Architecture - About Tunnelling

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mod-list"> <li class="item-481 parent"><a href="/en/why-go-underground" ><span>Why</span><br>go underground</a></li><li class="item-503 parent"><a href="/en/how-to-go-underground" ><span>How</span><br>to go underground</a></li><li class="item-537 active parent"><a href="/en/use-of-underground-spaces" ><span>Use</span><br>of underground spaces</a></li><li class="item-580 parent"><a href="/en/cases-histories" ><span>Case</span><br>Histories</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="row-fluid"> <main id="content" role="main" class="span12">  <div id="system-message-container"> </div> <div class="moduletable"> <div aria-label="Fil d'Ariane" role="navigation"> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb"> <li class="active"> <span class="divider icon-location"></span> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/en/use-of-underground-spaces" class="pathway"><span itemprop="name">Use of underground spaces</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB" /> <div class="page-header"> <h1> Architecture </h1> </div> <ul class="pager pagenav"> <li class="previous"> <a class="hasTooltip" title="Mining" aria-label="Previous article: Mining" href="/en/use-of-underground-spaces/mining" rel="prev"> <span class="icon-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> <div itemprop="articleBody"><a href="/en/use-of-underground-spaces/architecture?tmpl=component&format=pdf" onclick="window.open(this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;" title="PDF" rel="nofollow" class="pdfButton"><img src="/templates/about-tunnelling/images/system/pdf_button.png"></a> <p> The rediscovery of subterranean construction during the industrial revolution was not especially positive. During mass urban migrations, factory workers were housed in <span class="mytool"><abbr title="A below-grade portion of a building. See also basement">cellars</abbr></span> and <span class="mytool"><abbr title="A below-grade portion of a partially or mostly above-ground building">basements</abbr></span>, in cold, <span class="mytool"><abbr title="Miner's term for gases other than air which might be encoutered in an underground excavation.">damp</abbr></span>, badly ventilated rooms. The proletariat lived in unhygienic. Unhealthy. Wretched conditions. At the end of the 19th century, some 20,000 people lived in basements in Amsterdam alone. Aboveground city expansion primarily accommodated the rapidly growing middle class. Who wanted. Like the old elites. To live well in spacious surroundings.</p> <h3> ITA Recommended Papers</h3> <p> This presentation has been made by Ms. Sushma Goh, Singapore, during the ITA Open session In Singapore 2004. This presentation is fully illustrated by diagrams and photographs of good examples of <span class="mytool"><abbr title="Below ground level">underground</abbr></span> space architecture. She challenged our industry to always consider the human aspects of our industry.</p> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/k2/attachments/public/SlideSushma.pdf" target="_blank" title="Opens document in new window" type="pdf">slides</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  </main> </div>  <script src="https://www.ita-aites.org/Common/sponsors.js?1732345212"></script> </div> </div>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.ita-aites.org/Common/footer.css?1732345212" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://www.ita-aites.org/Common/footer.js?1732345212"></script> </body> </html>

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