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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathal_Gabh%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Dubhthaigh" title="Cathal Gabhán Ó Dubhthaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathal Gabhán Ó Dubhthaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="ചാൾസ് ഗവാൻ ഡഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ഗവാൻ ഡഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%89" title="تشارلز جايڤان دوفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز جايڤان دوفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Gavan Duffy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Gavan Duffy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาลส์ แกวัน ดัฟฟี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ แกวัน ดัฟฟี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Irish poet and journalist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Charles Duffy, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duffy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charles Duffy (disambiguation)">Charles Duffy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Charles Gavan Duffy</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Autobiography,_1880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg/330px-Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg/440px-Charles_Gavan_Duffy_%28Autobiography%2C_1880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2593" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Duffy in 1880</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Premier of Victoria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 June 1871 – 10 June 1872</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_McCulloch" title="James McCulloch">Sir James McCulloch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_(politician)" title="James Francis (politician)">James Francis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly">Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1877 – 9 February 1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_MacMahon_(politician)" title="Charles MacMahon (politician)">Charles McMahon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles McMahon</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1816<br /><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaghan Town">Monaghan Town</a>, County Monaghan, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1903<span style="display:none">(1903-02-09)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Irish - <a href="/wiki/British_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizenship">British citizenship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Emily McLaughlin</li><li>Susan Hughes</li><li>Louise Hall</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sir <b>Charles Gavan Duffy</b>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a> (12 April 1816 – 9 February 1903), was an Irish poet and journalist (editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Irelander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">tenant-rights</a> activist. After emigrating to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1856 he entered the politics of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and in 1871–1872 served as the colony's 8th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Premier.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duffy was born at No. 10 Dublin Street in <a href="/wiki/Monaghan_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaghan Town">Monaghan Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">County Monaghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the son of a <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Catholic</a> shopkeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Malachy%27s_College" title="St Malachy's College">St Malachy's College</a> and in the collegiate department of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution">Royal Belfast Academical Institution</a> where he studied logic, rhetoric and <i>belles-lettres</i>. </p><p>One day, when Duffy was aged 18, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Teeling" title="Charles Hamilton Teeling">Charles Hamilton Teeling</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irish</a> veteran of the <a href="/wiki/1798_Irish_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1798 Irish Rebellion">1798 rising</a>, walked into his mother's house (his father had died when he was 10). Teeling was establishing a journal in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and asked Duffy to accompany him on a round of calls to promote it in Monaghan. Inspired by Teeling's recollections of '98, Duffy began contributing to the journal, <i>The Northern Herald</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Belfast, Duffy went on to edit <a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator_(Ulster_Newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vindicator (Ulster Newspaper)"><i>The Vindicator</i></a>, an <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">O'Connellite</a> journal launched by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O%27Hagan,_1st_Baron_O%27Hagan" title="Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan">Thomas O'Hagan</a> (later the first Catholic to become <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> since 1687). At the same time, he began studying law at the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p><p>Duffy was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Bar">Irish Bar</a> in 1845. But before then he established himself in literary circles as the editor of <i>Ballad Poetry of Ireland</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1843),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in political circles as editor of a new Dublin weekly, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nation"><i>The Nation</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, Duffy co-founded <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne_Davis_(Irish_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Osborne Davis (Irish politician)">Thomas Osborne Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Blake_Dillon" title="John Blake Dillon">John Blake Dillon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contributors were notable for including nationally minded Protestants: in addition to Davis, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Jane Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Callan_(writer)" title="Margaret Callan (writer)">Margaret Callan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Pigot" title="John Edward Pigot">John Edward Pigot</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a>. All were members or supporters of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a>, dedicated to a restoration of an Irish parliament through a reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">1800 Acts of Union</a>. </p><p>When he had first followed O'Connell, Duffy concedes that he had "burned with the desire to set up again the <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Celtic race</a> and the catholic church".<sup id="cite_ref-Moody_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moody-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in <i>The Nation</i> (which repeatedly invoked memory of the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a>) Duffy committed himself to a "nationality" that would embrace as easily "the stranger who is within our gates" as "the Irishman of a hundred generations."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expansive, ecumenical, view of the opinion-forming tasks of the paper brought him into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalism</a> of the broader movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_issue_with_O'Connell"><span id="At_issue_with_O.27Connell"></span>At issue with O'Connell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: At issue with O'Connell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O'Connell's paper, <i>The Pilot</i>, did not hesitate to identify religion as The "positive and unmistakable" mark of distinction between Irish and English.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As leader of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Association" title="Catholic Association">Catholic Association</a>, O'Connell had fought to secure not only Catholic entry to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> but also the prerogatives and independence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It was, he maintained, "a national Church" and should the people "rally" to him, they would "have a nation for that Church".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Connell, at least privately, was of the view that "Protestantism would not survive the Repeal ten years". He assured Dr <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cullen_(cardinal)" title="Paul Cullen (cardinal)">Paul Cullen</a> (the future <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Ireland" title="Primacy of Ireland">Primate of Ireland</a>) that once an Irish parliament had swept aside <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> privilege, "the great mass of the Protestant community would with little delay melt into the overwhelming majority of the Irish nation".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a> proposed to educate Catholics and Protestants together in a non-denominational system of higher education. <i>The Nation</i> welcomed the proposition, but O'Connell, claiming that there had been "unanimous and unequivocal condemnation" from the bishops", opposed. Disregarding <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne_Davis_(Irish_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Osborne Davis (Irish politician)">Thomas Davis</a>'s plea that "reasons for separate education are reasons for [a] separate life", and declaring himself content to take a stand "for Old Ireland", O'Connell rejected the "godless" colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Duffy there was a further, less liberal basis, for his disaffection: O'Connell's repeated denunciations of a "vile union" in the United States "of republicanism and slavery", and his appeal to Irish Americans to join in the abolitionist struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duffy believed the time was not right "for gratuitous interference in American affairs". Not least because of the desire for American support and funding, it was a common view.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Ireland">Young Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Young Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg/200px-Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg/300px-Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Charles_gavan_duffy_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Charles Gavan Duffy circa 1845</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation (Irish newspaper)</a></div> <p>Following Davis's sudden death in 1845, Duffy appointed Mitchel deputy editor. Against the background of increasingly violent peasant resistance to evictions and of the onset of famine, Mitchell brought a more militant tone. When the <i>Standard</i> in London observed that the new Irish railways could be used to transport troops to quickly curb agrarian unrest, Mitchel responded that the tracks could be turned into pikes and trains ambushed. O’Connell publicly distanced himself from the seditious import of the remarks—it appeared to some setting Duffy, as the publisher, up for prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the courts failed to convict, O'Connell pressed the issue, seemingly intent on effecting a break with those he referred to disdainfully as "Young Irelanders"—a reference to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>'s anti-clerical and insurrectionist <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a>. </p><p>In 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a> tabled resolutions declaring that under no circumstances was a nation justified in asserting its liberties by force of arms. The Young Irelanders had not advocated physical force,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in response to the "Peace Resolutions" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Thomas Meagher</a> argued that if Repeal could not be carried by moral persuasion and peaceful means, a resort to arms would be a no less honourable course.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connell_(MP)" title="John O'Connell (MP)">O'Connell's son John</a> forced the decision: the resolution was carried on the threat of the O'Connells themselves quitting the Association. </p><p>Duffy and the other Young Ireland dissidents associated with his paper withdrew and formed themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederation" title="Irish Confederation">Irish Confederation</a>. </p><p>In the desperate circumstances of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Famine</a> and in the face of martial-law measures that, following O'Connell's death, a number of Repeal Association MPs had approved in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>, Duffy conceded the case for taking "the no less honourable course". With Mitchel he was arrested, leaving it to Meagher, O'Brien and Dillon to raise the standard of revolt. This was a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">republican tricolour</a> with which Meagher had returned from <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolutionary Paris</a>, its colours intended to symbolise reconciliation (white) between Catholic (green) and Protestant (orange). But with the rural priesthood against them and the body of their support confined to the garrisoned towns, their efforts issued in a small demonstration that broke up after its first armed encounter, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848">Battle of Ballingarry</a>. Their death sentences for treason commuted, the leaders were transported to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>). Duffy alone escaped. Defended by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Butt" title="Isaac Butt">Isaac Butt</a> he was freed after his fifth trial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_League_of_North_and_South">The League of North and South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The League of North and South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his release, Duffy toured famine-stricken Ireland with the renowned Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>. Duffy had invited Carlyle, a Unionist and anti-Catholic, in the vain hope that he might help sway establishment opinion in favour of humane and practical relief. Increasingly he was convinced that agrarian reform was the nation's existential issue and one that could form the basis for a non-sectarian national movement. From his youth Duffy recalled a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> neighbour who had been a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishman</a> and had laughed at the idea that the issue was kings and governments. What mattered was the land from which the people got their bread.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of singing <i><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i>, he said that what the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">men of '98</a> should have borrowed from the French was "their sagacious idea of bundling the landlords out of doors and putting tenants in their shoes".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, he had already allied himself with <a href="/wiki/James_Godkin" title="James Godkin">James Godkin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had abandoned a bible mission to campaign for the rights of the Catholic tenants he had been tasked with bringing into the Protestant fold.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He now looked to <a href="/wiki/James_MacKnight_(Irish_agrarian_reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James MacKnight (Irish agrarian reformer)">James MacKnight</a> (M'Knight) who, closely aided by a group of radical Presbyterian ministers, in 1847 had formed the Ulster Tenant Right Association in Derry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, a convention called in Dublin by Duffy and MacKnight formed the Irish <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">Tenant Right League</a>. It was committed in its charter to MacKnight's "<a href="/wiki/Free_sale,_fixity_of_tenure,_and_fair_rent" title="Free sale, fixity of tenure, and fair rent">three F's</a>’": fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uniting activists across the sectarian and constitutional divide, in 1852, the League helped return Duffy (for <a href="/wiki/New_Ross_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="New Ross (UK Parliament constituency)">New Ross</a>) and 49 other tenant-rights <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1852, <a href="/wiki/Who%3F_Who%3F_ministry" title="Who? Who? ministry">Lord Derby's short-lived Conservative government</a> introduced a land bill to compensate Irish tenants on eviction for improvements they had made to the land. The bill passed in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> in 1853 and 1854, but failed to win consent of the landed grandees in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What Duffy optimistically hailed as the "<a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">League of North and South</a>" unravelled. In the Catholic South, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cullen_(cardinal)" title="Paul Cullen (cardinal)">Archbishop Cullen</a> approved the leading Catholic MPs <a href="/wiki/William_Keogh" title="William Keogh">William Keogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sadleir" title="John Sadleir">John Sadlier</a> breaking their pledge of independent opposition and accepting positions in a new Whig administration.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Protestant North <a href="/wiki/William_Sharman_Crawford" title="William Sharman Crawford">William Sharman Crawford</a> and other League candidates had their meetings broken up by <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange</a> "bludgeon men".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_"Irish_Mazzini""><span id="An_.22Irish_Mazzini.22"></span>An "Irish Mazzini"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: An "Irish Mazzini""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the cause of tenant rights, Cullen was sympathetic,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but of Duffy he was deeply suspicious. Following O'Connell he described Duffy as an "Irish <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a>"—condemnation from a man who had witnessed the Church's humiliation under Mazzini's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (1849)">Roman Republic</a> in 1849. Duffy in turn accused the Church under Cullen of pursuing a "Roman policy" in Ireland "hostile to its nationality."<sup id="cite_ref-Good_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until O'Connell's death, Duffy suggested that Rome had "believed in the possibility of an Independent Catholic State" in Ireland, but that since O'Connell's death could "only see the possibility of a Red Republic". The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a> had, as a result, returned to "her design of treating Ireland as an entrenched camp of Catholicity in the heart of the British Empire, capable of leavening the whole." Ireland for this purpose had to be"thoroughly imperialised, loyalised, welded into England."<sup id="cite_ref-Good_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cullen has been described as the man who "borrowed the British Empire." Under his leadership the Irish church developed an "Hiberno-Roman" mission that was ultimately extended through Britain to the entire English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Cullen's biographers would argue that Duffy travestied Cullen and his church's complex and nuanced relationship to Irish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—perhaps as much as Cullen caricatured Duffy's separatism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_and_new_political_career">Emigration and new political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emigration and new political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause of the Irish tenants, and indeed of Ireland generally, seemed to Duffy more hopeless than ever. Broken in health and spirit, he published in 1855 a farewell address to his constituency, declaring that he had resolved to retire from parliament, as it was no longer possible to accomplish the task for which he had solicited their votes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To John Dillon he wrote that an Ireland where McKeogh typified patriotism and Cullen the church was an Ireland in which he could no longer live.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, Duffy and his family emigrated to Australia. After being feted in Sydney and Melbourne, he settled in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duffy was followed to Melbourne by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Callan_(writer)" title="Margaret Callan (writer)">Margaret Callan</a>. Her daughter was later to marry Duffy's eldest son by his first marriage, <a href="/wiki/John_Gavan_Duffy" title="John Gavan Duffy">John Gavan Duffy</a>. </p><p>Duffy initially practised law in Melbourne, but a public appeal was soon held to enable him to buy the freehold property necessary to stand for the colonial <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria" title="Parliament of Victoria">Parliament</a>. He was immediately elected to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Victorian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Villiers_and_Heytesbury" title="Electoral district of Villiers and Heytesbury">Villiers and Heytesbury</a> in the Western District in 1856. A <i><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Punch" title="Melbourne Punch">Melbourne Punch</a></i> cartoon depicted Duffy entering Parliament as a bog Irishman carrying a <a href="/wiki/Shillelagh_(club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shillelagh (club)">shillelagh</a> atop the parliamentary benches (<i>Punch</i>, 4 December 1856, p. 141).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later represented <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Dalhousie" title="Electoral district of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_North_Gippsland" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral district of North Gippsland">North Gippsland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duffy's_Land_Act"><span id="Duffy.27s_Land_Act"></span>Duffy's Land Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Duffy's Land Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Portrait_of_Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_.PNG/220px-Portrait_of_Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Portrait_of_Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>portrait by Beatrice Franklin, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Duffy stood on a platform of land reform. With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria (Australia)">Victorian Government</a>'s Haines Ministry, during 1857, another <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Shanassy" title="John O'Shanassy">John O'Shanassy</a>, unexpectedly became Premier. Duffy was his deputy as well as Commissioner for Public Works, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Land_and_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Land and Works">President of the Board of Land and Works</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commissioner_for_Crown_Lands_and_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commissioner for Crown Lands and Survey (page does not exist)">Commissioner for Crown Lands and Survey</a>. Irish Catholics serving as Cabinet Ministers was hitherto unknown in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the Melbourne's Protestant establishment was ill-prepared "to countenance so startling a novelty".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duffy's Land Act was passed in 1862. Like the Nicholson Act of 1860 which it modified, the Duffy Act provided, in specified areas, for new and extended pastoral leases. It was an effort to break the land-holding monopoly of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)" title="Squatting (Australian history)">"squatter" class</a>. However, the bill had been amended into ineffectiveness by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council" title="Victorian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> so that it was easy for the squatters to employ dummies and extend their control. Duffy's attempts to correct the legislation were defeated. Historian Don Garden commented that "Unfortunately Duffy's dreams were on a higher plane than his practical skills as a legislator and the morals of those opposed to him."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858–59, <i>Melbourne Punch</i> cartoons linked Duffy and O'Shanassy with images of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> to undermine their Ministry. One famous <i>Punch</i> image, "Citizens John and Charles", depicted the pair as French revolutionaries holding the skull and cross bone flag of the so-called <i>Victorian Republic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The O'Shanassy Ministry was defeated at the 1859 election and a new government formed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premier_of_Victoria">Premier of Victoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Premier of Victoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871, Duffy led the opposition to Premier <a href="/wiki/James_McCulloch" title="James McCulloch">Sir James McCulloch</a>'s plan to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Land_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Land tax">land tax</a>, on the grounds that it unfairly penalised small farmers. When McCulloch's government was defeated on this issue, Duffy became Premier and Chief Secretary (June 1871 to June 1872). Victoria's finances were in a poor state and he was forced to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> bill to provide government revenue, despite his adherence to British <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> principles. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> Premier was very unpopular with the Protestant majority in the colony, and Duffy was accused of favouring Catholics in government appointments, an example being the appointment of <a href="/wiki/John_Cashel_Hoey" title="John Cashel Hoey">John Cashel Hoey</a>, who had been his successor as editor of The Nation, to a position in London. In June 1872, his government was defeated in the Assembly on a confidence motion allegedly motivated by sectarianism. He was succeeded as premier by the conservative <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_(politician)" title="James Francis (politician)">James Francis</a> and later resigned the leadership of the liberal party in favour of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Berry" title="Graham Berry">Graham Berry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speakership_and_retirement">Speakership and retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speakership and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG/220px-Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG/330px-Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG/440px-Sir_Charles_Gavan_Duffy_Celtic_Headstone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Charles Gavan Duffy, <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Berry became Premier in 1877 he made Duffy <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly">Speaker of the Legislative Assembly</a>, a post he held without much enthusiasm until handing it over to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lalor" title="Peter Lalor">Peter Lalor</a>, the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/James_Fintan_Lalor" title="James Fintan Lalor">James Fintan Lalor</a>, in 1880. Thereafter he quit politics and retired to southern France where he wrote his memoirs: <i>The League of North and South, 1850–54</i> (1886) and <i>My Life in Two Hemispheres</i> (1898). </p><p>In exile in France, Duffy was an enthusiastic supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Celtic_Club" title="Melbourne Celtic Club">Melbourne Celtic Club</a>, which aimed to promote <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> and Irish culture.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons also became members of the club. </p><p>In recognition of his services to Victoria, he was knighted in 1873 and made <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George"><abbr title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</abbr></a> in 1877. He married for a third time in Paris in 1881, to Louise Hall, and they had four more children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, Duffy married Emily McLaughlin (1820-1845), with whom he had two children, one of whom survived, his son John Gavan Duffy. Emily died in 1845. In 1846 he married his cousin from Newry, Susan Hughes (1827-1878), with whom he had eight children, six of whom survived. After Susan died in 1878, he married for a third time, in Paris in 1881, to Louise Hall (1858-1889)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by whom had two further children. </p><p>Of his eight surviving children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gavan_Duffy" title="John Gavan Duffy">John Gavan Duffy</a> (1844-1917) was a Victorian politician who served variously as Minister for Agriculture, Attorney-General, and Postmaster-General.<sup id="cite_ref-parl_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parl-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gavan_Duffy" title="Frank Gavan Duffy">Sir Frank Gavan Duffy</a> (1852-1936), was Chief Justice of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> 1931–35.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cashel_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Cashel Gavan Duffy">Charles Cashel Gavan Duffy</a> (1855-1932) was clerk of the Australian House of Representatives in 1901-17 and of the Senate in 1917-20.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Cormac_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Cormac Gavan Duffy (page does not exist)">Philip Cormac Gavan Duffy</a> (1862-1954) a surveyor and civil engineer noted for his work in Western Australia on the Coolgardie water supply,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy" title="Louise Gavan Duffy">Louise Gavan Duffy</a> (1884-1969) was the joint secretary of the nationalist women's organization, <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a>, and was an Irish republican present at the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> enthusiast who founded an Irish language school, Scoil Bhride (St Bridget)'s Girls School in <a href="/wiki/Earlsfort_Terrace" title="Earlsfort Terrace">Earlsfort Terrace</a>, Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gavan_Duffy" title="George Gavan Duffy">George Gavan Duffy</a> (1882-1951) was an Irish politician and a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> in 1921. From 1936 onward he was a justice on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish High Court">Irish High Court</a>, becoming its president from 1946 until his death in 1951. One year before his death, he heard the <i>Tilson Case</i>, in which he applied the notorious <i><a href="/wiki/Ne_temere" class="mw-redirect" title="Ne temere">ne temere</a></i> decree to the letter as de Valera's 1937 Irish Constitution gave the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Ireland">Roman Catholic Church in Ireland</a> a "special position".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A grandson, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Gavan_Duffy" title="Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy">Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy</a>, was a judge on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court of Victoria</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir Charles Gavan Duffy died in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1903, aged 86.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Gavan_Duffy1898" class="citation cs2"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Life_in_Two_Hemispheres" class="extiw" title="s:My Life in Two Hemispheres">My Life in Two Hemispheres</a></i>, London: <a href="/wiki/T._Fisher_Unwin" title="T. Fisher Unwin">T. Fisher Unwin</a>, 1898, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19065902" class="extiw" title="d:Q19065902">Q19065902</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+in+Two+Hemispheres&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Charles+Gavan+Duffy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/41303129/birthplace-of-charles-gavin-duffy-dublin-street-roosky-monaghan-county-monaghan">"Birthplace of Charles Gavin Duffy, Dublin Street, ROOSKY, Monaghan, MONAGHAN"</a>. <i>Buildings of Ireland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517230327/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/41303129/birthplace-of-charles-gavin-duffy-dublin-street-roosky-monaghan-county-monaghan">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buildings+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=Birthplace+of+Charles+Gavin+Duffy%2C+Dublin+Street%2C+ROOSKY%2C+Monaghan%2C+MONAGHAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuildingsofireland.ie%2Fbuildings-search%2Fbuilding%2F41303129%2Fbirthplace-of-charles-gavin-duffy-dublin-street-roosky-monaghan-county-monaghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Northern Standard</i>, <a href="/wiki/Monaghan" title="Monaghan">Monaghan</a>, p. 1, Thursday, 14 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cathaoir.2003" class="citation news cs1">Ó Cathaoir., Breandán (7 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-1.348137">"An Irishman's Diary"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155649/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-1.348137">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=An+Irishman%27s+Diary&rft.date=2003-02-07&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cathaoir.&rft.aufirst=Breand%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fan-irishman-s-diary-1.348137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1845" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Charles Gavan (21 February 1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hwke3w"><i>The ballad poetry of Ireland</i></a>. Duffy's library of Ireland. Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.hwke3w">2027/hvd.hwke3w</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155652/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwke3w">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ballad+poetry+of+Ireland.&rft.place=Dublin&rft.series=Duffy%27s+library+of+Ireland&rft.date=1845-02-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.hwke3w&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gavan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fhvd.hwke3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1845" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Charles Gavan (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011628799"><i>The Ballad Poetry of Ireland</i></a>. Duffy's library of Ireland. Dublin: J. Duffy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120141/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011628799">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ballad+Poetry+of+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.series=Duffy%27s+library+of+Ireland&rft.pub=J.+Duffy&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F011628799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Young Ireland</i>, T.F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moody-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moody_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moody, p 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon2008" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (2008). <i>A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes</i>. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ireland+in+250+Episodes&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1966" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, J.C. (1966). <i>The Making of Modern Ireland, 1603-1923</i>. London: Faber & Faber. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571092675" title="Special:BookSources/0571092675"><bdi>0571092675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Ireland%2C+1603-1923&rft.place=London&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0571092675&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1995" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, D. George. (1995). <i>Nationalism in Ireland</i> (Third ed.). London: Routledge. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415127769" title="Special:BookSources/9780415127769"><bdi>9780415127769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780415127769&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=D.+George.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connell to Cullen, 9 May 1842. Maurice O'Connell (ed.) <i>The Correspondence of Daniel O'Connell</i>. Shannon: Irish University Press, 8 vols.), vol. vii, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacken2008" class="citation book cs1">Macken, Ultan (2008). <i>The Story of Daniel O'Connell</i>. Cork: Mercier Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856355964" title="Special:BookSources/9781856355964"><bdi>9781856355964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Daniel+O%27Connell&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781856355964&rft.aulast=Macken&rft.aufirst=Ultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Mulvey, Helen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikdUr7-_bLkC&pg=PA180"><i>Thomas Davis and Ireland: A Biographical Study</i></a>. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813213037" title="Special:BookSources/0813213037"><bdi>0813213037</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204357/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikdUr7-_bLkC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Davis+and+Ireland%3A+A+Biographical+Study&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0813213037&rft.aulast=Mulvey&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikdUr7-_bLkC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Lee (Autumn 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/schoolofenglish/worddocuments/IrishReviewpdfJenkins.pdf">"Beyond the Pale: Frederick Douglass in Cork"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Irish Review</i> (24): 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217143448/https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/schoolofenglish/worddocuments/IrishReviewpdfJenkins.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Pale%3A+Frederick+Douglass+in+Cork&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=92&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Facademic%2Fschoolofenglish%2Fworddocuments%2FIrishReviewpdfJenkins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinealy2011" class="citation web cs1">Kinealy, Christine (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishamerica.com/2011/08/the-irish-abolitionist-daniel-oconnell/">"The Irish Abolitionist: Daniel O'Connell"</a>. <i>irishamerica.com</i>. Irish America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814132842/https://irishamerica.com/2011/08/the-irish-abolitionist-daniel-oconnell/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irishamerica.com&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Abolitionist%3A+Daniel+O%27Connell&rft.date=2011-08&rft.aulast=Kinealy&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishamerica.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fthe-irish-abolitionist-daniel-oconnell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullagh2010" class="citation web cs1">McCullagh, John (8 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newryjournal.co.uk/history/1800-1900/irish-confederation-formed/">"Irish Confederation formed"</a>. <i>newryjournal.co.uk/</i>. Newry Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925090507/https://www.newryjournal.co.uk/history/1800-1900/irish-confederation-formed/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newryjournal.co.uk%2F&rft.atitle=Irish+Confederation+formed&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.aulast=McCullagh&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newryjournal.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F1800-1900%2Firish-confederation-formed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doheny, Michael (1951). <i>The Felon's Track</i>. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Sullivan, T. F. (1945). <i>Young Ireland</i>. The Kerryman Ltd. pp. 195-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObject" class="citation web cs1">Object, Object. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48609680.pdf">"Terence LaRocca (1974) "The Irish Career of Charles Gavan Duffy 1840-1855", Doctoral Dissertation, Loyola University Chicago, p. 3. Loyola eCommons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923110454/https://core.ac.uk/reader/48609680">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terence+LaRocca+%281974%29+%22The+Irish+Career+of+Charles+Gavan+Duffy+1840-1855%22%2C+Doctoral+Dissertation%2C+Loyola+University+Chicago%2C+p.+3.+Loyola+eCommons&rft.aulast=Object&rft.aufirst=Object&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F48609680.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1898" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Charles Gavan (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASf2GmZPd94C"><i>My life in two hemispheres, Volume 1</i></a>. London: Fischer Unwin. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923110450/https://books.google.com/books?id=ASf2GmZPd94C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+life+in+two+hemispheres%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Fischer+Unwin&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASf2GmZPd94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G.B., 'Godkin, James (1806–1879)', rev. C. A. Creffield, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (Oxford University Press, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, G.B., 'Godkin, James (1806–1879)', rev. C. A. Creffield, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dib.ie/biography/macknight-mcknight-james-a5242">"MacKnight (McKnight), James | Dictionary of Irish Biography"</a>. <i>www.dib.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155650/https://www.dib.ie/biography/macknight-mcknight-james-a5242">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dib.ie&rft.atitle=MacKnight+%28McKnight%29%2C+James+%7C+Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dib.ie%2Fbiography%2Fmacknight-mcknight-james-a5242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2013" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Dr Jane (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.from-ireland.net/charles-gavan-duffy-two-hemispheres/">"Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, My Life in Two Hemispheres, Vol. II"</a>. <i>From-Ireland.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228191021/https://www.from-ireland.net/charles-gavan-duffy-two-hemispheres/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=From-Ireland.net&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Gavan+Duffy%2C+My+Life+in+Two+Hemispheres%2C+Vol.+II&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Dr+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.from-ireland.net%2Fcharles-gavan-duffy-two-hemispheres%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1886" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Charles Gavan (1886). <i>The League of North and South</i>. London: Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+League+of+North+and+South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonO'Brien2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anton, Brigitte; O'Brien, R. B. (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32921">"Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan"</a></span>. In Anton, Brigitte (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32921">10.1093/ref:odnb/32921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duffy%2C+Sir+Charles+Gavan&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32921&rft.aulast=Anton&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-32921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey1976" class="citation book cs1">McCaffrey, Lawrence (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_dPNCR4-4LIC&pg=PA145"><i>The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America</i></a>. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813208961" title="Special:BookSources/9780813208961"><bdi>9780813208961</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402163050/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dPNCR4-4LIC&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Catholic+Diaspora+in+America&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780813208961&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dPNCR4-4LIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1958" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, John Henry (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentirish0000whyt"><i>The Independent Irish Party 1850-9</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentirish0000whyt/page/139">139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independent+Irish+Party+1850-9&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findependentirish0000whyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBew2007" class="citation book cs1">Bew, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSQSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238"><i>Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198205555" title="Special:BookSources/9780198205555"><bdi>9780198205555</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402172307/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSQSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+The+Politics+of+Enmity+1789-2006&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198205555&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSQSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr" class="citation web cs1">Barr, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do;jsessionid=E1BDE5D743FE0C1A19E62BED16CD380A?articleId=a2281">"Cullen, Paul"</a>. <i>cambridge.org</i>. Dictionary of Irish Biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155651/https://www.dib.ie/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cambridge.org&rft.atitle=Cullen%2C+Paul&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdib.cambridge.org%2FviewReadPage.do%3Bjsessionid%3DE1BDE5D743FE0C1A19E62BED16CD380A%3FarticleId%3Da2281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Good-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Good_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood1920" class="citation book cs1">Good, James Winder (1920). <i>Irish Unionism</i>. London: Fischer Unwin. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Unionism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Fischer+Unwin&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=James+Winder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Barr2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Colin Barr (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Imperium in imperio": Irish episcopal imperialism in the nineteenth century". <i>English Historical Review</i>. cxxiii (502): 611–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcen161">10.1093/ehr/cen161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%22Imperium+in+imperio%22%3A+Irish+episcopal+imperialism+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=cxxiii&rft.issue=502&rft.pages=611-50&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcen161&rft.au=Colin+Barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._D.1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">E. D., Steele (March 1975). "Cardinal Cullen and Irish Nationalism". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. XIX (75) (75): 239–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400023440">10.1017/S0021121400023440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156595729">156595729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Cullen+and+Irish+Nationalism&rft.volume=XIX+%2875%29&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=239-260&rft.date=1975-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400023440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156595729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=E.+D.&rft.aufirst=Steele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dáire Keogh and Albert McDonnell (eds) (2011), <i>Cardinal Paul Cullen and his World</i>, Dublin: Four Courts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846822353" title="Special:BookSources/9781846822353">9781846822353</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Brien, Richard Barry (1912). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1912_supplement/Duffy,_Charles_Gavan" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement/Duffy, Charles Gavan">Duffy, Charles Gavan</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> (2nd supplement)</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duffy%2C+Charles+Gavan&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography+%282nd+supplement%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Richard+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy to John Dillon, April 1855, <i>Gavan Duffy Papers</i>, National Library of Ireland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary of Irish National Biography</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article171431521">"THE USAGES OF THE IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT"</a>. <i>Melbourne Punch</i>. 4 December 1856. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155704/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/171431521">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span> – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+Punch&rft.atitle=THE+USAGES+OF+THE+IMPERIAL+PARLIAMENT.&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1856-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article171431521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaughey, <i>Victoria's Colonial Governors</i>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-george-gavan-duffy-papers">George Gavan Duffy papers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217213627/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-george-gavan-duffy-papers/">Archived</a> 17 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, historyireland.com; accessed 6 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Punch</i>, 7 January 1859, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.J. O'Hearn, <i>Erin go bragh – Advance Australia Fair: a hundred years of growing</i>, Melbourne: Celtic Club, 1990, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.co.uk/genealogy/records/charles-gavan-duffy-24-5t49q">"Charles Gavan Duffy Family Tree"</a>. <i>www.ancestry.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155651/https://www.ancestry.co.uk/genealogy/records/charles-gavan-duffy-24-5t49q">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ancestry.co.uk&rft.atitle=Charles+Gavan+Duffy+Family+Tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.co.uk%2Fgenealogy%2Frecords%2Fcharles-gavan-duffy-24-5t49q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parl-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parl_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=343">"Duffy, John Gavan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria" title="Parliament of Victoria">Parliament of Victoria</a>. 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903122742/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=343">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duffy%2C+John+Gavan&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Victoria&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.vic.gov.au%2Fre-member%2Fbioregfull.cfm%3Fmid%3D343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Balmford, Peter (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32921">"Duffy, Sir Frank Gavan"</a></span>. In Anton, Brigitte (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32921">10.1093/ref:odnb/32921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duffy%2C+Sir+Frank+Gavan&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32921&rft.aulast=Balmford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-32921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/component/fabrik/details/24/469">"Former Member Profile - Sir Charles Gavan Duffy"</a>. <i>www.parliament.vic.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155654/https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/component/fabrik/details/24/469">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Former+Member+Profile+-+Sir+Charles+Gavan+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.vic.gov.au%2Fcomponent%2Ffabrik%2Fdetails%2F24%2F469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotsonouris2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kotsonouris, Mary (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-52592">"Duffy, George Gavan"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52592">10.1093/ref:odnb/52592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duffy%2C+George+Gavan&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F52592&rft.aulast=Kotsonouris&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-52592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Law_Times" title="Irish Law Times">Irish Law Times</a> Report vol. 86 (1952), pp. 49–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1981" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Charles (1981). "Duffy, Sir Charles Leonard Gavan (1882–1961)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/duffy-sir-charles-leonard-gavan-6028"><i>Biography - Sir Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220531/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/duffy-sir-charles-leonard-gavan-6028">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duffy%2C+Sir+Charles+Leonard+Gavan+%281882%E2%80%931961%29&rft.btitle=Biography+-+Sir+Charles+Leonard+Gavan+Duffy&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fduffy-sir-charles-leonard-gavan-6028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858016628202;view=1up;seq=219">"Review: <i>My Life in Two Hemispheres</i> by Charles Gavan Duffy"</a>. <i>The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art</i>. <b>85</b>: 209–210. 12 February 1898. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927155655/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858016628202&view=1up&seq=219">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.atitle=Review%3A+My+Life+in+Two+Hemispheres+by+Charles+Gavan+Duffy&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=209-210&rft.date=1898-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858016628202%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Gavan+Duffy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Browne, Geoff, <i>A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1900–84</i>, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1985.</li> <li>Duffy, Charles Gavan. <i>Four Years of Irish History 1845–1849</i>, Robertson, Melbourne, 1883. (autobiography and recollections)</li> <li>Garden, Don. <i>Victoria: A History</i>, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1984.</li> <li>Keatinge, Patrick, 'The Formative Years of the Irish Diplomatic Service', <i>Éire-Ireland</i>, 6, 3 (Autumn 1971), pp. 57–71.</li> <li>McCarthy, Justin. <i>History of Our Own Times</i>, Vols 1–4, 1895.</li> <li>McCaughey, Davis. et al. <i>Victoria's Colonial Governors 1839–1900</i>, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1993.</li> <li>O'Brien, Antony. <i>Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 election</i>, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005, (p. xi & Ch.2)</li> <li>Thompson, Kathleen and Serle, Geoffrey. <i>A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1856–1900</i>, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1972.</li> <li>Wright, Raymond. <i>A People's Counsel. A History of the Parliament of Victoria, 1856–1990</i>, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astonisher.com/archives/mjb/irishlit/irishlit_ch1.html">The Politics of Irish Literature: from Thomas Davis to W.B. Yeats, Malcolm Brown</a>, Allen & Unwin, 1973.</li> <li>John Mitchel, A Cause Too Many, Aidan Hegarty, Camlane Press.</li> <li>Thomas Davis, The Thinker and Teacher, Arthur Griffith, M.H. Gill & Son 1922.</li> <li>Brigadier-General Thomas Francis Meagher His Political and Military Career,Capt. W. F. Lyons, Burns Oates & Washbourne Limited 1869</li> <li>Young Ireland and 1848, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1949.</li> <li>Daniel O'Connell The Irish Liberator, Dennis Gwynn, Hutchinson & Co, Ltd.</li> <li>O'Connell Davis and the Colleges Bill, Dennis Gwynn, Cork University Press 1948.</li> <li>Smith O'Brien And The "Secession", Dennis Gwynn,Cork University Press</li> <li>Meagher of The Sword, Edited By Arthur Griffith, M. H. Gill & Son, Ltd. 1916.</li> <li>Young Irelander Abroad The Diary of Charles Hart, Edited by Brendan O'Cathaoir, University Press.</li> <li>John Mitchel First Felon for Ireland, Edited By Brian O'Higgins, Brian O'Higgins 1947.</li> <li>Rossa's Recollections 1838 to 1898, Intro by Sean O'Luing, The Lyons Press 2004.</li> <li>Labour in Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1910.</li> <li>The Re-Conquest of Ireland, James Connolly, Fleet Street 1915.</li> <li>John Mitchel Noted Irish Lives, Louis J. Walsh, The Talbot Press Ltd 1934.</li> <li>Thomas Davis: Essays and Poems, Centenary Memoir, M. H Gill, M.H. Gill & Son, Ltd MCMXLV.</li> <li>Life of John Martin, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy & Co., Ltd 1901.</li> <li>Life of John Mitchel, P. A. Sillard, James Duffy and Co., Ltd 1908.</li> <li>John Mitchel, P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd 1917.</li> <li>The Fenians in Context Irish Politics & Society 1848–82, R. V. Comerford, Wolfhound Press 1998</li> <li>William Smith O'Brien and the Young Ireland Rebellion of 1848, Robert Sloan, Four Courts Press 2000</li> <li>Irish Mitchel, Seamus MacCall, Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd 1938.</li> <li>Ireland Her Own, T. A. Jackson, Lawrence & Wishart Ltd 1976.</li> <li>Life and Times of Daniel O'Connell, T. C. Luby, Cameron & Ferguson.</li> <li>Young Ireland, T. F. O'Sullivan, The Kerryman Ltd. 1945.</li> <li>Irish Rebel John Devoy and America's Fight for Irish Freedom, Terry Golway, St. Martin's Griffin 1998.</li> <li>Paddy's Lament Ireland 1846–1847 Prelude to Hatred, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gallagher_(writer)" title="Thomas Gallagher (writer)">Thomas Gallagher</a>, Poolbeg 1994.</li> <li>The Great Shame, Thomas Keneally, Anchor Books 1999.</li> <li>James Fintan Lalor, Thomas, P. O'Neill, Golden Publications 2003.</li> <li>Charles Gavan Duffy: Conversations With Carlyle (1892), with Introduction, Stray Thoughts on Young Ireland, by Brendan Clifford, Athol Books, Belfast, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850341140" title="Special:BookSources/0850341140">0850341140</a>. (Pg. 32 Titled, Foster's account of Young Ireland.)</li> <li>Envoi, Taking Leave of Roy Foster, by Brendan Clifford and Julianne Herlihy, Aubane Historical Society, Cork.</li> <li>The Falcon Family, or, Young Ireland, by M. W. Savage, London, 1845. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040217014807/http://www.quinnipiac.edu/other/ABL/etext/irish/falcon/falconmain.html">An Gorta Mor</a>)<i>Quinnipiac University</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gavan_Duffy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Gavan_Duffy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Gavan Duffy">Charles Gavan Duffy</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Gavan_Duffy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Charles Gavan Duffy">Charles Gavan Duffy</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36017">Works by Charles Gavan Duffy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20Gavan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Duffy%2C%20C%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Gavan%20Duffy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Gavan%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Gavan%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20Gavan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Duffy%2C%20C%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Duffy%2C%20C%2E%20Gavan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Duffy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Gavan%20Duffy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Duffy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Gavan%20Duffy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20G%2E%20Duffy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20Gavan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%20G%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Duffy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Duffy%2C%20Charles%22%29%20OR%20%28%221816-1903%22%20AND%20Duffy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Gavan Duffy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115083946/http://www.poetryireland.ie/irishpoetry/poetryinenglish.html">Poetry of Ireland, with references to Duffy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071003051732/http://www.from-ireland.net/history/cgdlifemonaghan.htm">Early Life in Monaghan by Charles Gavan Duffy</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_McCulloch" title="James McCulloch">James McCulloch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Premiers_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers of Victoria">Premier of Victoria</a> </b><br />1871–1872 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_(politician)" title="James Francis (politician)">James Francis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Once_Again" title="A Nation Once Again">A Nation Once Again</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Irish tricolour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland_rebellion" title="Young Ireland rebellion">Young Ireland rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">Penal transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blake,_3rd_Baron_Wallscourt" title="Joseph Blake, 3rd Baron Wallscourt">Joseph Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brenan" title="Joseph Brenan">Joseph Brenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cane" title="Robert Cane">Robert Cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blake_Dillon" title="John Blake Dillon">John Blake Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gray" title="Philip Gray">Philip Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenyon_(priest)" title="John Kenyon (priest)">John Kenyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fintan_Lalor" title="James Fintan Lalor">James Fintan Lalor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leyne" title="Maurice Leyne">Maurice Leyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">Thomas D'Arcy McGee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_MacManus" title="Terence MacManus">Terence MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(Young_Irelander)" title="John Martin (Young Irelander)">John Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher" title="Thomas Francis Meagher">Thomas Francis Meagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchel" title="John Mitchel">John Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_O%27Brien" title="William Smith O'Brien">William Smith O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Izod_O%27Doherty" title="Kevin Izod O'Doherty">Kevin Izod O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Donoghue_(Young_Irelander)" title="Patrick O'Donoghue (Young Irelander)">Patrick O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_O%27Gorman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard O'Gorman (page does not exist)">Richard O'Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Fenian)" title="John O'Leary (Fenian)">John O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin_Reilly" title="Thomas Devin Reilly">Thomas Devin Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Savage_(Fenian)" title="John Savage (Fenian)">John Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_James_Smyth" title="Patrick James Smyth">Patrick James Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Jane Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Crime_(Ireland)_Act_1848" title="Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848">Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Felony_Act_1848" title="Treason Felony Act 1848">Treason Felony Act 1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Young_Ireland" title="Category:Young Ireland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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O'Shanassy">O'Shanassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Nicholson (Australian politician)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heales" title="Richard Heales">Heales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCulloch" title="James McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sladen" title="Charles Sladen">Sladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_MacPherson" title="John Alexander MacPherson">MacPherson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_(politician)" title="James Francis (politician)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kerferd" title="George Kerferd">Kerferd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Berry" title="Graham Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Service" title="James Service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_O%27Loghlen" title="Bryan O'Loghlen">O'Loghlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Gillies" title="Duncan Gillies">Gillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Munro_(Australian_politician)" title="James Munro (Australian politician)">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shiels" title="William Shiels">Shiels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patterson_(Australian_politician)" title="James Patterson (Australian politician)">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(Australian_politician)" title="George Turner (Australian politician)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLean_(Australian_politician)" title="Allan McLean (Australian politician)">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peacock" title="Alexander Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Irvine_(Australian_politician)" title="William Irvine (Australian politician)">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bent" title="Thomas Bent">Bent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(Victorian_politician)" title="John Murray (Victorian politician)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watt_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watt (Australian politician)">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elmslie_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Elmslie (Australian politician)">Elmslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowser" title="John Bowser">Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lawson_(politician)" title="Harry Lawson (politician)">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Prendergast" title="George Prendergast">Prendergast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allan_(Australian_politician)" title="John Allan (Australian politician)">J. Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Hogan" title="Edmond Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray_McPherson" title="William Murray McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Argyle" title="Stanley Argyle">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dunstan" title="Albert Dunstan">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cain_(34th_Premier_of_Victoria)" title="John Cain (34th Premier of Victoria)">Cain Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Macfarlan" title="Ian Macfarlan">Macfarlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hollway" title="Thomas Hollway">Hollway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonald_(Victorian_politician)" title="John McDonald (Victorian politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolte" title="Henry Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hamer" title="Rupert Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Thompson" title="Lindsay Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cain_(41st_Premier_of_Victoria)" title="John Cain (41st Premier of Victoria)">Cain Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Kirner" title="Joan Kirner">Kirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Kennett" title="Jeff Kennett">Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bracks" title="Steve Bracks">Bracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brumby" title="John Brumby">Brumby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Baillieu" title="Ted Baillieu">Baillieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Napthine" title="Denis Napthine">Napthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Andrews" title="Daniel Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinta_Allan" title="Jacinta Allan">J. M. Allan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Victoria_(Australia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Victoria"><img alt="Flag of Victoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_poetry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_poetry" title="Template talk:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_poetry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish poetry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_poetry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisling" title="Aisling">Aisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1n_D%C3%ADreach" title="Dán Díreach">Dán Díreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindsenchas" title="Dindsenchas">Metrical Dindshenchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_syllabic_poetry" title="Irish syllabic poetry">Irish syllabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare Poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%AD" title="Filí">Filí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Chief Ollam of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Irish bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contention_of_the_bards" title="Contention of the bards">Contention of the bards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Revival" title="Irish Literary Revival">Irish Literary Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaver_Poets" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver Poets">Weaver Poets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_G%C3%BAm" title="An Gúm">An Gúm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge" title="Táin Bó Cúailnge">Táin Bó Cúailnge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mael_%C3%8Dsu_Ua_Brolch%C3%A1in" title="Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin">Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh">Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_Mo_Dutu_%C3%9Aa_Caiside" title="Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside">Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baothghalach_M%C3%B3r_Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in" title="Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin">Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe">Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh">Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_mac_Lon%C3%A1in" title="Flann mac Lonáin">Flann mac Lonáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_M%C3%B3r_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh">Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh">Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Flatha_%C3%93_Gn%C3%ADmh" title="Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh">Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathghamhain_%C3%93_hIfearn%C3%A1in" title="Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin">Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Mac_Con_Midhe" title="Cormac Mac Con Midhe">Cormac Mac Con Midhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Carrach_%C3%93_Siadhail" title="Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail">Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_Feasa_%C3%93%27n_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte">Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Olltach_%C3%93_an_Ch%C3%A1inte" title="Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte">Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaidh_%C3%93_h%C3%89oghusa" title="Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa">Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_%C3%93_Doibhlin" title="Proinsias Ó Doibhlin">Proinsias Ó Doibhlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlach_Rua_Mac_D%C3%B3naill" title="Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill">Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilla_C%C3%B3m%C3%A1in_mac_Gilla_Samthainde" title="Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde">Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadhg_Dall_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn">Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C3%ADne_%C3%89ces" title="Niníne Éces">Niníne Éces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Cloyne" title="Colmán of Cloyne">Colmán of Cloyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_ua_hArtac%C3%A1in" title="Cináed ua hArtacáin">Cináed ua hArtacáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muireadhach_Albanach_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh">Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1eleoin_B%C3%B3dur_%C3%93_Maolconaire" title="Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire">Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_Mac_an_Bhaird" title="Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird">Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Choigcr%C3%ADche_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh">Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall%C3%A1n_Forgaill" title="Dallán Forgaill">Dallán Forgaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_of_Tallaght" title="Óengus of Tallaght">Óengus of Tallaght</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedulius_Scottus" title="Sedulius Scottus">Sedulius Scottus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungal_of_Bobbio" title="Dungal of Bobbio">Saint Dungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maol_Sheachluinn_na_n-Uirsg%C3%A9al_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn" class="mw-redirect" title="Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn">Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_%C3%93_Duibhgeannain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Ó Duibhgeannain (page does not exist)">Philip Ó Duibhgeannain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th/16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh" title="Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh">Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ibh%C3%AD_%C3%93_Bruadair" title="Dáibhí Ó Bruadair">Dáibhí Ó Bruadair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaras_Feirit%C3%A9ar" title="Piaras Feiritéar">Piaras Feiritéar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_Mac_an_Caoilfhiaclaigh" title="Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh">Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9afraidh_%C3%93_Donnchadha" title="Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha">Séafraidh Ó Donnchadha an Ghleanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aog%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Rathaille" title="Aogán Ó Rathaille">Aogán Ó Rathaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Merriman" title="Brian Merriman">Brian Merriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clarence_Mangan" title="James Clarence Mangan">James Clarence Mangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ferguson" title="Samuel Ferguson">Samuel Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_(poet)" title="James Henry (poet)">James Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_%C3%93_Raifteiri" title="Antoine Ó Raifteiri">Antoine Ó Raifteiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey" title="Aeneas Coffey">Aeneas Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dwyer_Joyce" title="Robert Dwyer Joyce">Robert Dwyer Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davis_(Young_Irelander)" title="Thomas Davis (Young Irelander)">Thomas Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wilde" title="Jane Wilde">Speranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Tynan" title="Katharine Tynan">Katharine Tynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walsh_(poet)" title="Edward Walsh (poet)">Edward Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ledwidge" title="Francis Ledwidge">Francis Ledwidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Colum" title="Padraic Colum">Padraic Colum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._R._Higgins" title="F. R. Higgins">F. R. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(poet)" title="Austin Clarke (poet)">Austin Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Coffey" title="Brian Coffey">Brian Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Devlin" title="Denis Devlin">Denis Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacGreevy" title="Thomas MacGreevy">Thomas MacGreevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanaid_Salkeld" title="Blanaid Salkeld">Blanaid Salkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Devenport_O%27Neill" title="Mary Devenport O'Neill">Mary Devenport O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh" title="Patrick Kavanagh">Patrick Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Dire%C3%A1in" title="Máirtín Ó Direáin">Máirtín Ó Direáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Ríordáin">Seán Ó Ríordáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhac_an_tSaoi" title="Máire Mhac an tSaoi">Máire Mhac an tSaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hartnett" title="Michael Hartnett">Michael Hartnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rosenstock" title="Gabriel Rosenstock">Gabriel Rosenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Mac_Liamm%C3%B3ir" title="Micheál Mac Liammóir">Micheál Mac Liammóir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Greacen" title="Robert Greacen">Robert Greacen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McFadden" title="Roy McFadden">Roy McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padraic_Fiacc" title="Padraic Fiacc">Padraic Fiacc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montague_(poet)" title="John Montague (poet)">John Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Longley" title="Michael Longley">Michael Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Mahon" title="Derek Mahon">Derek Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Muldoon" title="Paul Muldoon">Paul Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinsella" title="Thomas Kinsella">Thomas Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(poet)" title="Michael Smith (poet)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Squires" title="Geoffrey Squires">Geoffrey Squires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Young" title="Augustus Young">Augustus Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Healy" title="Randolph Healy">Randolph Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(poet)" title="John Jordan (poet)">John Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Durcan" title="Paul Durcan">Paul Durcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Payne" title="Basil Payne">Basil Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_%C3%93_Tuairisc" title="Eoghan Ó Tuairisc">Eoghan Ó Tuairisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Galvin" title="Patrick Galvin">Patrick Galvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_%C3%93_Searcaigh" title="Cathal Ó Searcaigh">Cathal Ó Searcaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Tynan_O%27Mahony" title="Nora Tynan O'Mahony">Nora Tynan O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ann_Higgins" title="Rita Ann Higgins">Rita Ann Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eil%C3%A9an_N%C3%AD_Chuillean%C3%A1in" title="Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin">Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbh_McGuckian" title="Medbh McGuckian">Medbh McGuckian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Meehan" title="Paula Meehan">Paula Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_O%27Driscoll" title="Dennis O'Driscoll">Dennis O'Driscoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(poet)" title="Seán Dunne (poet)">Seán Dunne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cronin" title="Anthony Cronin">Anthony Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._F._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. Marshall">W. F. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCarthy_(poet)" title="Thomas McCarthy (poet)">Thomas McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ennis_(poet)" title="John Ennis (poet)">John Ennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Boran" title="Pat Boran">Pat Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Byrne" title="Mairéad Byrne">Mairéad Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaran_Carson" title="Ciaran Carson">Ciarán Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chapman" title="Patrick Chapman">Patrick Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clifton_(poet)" title="Harry Clifton (poet)">Harry Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis_(Irish_poet)" title="Tony Curtis (Irish poet)">Tony Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_J._Daly" title="Pádraig J. Daly">Pádraig J. Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Dawe" title="Gerald Dawe">Gerald Dawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Delanty" title="Greg Delanty">Greg Delanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia_Flynn" title="Leontia Flynn">Leontia Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Grennan" title="Eamon Grennan">Eamon Grennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vona_Groarke" title="Vona Groarke">Vona Groarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Ingoldsby" title="Pat Ingoldsby">Pat Ingoldsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Joyce" title="Trevor Joyce">Trevor Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Kennelly" title="Brendan Kennelly">Brendan Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McFadden_(poet)" title="Hugh McFadden (poet)">Hugh McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Morrissey" title="Sinéad Morrissey">Sinéad Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Murphy_(poet)" title="Gerry Murphy (poet)">Gerry Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_O%27Donoghue" title="Bernard O'Donoghue">Bernard O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Callaghan_(poet)" title="Conor O'Callaghan (poet)">Conor O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caitriona_O%27Reilly" title="Caitriona O'Reilly">Caitriona O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Quinn" title="Justin Quinn">Justin Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Riordan" title="Maurice Riordan">Maurice Riordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Scully" title="Maurice Scully">Maurice Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wall_(writer)" title="William Wall (writer)">William Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Walsh_(poet)" title="Catherine Walsh (poet)">Catherine Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Faber_Book_of_Irish_Verse" title="Faber Book of Irish Verse">Faber Book of Irish Verse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderings_of_Oisin" title="The Wanderings of Oisin">The Wanderings of Oisin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bardic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timna_Catha%C3%ADr_M%C3%A1ir_Caithr%C3%A9im_Cellaig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig (page does not exist)">Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_d%C3%ADs_cuirthear_cl%C3%BA_Laighean" title="Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean">Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_acher_in_ga%C3%ADth_in-nocht..." class="mw-redirect" title="Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...">Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is_tr%C3%BAag_in_ces_i_mbiam" title="Is trúag in ces i mbiam">Is trúag in ces i mbiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid ...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_D%C3%ADbirt_go_Connachta" title="An Díbirt go Connachta">An Díbirt go Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraire_Uladh_ar_Aodh" title="Foraire Uladh ar Aodh">Foraire Uladh ar Aodh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_aonmhic_D%C3%A9_do_c%C3%A9asadh_thr%C3%ADnn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn (page does not exist)">A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_theachtaire_tig_%C3%B3n_R%C3%B3imh" title="A theachtaire tig ón Róimh">A theachtaire tig ón Róimh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F" title="An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?">An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3ir_Connacht_ar_chath_Laighean" title="Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean">Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_libh_a_laochruidh_Gaoidhiol" title="Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol">Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangur_B%C3%A1n" title="Pangur Bán">Pangur Bán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liamuin" title="Liamuin">Liamuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buile_Shuibhne" title="Buile Shuibhne">Buile Shuibhne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n" title="The Prophecy of Berchán">The Prophecy of Berchán</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_Torrach,_fa_Tuar_Broide" title="Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide">Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuireamh_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Tuireamh na hÉireann">Tuireamh na hÉireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Traveller_(poem)" title="The Traveller (poem)">The Traveller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suantra%C3%AD_d%C3%A1_Mhac_Tabhartha" title="Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha">Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mn%C3%A1_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Mná na hÉireann">Mná na hÉireann</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tone%27s_Grave" title="Tone's Grave">Tone's Grave</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_That_Shakes_the_Barley" title="The Wind That Shakes the Barley">The Wind That Shakes the Barley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Love_Songs_of_Connacht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Love Songs of Connacht (page does not exist)">Love Songs of Connacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi_Uncle_Sam" title="Hi Uncle Sam">Hi Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meeting_The_British" title="Meeting The British">Meeting The British</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horse_Latitudes_(poetry_collection)" title="Horse Latitudes (poetry collection)">Horse Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Astray" title="Sweeney Astray">Sweeney Astray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Before_Birth" title="Prayer Before Birth">Prayer Before Birth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D-Day_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day (poem)">D-Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland" title="Poetry Ireland">Poetry Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney_Centre" title="Seamus Heaney Centre">Seamus Heaney Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedalus_Press" title="Dedalus Press">Dedalus Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_Press" title="Dolmen Press">Dolmen Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_Press" title="Gallery Press">Gallery Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HardPressed_Poetry" title="HardPressed Poetry">HardPressed Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapwing_Publications" title="Lapwing Publications">Lapwing Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Poetry" title="Salmon Poetry">Salmon Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SurVision" title="SurVision">SurVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Press" title="Cork University Press">Cork University Press</a> (general)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyphers_(magazine)" title="Cyphers (magazine)">Cyphers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dublin_Magazine" title="The Dublin Magazine">The Dublin Magazine</a></i> (defunct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(magazine)" title="Icarus (magazine)">Icarus (magazine)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lace_Curtain" title="The Lace Curtain">The Lace Curtain</a></i> (defunct)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Ireland_Review" title="Poetry Ireland Review">Poetry Ireland Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stinging_Fly" title="The Stinging Fly">The Stinging Fly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Honest_Ulsterman" title="The Honest Ulsterman">The Honest Ulsterman</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAirt_International_Festival_of_Literature" title="Cúirt International Festival of Literature">Cúirt International Festival of Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundEye_Festival" title="SoundEye Festival">SoundEye Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards / prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh_Poetry_Award" title="Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award">Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_Now_Award" title="Poetry Now Award">Poetry Now Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082108218">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27899280">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11126/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCmqQ3DchFqmKCBbMByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120342162">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033072">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35047940">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074643134">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Duffy, Charles Gavan, Sir, 1816-1903"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000130176&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/323330">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007361868605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14167840">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/461730">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/duffy-sir-charles-gavan-3450">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Duffy, Charles Gavan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.002808.v1">Ireland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120342162">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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