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href="#Tordesillas_meridian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tordesillas meridian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tordesillas_meridian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimeridian:_Moluccas_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimeridian:_Moluccas_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimeridian:_Moluccas_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_other_European_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_other_European_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effect on other European powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_other_European_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Madrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Madrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treaty of Madrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Madrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Tordesillas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Tordesillas" title="Verdrag van Tordesillas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verdrag van Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="معاهدة توردسيلاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة توردسيلاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_Tordesillas" title="Tratáu de Tordesillas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekupytyha_Tordesillas_pegua" title="Jekupytyha Tordesillas pegua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekupytyha Tordesillas pegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesiyas_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si" title="Tordesiyas müqaviləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tordesiyas müqaviləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Тордесильяс килешеүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тордесильяс килешеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тардэсільяскі дагавор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тардэсільяскі дагавор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Договор от Тордесиляс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Договор от Тордесиляс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Tordesillas" title="Tractat de Tordesillas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillask%C3%A1_smlouva" title="Tordesillaská smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tordesillaská smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytundeb_Tordesillas" title="Cytundeb Tordesillas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytundeb Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktaten_i_Tordesillas" title="Traktaten i Tordesillas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Traktaten i Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Tordesillas" title="Vertrag von Tordesillas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillase_leping" title="Tordesillase leping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tordesillase leping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Αλεξανδρινή γραμμή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξανδρινή γραμμή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Tordesillas" title="Tratado de Tordesillas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_de_Tordesillas" title="Traktato de Tordesillas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traktato de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillasko_Ituna" title="Tordesillasko Ituna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tordesillasko Ituna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پیمان توردسییاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان توردسییاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Tordesillas" title="Traité de Tordesillas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Tordesillas" title="Tratado de Tordesillas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tratado de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="토르데시야스 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토르데시야스 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Տորդեսիլյասի պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տորդեսիլյասի պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="तोर्देसिलास की संधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तोर्देसिलास की संधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugovor_iz_Tordesillasa" title="Ugovor iz Tordesillasa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugovor iz Tordesillasa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrato_di_Tordesillas" title="Kontrato di Tordesillas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kontrato di Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Tordesillas" title="Perjanjian Tordesillas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Tordesillas" title="Trattato di Tordesillas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1" title="חוזה טורדסיאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוזה טורדסיאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejanj%C3%A8n_Tordesillas" title="Prejanjèn Tordesillas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prejanjèn Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тордесильяс кесамат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тордесильяс кесамат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ტორდესილასის ხელშეკრულება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტორდესილასის ხელშეკრულება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkataba_wa_Tordesillas" title="Mkataba wa Tordesillas – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkataba wa Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesiljasas_l%C4%ABgums" title="Tordesiljasas līgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tordesiljasas līgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_vun_Tordesillas" title="Traité vun Tordesillas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Traité vun Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesiljo_sutartis" title="Tordesiljo sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tordesiljo sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillasi_szerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Tordesillasi szerződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tordesillasi szerződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Tordesillas" title="Perjanjian Tordesillas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Tordesillas" title="Verdrag van Tordesillas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="トルデシリャス条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルデシリャス条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillastraktaten" title="Tordesillastraktaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tordesillastraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillas-avtalen" title="Tordesillas-avtalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tordesillas-avtalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Tordesillas" title="Tractat de Tordesillas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tractat de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_z_Tordesillas" title="Traktat z Tordesillas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat z Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Tordesilhas" title="Tratado de Tordesilhas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Tordesilhas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Tordesillas" title="Tratatul de la Tordesillas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тордесильясский договор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тордесильясский договор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treaty of Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillask%C3%A1_zmluva" title="Tordesillaská zmluva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tordesillaská zmluva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogodba_iz_Tordesillasa" title="Pogodba iz Tordesillasa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pogodba iz Tordesillasa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Споразум из Тордесиљаса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Споразум из Тордесиљаса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporazum_iz_Tordesillasa" title="Sporazum iz Tordesillasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sporazum iz Tordesillasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillasin_sopimus" title="Tordesillasin sopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tordesillasin sopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillasf%C3%B6rdraget" title="Tordesillasfördraget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tordesillasfördraget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasunduan_sa_Tordesillas" title="Kasunduan sa Tordesillas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasunduan sa Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="สนธิสัญญาตอร์เดซิยัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาตอร์เดซิยัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tordesillas_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Tordesillas Antlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tordesillas Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80" title="Тордесільяський договір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тордесільяський договір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A0_de_Tordesillas" title="Tratà de Tordesillas – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tratà de Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Tordesillas" title="Hiệp ước Tordesillas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp ước Tordesillas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托尔德西里亚斯条约 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托尔德西里亚斯条约" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="托德西利亚斯条约 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托德西利亚斯条约" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1494 treaty dividing the unclaimed world between Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1494 treaty between Portugal and Spain that divided the world as then understood between the two. For the treaty signed in 1524 between the Habsburgs and Monaco, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1524)" title="Treaty of Tordesillas (1524)">Treaty of Tordesillas (1524)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Treaty of Tordesillas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Tordesillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front page of the Portuguese-owned treaty. This page is written in Spanish.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 1494 in <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1494 in Spain<br />5 September 1494 in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a><br />24 January 1505 or 1506 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parise2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parise2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John, Prince of Asturias</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairRobertson1903_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairRobertson1903-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917100_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">To resolve the conflict that arose from the 1481 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> Aeterni regis which affirmed Portuguese claims to all non-Christian lands south of the Canary Islands after Columbus claimed the Antilles for Castile, and to divide trading and colonising rights for all lands located west of the Canary Islands between Portugal and Castile (later applied between the Spanish Crown and Portugal) to the exclusion of any other Christian empires.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Treaty of Tordesillas</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed in <a href="/wiki/Tordesillas" title="Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a>, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> in <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal" title="Setúbal">Setúbal</a>, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, along a <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> 370 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), named in the treaty as <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">Cipangu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antillia" title="Antillia">Antillia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>). </p><p>The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile, modifying an earlier <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>. The treaty was signed by Spain on <span class="nowrap">2 July 1494</span>, and by Portugal on <span class="nowrap">5 September 1494</span>. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>, signed on <span class="nowrap">22 April 1529</span>, which specified the <a href="#Antimeridian:_Moluccas_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">antimeridian</a> to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal and Spain largely respected the treaties, while the indigenous peoples of the Americas did not acknowledge them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty was included by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2007 in its <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a>. Originals of both treaties are kept at the <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a> in Spain and at the <a href="/wiki/Torre_do_Tombo_National_Archive" title="Torre do Tombo National Archive">Torre do Tombo National Archive</a> in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport191785_&_171_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport191785_&_171-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signing_and_enforcement">Signing and enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signing and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Set%C3%BAbal,_Portugal,_2021-09-09,_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg/259px-Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg/389px-Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg/518px-Convento_de_Jes%C3%BAs%2C_Set%C3%BAbal%2C_Portugal%2C_2021-09-09%2C_DD_78-80_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7894" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>The convent in Setúbal, where the Portuguese king John II ratified the treaty in 1494.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_and_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/400px-Spain_and_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/600px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/800px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal: the 1494 Tordesillas meridian (purple) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian (green)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that arose following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed under the Crown of Castile. On his way back to <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Spain</a>, he first stopped at Lisbon, where he requested another meeting with <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a> to prove to him that there were more islands to the southwest of the Canary Islands. </p><p>After learning of the Castilian-sponsored voyage, the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a>, stating that by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alc%C3%A1%C3%A7ovas" title="Treaty of Alcáçovas">Treaty of Alcáçovas</a> signed in 1479 and by the 1481 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_regis" title="Aeterni regis">Aeterni regis</a></i> that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal, all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged, in fact, to Portugal. The Portuguese king also stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet (an armada led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoben2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish rulers replied that Spain owned the islands discovered by Columbus and warned King João not permit anyone from Portugal to go there. Finally, the rulers invited Portugal to send ambassadors to begin diplomatic negotiations aimed at settling the rights of each nation in the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoben2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May 1493, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Borgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigo Borgia">Rodrigo Borgia</a>), an <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a> by birth, decreed in the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i> that all lands west of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile, although territory under Christian rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands, so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line. Another bull, <i><a href="/wiki/Dudum_siquidem" title="Dudum siquidem">Dudum siquidem</a></i>, entitled <i>Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies</i> and dated <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 1493, gave all mainlands and islands, "at one time or even still belonging to India" to Spain, even if east of the line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too little land—it prevented him from possessing India, his near-term goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoben2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1493, Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus, but the explicit mention of India was a major issue. As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line. In the bargain, John accepted <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i> as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west, protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands that now constitute the eastern quarter of Brazil. As one scholar assessed the results, "both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed, and each thought that the other was deceived", concluding that it was a "diplomatic triumph for Portugal, confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India, but most of the South Atlantic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973194_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973194-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/220px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/330px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/440px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">Mare clausum</a></i> ('closed sea') claims during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The treaty was negotiated without consulting Pope Alexander VI and effectively countered his bulls. However, it was subsequently sanctioned by his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> by means of the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Ea_quae_pro_bono_pacis" title="Ea quae pro bono pacis">Ea quae pro bono pacis</a></i> of <span class="nowrap">24 January 1506</span> and therefore some sources call the resulting line the "Papal Line of Demarcation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduLILAAAAIAAJpgPA107_107–111]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduLILAAAAIAAJpgPA107_107–111]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans, as it was only divided via the treaty. Castile gained lands including most of the Americas, which in 1494 had little proven wealth. The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to Portugal when in 1500 <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed there while he was en route to India. Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this time, so his landing in Brazil was not an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar points to Cabral's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than the expected <a href="/wiki/Cape_S%C3%A3o_Roque" title="Cape São Roque">Cape São Roque</a>, such that "the likelihood of making such a landfall as a result of freak weather or a navigational error was remote; and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected, but already known".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973198_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973198-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/250px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/375px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/500px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> and trade routes (blue) since <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s 1498 journey and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Manila-Acapulco_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila-Acapulco galleons">Manila-Acapulco galleons</a> trade routes (white) established in 1568</figcaption></figure> <p>The line was not strictly enforced—the Spanish did not resist the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese expansion of Brazil</a> across the meridian. However, Spain attempted to stop the Portuguese advance in Asia, by claiming the meridian line ran around the world, dividing the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic. Portugal pushed back, seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of demarcation to the Atlantic. This was given by Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>, who was friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries, in 1514 in the bull <i>Praecelsae devotionis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973202_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973202-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divided possessions sanctioned by the treaty continued, even when Spain and Portugal were united under a single king between 1580 and 1640, until the treaty was superseded by the 1750 <a href="#Treaty_of_Madrid">Treaty of Madrid</a>. </p><p>Emerging Protestant maritime powers, particularly England and The Netherlands, and other third parties such as Catholic France, did not recognize the division of the world between only two Catholic nations brokered by the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973205_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973205-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tordesillas_meridian">Tordesillas meridian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tordesillas meridian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/400px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/600px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/800px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Various Spanish and Portuguese reckonings of the Tordesillas line (1495–1545) marked along the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> coast, from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrisse" title="Henry Harrisse">Harrisse</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CantinoPlanisphere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/400px-CantinoPlanisphere.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/600px-CantinoPlanisphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/800px-CantinoPlanisphere.png 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a> depicting the meridian, generally considered to represent the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a>'s official <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_Real" title="Padrão Real">Padrão Real</a> c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1502</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg/400px-Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg/600px-Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg/800px-Map_Diego_Ribero_1529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>The 1529 <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro" title="Diogo Ribeiro">Diogo Ribeiro</a> world map, generally considered to represent the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n_Real" title="Padrón Real">Padrón Real</a> used for deciding the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands. It did not specify the length of the league, its equivalent in equatorial degrees, or which of the Cape Verde islands was intended. Instead, the treaty provided that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage. This voyage never occurred, and instead there were only a series of nonbinding expert opinions produced over the next several decades. Their computations were further complicated by remaining uncertainty about the exact equatorial circumference of the earth. As such, each proposed line can be variously computed using geographical leagues defined in terms of a degree using a ratio which applies regardless of the size of the earth or using a <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">specifically measured league</a> applied to the actual equatorial circumference of the earth, with allowances necessary for the imperfect Portuguese and Spanish knowledge of its true dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897194_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897194-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The earliest Aragonese opinion was provided by Jaime Ferrer in 1495 at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella. He stated to them that the demarcation line was 18° west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands, equivalent to 24°25<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> west of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich meridian">Greenwich</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrisse" title="Henry Harrisse">Harrisse</a> concludes Ferrer must have meant <a href="/wiki/Fogo,_Cape_Verde" title="Fogo, Cape Verde">Fogo</a> as this central island.) Thus, Ferrer placed the line at 42°25<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. on his sphere, which was 21.1% larger than the actual size of the earth. Harrisse further concludes from Ferrer's claim that his league contained 32 Olympic <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit_of_length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (unit of length)">stades</a> (<span class="nowrap">6.15264 km</span>) that his line—if perfectly measured—would have corresponded to a position <span class="nowrap">2,276.5 km</span> west of Fogo at 47°37<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse189791–97,_178–190_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse189791–97,_178–190-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The earliest surviving Portuguese opinion is on the <a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a> of 1501 or 1502, generally considered to represent the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_Real" title="Padrão Real">Portuguese standard map</a> of its day. Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque, the northeast cape of South America, and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, labeled the Great River (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Rio Grande</i></span>) with an estuary marked "All of this sea is fresh water" (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Todo este mar he de agua doçe</i></span>), Harrisse computed that this line was at 42°30<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. on the actual globe. Harrisse believed the large estuary just west of the line on the Cantino map was that of the Rio Maranhão (this estuary is now the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_S%C3%A3o_Marcos" title="Baía de São Marcos">Baía de São Marcos</a> and the river is now the <a href="/wiki/Mearim_River" title="Mearim River">Mearim</a>), whose flow is so weak that its gulf does <i>not</i> contain fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897100–102,_190–192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897100–102,_190–192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1518, another Castilian opinion was provided by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso" title="Martín Fernández de Enciso">Martin Fernández de Enciso</a>. Harrisse computes that Enciso's sphere was 7.7% smaller than the actual size of the earth so his line at 47°24<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. corresponds to the actual 45°38<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. based on his other numerical data. Enciso further described the coastal features near which the line passed, but in a very confused manner that might place the line as far west as the mouth of the Amazon between <a href="/wiki/49th_meridian_west" title="49th meridian west">49°W</a> and <a href="/wiki/50th_meridian_west" title="50th meridian west">50°W</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897103–108,_122,_192–200_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897103–108,_122,_192–200-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1524, the Castilian mathematician Tomás Durán and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (ship)">pilots</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vespucci" title="Giovanni Vespucci">Juan Vespucci</a> (nephew of <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>) gave their opinion to the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Badajoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Badajoz">conference at Badajoz</a>, whose failure to resolve the dispute led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>. The pilots specified that the line should be understood as 22° plus about <span class="nowrap">9 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish miles">miles</a></span> west of the center of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%A3o,_Cape_Verde" title="Santo Antão, Cape Verde">Santo Antão</a>, the westernmost Cape Verde island. Based on their understanding of the equator, Harrisse concludes they intended 47°17<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. on their sphere (3.1% smaller than ours) or 46°36<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>W on the actual globe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897138–139,_207–208_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897138–139,_207–208-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the same conference, the Portuguese presented a globe on which the line was marked as 21°30<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> west of Santo Antão, which would place it at 47°16<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>52″ W. when adjusted to match the actual circumference of the earth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897207–208_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897207–208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly identical to the Spanish suggestion. However, the Badajoz conference disbanded without reaching any formal settlement on any issue.</li> <li>The 1529 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>, agreed to by the Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>) and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, implicitly assumes within its measurements of a new eastern line that the leagues of the two treaties should be understood as a geographical league equivalent to 4/70th of an equatorial degree,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChardon1980140_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChardon1980140-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing the line between 43°56<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> and 46°18<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W. depending on the island chosen. Note, however, that the 1529 <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro" title="Diogo Ribeiro">Diogo Ribeiro</a> map—generally considered to represent the now-lost <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n_Real" title="Padrón Real">Spanish standard map</a> used to finalize the agreement at Zaragoza—placed its own delineation of the Tordesillas agreement much further west, around 49°45<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> W.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antimeridian:_Moluccas_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg/220px-Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg/330px-Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg/440px-Blaeu_-_Moluccae_Insulae_Celeberrimae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Dutch map of the Moluccas (north is at right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the line of demarcation did not encircle the earth. Instead, Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover, Spain to the west and Portugal to the east, even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the earth into two equal hemispheres. After the surviving ships of <a href="/wiki/Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan">Magellan</a>'s fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521, Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere. The Treaty of Vitoria, negotiated between Spain and Portugal on 19 February 1524, called for the Junta of Badajoz to meet in an attempt to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian, which ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was finally agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a> (or Saragossa), signed on 22 April 1529, that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> of gold<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Portugal to Spain. To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal's Moluccas, the anti-meridian was to be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">297<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> leagues or 17° to the east of the Moluccas, passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, which is just west of due north of the Moluccas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA71_71]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA71_71]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea. However, unlike the large modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, to 16th-century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands, the only place on earth where <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> grew, just west of the large north Malukan island of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> (called Gilolo at the time). Cloves were so prized by Europeans for the medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndaya19931–3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndaya19931–3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorn1998xxiv_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorn1998xxiv-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16th- and 17th-century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moti_Island" title="Moti Island">Moti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makian" title="Makian">Makian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacan">Bacan</a>, although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA126_126–127]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA126_126–127]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal island was Ternate at the chain's northern end (0°47<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>N, only 11 kilometres (7 mi) in diameter) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Kastela" title="Fort Kastela">Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate</a>) during 1522–23,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndaya1993117_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndaya1993117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could only be repaired, not modified, according to the Treaty of Zaragoza. This north–south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127°24<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>E, with Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it. </p><p>Although the treaty's Santo Thome island has not been identified, its "Islas de las Velas" (Islands of the Sails) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China, on the 1594 world map of <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Plancius" title="Petrus Plancius">Petrus Plancius</a>, on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Linschoten</a>, and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio, identified as a north–south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific, which were also called the "Islas de los Ladrones" (Islands of the Thieves) during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnowlton1963341_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowlton1963341-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortesao1939224_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortesao1939224-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to "Islas de las Marianas" (<a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>), which include <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> at their southern end. Guam's longitude of 144°45<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>E is east of the Moluccas' longitude of 127°24<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>E by 17°21<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span>, which is remarkably close by 16th-century standards to the treaty's 17° east. This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> and through the eastern end of New Guinea, which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147°E by measuring 16.4° east from the western end of New Guinea (or 17° east of 130°E).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the treaty's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17° east of the Moluccas, some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Zaragoza did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation provided by the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180° each), so the two lines divided the earth into unequal hemispheres. Portugal's portion was roughly 191° whereas Spain's portion was roughly 169°. Both portions have a large uncertainty of ±4° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Zaragoza line, including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far discovered, leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean. Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty, Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line. Nevertheless, by 1542, Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines, judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices. Although a number of expeditions sent from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> arrived in the Philippines, they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown. King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> succeeded in 1565 when he sent <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a>, establishing the initial Spanish trading post at <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> and later founding Manila in 1571. </p><p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a> and the Moluccas, Portugal eventually controlled <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> (among other territories and bases) in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>; several bases or territories such as <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> in the Persian Gulf, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> (among other coastal cities) in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Malacca</a>, bases in present-day Indonesia as <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a></i>-base of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> and the entrepôt-enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>) in the Far East. </p><p>Spain, on the other hand, would control vast western regions in the Americas, in areas ranging from the present-day United States to present-day Argentina, an empire that would extend to the Philippines, and bases in Ternate and <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a> (17th century). </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Portuguese and Spanish empires (anachronous world maps) </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/180px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/270px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/360px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Empire_(diachronic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/180px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/270px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/360px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/180px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/270px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/360px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1581–1640)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_other_European_powers">Effect on other European powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effect on other European powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed by France's <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, who declared, "The sun shines for me as it does for others. I would very much like to see the clause of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>'s will by which I should be denied my share of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Madrid">Treaty of Madrid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Madrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)</a></div> <p>On January 13, 1750, <a href="/wiki/King_John_V_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King John V of Portugal">King John V of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> signed the Treaty of Madrid, in which both parties sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America, admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas, as it had been envisioned in 1494, had been superseded, and was considered void. Spanish sovereignty was acknowledged over the Philippines, while Portugal would get the territory of the Amazon River basin. Portugal would relinquish the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">colony of Sacramento</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">left bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">River Plata</a> in modern-day Uruguay, while getting the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Seven Missions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarani War">Guarani War</a>, the treaty was annulled by Spain and Portugal in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_El_Pardo_(1761)" title="Treaty of El Pardo (1761)">Treaty of El Pardo (1761)</a>. The border was eventually settled in the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="First Treaty of San Ildefonso">First Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> in 1777, with Spain acquiring territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_River" title="Uruguay River">Uruguay River</a> and Portugal acquiring territories in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_claims">Modern claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_negotiations_on_the_division_of_Asia" title="Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia">Axis powers negotiations on the division of Asia</a>, wherein Japan proposed splitting Asia along the <a href="/wiki/70th_meridian_east" title="70th meridian east">70th meridian east</a> <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> with Nazi Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">History of Portugal (1415–1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_del_Tratado_de_Tordesillas" title="Casas del Tratado de Tordesillas">Houses of Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Tratado de Tordesillas</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tɾaˈtaðo<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>toɾðeˈsiʎas]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Tratado de Tordesilhas</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[tɾɐˈtaðu<span class="wrap"> </span>ðɨ<span class="wrap"> </span>tuɾðeˈziʎɐʃ]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assuming the treaty reckoned its "350,000 ducats" as <a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America#1497_Medina_del_Campo" title="Currency of Spanish America">the era's Spanish <i>ducados</i></a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Venetian_ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian ducats">Venetian ducats</a>, this would have represented about 1220 kg of pure gold.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Spanish-Portuguese Union</a> (1580–1640) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas (1605–1611, pp. 152–153), the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines. (p. 156)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in <i>Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China</i> (<i>History of the most remarkable things, rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China</i>, 1585).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With detailed maps naming each island on several maps.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Pietschmann, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8ZnAAAAMAAJ&q=Julius+II+ratified+tordesillas+1505">Atlantic history : history of the Atlantic System 1580–1830</a></i>, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parise2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parise2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParise2017" class="citation book cs1">Parise, Agustín (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BI32DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68"><i>Ownership Paradigms in American Civil Law Jurisdictions: Manifestations of the Shifts in the Legislation of Louisiana, Chile, and Argentina (16th–20th Centuries)</i></a>. Brill. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004338203" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004338203"><bdi>978-9004338203</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ownership+Paradigms+in+American+Civil+Law+Jurisdictions%3A+Manifestations+of+the+Shifts+in+the+Legislation+of+Louisiana%2C+Chile%2C+and+Argentina+%2816th%E2%80%9320th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9004338203&rft.aulast=Parise&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBI32DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairRobertson1903-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlairRobertson1903_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlairRobertson1903">Blair & Robertson (1903)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917100-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917100_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenport1917">Davenport (1917)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerLeSageEscarcena2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Robert; LeSage, Lisa; Escarcena, Sebastián (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol89/iss4/6">"The International Law of Discovery, Indigenous Peoples, and Chile"</a>. <i>Nebraska Law Review</i>. <b>89</b> (4): 829.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+International+Law+of+Discovery%2C+Indigenous+Peoples%2C+and+Chile&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=829&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=LeSage%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Escarcena%2C+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fnlr%2Fvol89%2Fiss4%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport191785_&_171-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport191785_&_171_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenport1917">Davenport (1917)</a>, pp. 85 & 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoben2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoben2015_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoben2015">Coben 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973194-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973194_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1973">Parry (1973)</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduLILAAAAIAAJpgPA107_107–111]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport1917[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduLILAAAAIAAJpgPA107_107–111]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenport1917">Davenport (1917)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA107">107–111</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Ronald Marchant, <i>The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia, 1479–1829</i> (Greenwood, Western Australia: Woodside Valley Foundation, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74126-423-4">978-1-74126-423-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrow1992" class="citation book cs1">Crow, John A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow"><i>The Epic of Latin America</i></a></span> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07723-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07723-7"><bdi>0-520-07723-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07723-7&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepicoflatinameri00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973198-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973198_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1973">Parry (1973)</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973202-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973202_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1973">Parry (1973)</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1973205-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1973205_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1973">Parry (1973)</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897frontisp_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, p. frontisp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897194-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897194_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse189791–97,_178–190-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse189791–97,_178–190_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, pp. 91–97, 178–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897100–102,_190–192-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897100–102,_190–192_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, pp. 100–102, 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897103–108,_122,_192–200-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897103–108,_122,_192–200_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, pp. 103–108, 122, 192–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897138–139,_207–208-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897138–139,_207–208_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, pp. 138–139, 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897207–208-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisse1897207–208_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisse1897">Harrisse (1897)</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChardon1980140-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChardon1980140_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChardon1980">Chardon (1980)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gaylord Bourne, "Historical Introduction", in Blair.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Helen Blair, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18032.html">The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, part 2</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Helen Blair, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18033.html">The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803, part 3</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA71_71]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA71_71]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanley1874">Stanley (1874)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71">71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndaya19931–3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndaya19931–3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndaya1993">Andaya 1993</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorn1998xxiv-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorn1998xxiv_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorn1998">Corn 1998</a>, p. xxiv. I split the nut, once more valuable than gold.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita, <i>Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia</i>, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 98, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21576-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21576-1">0-520-21576-1</a> (early 1500s).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175159/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html">"The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini, 1600s"</a>. Colonialvoyage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ternate.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+the+Moluccas+and+in+the+Lesser+Sunda+Islands+by+Marco+Ramerini%2C+1600s&rft.pub=Colonialvoyage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialvoyage.com%2Fternate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA126_126–127]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1874[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-pIMAAAAIAAJpgPA126_126–127]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanley1874">Stanley (1874)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA126">126–127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndaya1993117-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndaya1993117_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndaya1993">Andaya 1993</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowlton1963341-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnowlton1963341_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnowlton1963">Knowlton 1963</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortesao1939224-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortesao1939224_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCortesao1939">Cortesao 1939</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ed. John O. E. Clark, <i>100 Maps</i> (New York: Sterling, 2005) p. 115, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4027-2885-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4027-2885-9">1-4027-2885-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Réseau_Asie2006" class="citation web cs1">Le Réseau Asie (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003005552/http://www.reseau-asie.com/cgi-bin/prog/pform.cgi?langue=en&Mcenter=article_standard&TypeListe=showdoc&ID_document=183">"The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South-East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand"</a>. Reseau-asie.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reseau-asie.com/cgi-bin/prog/pform.cgi?langue=en&Mcenter=article_standard&TypeListe=showdoc&ID_document=183">the original</a> on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+cartography+of+the+Orientals+and+Southern+Europeans+in+the+beginning+of+the+western+exploration+of+South-East+Asia+from+the+middle+of+the+XVth+century+to+the+beginning+of+the+XVIIth+century+by+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Durand&rft.pub=Reseau-asie.com&rft.date=2006-09-15&rft.au=Le+R%C3%A9seau+Asie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reseau-asie.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fprog%2Fpform.cgi%3Flangue%3Den%26Mcenter%3Darticle_standard%26TypeListe%3Dshowdoc%26ID_document%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1966/april/galleon/">"Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon"</a>. <i>The Journal of San Diego History</i> (Volume 12, Number 2 ed.). April 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+San+Diego+History&rft.atitle=Philip+II+Orders+the+Journey+of+the+First+Manila+Galleon&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2F1966%2Fapril%2Fgalleon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iR4ht7LHFhsC&pg=PA4"><i>Lines in the sea</i> by Giampiero Francalanci and others, p.3</a> about 129°E or only 1°30<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> east of the Moluccas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/66april/images/pg8map.jpg">Lines of Demarcation 1529</a> about 134°E or 6°30<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> east of the Moluccas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klett-verlag.de/sixcms/list.php?page=geo_infothek&node=Mittelalter&article=Infoblatt+Das+Zeitalter+der+gro%DFen+Entdeckungsfahrten">Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927140459/http://klett-verlag.de/sixcms/list.php?page=geo_infothek&node=Mittelalter&article=Infoblatt+Das+Zeitalter+der+gro%DFen+Entdeckungsfahrten">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> about 135°E or 7°30<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.15em;">′</span> east of the Moluccas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoursière2005" class="citation book cs1">Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). <i>Canada Quebec 1534–2000</i>. Québec: Septentrion. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2894481868" title="Special:BookSources/978-2894481868"><bdi>978-2894481868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Quebec+1534%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Septentrion&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2894481868&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Damião Rodrigues, Pedro Aires Oliveira (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbhrQEACAAJ&q=hist%C3%B3ria+da+expans%C3%A3o+e+do+imp%C3%A9rio+portugu%C3%AAs"><i>História da Expansão e do Império Português</i></a> ed. Esfera dos Livros, pp. 266–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211195502/http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic17-1-15.pdf">"National Interests And Claims In The Antarctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic17-1-15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Interests+And+Claims+In+The+Antarctic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aina.ucalgary.ca%2Farctic%2FArctic17-1-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya1993" class="citation cs2">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), <i>The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period</i>, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1490-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1490-8"><bdi>0-8248-1490-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Maluku%3A+Eastern+Indonesia+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8248-1490-8&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairRobertson1903" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Helen_Blair" title="Emma Helen Blair">Blair, Emma Helen</a>; et al., eds. (1903), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Philippine-Islands-1493-18031.html"><i>The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803</i></a>, vol. I, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Islands%2C+1493%26ndash%3B1803&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.date=1903&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fullbooks.com%2FThe-Philippine-Islands-1493-18031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Islands,_1493-1898/Volume_1" class="extiw" title="s:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898/Volume 1">Wikisource</a>), with English translation of the treaty.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChardon1980" class="citation cs2">Chardon, Roland (1980), "The Linear League in North America", <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>, vol. 70, Association of American Geographers, Taylor & Francis, pp. 129–153, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1980.tb01304.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01304.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562946">2562946</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Linear+League+in+North+America&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.pages=129-153&rft.pub=Association+of+American+Geographers%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1980.tb01304.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2562946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chardon&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoben2015" class="citation cs2">Coben, Lawrence A. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/00822884.2015.1120427">"The Events that Led to the Treaty of Tordesillas"</a>, <i>Terrae Incognitae</i>, vol. 47, pp. 142–162, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F00822884.2015.1120427">10.1179/00822884.2015.1120427</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-2884">0082-2884</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130710301">130710301</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Events+that+Led+to+the+Treaty+of+Tordesillas&rft.btitle=Terrae+Incognitae&rft.pages=142-162&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130710301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0082-2884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F00822884.2015.1120427&rft.aulast=Coben&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2F00822884.2015.1120427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorn1998" class="citation cs2">Corn, Charles (1998), <i>The Scents of Eden: A Narrative of the Spice Trade</i>, New York: Kodansha, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-202-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-202-1"><bdi>1-56836-202-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scents+of+Eden%3A+A+Narrative+of+the+Spice+Trade&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56836-202-1&rft.aulast=Corn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortesao1939" class="citation cs2">Cortesao, Armando (1939), "Antonio Pereira and His Map of circa 1545", <i>Geographical Review</i>, vol. 29, American Geographical Society, Wiley, pp. 205–225, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F209943">10.2307/209943</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/209943">209943</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antonio+Pereira+and+His+Map+of+circa+1545&rft.btitle=Geographical+Review&rft.pages=205-225&rft.pub=American+Geographical+Society%2C+Wiley&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F209943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F209943%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cortesao&rft.aufirst=Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1917" class="citation cs2">Davenport, Frances Gardiner, ed. (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeantreatie00paulgoog"><i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>: Carnegie Institution</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Treaties+Bearing+on+the+History+of+the+United+States+and+its+Dependencies+to+1648&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeantreatie00paulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/European_Treaties_bearing_on_the_History_of_the_United_States_and_its_Dependencies_to_1648" class="extiw" title="s:European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648">Wikisource</a>) & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/15th_century/mod001.asp">Yale Law</a>, with the original Spanish text, notes, and full English translation of the treaty.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisse1897" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrisse" title="Henry Harrisse">Harrisse, Henry</a> (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichisto01harrgoog"><i>The Diplomatic History of America: Its First Chapter 1452–1493–1494</i></a>, London: Stevens</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomatic+History+of+America%3A+Its+First+Chapter+1452%E2%80%931493%E2%80%931494&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Harrisse&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomatichisto01harrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowlton1963" class="citation cs2">Knowlton, Edgar C. (1963), "China and the Philippines in <i>El Periquillo Sarniento</i>", <i>Hispanic Review</i>, vol. 31, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 336–347, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F472212">10.2307/472212</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/472212">472212</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Philippines+in+El+Periquillo+Sarniento&rft.btitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.pages=336-347&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F472212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F472212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knowlton&rft.aufirst=Edgar+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1973" class="citation cs2">Parry, J. H. (1973), <i>The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450–1650</i>, London: Cardinal, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-16603-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-16603-4"><bdi>0-297-16603-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reconnaissance%3A+Discovery%2C+Exploration%2C+and+Settlement%2C+1450%E2%80%931650&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-297-16603-4&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1874" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_John_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Edward John Stanley">Stanley, Henry Edward John</a>, ed. (1874), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_First_Voyage_Round_the_World" class="extiw" title="s:The First Voyage Round the World">The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan...</a></i>, London: Hakluyt Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Voyage+Round+the+World+by+Magellan...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkerman2009" class="citation cs2">Akerman, James R. (2009), <i>The Imperial Map</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Map&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Akerman&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1892" class="citation cs2">Bourne, Edward G. (1892), "The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by Pope Alexander VI, between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and Colonization", <i>Annual Report for 1891</i>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>: American Historical Association</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Determination+of+the+Line+of+Demarcation+by+Pope+Alexander+VI%2C+between+the+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Fields+of+Discovery+and+Colonization&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+for+1891&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>, included in the <i>Senate Miscellaneous Documents</i>, Vol. V (1891–1892), pp. 103–130.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2012" class="citation cs2">Bown, Stephen R. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDkfOAISLJIC"><i>1494: How a Family Feud in Medieval Spain Divided the World in Half</i></a>, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61612-0"><bdi>978-0-312-61612-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1494%3A+How+a+Family+Feud+in+Medieval+Spain+Divided+the+World+in+Half&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-312-61612-0&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDkfOAISLJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaisberg2017" class="citation cs2">Waisberg, Tatiana (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2967633">"The Treaty of Tordesillas and the (Re)Invention of International Law in the Age of Discovery"</a>, <i>Journal of Global Studies</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Tordesillas+and+the+%28Re%29Invention+of+International+Law+in+the+Age+of+Discovery&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Global+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Waisberg&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2967633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Tordesillas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External 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class="extiw" title="wikisource:Dudum siquidem">Dudum siquidem</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa112999a.htm">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711222327/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa112999a.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (about.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcu.es/archivos/docs/Documento_Tratado_Tordesillas.pdf">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> (Portuguese) from <a href="/wiki/Archivo_General_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivo General de Indias">Archivo General de Indias</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180897#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180897#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180897#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/232145857902923021282">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/225068382">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4185720-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82219907">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007588668805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615808806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=1260075043">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=1260075043</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1494_in_Portugal" title="Category:1494 in Portugal">1494 in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1494_in_Spain" title="Category:1494 in Spain">1494 in Spain</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:Spheres of influence">Spheres of influence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="Category:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">History of the Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal">Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Treaties of the Spanish Empire">Treaties of the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1494_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1494 in the Spanish Empire">1494 in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1494_in_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:1494 in the Portuguese Empire">1494 in the Portuguese Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_province_of_Valladolid" title="Category:History of the province of Valladolid">History of the province of Valladolid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tordesillas" title="Category:Tordesillas">Tordesillas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Portuguese IPA">Pages with Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback 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