that the solution goes through a simple <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum filtration">vacuum filtration</a> procedure to obtain the product.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalidomide_syntehsis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thalidomide_syntehsis.png/567px-Thalidomide_syntehsis.png" decoding="async" width="567" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thalidomide_syntehsis.png/851px-Thalidomide_syntehsis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thalidomide_syntehsis.png/1134px-Thalidomide_syntehsis.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Muller et al.'s two-step thalidomide synthesis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1952, thalidomide was synthesised by <a href="/wiki/Novartis#Ciba-Geigy" title="Novartis">Chemical Industry Basel</a>, but was found "to have no effect on animals" and was discarded on that basis.<a href="#cite_note-themee-40">[40]</a> In 1957, it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnenthal" title="Grünenthal">Chemie Grünenthal</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-themee-40">[40]</a> The German company had been established as a soap maker after World War II ended, to address the urgent market need for antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCckter" title="Heinrich Mückter">Heinrich Mückter</a><a href="#cite_note-ktnyt-42">[42]</a> was appointed to head the discovery program based on his experience working with the German army's antiviral research. While preparing <a href="/wiki/Reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagents">reagents</a> for the work, Mueckter's assistant Wilhelm Kunz isolated a by-product that was recognized by pharmacologist Herbert Keller as an analog of <a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>. The medicinal chemistry work turned to improving the lead compound into a suitable drug: the result was thalidomide. The toxicity was examined in several animals, and the drug was introduced in 1956 as a sedative, but it was never tested on pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Researchers at Chemie Grünenthal found that thalidomide was a particularly effective <a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">antiemetic</a> that had an inhibitory effect on <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a> On 1 October 1957, the company launched thalidomide and began marketing it under the trade name Contergan.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bombay-46">[46]</a> It was proclaimed a "wonder drug" for <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, coughs, colds and headaches.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During that period, the use of medications during pregnancy was not strictly controlled, and drugs were not thoroughly tested for potential harm to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a> Thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. At the time of the drug's development, scientists did not believe any drug taken by a pregnant woman could pass across the <a href="/wiki/Placental_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental barrier">placental barrier</a> and harm the developing fetus.<a href="#cite_note-Chem1994-48">[48]</a> There soon appeared reports of abnormalities in children being born to mothers using thalidomide. In late 1959, it was noticed that <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral neuritis">peripheral neuritis</a> developed in patients who took the drug over a period of time, and it was only after this point that thalidomide ceased to be provided over the counter.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> While initially considered safe, the drug was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a> deformities in children born after their mothers used it during pregnancies, prior to the third trimester. In November 1961, thalidomide was taken off the market due to massive pressure from the press and public.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Experts estimate that thalidomide led to the death of approximately 2,000 children and serious birth defects in more than 10,000 children, with over half of them in West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Thalidomide-induced_teratogenesis-51">[51]</a> The regulatory authorities in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> never approved thalidomide.<a href="#cite_note-oncozine.com-52">[52]</a> One reason for the initially unobserved side effects of the drug and the subsequent approval in West Germany was that at that time drugs did not have to be tested for teratogenic effects. They were tested for toxicity on rodents only, as was usual at the time.<a href="#cite_note-VFA-53">[53]</a> In the UK, the British pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/The_Distillers_Company" title="The Distillers Company">The Distillers Company</a> (Biochemicals) Ltd, a subsidiary of Distillers Co. Ltd (now part of <a href="/wiki/Diageo_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Diageo plc">Diageo plc</a>), marketed thalidomide throughout the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, under the brand name Distaval, as a remedy for <a href="/wiki/Morning_sickness" title="Morning sickness">morning sickness</a>. Their advertisement claimed that "Distaval can be given with complete safety to pregnant women and nursing mothers without adverse effect on mother or child ... Outstandingly safe Distaval has been prescribed for nearly three years in this country."<a href="#cite_note-oncozine.com-52">[52]</a> Globally, more pharmaceutical companies started to produce and market the drug under license from Chemie Grünenthal. By the mid-1950s, 14 pharmaceutical companies were marketing thalidomide in 46 countries under at least 37 different trade names.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the US, representatives from Chemie Grünenthal approached <a href="/wiki/Smith,_Kline_%26_French" title="Smith, Kline & French">Smith, Kline & French</a> (SKF), now <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, with a request to market and distribute the drug in North America. A memorandum, rediscovered in 2010 in the archives of the FDA, shows that in 1956–57, as part of its in-licensing approach, Smith, Kline and French conducted animal tests and ran a clinical trial of the drug in the US involving 875 people, including pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 1956, researchers involved in clinical trials at SKF noted that, even when used in very high doses, thalidomide could not induce sleep in mice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When administered at doses 50 to 650 times larger than that claimed by Chemie Grünenthal to be "sleep-inducing", the researchers could still not achieve the hypnotic effect in animals that it had on humans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After completion of the trial, and based on reasons kept hidden for decades, SKF declined to commercialize the drug. In 1958, Chemie Grünenthal reached an agreement with the William S. Merrell Company in Cincinnati, Ohio (<a href="/wiki/Marion_Merrell_Dow#Richardson-Merrell" title="Marion Merrell Dow">later Richardson-Merrell</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>), to market and distribute thalidomide throughout the US.<a href="#cite_note-oncozine.com-52">[52]</a> The US FDA refused to approve thalidomide for marketing and distribution. However, the drug was distributed in large quantities for testing purposes, after the American distributor and manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Marion_Merrell_Dow#Richardson-Merrell" title="Marion Merrell Dow">Richardson-Merrell</a> had applied for its approval in September 1960.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The official in charge of the FDA review, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a>, did not rely on information from the company, which did not include any test results. Richardson-Merrell was called on to perform tests and report the results. The company demanded approval six times and was refused each time. The distribution for "testing" resulted in 17 children born in the US with thalidomide-induced malformations. Oldham Kelsey was awarded the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Award_for_Distinguished_Federal_Civilian_Service" title="President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service">President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service</a> by President Kennedy in 1962 for not allowing thalidomide to be approved for sale in the US. She was also inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Canada's Food and Drug Directorate approved the sale of thalidomide by prescription in November 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Peritz2014-56">[56]</a> There were many different forms sold: Kevadon, produced by the William S. Merrell Company seeking approval for its thalidomide product, was released on the market in April 1961, and the most common variant (Horner's Talimol) was put on the market on October 23 of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14076167-57">[57]</a> Two months after Talimol went on sale, pharmaceutical companies sent physicians letters warning about the risk of birth defects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14076167-57">[57]</a> It was not until March 1962 that both drugs were banned from the Canadian market by the directorate, and soon afterward physicians were warned to destroy their supplies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14076167-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leprosy_treatment">Leprosy treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leprosy treatment">edit</a>]</div> In 1964, Israeli physician <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sheskin" title="Jacob Sheskin">Jacob Sheskin</a> administered thalidomide to a patient critically ill with <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>. The patient exhibited <a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">erythema nodosum leprosum</a> (ENL), a painful skin condition, one of the complications of leprosy. The treatment was attempted despite the ban on thalidomide's use, and the results were favourable: the patient slept for hours and was able to get out of bed without aid upon awakening. A clinical trial studying the use of thalidomide in leprosy soon followed.<a href="#cite_note-Silverman-58">[58]</a> Thalidomide has been used by Brazilian physicians as the drug of choice for the treatment of severe ENL since 1965, and by 1996, at least 33 cases of thalidomide embryopathy were recorded in people born in Brazil after 1965.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Since 1994, the production, dispensing, and prescription of thalidomide have been strictly controlled, requiring women to use two forms of birth control and submit to regular pregnancy tests. Despite this, cases of thalidomide embryopathy continue,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> with at least 100 cases identified in Brazil between 2005 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> 5.8 million thalidomide pills were distributed throughout Brazil in this time period, largely to poor Brazilians in areas with little access to healthcare, and these cases have occurred despite the controls.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1998, the FDA approved the drug's use in the treatment of ENL.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-fda-63">[63]</a> Because of thalidomide's potential for causing birth defects, the drug may be distributed only under tightly controlled conditions. The FDA required that <a href="/wiki/Celgene_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Celgene Corporation">Celgene Corporation</a>, which planned to market thalidomide under the brand name Thalomid, establish a system for thalidomide education and prescribing safety (STEPS) oversight program. The conditions required under the program include limiting prescription and dispensing rights to authorized prescribers and pharmacies only, keeping a registry of all patients prescribed thalidomide, providing extensive patient education about the risks associated with the drug, and providing periodic pregnancy tests for women who take the drug.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-fda-63">[63]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> stated that it did not recommend thalidomide for leprosy due to the difficulty of adequately controlling its use, and due to the availability of <a href="/wiki/Clofazimine" title="Clofazimine">clofazimine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_treatment">Cancer treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cancer treatment">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the teratogenic properties of thalidomide were recognized in the mid-1960s, its anti-cancer potential was explored and two clinical trials were conducted in people with advanced cancer, including some people with multiple myeloma; the trials were inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-Kyle-65">[65]</a> Little further work was done with thalidomide in cancer until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Kyle-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a> pioneered studies into the role of <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> (the proliferation and growth of blood vessels) in the development of cancer, and in the early 1970s had shown that <a href="/wiki/Solid_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid tumors">solid tumors</a> could not expand without it.<a href="#cite_note-NASbio-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-67">[67]</a> In 1993 he surprised the scientific world by hypothesizing the same was true of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancers">blood cancers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Folkman-68">[68]</a> and the next year he published work showing that a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> of angiogenesis was higher in all people with cancer, but especially high in people with blood cancers, and other evidence emerged as well.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Meanwhile, a member of his lab, Robert D'Amato, who was looking for <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiogenesis inhibitors">angiogenesis inhibitors</a>, discovered in 1994 that thalidomide inhibited angiogenesis<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and was effective in suppressing tumor growth in rabbits.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Around that time, the wife of a man who was dying of multiple myeloma and whom standard treatments had failed, called Folkman asking him about his anti-angiogenesis ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-67">[67]</a> Folkman persuaded the patient's doctor to try thalidomide, and that doctor conducted a clinical trial of thalidomide for people with multiple myeloma in which about a third of the subjects responded to the treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-67">[67]</a> The results of that trial were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-nejm-myeloma-72">[72]</a> After further work was done by Celgene and others, in 2006 the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of newly diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a> patients.<a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It was also evaluated whether thalidomide can be combined with melphalan and prednisone for patients with multiple myeloma. This combination of drugs probably increases the overall survival.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_defect_crisis">Birth defect crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Birth defect crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide_scandal" title="Thalidomide scandal">Thalidomide scandal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NCP14053.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NCP14053.jpg/220px-NCP14053.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NCP14053.jpg/330px-NCP14053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/NCP14053.jpg/440px-NCP14053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>Baby born to a mother who had taken thalidomide while pregnant</figcaption></figure> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with deformities, such as <a href="/wiki/Phocomelia" title="Phocomelia">phocomelia</a>, as a consequence of thalidomide use.<a href="#cite_note-Bren-75">[75]</a> The severity and location of the deformities depended on how many days into the pregnancy the mother was before beginning treatment, with the time-sensitive window occurring approximately between day 20 and day 36 post-fertilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Thalidomide-induced_teratogenesis-51">[51]</a> Thalidomide taken on the 20th day of pregnancy caused central brain damage, day 21 would damage the eyes, day 22 the ears and face, day 24 the arms, and leg damage would occur if taken up to day 28.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is not known exactly how many worldwide victims of the drug there have been, although estimates range from 10,000 to 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-answers-76">[76]</a> Despite the side effects, thalidomide was sold in pharmacies in Canada until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14076167-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niko_von_Glasow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Niko_von_Glasow.jpg/220px-Niko_von_Glasow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Niko_von_Glasow.jpg/330px-Niko_von_Glasow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Niko_von_Glasow.jpg/440px-Niko_von_Glasow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Niko von Glasow, German filmmaker</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Mercer" title="Lorraine Mercer">Lorraine Mercer</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a> of the United Kingdom, born with <a href="/wiki/Phocomelia" title="Phocomelia">phocomelia</a> of both arms and legs, is the only thalidomide survivor to carry the Olympic Torch.<a href="#cite_note-Tamplin-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quasthoff" title="Thomas Quasthoff">Thomas Quasthoff</a>, an internationally acclaimed bass-baritone, describes himself: "1.34 meters tall, short arms, seven fingers — four right, three left — large, relatively well-formed head, brown eyes, distinctive lips; profession: singer".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niko_von_Glasow" title="Niko von Glasow">Niko von Glasow</a> produced a documentary called <a href="/wiki/NoBody%27s_Perfect" title="NoBody's Perfect">NoBody's Perfect</a>, based on the lives of 12 people affected by the drug, which was released in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merc%C3%A9des_Benegbi" title="Mercédes Benegbi">Mercédes Benegbi</a>, born with phocomelia of both arms, drove the successful campaign for compensation from her government for Canadians who were affected by thalidomide.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Fraser_(actor)" title="Mat Fraser (actor)">Mat Fraser</a>, born with phocomelia of both arms, is an English rock musician, actor, writer and performance artist. He produced a 2002 television documentary "Born Freak", which looked at this historical tradition and its relevance to modern disabled performers. This work has become the subject of academic analysis in the field of disability studies.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li>Sue Kent, born in 1963 with phocomelia of both arms, eight inches long, no thumbs, and seven fingers – three on one hand, four on the other - has appeared as a presenter on the BBC TV show <a href="/wiki/Gardener%27s_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardener's World">Gardener's World</a> since 2020, demonstrating her ability to garden using her feet and toes where others would use their hands.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lohr" title="Christian Lohr">Christian Lohr</a>, born in 1962 with phocomelia of both arms and both legs, is a Swiss politician who served for 14 years in the legislature in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_Thurgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton Thurgau">Canton Thurgau</a> including 2 years as its president and has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">national legislature</a> since 2011.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_in_drug_regulations">Change in drug regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Change in drug regulations">edit</a>]</div> The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs, such as the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Kefauver_Harris_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefauver Harris Amendment">Kefauver Harris Amendment</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> (US), 1965 <a href="/wiki/Directive_65/65/EEC1" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 65/65/EEC1">Directive 65/65/EEC1</a> (EU),<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medicines_Act_1968" title="Medicines Act 1968">Medicines Act 1968</a> (UK).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the United States, the new regulations strengthened the FDA, among other ways, by requiring applicants to prove efficacy and to disclose all side effects encountered in testing.<a href="#cite_note-Bren-75">[75]</a> The FDA subsequently initiated the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Efficacy_Study_Implementation" title="Drug Efficacy Study Implementation">Drug Efficacy Study Implementation</a> to reclassify drugs already on the market.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_research_involving_women">Impact on research involving women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Impact on research involving women">edit</a>]</div> In 1977 the US Federal Drug Administration published a clinical trial guideline that excluded women of "childbearing potential" from the early phases of most clinical trials, which in practice led to their exclusion from later trial phases as well.<a href="#cite_note-Merkatz_1998-89">[89]</a> This 1977 FDA guideline was implemented in response to a protectionist climate caused by the thalidomide tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-Merkatz_1998-89">[89]</a> In the 1980s, a US task force on women's health concluded that a lack of women's health research (in part due to the FDA guideline) had compromised the amount and quality of information available about diseases and treatments affecting women.<a href="#cite_note-Merkatz_1998-89">[89]</a> This led to the National Institute of Health policy that women should, when beneficial, be included in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-Merkatz_1998-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_of_life">Quality of life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Quality of life">edit</a>]</div> In the 1960s, thalidomide was successfully marketed as a safer alternative to <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>. Due to a successful marketing campaign, thalidomide was widely used by pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy. However, thalidomide is a <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a> substance, and a proportion of children born during the 1960s had thalidomide embryopathy (TE).<a href="#cite_note-Wadman_e0210222-90">[90]</a> Of these babies born with TE, "about 40% of them died before their first birthday".<a href="#cite_note-40_years_later:_the_health_related-91">[91]</a> The surviving individuals are now middle-aged and they report experiencing challenges (physical, psychological, and socioeconomic) related to TE.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Individuals born with TE frequently experience a wide variety of health problems secondary to their TE. These health conditions include both physical and psychological conditions. When compared to individuals of similar demographic profiles, those born with TE report less satisfaction with their quality of life and their overall health.<a href="#cite_note-Wadman_e0210222-90">[90]</a> Access to healthcare services can also be a challenge for these people, and women, in particular, have experienced difficulty in locating healthcare professionals who can understand and embrace their needs.<a href="#cite_note-40_years_later:_the_health_related-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> Brand names include Contergan, Thalomid, Talidex, Talizer, Neurosedyn, Distaval, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-pubchem-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Research efforts have been focused on determining how thalidomide causes birth defects and its other activities in the human body, efforts to develop safer analogs, and efforts to find further uses for thalidomide.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thalidomide_analogs">Thalidomide analogs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Thalidomide analogs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_analogs_of_thalidomide" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of analogs of thalidomide">Development of analogs of thalidomide</a></div> The exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Antiangiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiangiogenic">antiangiogenic</a> and immunomodulatory activities of thalidomide has led to the study and creation of thalidomide <a href="/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">analogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10447943-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11740816-95">[95]</a> Celgene has sponsored numerous clinical trials with analogues to thalidomide, such as <a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">lenalidomide</a>, that are substantially more powerful and have fewer side effects — except for greater <a href="/wiki/Myelosuppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelosuppression">myelosuppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2005, Celgene received FDA approval for <a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">lenalidomide</a> (Revlimid) as the first commercially useful derivative. Revlimid is available only in a restricted distribution setting to avoid its use during pregnancy. Further studies are being conducted to find safer compounds with useful qualities. Another more potent analog, <a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">pomalidomide</a>, is now FDA-approved.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Apremilast" title="Apremilast">apremilast</a> was approved by the FDA in March 2014. These <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_thalidomide_and_its_analogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery and development of thalidomide and its analogs">thalidomide analogs</a> can be used to treat different diseases, or used in a regimen to fight two conditions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Interest turned to <a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">pomalidomide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Derivative_(chemistry)" title="Derivative (chemistry)">derivative</a> of thalidomide marketed by <a href="/wiki/Celgene_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Celgene Corporation">Celgene</a>. It is a very active anti-angiogenic agent<a href="#cite_note-pmid11740816-95">[95]</a> and also acts as an <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">immunomodulator</a>. Pomalidomide was approved in February 2013 by the FDA as a treatment for relapsed and refractory <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-P1-99">[99]</a> It received a similar approval from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in August 2013, and is expected to be marketed in Europe under the brand name Imnovid.<a href="#cite_note-P2-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_research">Clinical research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Clinical research">edit</a>]</div> There is no conclusive evidence that thalidomide or <a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">lenalidomide</a> is useful to bring about or maintain remission in Crohn's disease.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Thalidomide was studied in a Phase II trial for <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, a rare soft-tissue cancer most commonly seen in the immunocompromised, that is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus" title="Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus">Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus</a> (KSHV).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>AIDS wasting syndrome,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> associated diarrhea<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">Renal cell carcinoma</a> (RCC)<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Glioblastoma multiforme">Glioblastoma multiforme</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behcet%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Behcet's syndrome">Behcet's syndrome</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Chronic heart failure<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Graft-versus-host disease<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172781-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculous_meningitis" title="Tuberculous meningitis">Tuberculous meningitis</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Thalidomide&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=9423&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1802-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208789946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15172781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916308-3&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+GR&rft.au=Figg%2C+WD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093114/https://www.grunenthal.com/about-us/history">"Grünenthal: Where we come from"</a>. 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Annals of Internal Medicine. 128 (6): 443–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004">10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9499327">9499327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12089634">12089634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Thalidomide+in+the+treatment+of+the+mucocutaneous+lesions+of+the+Beh%C3%A7et+syndrome.+A+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12089634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9499327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004&rft.aulast=Hamuryudan&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Mat%2C+C&rft.au=Saip%2C+S&rft.au=Ozyazgan%2C+Y&rft.au=Siva%2C+A&rft.au=Yurdakul%2C+S&rft.au=Zwingenberger%2C+K&rft.au=Yazici%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisHafner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis RS, Hafner R (April 2015). "Advancing host-directed therapy for tuberculosis". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 15 (4): 255–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnri3813">10.1038/nri3813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25765201">25765201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1452130">1452130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Immunology&rft.atitle=Advancing+host-directed+therapy+for+tuberculosis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1452130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25765201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnri3813&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Hafner%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephensBrynner2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephens T, Brynner R (24 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkremedyimpact00step">Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and Its Revival as a Vital Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Books">Perseus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0590-8"><bdi>978-0-7382-0590-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Remedy%3A+The+Impact+of+Thalidomide+and+Its+Revival+as+a+Vital+Medicine&rft.pub=Perseus+Books&rft.date=2001-12-24&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0590-8&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Brynner%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarkremedyimpact00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightleyEvans1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Knightley" title="Phillip Knightley">Knightley P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Evans" title="Harold Evans">Evans H</a> (1979). Suffer The Children: The Story of Thalidomide. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Viking_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Viking Press">The Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-68114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-68114-3"><bdi>978-0-670-68114-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suffer+The+Children%3A+The+Story+of+Thalidomide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Viking+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-670-68114-3&rft.aulast=Knightley&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Evans%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalidomide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaemmrich2015" class="citation web cs1">Daemmrich A (7 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/remind-me-again-what-is-thalidomide-and-how-did-it-cause-so-much-harm-46847">"Remind me again, what is thalidomide and how did it cause so much harm"</a>. The Conversation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Remind+me+again%2C+what+is+thalidomide+and+how+did+it+cause+so+much+harm&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Daemmrich&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fremind-me-again-what-is-thalidomide-and-how-did-it-cause-so-much-harm-46847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThalidomide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Angiostatin" title="Angiostatin">angiostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage-Derived_Angiogenesis_Inhibitory_Factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilage-Derived Angiogenesis Inhibitory Factor">Cartilage-Derived Angiogenesis Inhibitory Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CM101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CM101 (page does not exist)">CM101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endostatin" title="Endostatin">endostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">IFN-α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linomide" title="Linomide">linomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase_inhibitor" title="Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor">matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelet factor-4">platelet factor-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SU5416" class="mw-redirect" title="SU5416">SU5416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasquinimod" title="Tasquinimod">tasquinimod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecogalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecogalan (page does not exist)">tecogalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrathiomolybdate" title="Tetrathiomolybdate">tetrathiomolybdate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin" title="Thrombospondin">thrombospondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin" title="Thrombospondin">thrombospondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNP-470" title="TNP-470">TNP-470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEGFR" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGFR">VEGFR antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">Angiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Angiogenesis_inhibitors" title="Category:Angiogenesis inhibitors">Angiogenesis inhibitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immunosuppressive_drugs_/_Immunosuppressants_(L04)180" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunosuppressants" title="Template talk:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunosuppressants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immunosuppressive_drugs_/_Immunosuppressants_(L04)180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drugs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppressants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L04" title="ATC code L04">L04</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular (initiation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine_synthesis_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine synthesis inhibitor">purine synthesis inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_dehydrogenase" title="Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase">dihydroorotate dehydrogenase</a> inhibitors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leflunomide" title="Leflunomide">Leflunomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriflunomide" title="Teriflunomide">Teriflunomide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifolate" title="Antifolate">antifolate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">Macrolides</a>/ other <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL-2</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FKBP" title="FKBP">FKBP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cyclophilin" title="Cyclophilin">Cyclophilin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">Calcineurin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">Ciclosporin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimecrolimus" title="Pimecrolimus">Pimecrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voclosporin" title="Voclosporin">Voclosporin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abetimus" title="Abetimus">Abetimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusperimus" title="Gusperimus">Gusperimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulatory_imide_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulatory imide drug">IMiDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenalidomide" title="Lenalidomide">Lenalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomalidomide" title="Pomalidomide">Pomalidomide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDE4_inhibitor" title="PDE4 inhibitor">PDE4 inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apremilast" title="Apremilast">Apremilast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular (reception)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">IL-1 receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MTOR" title="MTOR">mTOR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">Everolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridaforolimus" title="Ridaforolimus">Ridaforolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temsirolimus" title="Temsirolimus">Temsirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umirolimus" title="Umirolimus">Umirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotarolimus" title="Zotarolimus">Zotarolimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serum target (noncellular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_5" title="Complement component 5">Complement component 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eculizumab" title="Eculizumab">Eculizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNF_inhibitor" title="TNF inhibitor">TNF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adalimumab" title="Adalimumab">Adalimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afelimomab" title="Afelimomab">Afelimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certolizumab_pegol" title="Certolizumab pegol">Certolizumab pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golimumab" title="Golimumab">Golimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">Infliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerelimomab" title="Nerelimomab">Nerelimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakinra" title="Anakinra">Anakinra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">Interleukin 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepolizumab" title="Mepolizumab">Mepolizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">Immunoglobulin E</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsilimomab" title="Elsilimomab">Elsilimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL-23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">Lebrikizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustekinumab" title="Ustekinumab">Ustekinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL-17A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secukinumab" title="Secukinumab">Secukinumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muromonab-CD3" title="Muromonab-CD3">Muromonab-CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otelixizumab" title="Otelixizumab">Otelixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teplizumab" title="Teplizumab">Teplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visilizumab" title="Visilizumab">Visilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clenoliximab" title="Clenoliximab">Clenoliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliximab" title="Keliximab">Keliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanolimumab" title="Zanolimumab">Zanolimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD11a" class="mw-redirect" title="CD11a">CD11a</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efalizumab" title="Efalizumab">Efalizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD18" class="mw-redirect" title="CD18">CD18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erlizumab" title="Erlizumab">Erlizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD20" title="CD20">CD20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obinutuzumab" title="Obinutuzumab">Obinutuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab" title="Ocrelizumab">Ocrelizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascolizumab" title="Pascolizumab">Pascolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">Rituximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ublituximab" title="Ublituximab">Ublituximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">CD23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomiliximab" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomiliximab">Gomiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiliximab" title="Lumiliximab">Lumiliximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD40_(protein)" title="CD40 (protein)">CD40</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teneliximab" title="Teneliximab">Teneliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toralizumab" title="Toralizumab">Toralizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-selectin" title="L-selectin">CD62L/L-selectin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aselizumab" title="Aselizumab">Aselizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD80" title="CD80">CD80</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galiximab" title="Galiximab">Galiximab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">CD147/Basigin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavilimomab" title="Gavilimomab">Gavilimomab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">CD154</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frexalimab" title="Frexalimab">Frexalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruplizumab" title="Ruplizumab">Ruplizumab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>BLyS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belimumab" title="Belimumab">Belimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol_acetyltransferase" title="Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase">CAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertilimumab" title="Bertilimumab">Bertilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">Integrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natalizumab" title="Natalizumab">Natalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedolizumab" title="Vedolizumab">Vedolizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-6_receptor" title="Interleukin-6 receptor">Interleukin-6 receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte_function-associated_antigen_1" title="Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1">LFA-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odulimomab" title="Odulimomab">Odulimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IL-2_receptor" title="IL-2 receptor">IL-2 receptor/CD25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basiliximab" title="Basiliximab">Basiliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inolimomab" title="Inolimomab">Inolimomab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T-lymphocyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zolimomab_aritox" title="Zolimomab aritox">Zolimomab aritox</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atorolimumab" title="Atorolimumab">Atorolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Begelomab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begelomab (page does not exist)">Begelomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedelizumab" title="Cedelizumab">Cedelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inebilizumab" title="Inebilizumab">Inebilizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslimomab" title="Maslimomab">Maslimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morolimumab" title="Morolimumab">Morolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofatumumab" title="Ofatumumab">Ofatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pexelizumab" title="Pexelizumab">Pexelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reslizumab" title="Reslizumab">Reslizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovelizumab" title="Rovelizumab">Rovelizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siplizumab" title="Siplizumab">Siplizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talizumab" title="Talizumab">Talizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telimomab_aritox" title="Telimomab aritox">Telimomab aritox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teprotumumab" title="Teprotumumab">Teprotumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapaliximab" title="Vapaliximab">Vapaliximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepalimomab" title="Vepalimomab">Vepalimomab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">Polyclonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-thymocyte_globulin" title="Anti-thymocyte globulin">Anti-thymocyte globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lymphocyte_globulin" title="Anti-lymphocyte globulin">Anti-lymphocyte globulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-cept (<a href="/wiki/Fusion_protein" title="Fusion protein">Fusion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" class="mw-redirect" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatacept" title="Abatacept">Abatacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belatacept" title="Belatacept">Belatacept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNF_inhibitor" title="TNF inhibitor">TNF inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etanercept" title="Etanercept">Etanercept</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opinercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opinercept (page does not exist)">Opinercept</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alefacept" title="Alefacept">Alefacept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilonacept" title="Rilonacept">Rilonacept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avacopan" title="Avacopan">Avacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimekizumab" title="Bimekizumab">Bimekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blisibimod" title="Blisibimod">Blisibimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briakinumab" title="Briakinumab">Briakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodalumab" title="Brodalumab">Brodalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canakinumab" title="Canakinumab">Canakinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovalimab" title="Crovalimab">Crovalimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danicopan" title="Danicopan">Danicopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darvadstrocel" title="Darvadstrocel">Darvadstrocel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diroximel_fumarate" title="Diroximel fumarate">Diroximel fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa" title="Efgartigimod alfa">Efgartigimod alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efgartigimod_alfa/hyaluronidase" title="Efgartigimod alfa/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etrasimod" title="Etrasimod">Etrasimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolimod" title="Fingolimod">Fingolimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guselkumab" title="Guselkumab">Guselkumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iptacopan" title="Iptacopan">Iptacopan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itacitinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itacitinib (page does not exist)">Itacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixekizumab" title="Ixekizumab">Ixekizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Netakimab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netakimab (page does not exist)">Netakimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokizumab" title="Olokizumab">Olokizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozanimod" title="Ozanimod">Ozanimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegcetacoplan" title="Pegcetacoplan">Pegcetacoplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirfenidone" title="Pirfenidone">Pirfenidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponesimod" title="Ponesimod">Ponesimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravulizumab" title="Ravulizumab">Ravulizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risankizumab" title="Risankizumab">Risankizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanolixizumab" title="Rozanolixizumab">Rozanolixizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satralizumab" title="Satralizumab">Satralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltuximab" title="Siltuximab">Siltuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siponimod" title="Siponimod">Siponimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirukumab" title="Sirukumab">Sirukumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesolimab" title="Spesolimab">Spesolimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutimlimab" title="Sutimlimab">Sutimlimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telitacicept" title="Telitacicept">Telitacicept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tildrakizumab" title="Tildrakizumab">Tildrakizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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