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play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portrayal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portrayal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shylock_on_stage_and_screen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shylock_on_stage_and_screen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shylock on stage and screen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shylock_on_stage_and_screen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notable portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shylock_and_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shylock_and_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shylock and antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shylock_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shylock and antisemitism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shylock_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antisemitic_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitic_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Antisemitic reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitic_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sympathetic_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sympathetic_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sympathetic reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sympathetic_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Influence on antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shylock_as_an_allusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shylock_as_an_allusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shylock as an allusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shylock_as_an_allusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шейлок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шейлок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="شایلاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شایلاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95" title="શાયલોક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શાયલોક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9D" title="샤일록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤일록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шајлок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шајлок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਸ਼ਾਈਲਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਈਲਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Шейлок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шейлок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shylock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shylock" title="Shylock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Character in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the literary character. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shylock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shylock (disambiguation)">Shylock (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pound of flesh" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pound_of_Flesh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)">Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shylock" title="Special:EditPage/Shylock">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shylock%22">"Shylock"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shylock%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shylock%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shylock%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shylock%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shylock%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Shylock</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg/220px-Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg/330px-Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg/440px-Ernst_von_Possart_as_Shylock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shylock portrayed by the actor <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Possart" title="Ernst von Possart">Ernst von Possart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1904</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Jessica (The Merchant of Venice)">Jessica</a> (daughter)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shylock</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a fictional character in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600). A <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> moneylender, Shylock is the play's principal villain. His defeat and forced conversion to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> form the climax of the story. </p><p>Shylock's characterisation is composed of stereotypes, for instance greediness and vengefulness, although there were no legally practising Jews who lived in England during Shakespeare's time. Jews were expelled from the country in 1290 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>; this was not reversed until the mid-17th century (the <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Cromwell Era</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>Shylock is not a Jewish name. However, some scholars believe it probably derives from the biblical name <a href="/wiki/Salah_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salah (biblical figure)">Shalah</a>, which is <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלח</span></span> (<i>Šélaḥ</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. Shalah is the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> and the father of <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>, biblical progenitor of <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a> peoples. All the names of Jewish characters in the play derive from minor figures listed in genealogies in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. It is possible that Shakespeare originally intended the name to be pronounced with a short "i", rather than a long one. In this scenario, the modern pronunciation would have changed because the standard spelling with a "y" signifies to readers a long 'i' pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars emphasise that, although the name echoes some Hebrew names, "Shylock" was a common sixteenth-century English name that would have been familiar to Shakespeare's fellow Londoners, and the name is notable for its <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> origin, meaning "white-haired". The Shylocks of sixteenth-century London included "goldsmiths, mercers, and, most visibly of all, scriveners",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to prominent scholar <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Orgel" title="Stephen Orgel">Stephen Orgel</a>, a Stanford professor who serves (with A. R. Braunmuller) as general editor of <i>The Pelican Shakespeare</i> series from Penguin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_play">In the play</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock,_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png/220px-Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png/330px-Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png/440px-Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock%2C_c._1768_by_Johann_Zoffany.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Macklin_as_Shylock" title="Charles Macklin as Shylock">Charles Macklin as Shylock</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a>, 1768</figcaption></figure> <p>Shylock is a Jewish moneylender who loans 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> to his Christian rival <a href="/wiki/Antonio_(Merchant_of_Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio (Merchant of Venice)">Antonio</a>, setting the <a href="/wiki/Security_interest" title="Security interest">security</a> at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh. This decision is fuelled by his sense of revenge, for Antonio had previously insulted, physically assaulted and spat on him in the <a href="/wiki/Rialto" title="Rialto">Rialto</a> (stock exchange of Venice) dozens of times, defiled the Jewish religion and had also inflicted massive financial losses on him. Meanwhile, Shylock's daughter, Jessica, falls in love with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and converts to Christianity, leaves Shylock's house and steals vast riches from him, which add to Shylock's rage and harden his resolve for revenge. In the end – due to the efforts of Antonio's well-wisher, <a href="/wiki/Portia_(Merchant_of_Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portia (Merchant of Venice)">Portia</a> – Shylock is charged with attempted murder of a Christian, carrying a possible death penalty, and Antonio is freed without punishment. Shylock is then ordered to surrender half of his wealth and property to the state and the other half to Antonio. However, as an act of "mercy", Antonio modifies the verdict, asking Shylock to hand over only one-half of his wealth – to him (Antonio) for his own as well as Lorenzo's need – provided that he keeps two promises. First, Shylock has to sign an agreement bequeathing all his remaining property to Lorenzo and Jessica, which is to become effective after his demise, and second, he is to immediately convert to Christianity. Shylock is forced to agree to these terms, and he exits citing illness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2></div> <p>In Shakespeare's time, no Jews had been legally present in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> for several hundred years (since the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a> in 1290). However, stereotypes of Jews as money lenders remained from the Middle Ages. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Money-lending" class="mw-redirect" title="Money-lending">money-lending</a> had been a fairly common occupation among Jews, in part because Christians were not able to offer interest-bearing loans, then considered the sin of <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>, and Jews were excluded from many fields of work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200936_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200936-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, most Christian kings forbade Jews to own land for farming or to serve in the government, and craft guilds usually refused to admit Jews as artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus money-lending was one of the few occupations still open to Jews. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> argues that the play is based on medieval <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality plays</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplum" title="Exemplum">exemplum</a></i>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> (here represented by Portia) argues for the forgiveness of human souls, as against the implacable accusations of <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a> (Shylock).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shylock_on_stage_and_screen">Shylock on stage and screen</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irving_as_Shylock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Irving_as_Shylock.jpg/220px-Irving_as_Shylock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Irving_as_Shylock.jpg/330px-Irving_as_Shylock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Irving_as_Shylock.jpg/440px-Irving_as_Shylock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> as Shylock in a late 19th century performance</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovitch_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Pavlovitch Adler">Jacob Adler</a> and others report that the tradition of playing Shylock sympathetically began in the first half of the 19th century with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously the role had been played "by a comedian as a repulsive <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a> or, alternatively, as a monster of unrelieved evil". Kean's Shylock established his reputation as an actor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Kean's time, many other actors who have played the role have chosen a sympathetic approach to the character. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a> was a notable exception, playing him as a simple villain, although his father <a href="/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Booth" title="Junius Brutus Booth">Junius Brutus Booth</a> had portrayed the character sympathetically. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>'s portrayal of an aristocratic, proud Shylock (first seen at the Lyceum (London) in 1879, with <a href="/wiki/Portia_(Merchant_of_Venice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portia (Merchant of Venice)">Portia</a> played by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a>) has been called "the summit of his career".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob Adler was the most notable of the early 20th century actors in this role, speaking in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> in an otherwise <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kean and Irving presented a Shylock justified in wanting his <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a>. Adler's Shylock evolved over the years he played the role, first as a stock Shakespearean villain, then as a man whose better nature was overcome by a desire for revenge, and finally as a man who operated not from revenge but from <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>. In a 1902 interview with <i>Theater</i> magazine, Adler pointed out that Shylock is a wealthy man, "rich enough to forgo the interest on three thousand ducats" and that Antonio is "far from the <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalrous</a> gentleman he is made to appear. He has insulted the Jew and spat on him, yet he comes with hypocritical politeness to borrow money of him." Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn?"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern productions explore the justification of Shylock's thirst for vengeance. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(2004_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)">2004 film adaptation</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Radford" title="Michael Radford">Michael Radford</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> as Shylock, the film begins with text and a montage of how <a href="/wiki/Venice_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice Ghetto">the Jewish community</a> is abused by the Christian population of the city. One of the last shots of the film also highlights that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. But he would likely not have been fully accepted by the Christians, as they would remember his Jewish birth. Another interpretation of Shylock and a vision of how "must he be acted" appears at the conclusion of the autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Granach" title="Alexander Granach">Alexander Granach</a>, a noted Jewish stage and film actor in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> (and later in Hollywood and on Broadway).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/St._John_Ervine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Ervine">St. John Ervine</a>'s play <i>The Lady of Belmont</i> (1924) is a sequel to <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> where the characters meet again some years later. All of the marriages that ended <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> are unhappy, Antonio is an obsessive bore reminiscing about his escape from death, but Shylock, freed from religious prejudice, is richer than before and a close friend and confidant of the Doge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wesker" title="Arnold Wesker">Arnold Wesker</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_(play)" title="The Merchant (play)">The Merchant</a></i> (1976) is a reimagining of Shakespeare's story.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this retelling, Shylock and Antonio are friends and share a disdain for the crass antisemitism of the Christian community's laws.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The award-winning monologue <i><a href="/wiki/Shylock_(play)" title="Shylock (play)">Shylock</a></i> (1996) by Canadian playwright <a href="/wiki/Mark_Leiren-Young" title="Mark Leiren-Young">Mark Leiren-Young</a>, focuses on a Jewish actor named Jon Davies, who is featured as Shylock in a production of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jon addresses his audience at a "talk back" session, after the play is closed abruptly due to controversy over the play's alleged <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Davies is portrayed both in and out of character, presenting and stripping down the layers between character and actor. Composed in one 80-minute act, it premiered at <a href="/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach" title="Bard on the Beach">Bard on the Beach</a> on 5 August 1996, where it was directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Juliani" title="John Juliani">John Juliani</a> and starred popular Canadian radio host, David Berner. Its American debut was in 1998 at Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Theatre" title="Walnut Street Theatre">Walnut Street Theatre</a> where it was directed by Deborah Block, starred William Leach and was "Barrymore Recommended". It has since been produced at theatres, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> Festivals and Fringes throughout Canada and the US (including the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Repertory_Theatre" title="San Diego Repertory Theatre">San Diego Repertory Theatre</a> where it was staged opposite a controversial production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i>), was translated for a production in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and has been staged twice by the original actor, Berner, in Venice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_portrayals">Notable portrayals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shylock_film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Shylock_film.jpg/220px-Shylock_film.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Shylock_film.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>1911 Italian-French film.</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable actors who have portrayed Shylock include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burbage" title="Richard Burbage">Richard Burbage</a> in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Macklin" title="Charles Macklin">Charles Macklin</a> in 1741, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a> in 1814, <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Macready" class="mw-redirect" title="William Charles Macready">William Charles Macready</a> in 1840, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a> in 1861, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> in 1880, <a href="/wiki/George_Arliss" title="George Arliss">George Arliss</a> in 1928, and <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> in 1937. Under <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> rule in 1943, the Vienna <a href="/wiki/Burgtheater" title="Burgtheater">Burgtheater</a> presented a notoriously extreme production of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> with <a href="/wiki/Werner_Krauss" title="Werner Krauss">Werner Krauss</a> as an evil Shylock. </p><p>After World War II, productions were sometimes featured on TV and in film as well as on stage, such as <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a> in 1972 and on TV in 1973, and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a> in 1965 at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bristol" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre Royal, Bristol">Theatre Royal</a>, Bristol and 1978. In addition, Stewart developed a one-man show <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shylock:_Shakespeare%27s_Alien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shylock: Shakespeare's Alien (page does not exist)">Shylock: Shakespeare's Alien</a></i> and produced it while acting in the role in 1987 and 2001. <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> added an almost comedic shade to the role when he appeared as Shylock in a 1989 production at New York’s 46th Street Theater. <a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> acted as Shylock in a 2004 <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(2004_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)">feature film</a> version as well as in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in 2010. <a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a> played this character at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> in 2006. In 2015 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/David_Serero_(opera_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Serero (opera singer)">David Serero</a> played Shylock in New York at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, as part of the 500 year anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a>, which converged with the 400 year anniversary of Shakespeare's death, <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> was performed in the ghetto main square by the <a href="/wiki/Karin_Coonrod#Compagnia_de'_Colombari" title="Karin Coonrod">Compagnia de' Colombari</a>. Shylock was played by five actors, four men and a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Merchant_in_Venice:_Shakespeare_in_the_Ghetto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Merchant_in_Venice:_Shakespeare_in_the_Ghetto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shylock_and_antisemitism">Shylock and antisemitism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg/220px-Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg/330px-Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg/440px-Maurycy_Gottlieb_-_Shylock_e_jessica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption><i>Shylock and Jessica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maurycy_Gottlieb" title="Maurycy Gottlieb">Maurycy Gottlieb</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since Shakespeare's time, the character's name has become a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">loan shark</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> to <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shylock" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shylock">shylock</a></i> means to <a href="/wiki/Moneylending" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneylending">lend money</a> at exorbitant <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">rates</a>. In addition, the phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pound_of_flesh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pound of flesh">pound of flesh</a>" has also entered the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> as slang for a particularly onerous or unpleasant obligation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitic_reading">Antisemitic reading</h3></div> <p>Antisemitic views were common in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> England.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the twelfth century that in northern Europe (England, Germany, and France), a region until then peripheral but at this point expanding fast, a form of Judeophobia developed that was considerably more violent because of a new dimension of imagined behaviors, including accusations that Jews engaged in ritual murder, profanation of the host, and the poisoning of wells. With the prejudices of the day against Jews, atheists and non-Christians in general, Jews found it hard to fit in with society. Some say that these attitudes provided the foundations of anti-semitism in the 20th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">English Jews</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">expelled</a> in 1290; Jews were not allowed to return until the rule of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, Jews were often presented on the Elizabethan stage in hideous caricature, with hooked noses and bright red wigs. They were usually depicted as avaricious <a href="/wiki/Usurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurer">usurers</a>; an example is <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta" title="The Jew of Malta">The Jew of Malta</a></i>, which features a comically wicked Jewish villain called <a href="/wiki/Barabas_the_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabas the Jew">Barabas</a>. They were usually characterised as evil, deceptive, and greedy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 1600s, in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and in other regions, Jews were required to wear a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">red hat</a> at all times in public to ensure that they were easily identified. If they did not comply with this rule, they could face the death penalty. In Venice, Jews had to live in a ghetto protected by Christians which was probably for their own safety. The Jews were expected to pay their guards.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shakespeare's play possibly reflected the antisemitic tradition. The title page of the <a href="/wiki/Folios_and_Quartos_(Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folios and Quartos (Shakespeare)">Quarto</a> indicates that the play was sometimes known as <i>The Jew of Venice</i> in its day, which suggests that it was seen as similar to Marlowe's <i>The Jew of Malta</i>. One interpretation of the play's structure is that Shakespeare meant to contrast the mercy of the main Christian characters with the vengeful Shylock, who lacks the religious <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> to comprehend mercy. Similarly, it is possible that Shakespeare meant Shylock's <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to Christianity to be a "happy ending" for the character, as it 'redeems' Shylock both from his unbelief and his specific sin of wanting to kill Antonio. This reading of the play would certainly fit with the antisemitic trends present in Elizabethan-era England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympathetic_reading">Sympathetic reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shylock" title="Special:EditPage/Shylock">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portia_and_Shylock_(Sully,_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg/220px-Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg/330px-Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg/440px-Portia_and_Shylock_%28Sully%2C_1835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3346" data-file-height="4413" /></a><figcaption><i>Shylock and Portia</i> (1835) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern readers and audiences have read the play as a plea for tolerance, with Shylock as a sympathetic character. Shylock's trial at the end of the play is a mockery of justice, with Portia acting as a judge when she has no real right to do so. Shakespeare does not question Shylock's intentions, but that the very people who berated Shylock for being dishonest have resorted to trickery in order to win. Shakespeare gives Shylock one of his most eloquent speeches: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, heal'd by the same means, warm'd and cool'd by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why, revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Act III, scene I</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Alexander Granach, who played Shylock in Germany in the 1920s, writes, </p> <blockquote><p>[H]ow does it happen that Shylock's defense becomes an accusation? ... The answer must be a perfectly simple one. God and Shakespeare did not create beings of paper, they gave them flesh and blood! Even if the poet did not know Shylock and did not like him, the justice of his genius took the part of his black obstacle [Shylock, the obstacle to the plans of the young lovers] and, out of its prodigal and endless wealth, gave Shylock human greatness and spiritual strength and a great loneliness—things that turn Antonio's gay, singing, sponging, money-borrowing, girl-stealing, marriage-contriving circle into petty idlers and sneak thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_antisemitism">Influence on antisemitism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg/220px-The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg/330px-The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg/440px-The_Kingdom_of_Shylock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="5154" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <i>The Kingdom of Shylock</i> (1917), an antisemitic pamphlet authored by Australian MP <a href="/wiki/Frank_Anstey" title="Frank Anstey">Frank Anstey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antisemites have used the play to support their views throughout its history. The 1619 edition has a subtitle of "With the Extreme Cruelty of Shylock the Jew ..." The <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> used Shylock for their <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938, the German radio had broadcast a production of <i>The Merchant of Venice</i> to reinforce stereotypes. Productions of the play followed in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1940), and elsewhere within Nazi-occupied territory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="More data and possibly a link would be good. Or a more accessable source, maybe he covers this in one of his books? (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The depiction of Jews in the literature of England and other English-speaking countries throughout the centuries was influenced by the character of Shylock and similarly stereotypical Jewish characters. Jewish characters in English literature were frequently depicted as "monied, cruel, lecherous, avaricious [outsiders] tolerated only because of [their] golden hoard".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shylock_as_an_allusion">Shylock as an allusion</h2></div> <p>Today the word Shylock is often used to refer to any "relentless and revengeful moneylender"; in fact, any relentless person. In the early 20th century—as even now—doctors were often referred to as Shylocks, because of their exorbitant charges. A one page paper from a medical journal of that time argued that most physicians—even preeminent ones—did not have adequate incomes because the code of medical ethics prevented them from charging the poor for their services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unsourced statement (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The paper ends with an ironic remark—Is the doctor a Shylock?<sup id="cite_ref-PMID36020055_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID36020055-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venice" title="History of the Jews in Venice">History of the Jews in Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalio1994" class="citation book cs1">Halio, Jay L. (1994). <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merchant+of+Venice&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Halio&rft.aufirst=Jay+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted from <i>Shylock is Shakespeare</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gross_(scholar)" title="Kenneth Gross (scholar)">Kenneth Gross</a>, 2006, University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200936-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200936_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2009">Ferguson 2009</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baron, Salo, Kahan, Arcadius; et al., <i>Economic History of the Jews,</i> Nachum Gross (Ed.), Schocken Books, 1975, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccoby2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Maccoby, Hyam</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmode00macc"><i>Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmode00macc/page/n100">86</a>–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415311731" title="Special:BookSources/9780415311731"><bdi>9780415311731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Modernity%3A+Innovation+and+Continuity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415311731&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantisemitismmode00macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler erroneously dates this from 1847 (at which time Kean was already dead); the <i>Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice</i> dates Kean's performance to a more likely 1814.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler 1999, 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wells and Dobson, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler 1999, 342–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler 1999, 344–350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granach 1945; 2010, 275–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2016" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Sewell (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/14/theater/arnold-wesker-british-playwright-known-for-working-class-dramas-dies-at-83.html">"Arnold Wesker, 83, Writer of Working-Class Dramas, Dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arnold+Wesker%2C+83%2C+Writer+of+Working-Class+Dramas%2C+Dies&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F14%2Ftheater%2Farnold-wesker-british-playwright-known-for-working-class-dramas-dies-at-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2016" class="citation news cs1">Billington, Michael (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/apr/13/arnold-wesker-radical-bard-of-working-britain-class-plays">"Arnold Wesker: the radical bard of working Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Arnold+Wesker%3A+the+radical+bard+of+working+Britain&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2016%2Fapr%2F13%2Farnold-wesker-radical-bard-of-working-britain-class-plays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlesbois, Gaetan. "Shylock". <i>Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia</i>. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBWW_News_Desk" class="citation web cs1">BWW News Desk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/David-Serero-to-Star-in-THE-MERCHANT-OF-VENICE-at-the-Center-for-Jewish-History-This-June-20150407">"David Serero to Star in THE MERCHANT OF VENICE at the Center for Jewish History This June"</a>. BroadwayWorld.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Serero+to+Star+in+THE+MERCHANT+OF+VENICE+at+the+Center+for+Jewish+History+This+June&rft.pub=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.au=BWW+News+Desk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Farticle%2FDavid-Serero-to-Star-in-THE-MERCHANT-OF-VENICE-at-the-Center-for-Jewish-History-This-June-20150407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Merchant_in_Venice:_Shakespeare_in_the_Ghetto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Merchant_in_Venice:_Shakespeare_in_the_Ghetto_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassiChillington_Rutter2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Bassi" title="Shaul Bassi">Bassi, Shaul</a>; Chillington Rutter, Carol, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/it/edizioni/libri/978-88-6969-504-9/"><i>The Merchant in Venice: Shakespeare in the Ghetto</i></a>. Venezia: <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Foscari_University_of_Venice" title="Ca' Foscari University of Venice">Ca' Foscari University of Venice</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-503-2"><bdi>978-88-6969-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merchant+in+Venice%3A+Shakespeare+in+the+Ghetto&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pub=Ca%27+Foscari+University+of+Venice&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-88-6969-503-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedizionicafoscari.unive.it%2Fit%2Fedizioni%2Flibri%2F978-88-6969-504-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrin2005" class="citation book cs1">Burrin, Philipe (2005). <i>Nazi Anti-Semitism: From Prejudice to Holocaust</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-969-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-969-8"><bdi>1-56584-969-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Anti-Semitism%3A+From+Prejudice+to+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56584-969-8&rft.aulast=Burrin&rft.aufirst=Philipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Venice.html">"Venice, Italy Jewish History Tour – Jewish Virtual Library"</a>. jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venice%2C+Italy+Jewish+History+Tour+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FVenice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granach 1945, 2010: 276–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1993" class="citation news cs1">Gross, John (4 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/theater/theater-shylock-and-nazi-propaganda.html">"THEATER; Shylock and Nazi Propaganda"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THEATER%3B+Shylock+and+Nazi+Propaganda&rft.date=1993-04-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F04%2Ftheater%2Ftheater-shylock-and-nazi-propaganda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lecture by <a href="/wiki/James_S._Shapiro" title="James S. Shapiro">James Shapiro</a>: "Shakespeare and the Jews"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky" class="citation book cs1">Mirsky, David. "The Fictive Jew in the Literature of England 1890–1920". <i>Samuel K. Mirsky Memorial Volume</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fictive+Jew+in+the+Literature+of+England+1890%E2%80%931920&rft.btitle=Samuel+K.+Mirsky+Memorial+Volume&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID36020055-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMID36020055_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9001488">"Is the Doctor a Shylock?: Physicians['] Incomes"</a>. <i>Atlanta J Rec Med</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 246. July 1907. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9001488">9001488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36020055">36020055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+J+Rec+Med&rft.atitle=Is+the+Doctor+a+Shylock%3F%3A+Physicians%5B%27%5D+Incomes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=246&rft.date=1907-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9001488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36020055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9001488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pavlovich_Adler" title="Jacob Pavlovich Adler">Adler, Jacob</a>, <i>A Life on the Stage: A Memoir</i>, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41351-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41351-0">0-679-41351-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2009" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofmoneyf00ferg"><i>The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143116172" title="Special:BookSources/9780143116172"><bdi>9780143116172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Money%3A+A+Financial+History+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780143116172&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascentofmoneyf00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Granach, Alexander, "There Goes an Actor," tr. Willard Trask, Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, NY, 1945. Also Granach, Alexander, "From the Shtetl to the Stage: The Odyssey of a Wandering Actor," with new Introduction by Herbert S., Lewis, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1347-1">978-1-4128-1347-1</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Rob: <i>Cambridge Student Guide to The Merchant of Venice</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00816-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00816-6">0-521-00816-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bronstein, Herbert (1969). "Shakespeare, the Jews, and <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2868968">10.2307/2868968</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3555">1538-3555</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-3222">0037-3222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2868968">2868968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shakespeare+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shakespeare%2C+the+Jews%2C+and+The+Merchant+of+Venice&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2868968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-3222&rft.eissn=1538-3555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2868968&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShylock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>John Gross, <i>Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy</i>. Touchstone: 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-88386-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-88386-0">0-671-88386-0</a>.</li> <li>Kenneth Gross, <i>Shylock Is Shakespeare</i>. University of Chicago Press: 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30977-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30977-0">0-226-30977-0</a>.</li> <li>S.L. Lee, "The Original of Shylock," <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, Vol. CCXLVI, January/June 1880.</li> <li>James Shapiro, <i>Shakespeare and the Jews</i>. Columbia University Press: 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10345-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10345-X">0-231-10345-X</a>.</li> <li>Joseph Shatzmiller, <i>Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending, and Medieval Society</i>. University of California Press: 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06635-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06635-9">0-520-06635-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Yaffe" title="Martin Yaffe">Martin Yaffe</a>, <i>Shylock and the Jewish Question</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press: 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5648-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5648-5">0-8018-5648-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shylock" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shylock">shylock</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UOdMHW7J2Q">Patrick Stewart illustrates approaches to the Shylock character</a> on <i>Shakespeare Teaching Videos</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="Template:The Merchant of Venice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="Template talk:The Merchant of Venice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Merchant of Venice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_The_Merchant_of_Venice105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shylock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Antonio (The Merchant of Venice)">Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassanio" title="Bassanio">Bassanio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portia_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Portia (The Merchant of Venice)">Portia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Jessica (The Merchant of Venice)">Jessica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Romanorum" title="Gesta Romanorum">Gesta Romanorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Pecorone" title="Il Pecorone">Il Pecorone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jew_of_Malta" title="The Jew of Malta">The Jew of Malta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1914_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1914 film)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1916_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1916 film)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1923_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1923 film)">1923</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shylock_(1940_film)" title="Shylock (1940 film)">Shylock</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1953_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1953 film)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1961_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1961 film)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1969_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (1969 film)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(BBC_Television_Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Merchant of Venice (BBC Television Shakespeare)">1980</a> (TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(2004_film)" title="The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incidental music: <i><a href="/wiki/Shylock_(Faur%C3%A9)" title="Shylock (Fauré)">Shylock</a></i> (1889)</li> <li>Opera: <i><a href="/wiki/Le_marchand_de_Venise" title="Le marchand de Venise">Le marchand de Venise</a></i> (1935); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(opera)" title="The Merchant of Venice (opera)">The Merchant of Venice</a></i> (1982)</li> <li>Musical: <i><a href="/wiki/Shylock_(musical)" title="Shylock (musical)">Shylock</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serenade_to_Music" title="Serenade to Music">Serenade to Music</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_(play)" title="The Merchant (play)">The Merchant</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shylock_(play)" title="Shylock (play)">Shylock</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yasser_(play)" title="Yasser (play)">Yasser</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Maori_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Maori Merchant of Venice">The Maori Merchant of Venice</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_that_glitters_is_not_gold" title="All that glitters is not gold">All that glitters is not gold</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Between_you_and_I" title="Between you and I">Between you and I</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_quality_of_mercy" title="The quality of mercy">The quality of mercy</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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