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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="إيمانويل ليفيناس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيمانويل ليفيناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Еманюел Левинас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еманюел Левинас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Εμανυέλ Λεβινάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμανυέλ Λεβινάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="امانوئل لویناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امانوئل لویناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A7%88%EB%89%98%EC%97%98_%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4" title="에마뉘엘 레비나스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에마뉘엘 레비나스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="עמנואל לוינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמנואל לוינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ემანუელ ლევინასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემანუელ ლევინასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuels_Levins" title="Emanuels Levins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emanuels Levins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuelis_Levinas" title="Emanuelis Levinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emanuelis Levinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ايمانويل ليفيناس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايمانويل ليفيناس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9" title="エマニュエル・レヴィナス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エマニュエル・レヴィナス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Левинас, Эммануэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левинас, Эммануэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Емануел Левинас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емануел Левинас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas" title="Emmanuel Lévinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Emmanuel Lévinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Еммануель Левінас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еммануель Левінас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Emmanuel Levinas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="伊曼紐爾·列維納斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊曼紐爾·列維納斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_L%C3%A9vinas&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Lévinas">Emmanuel Lévinas</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lithuanian-French philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Emmanuel Levinas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/220px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/330px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/440px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Emmanuelis Levinas</div><br />12 January 1906, <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a> 30 December 1905<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kovno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Governorate" title="Kovno Governorate">Kovno Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (present-day Kaunas, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-12-25)</span> (aged 89)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine">Clichy</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> (no degree)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27universit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'université">Dr</a>, 1929)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Docteur_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Docteur d'État">DrE</a>, 1961)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Existential phenomenology</a><sup id="cite_ref-DLL_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DLL-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">"The Other"</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_(philosophy)" title="Face-to-face (philosophy)">"The Face"</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Emmanuel Levinas</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛmanɥɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>levinas]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jewish</a> ancestry who is known for his work within <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>, focusing on the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Emanuelis Levinas</b> (later adapted to <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> as Emmanuel Levinas) was born in 1906 into a <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Litvak</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, then Kovno district, at the Western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Because of the disruptions of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in 1916, where they stayed during the Russian revolutions of February and October 1917. In 1920 his family returned to the Republic of Lithuania. Levinas's early education was in secular, Russian-language schools in Kaunas and Kharkiv.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his family's return to the Republic of Lithuania, Levinas spent two years at a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> before departing for France, where he commenced his university education. </p><p>Levinas began his philosophical studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> in 1923,<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his lifelong friendship with the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a>. In 1928, he went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> for two semesters to study <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> under <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> he also met <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, whose philosophy greatly impressed him. Levinas would in the early 1930s be one of the first French intellectuals to draw attention to Heidegger and Husserl by translating, in 1931, Husserl's <i><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Meditations" title="Cartesian Meditations">Cartesian Meditations</a></i> (with the help of Gabrielle Peiffer and with advice from <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Alexandre Koyré</a>) and by drawing on their ideas in his own philosophy, in works such as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl</i></span></i> (<i>The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology</i>; his 1929/30 <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a>), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">De l'Existence à l'Existant</i></span></i> (<i>From Existence to Existents</i>; 1947), and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">En Découvrant l’Existence avec Husserl et Heidegger</i></span></i> (<i>Discovering Existence with Husserl and Heidegger</i>; first edition, 1949, with additions, 1967). In 1929 he was awarded his doctorate (<i><a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27universit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'université">Doctorat d'université</a></i> degree) by the University of Strasbourg for his thesis on the meaning of intuition in the philosophy of Husserl, published in 1930. </p><p>Levinas became a naturalized French citizen in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergo2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergo2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When France declared war on Germany, he reported for military duty as a translator of Russian and French.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the German invasion of France in 1940, his military unit was surrounded and forced to surrender. Levinas spent the rest of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> in a camp near <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Levinas was assigned to a special barrack for Jewish prisoners, who were forbidden any form of religious worship. Life in the Fallingbostel camp was difficult, but his status as a prisoner of war protected him from <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>'s concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivry_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivry-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prisoners saw him frequently jotting in a notebook. These jottings were later developed into his book <i>De l'Existence à l'Existant</i> (1947) and a series of lectures published under the title <i>Le Temps et l'Autre</i> (1948). His wartime notebooks have now been published in their original form as <i>Œuvres: Tome 1, Carnets de captivité: suivi de Écrits sur la captivité; et, Notes philosophiques diverses</i> (2009). </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a> helped Levinas's wife and daughter spend the war in a monastery, thus sparing them from the Holocaust. Blanchot, at considerable personal risk, also saw to it that Levinas was able to keep in contact with his immediate family through letters and other messages. Other members of Levinas's family were not so fortunate; his mother-in-law was deported and never heard from again, while his father and brothers were killed by the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> in Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Second World War, he studied the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> under the enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a>, whose influence he acknowledged only late in his life. </p><p>Levinas's first book-length essay, <i><a href="/wiki/Totality_and_Infinity" title="Totality and Infinity">Totality and Infinity</a></i> (1961), was written as his <i><a href="/wiki/Doctorat_d%27%C3%89tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorat d'État">Doctorat d'État</a></i> primary thesis (roughly equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a> thesis). His secondary thesis was titled <i>Études sur la phénoménologie</i> (<i>Studies on Phenomenology</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Schrift_p._159_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrift_p._159-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earning his habilitation, Levinas taught at a private Jewish High School in Paris, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_normale_Isra%C3%A9lite_orientale_(Paris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École normale Israélite orientale (Paris) (page does not exist)">École normale Israélite orientale (Paris)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_Isra%C3%A9lite_orientale_(Paris)" class="extiw" title="fr:École normale Israélite orientale (Paris)">fr</a>]</span>, eventually becoming its director.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in 1957 at the International Meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Toumliline" title="Monastery of Toumliline">monastery of Toumliline</a>, a conference focused on contemporary challenges and interfaith dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levinas began teaching at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Poitiers" title="University of Poitiers">University of Poitiers</a> in 1961, at the Nanterre campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> in 1967, and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> in 1973, from which he retired in 1979. He published his second major philosophical work, <i>Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence</i>, in 1974. He was also a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In 1989 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for Philosophy. </p><p>According to his obituary in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Levinas's_obituary_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinas's_obituary-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levinas came to regret his early enthusiasm for Heidegger, after the latter joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>. Levinas explicitly framed several of his mature philosophical works as attempts to respond to Heidegger's philosophy in light of its ethical failings. </p><p>His son is the composer <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Levinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaël Levinas">Michaël Levinas</a>, and his son-in-law is the French mathematician <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Hansel" class="extiw" title="fr:Georges Hansel">Georges Hansel</a>. Among his most famous students is Rabbi Baruch Garzon from Tetouan (Morocco), who studied with Levinas at the Sorbonne, and later went on to become one of the most important Rabbis of the Spanish-speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, Levinas emerged from the circle of intellectuals surrounding the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Wahl" title="Jean Wahl">Jean Wahl</a> as a leading French thinker. His work is based on the <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">the Other</a> or, in Levinas's terms, on "ethics as first philosophy". For Levinas, the Other is not knowable and cannot be made into an object of the self, as is done by traditional <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> (which Levinas called "<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>"). Levinas prefers to think of philosophy as the "wisdom of love" rather than the "love of wisdom" (the usual translation of the Greek "φιλοσοφία"). In his view, responsibility towards the Other precedes any "objective searching after truth". </p><p>Levinas derives the primacy of his ethics from the experience of the encounter with the Other. For Levinas, the irreducible relation, the epiphany, of the <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_(philosophy)" title="Face-to-face (philosophy)">face-to-face</a>, the encounter with another, is a privileged <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a> in which the other person's proximity and distance are both strongly felt. "The Other precisely <i>reveals</i> himself in his <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a> not in a shock negating the I, but as the primordial phenomenon of gentleness."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the revelation of the face makes a demand, and this demand is before one can express or know one's freedom to affirm or deny.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One instantly recognizes the transcendence and <a href="/wiki/Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">heteronomy</a> of the Other. Even murder fails as an attempt to take hold of this otherness. </p><p>While critical of traditional theology, Levinas does require that a "trace" of the Divine be acknowledged within an ethics of Otherness. This is especially evident in his thematization of debt and guilt. "A face is a trace of itself, given over to my responsibility, but to which I am wanting and faulty. It is as though I were responsible for his mortality, and guilty for surviving."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moral "authority" of the face of the Other is felt in my "infinite responsibility" for the Other.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The face of the Other comes towards me with its infinite moral demands while emerging out of the trace. </p><p>Apart from this morally imposing emergence, the Other’s face might well be adequately addressed as "Thou" (along the lines proposed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>) in whose welcoming countenance I might find great comfort, love and communion of souls—but not a moral demand bearing down upon me from a height. "Through a trace the irreversible past takes on the profile of a ‘He.’ The beyond from which a face comes is in the third person."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is because the Other also emerges from the <i>illeity</i> of a He (<i>il</i> in French) that I instead fall into infinite debt vis-à-vis the Other in a situation of utterly asymmetrical obligations: I owe the Other everything, the Other owes me nothing. The trace of the Other is the heavy shadow of God, the God who commands, "<a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a>!"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levinas takes great pains to avoid straightforward theological language.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very metaphysics of signification subtending theological language is suspected and suspended by evocations of how traces work differently than signs. Nevertheless, the divinity of the trace is also undeniable: "the trace is not just one more word: it is the proximity of God in the countenance of my fellowman."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a sense, it is divine commandment without divine authority. </p><p>Following <i><a href="/wiki/Totality_and_Infinity" title="Totality and Infinity">Totality and Infinity</a></i>, Levinas later argued that responsibility for the other is rooted within the subjective constitution. The first line of the preface of this book is "everyone will readily agree that it is of the highest importance to know whether we are not duped by morality."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea appears in his thoughts on recurrence (chapter 4 in <i><a href="/wiki/Otherwise_than_Being" title="Otherwise than Being">Otherwise than Being</a></i>), in which Levinas maintains that subjectivity is formed in and through subjection to the other. Subjectivity, Levinas argued, is primordially ethical, not theoretical: that is to say, responsibility for the other is not a derivative feature of subjectivity, but instead, <i>founds</i> subjective being-in-the-world by giving it a meaningful direction and orientation. Levinas's thesis "ethics as first philosophy", then, means that the traditional philosophical pursuit of knowledge is secondary to a basic ethical duty to the other. To meet the Other is to have the idea of Infinity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elderly Levinas was a distinguished French public intellectual, whose books reportedly sold well. He had a major influence on the younger, but more well-known <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, whose seminal <i>Writing and Difference</i> contains an essay, "Violence and Metaphysics", that was instrumental in expanding interest in Levinas in France and abroad. Derrida also delivered a eulogy at Levinas's funeral, later published as <i>Adieu à Emmanuel Levinas</i>, an appreciation and exploration of Levinas's moral philosophy. In a memorial essay for Levinas, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a> claimed that "If one defines a great philosopher as someone without whom philosophy would not have been what it is, then in France there are two great philosophers of the 20th Century: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a> and Lévinas."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work has been a source of controversy since the 1950s, when <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> criticized his account of the subject as being necessarily masculine, as defined against a feminine other.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other feminist philosophers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tina_Chanter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tina Chanter (page does not exist)">Tina Chanter</a> and the artist-thinker <a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have defended him against this charge, increasing interest in his work in the 2000s brought a reevaluation of the possible misogyny of his account of the feminine, as well as a critical engagement with his French nationalism in the context of colonialism. Among the most prominent of these are critiques by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stella_Sandford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stella Sandford (page does not exist)">Stella Sandford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have also been responses which argue that these critiques of Levinas are misplaced.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For three decades, Levinas gave short talks on <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, a medieval French rabbi, every Shabbat morning at the Jewish high school in Paris where he was the principal. This tradition strongly influenced many generations of students.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dardenne_brothers" title="Dardenne brothers">Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dardenne_Study_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dardenne_Study-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renowned Belgian filmmakers, have referred to Levinas as an important underpinning for their filmmaking ethics. </p><p>In his book <i>Levinas and the Cinema of Redemption: Time, Ethics, and the Feminine</i>, author <a href="/wiki/Sam_B._Girgus" title="Sam B. Girgus">Sam B. Girgus</a> argues that Levinas has dramatically affected films involving redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magician <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>'s <i>A Book of Secrets</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> references Levinas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A full bibliography of all Levinas's publications up until 1981 is found in Roger Burggraeve <i>Emmanuel Levinas</i> (1982). </p><p>A list of works, translated into English but not appearing in any collections, may be found in <a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Critchley, S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernasconi" title="Robert Bernasconi">Bernasconi, R.</a> (eds.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Levinas</i> (Cambridge UP, 2002), pp. 269–270. </p> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li>1929. <i>Sur les « Ideen » de M. E. Husserl</i></li> <li>1930. <i>La théorie de l'intuition dans la phénoménologie de Husserl</i> (<i>The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology</i>)</li> <li>1931. <i>Der Begriff des Irrationalen als philosophisches Problem</i> (with Heinz Erich Eisenhuth)</li> <li>1931. <i>Fribourg, Husserl et la phénoménologie</i></li> <li>1931. <i>Les recherches sur la philosophie des mathématiques en Allemagne, aperçu général</i> (with W. Dubislav)</li> <li>1931. <i>Méditations cartésiennes. Introduction à la phénoménologie</i> (with Edmund Husserl and Gabrielle Peiffer)</li> <li>1932. <i>Martin Heidegger et l'ontologie</i></li> <li>1934. <i>La présence totale</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lavelle" title="Louis Lavelle">Louis Lavelle</a>)</li> <li>1934. <i>Phénoménologie</i></li> <li>1934. <i>Quelques réflexions sur la philosophie de l'hitlérisme</i></li> <li>1935. <i>De l'évasion</i></li> <li>1935. <i>La notion du temps</i> (with N. Khersonsky)</li> <li>1935. <i>L'actualité de Maimonide</i></li> <li>1935. <i>L'inspiration religieuse de l'Alliance</i></li> <li>1936. <i>Allure du transcendental</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Georges_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Georges Bénézé">Georges Bénézé</a>)</li> <li>1936. <i>Esquisses d'une énergétique mentale</i> (with J. Duflo)</li> <li>1936. <i>Fraterniser sans se convertir</i></li> <li>1936. <i>Les aspects de l'image visuelle</i> (with R. Duret)</li> <li>1936. <i>L'esthétique française contemporaine</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Feldman" title="Valentin Feldman">Valentin Feldman</a>)</li> <li>1936. <i>L'individu dans le déséquilibre moderne</i> (with R. Munsch)</li> <li>1936. <i>Valeur</i> (with Georges Bénézé)</li> <li>1947. <i>De l'existence à l'existant</i> (<i>Existence and Existents</i>)</li> <li>1948. <i>Le Temps et l'Autre</i> (<i>Time and the Other</i>)</li> <li>1949. <i>En Découvrant l’Existence avec Husserl et Heidegger</i> (<i>Discovering Existence with Husserl and Heidegger</i>)</li> <li>1961. <i>Totalité et Infini: essai sur l'extériorité</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Totality_and_Infinity" title="Totality and Infinity">Totality and Infinity</a>: An Essay on Exteriority</i>)</li> <li>1962. <i>De l'Évasion</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Escape (page does not exist)">On Escape</a></i>)</li> <li>1963 & 1976. <i>Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism</i></li> <li>1968. <i>Quatre lectures talmudiques</i></li> <li>1972. <i>Humanisme de l'autre homme</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humanism_of_the_Other&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humanism of the Other (page does not exist)">Humanism of the Other</a></i>)</li> <li>1974. <i>Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Otherwise_than_Being" title="Otherwise than Being">Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence</a></i>)</li> <li>1976. <i>Sur Maurice Blanchot</i></li> <li>1976. <i>Noms propres</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proper Names (page does not exist)">Proper Names</a></i>) - includes the essay <i>"Sans nom"</i> ("Nameless")</li> <li>1977. <i>Du Sacré au saint – cinq nouvelles lectures talmudiques</i></li> <li>1980. <i>Le Temps et l'Autre</i></li> <li>1982. <i>L'Au-delà du verset: lectures et discours talmudiques</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyond_the_Verse:_Talmudic_Readings_and_Lectures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyond the Verse: Talmudic Readings and Lectures (page does not exist)">Beyond the Verse: Talmudic Readings and Lectures</a></i>)</li> <li>1982. <i>Of God Who Comes to Mind</i></li> <li>1982. <i>Ethique et infini</i> (<i>Ethics and Infinity: Dialogues of Emmanuel Levinas and Philippe Nemo</i>)</li> <li>1984. <i>Transcendence et intelligibilité</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendence_and_Intelligibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendence and Intelligibility (page does not exist)">Transcendence and Intelligibility</a></i>)</li> <li>1988. <i>A l'Heure des nations</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Time_of_the_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Time of the Nations (page does not exist)">In the Time of the Nations</a></i>)</li> <li>1991. <i>Entre Nous</i></li> <li>1995. <i>Altérité et transcendence</i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alterity_and_Transcendence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alterity and Transcendence (page does not exist)">Alterity and Transcendence</a></i>)</li> <li>1998. <i>De l’obliteration. Entretien avec Françoise Armengaud à propos de l’œuvre de Sosno</i> (»<i>On Obliteration: Discussing Sacha Sosno</i>, trans. Richard A. Cohen, in: <i>Art and Text</i> (winter 1989), 30-41.)</li> <li>2006. <i>Œuvres: Tome 1, Carnets de captivité: suivi de Écrits sur la captivité ; et, Notes philosophiques diverses</i>, Posthumously published by Grasset & Fasquelle</li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles in English</dt></dl> <ul><li>"A Language Familiar to Us". <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i> 44 (Summer 1980). New York: Telos Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_(philosophy)" title="Face-to-face (philosophy)">Face-to-face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">The Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ejler_L%C3%B8gstrup" title="Knud Ejler Løgstrup">Knud Ejler Løgstrup</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DLL-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DLL_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andris Breitling, Chris Bremmers, Arthur Cools (eds.), <i>Debating Levinas’ Legacy</i>, Brill, 2015, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergo, Bettina, "Emmanuel Levinas", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/levinas/">https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/levinas/</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonfiction.fr/article-6364-lanachronisme_constitutif_de_lexistence_juive.htm"><i>L'anachronisme constitutif de l'existence juive</i> – Nonfiction.fr</a>: "<i>Première remarque, sans doute à l'humour décalé : l'auteur de ces lignes a toujours entendu Emmanuel Levinas réclamer que l'on écrive son nom correctement, c'est-à-dire sans accent.</i>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/L%C3%A9vinas/129718">Larousse.fr</a> also employs the non-accented form.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another form of the surname is <b>Lévinas</b> according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levinas.fr/levinas/biographie.asp">Levinas.fr</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/emmanuel-levinas/">Universalis.fr</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337960/Emmanuel-Levinas">Britannica.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation is the same whether the name is written <i>Levinas</i> or <i>Lévinas</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoyn2005" class="citation book cs1">Moyn, S. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofotherem00moyn"><i>Origins of the Other: Emmanuel Levinas between Revelation and Ethics</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofotherem00moyn/page/23">23–24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801473661" title="Special:BookSources/9780801473661"><bdi>9780801473661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Other%3A+Emmanuel+Levinas+between+Revelation+and+Ethics&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801473661&rft.aulast=Moyn&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofotherem00moyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro" class="citation web cs1">Shapiro, Susan E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/routwriting/emmanuel_levinas_1906_1995">"Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995)"</a>. <i>Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopedia of Writers and Their Work</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Literature%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Writers+and+Their+Work&rft.atitle=Emmanuel+Levinas+%281906-1995%29&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Froutwriting%2Femmanuel_levinas_1906_1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergo2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergo2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergo" class="citation web cs1">Bergo, Bettina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/levinas/">"Emmanuel Levinas"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosopher</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosopher&rft.atitle=Emmanuel+Levinas&rft.aulast=Bergo&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flevinas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivry-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivry_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvry2010" class="citation web cs1">Ivry, Benjamin (11 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/125385/a-loving-levinas-on-war/">"A Loving Levinas on War"</a>. <i>Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=A+Loving+Levinas+on+War&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Ivry&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F125385%2Fa-loving-levinas-on-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergo2019" class="citation cs2">Bergo, Bettina (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/levinas/">"Emmanuel Levinas"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dimmid.org&rft.atitle=Pont+Toumliline+English+-+DIMMID&rft.date=2022-06&rft.aulast=Pont&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdimmid.org%2Findex.asp%3FType%3DB_BASIC%26SEC%3D%257B647E5337-0D2E-42C0-B307-75D22155DE77%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattelart2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mattelart, Armand (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzYlBQAAQBAJ"><i>Por una mirada-mundo - Armand Mattelart - Conversaciones con Michel Sénécal</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial GEDISA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9784-803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9784-803-9"><bdi>978-84-9784-803-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Por+una+mirada-mundo+-+Armand+Mattelart+-+Conversaciones+con+Michel+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9cal&rft.pub=Editorial+GEDISA&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=978-84-9784-803-9&rft.aulast=Mattelart&rft.aufirst=Armand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzYlBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinas's_obituary-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinas's_obituary_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfels1995" class="citation news cs1">Steinfels, Peter (1995-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/27/world/emmanuel-levinas-90-french-ethical-philosopher.html">"Emmanuel Levinas, 90, French Ethical Philosopher"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Emmanuel+Levinas%2C+90%2C+French+Ethical+Philosopher&rft.date=1995-12-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F12%2F27%2Fworld%2Femmanuel-levinas-90-french-ethical-philosopher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Levinas, <i><a href="/wiki/Totality_and_Infinity" title="Totality and Infinity">Totality and Infinity</a>: An Essay on Exteriority</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Lingis" title="Alphonso Lingis">Alphonso Lingis</a>, transl. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969), p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For recent reflections on the ethical-political imports of Levinas's tradition (and biography), along with the examination of the notion of the <i>face-to-face</i> in relation to <i>le visage</i>, while taking into account the Levantine/Palestinian standpoint on conflict, see: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, "Uneasy Meditations Following Levinas," <i>Studia Phaenomelnologica</i>, Vol. 6 (2006), pp. 293–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel Levinas, <i>Otherwise than Being</i>, trans. A. Lingis (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1974), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinas, Entre Nous, trans. M. B. Smith & B. Harshav (New York: Columbia, 1998), p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinas, "The Trace of the Other," in <i>Deconstruction in Context</i>, ed. M. Taylor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinas, <i>Difficult Freedom</i>, trans. S. Hand (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1990), p. 8f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A face does not function in proximity as a sign of a hidden God who would impose the neighbor on me." <i>Otherwise than Being</i>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinas, <i>Entre Nous</i>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Levinas, <i><a href="/wiki/Totality_and_Infinity" title="Totality and Infinity">Totality and Infinity</a>: An Essay on Exteriority</i> (<a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Lingis" title="Alphonso Lingis">Alphonso Lingis</a>, transl. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: "<i>Aborder Autrui [...] c'est donc recevoir d'Autrui au-delà de la capacité du Moi: ce qui signifie exactement: avoir l'idée de l'infini.</i>" in <i>Totalité et Infini</i>, Martinus Nijhoff, La Haye, 1991, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105000553/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/print.asp?editorial_id=9839">"Radical Philosophy - print friendly"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/print.asp?editorial_id=9839">the original</a> on 2011-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radical+Philosophy+-+print+friendly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radicalphilosophy.com%2Fprint.asp%3Feditorial_id%3D9839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beauvoir2009" class="citation book cs1">de Beauvoir, S. (2009). <i>The Second Sex</i>. New York: Vintage. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307277787" title="Special:BookSources/9780307277787"><bdi>9780307277787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Sex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780307277787&rft.aulast=de+Beauvoir&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracha L. Ettinger in conversation with Emmanuel Lévinas, (1991–1993). Time is the Breath of the Spirit. Translated by C. Ducker and J. Simas (with portrait-photos of E. L. taken by Bracha L.E.). Oxford: MOMA, 1993. Reprinted (Hebrew) in: Iyyun, Oct. 1994. Reprinted (Russian) in: Kabinet, Prilozehnie nº 3, 1994. Reprinted as "Un monde sans moi" (French) in: Athanor nº 5: 29–33, 1994. Reprinted in: Kaninet – An Anthology. Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmanuel Lévinas in conversation with Bracha L. Ettinger, (1991–1993). "Le féminin est cette différence inouïe". Four one-off Artist's Books, 1994. Reprinted as "Que dirait Eurydice?" Braka! nº 8, 1997. Reprinted as "Que dirait Eurydice?"/"What Would Eurydice Say?" (English/French) to coincide with Kabinet exhibition, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. Paris: BLE Atelier, 1997. Reprinted in Athena: Philosophical Studies. Vol. 2, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critchley, S. 2004. "Five Problems in Levinas’ View of Politics and the Sketch of a Solution to Them". Political Theory 32, 2;172-185. V. also Sandford, S. 2001. The Metaphysics of Love: Gender and Transcendence in Levinas, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaletti2016" class="citation journal cs1">Galetti, Dino (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdcu.be/6nYT">"Of Levinas' 'structure' in address to his four 'others'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Continental Philosophy Review</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 509–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11007-015-9346-0">10.1007/s11007-015-9346-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254797828">254797828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Continental+Philosophy+Review&rft.atitle=Of+Levinas%27+%27structure%27+in+address+to+his+four+%27others%27&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-532&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11007-015-9346-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254797828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Galetti&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frdcu.be%2F6nYT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818080740/https://hartman.org.il/Research_And_Comment_View.asp?Article_Id=456&Cat_Id=323&Cat_Type=research_and_comment">"Weekly Shabbat talks by Emmanuel Levinas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartman.org.il/Research_And_Comment_View.asp?Article_Id=456&Cat_Id=323&Cat_Type=research_and_comment">the original</a> on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weekly+Shabbat+talks+by+Emmanuel+Levinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartman.org.il%2FResearch_And_Comment_View.asp%3FArticle_Id%3D456%26Cat_Id%3D323%26Cat_Type%3Dresearch_and_comment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dardenne_Study-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dardenne_Study_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Mai2010" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Mai (2010). <i>Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne - Contemporary Film Directors</i>. University of Illinois Press. pp. ix–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07711-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07711-1"><bdi>978-0-252-07711-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Pierre+and+Luc+Dardenne+-+Contemporary+Film+Directors&rft.pages=ix-xvii&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07711-1&rft.au=Joseph+Mai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirgus" class="citation web cs1">Girgus, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/articles/spring_2010/girgus.htm">"Conversations with Scholars of American Popular Culture"</a>. <i>Americana</i>. Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americana&rft.atitle=Conversations+with+Scholars+of+American+Popular+Culture&rft.aulast=Girgus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpopularculture.com%2Fjournal%2Farticles%2Fspring_2010%2Fgirgus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2021" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Derren (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245343989"><i>A Book of Secrets: Finding Solace in a Stubborn World</i></a>. [S.l.]: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78763-305-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78763-305-6"><bdi>978-1-78763-305-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245343989">1245343989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Secrets%3A+Finding+Solace+in+a+Stubborn+World&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245343989&rft.isbn=978-1-78763-305-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Derren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245343989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Adriaan Theodoor Peperzak, Robert Bernasconi & Simon Critchley, <i>Emmanuel Levinas</i> (1996).</li> <li>Astell, Ann W. and Jackson, J. A., <i>Levinas and Medieval Literature: The "Difficult Reading" of English and Rabbinic Texts</i> (Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University press, 2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernasconi" title="Robert Bernasconi">Robert Bernasconi</a> (ed.) <i>The Cambridge Companion to Levinas</i> (2002).</li> <li>Theodore De Boer, <i>The Rationality of Transcendence: Studies in the Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas</i>, Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1997.</li> <li>Roger Burggraeve, <i>The Wisdom of Love in the Service of Love: Emmanuel Levinas on Justice, Peace, and Human Rights</i>, trans. Jeffrey Bloechl. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Roger Burggraeve (ed.) <i>The awakening to the other: a provocative dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas</i>, Leuven: Peeters, 2008</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristian_Ciocan_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristian Ciocan (philosopher) (page does not exist)">Cristian Ciocan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Hansel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Hansel (page does not exist)">Georges Hansel</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/philosophy/philosophical+traditions/book/978-1-4020-4124-2"><i>Levinas Concordance</i></a>. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.</li> <li>Hanoch Ben-Pazi, <i>Emmanuel Levinas: Hermeneutics, Ethics, and Art</i>, Journal of Literature and Art Studies 5 (2015), 588 - 600</li> <li>Richard A. Cohen, <i>Out of Control: Confrontations Between Spinoza and Levinas</i>, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2016.</li> <li>Richard A. Cohen, <i>Levinasian Meditations: Ethics, Philosophy, and Religion</i>, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Richard A. Cohen, <i>Ethics, Exegesis and Philosophy: Interpretation After Levinas</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Richard A. Cohen, <i>Elevations: The Height of the Good in Rosenzweig and Levinas</i>, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994.</li> <li>Joseph Cohen, <i>Alternances de la métaphysique. Essais sur Emmanuel Levinas</i>, Paris: Galilée, 2009. [in French]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Critchley" title="Simon Critchley">Simon Critchley</a>, "Emmanuel Levinas: A Disparate Inventory," in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Levinas</i>, eds. S. Critchley & <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernasconi" title="Robert Bernasconi">R. Bernasconi</a>. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutta_Czapski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jutta Czapski (page does not exist)">Jutta Czapski</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verlag-koenigshausen-neumann.de/product_info.php/info/p8639_Verwundbarkeit-in-der-Ethik-von-Emmanuel-L--vinas--Epistemata-Philosophie--Bd--578-.html"><i>Verwundbarkeit in der Ethik von Emmanuel Levinas</i></a>, Königshausen u. Neumann, Würzburg 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>, <i>Adieu to Emmanuel Levinas</i>, trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>, "At This Very Moment in This Work Here I Am," trans. Ruben Berezdivin and Peggy Kamuf, in <i>Psyche: Inventions of the Other, Vol. 1</i>, ed. Peggy Kamuf and Elizabeth G. Rottenberg. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007. 143-90.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracha_L._Ettinger" title="Bracha L. Ettinger">Bracha L. Ettinger</a>, conversation with Emmanuel Levinas, (1991–1993). <i>Time is the Breath of the Spirit</i>. Oxford: MOMA, 1993.</li> <li>Bracha L. Ettinger, <i>Que dirait Eurydice?/What Would Eurydice Say?</i>, conversation with Emmanuel Levinas, (1991–1993). Paris: BLE Atelier, 1997. Reprinted in <i>Athena: Philosophical Studies</i> Vol. 2, 2006.</li> <li>Bernard-Donals, Michael, "Difficult Freedom: Levinas, Memory and Politics", in <i>Forgetful Memory</i>, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009. 145-160.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>, "Violence and Metaphysics: An Essay on the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas," in <i>Writing and Difference</i>, trans. Alan Bass. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1978. 79-153.</li> <li>Michael Eldred, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arte-fact.org/wrldshrg.html">'Worldsharing and Encounter: Heidegger's ontology and Lévinas' ethics'</a> 2010.</li> <li>Michael Eskin, <i>Ethics and Dialogue in the Works of Levinas, Bakhtin, Mandel'shtam, and Celan</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Alexandre Guilherme and W. John Morgan, 'Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995)-dialogue as an ethical demand of the other', Chapter 5 in <i>Philosophy, Dialogue, and Education: Nine modern European philosophers</i>, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 72–88, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83149-0">978-1-138-83149-0</a>.</li> <li>Seán Hand, <i>Emmanuel Levinas</i>, London: Routledge, 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2020" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, Annabel (2020). <i>Levinas's Politics: Justice, Mercy, Universality</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5197-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-5197-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levinas%27s+Politics%3A+Justice%2C+Mercy%2C+Universality&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5197-5&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmmanuel+Levinas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benda Hofmeyr (ed.), <i>Radical passivity – rethinking ethical agency in Levinas</i>, Dordrecht: Springer, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Mario Kopić</a>, The Beats of the Other, <i>Otkucaji drugog</i>, Belgrade: Službeni glasnik, 2013.</li> <li>Marie-Anne Lescourt, <i>Emmanuel Levinas</i>, 2nd edition. Flammarion, 2006. [in French]</li> <li>Emmanuel Levinas, <i>Ethics and Infinity: Conversations with Philippe Nemo</i>, trans. R.A. Cohen. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1985.</li> <li>Emmanuel Levinas, "Signature," in <i>Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism</i>, trans. Sean Hand. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990 & 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Llewelyn" title="John Llewelyn">John Llewelyn</a>, <i>Emmanuel Levinas: The Genealogy of Ethics</i>, London: Routledge, 1995</li> <li>John Llewelyn, <i>The HypoCritical Imagination: Between Kant and Levinas</i>, London: Routledge, 2000.</li> <li>John Llewelyn, <i>Appositions – of Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas</i>, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Paul Marcus, <i>Being for the Other: Emmanuel Levinas, Ethical Living, and Psychoanalysis</i>, Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Paul Marcus, <i>In Search of the Good Life: Emmanuel Levinas, Psychoanalysis and the Art of Living</i>, London: Karnac Books, 2010.</li> <li>Nicole Note, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy-e.com/the-impossible-possibility-of-environmental-ethics-emmanuel-levinas-and-the-discrete-other/">"The impossible possibility of environmental ethics, Emmanuel Levinas and the discrete Other"</a> in: <i>Philosophia: E-Journal of Philosophy and Culture</i> – 7/2014.</li> <li>Diane Perpich <i>The ethics of Emmanuel Levinas</i>, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Poch%C3%A9" title="Fred Poché">Fred Poché</a>, <i>Penser avec Arendt et Lévinas. Du mal politique au respect de l'autre</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chronique_Sociale" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronique Sociale">Chronique Sociale</a>, Lyon, en co-édition avec EVO, Bruxelles et Tricorne, Genève, 1998 (3e édition, 2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadranka_Skorin-Kapov" title="Jadranka Skorin-Kapov">Jadranka Skorin-Kapov</a>, <i>The Aesthetics of Desire and Surprise: Phenomenology and Speculation</i>, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2015.</li> <li>Tanja Staehler, <i>Plato and Levinas – the ambiguous out-side of ethics</i>, London: Routledge 2010 [i.e. 2009]</li> <li>Toploski, Anya. 2015. <i>Arendt, Levinas, and politics of relationality.</i> Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li>Wehrs, Donald R.: <i>Levinas and Twentieth-Century Literature: Ethics and the Reconstruction of Subjectivity.</i> Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3826061578" title="Special:BookSources/3826061578">3826061578</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emmanuel_Levinas" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Institute for Levinassian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721010156/http://www.levinas.fr/levinas/base.asp">Complete primary and secondary bibliography</a>, a search engine for Levinas's texts, and more</li> <li>The Levinas Online Bibliography (Prof. dr. Joachim Duyndam, editor-in-chief), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levinas.nl">levinas.nl</a> Hosted by the University of Humanistics, Utrecht, the Netherlands.</li> <li>Annual Levinas Philosophy Summer Seminar, Director: Richard A. Cohen <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231215/http://jewishstudies.buffalo.edu/levinas.shtml">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/levinas/">Emmanuel Levinas</a>".</li> <li>Levinas and Anarchism. Mitchell Cowen Verter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://waste.org/~roadrunner/writing/Levinas">https://waste.org/~roadrunner/writing/Levinas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153034#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122839251">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108203818">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46641/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTryw3wx7ttwTRJ9MF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118572350">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139609">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119128222">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119128222">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447505">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lévinas, Emmanuel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV002794">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49860913">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005059&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX911910">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/29070">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069089841">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90144277">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000017469&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000163104&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000070690">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=63540">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200306265">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvwlh0371xh9k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574372605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/126947">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264868305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513004806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14713056">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00301721?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:levinas.emmanuel">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4bfcaca7-924a-4a64-b1ae-845910868434">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53874">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&oldid=1253356259">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Levinas&oldid=1253356259</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Category:Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 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