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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organizational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_international_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_international_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributions to international security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_international_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nobel Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Foundation_for_Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Foundation_for_Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International Foundation for Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Foundation_for_Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretaries_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretaries_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Secretaries General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretaries_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pugwash_Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pugwash_Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pugwash Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pugwash_Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pugwashites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pugwashites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pugwashites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pugwashites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pugwashites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pugwashites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pugwash_Council_for_the_2007–2012_Quinquennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pugwash_Council_for_the_2007–2012_Quinquennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pugwash Council for the 2007–2012 Quinquennium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pugwash_Council_for_the_2007–2012_Quinquennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Pugwashites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Pugwashites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other Pugwashites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Pugwashites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jubilee_Pugwash_Conference_Astana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jubilee_Pugwash_Conference_Astana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Jubilee Pugwash Conference Astana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jubilee_Pugwash_Conference_Astana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Archival collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مؤتمر باجواش للعلوم والشؤون الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤتمر باجواش للعلوم والشؤون الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_Pugwash" title="Conferencia Pugwash – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conferencia Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_v%C9%99_d%C3%BCnya_%C9%99laq%C9%99l%C9%99ri_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_Paquo%C5%9F_konfrans%C4%B1" title="Elm və dünya əlaqələri üzrə Paquoş konfransı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elm və dünya əlaqələri üzrə Paquoş konfransı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пагуошскі рух навукоўцаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пагуошскі рух навукоўцаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Пагуоскі рух навукоўцаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пагуоскі рух навукоўцаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Пъгуошки конференции за наука и световни проблеми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пъгуошки конференции за наука и световни проблеми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%A8ncies_Pugwash_de_Ci%C3%A8ncia_i_Afers_Mundials" title="Conferències Pugwash de Ciència i Afers Mundials – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conferències Pugwash de Ciència i Afers Mundials" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88_%C4%83%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8E%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Пагуош ăсчахĕсен юхăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пагуош ăсчахĕсен юхăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwashsk%C3%A9_konference_o_v%C4%9Bd%C4%9B_a_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%BDch_z%C3%A1le%C5%BEitostech" title="Pugwashské konference o vědě a světových záležitostech – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pugwashské konference o vědě a světových záležitostech" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash-bev%C3%A6gelsen" title="Pugwash-bevægelsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pugwash-bevægelsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwashi_konverentsid" title="Pugwashi konverentsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pugwashi konverentsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_Pugwash" title="Conferencia Pugwash – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conferencia Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencoj_Pugwash" title="Konferencoj Pugwash – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konferencoj Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia_eta_Mundu_Gaietako_Pugwasheko_Konferentziak" title="Zientzia eta Mundu Gaietako Pugwasheko Konferentziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia eta Mundu Gaietako Pugwasheko Konferentziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کنفرانس پاگواش در امور علمی و جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفرانس پاگواش در امور علمی و جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_Pugwash" title="Mouvement Pugwash – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhdh%C3%A1il_Pugwash" title="Comhdháil Pugwash – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhdháil Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EA%B7%B8%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%9C_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="퍼그워시 회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼그워시 회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պագուոշյան կոնֆերանսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պագուոշյան կոնֆերանսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferi_Pugwash" title="Konferi Pugwash – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konferi Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash-r%C3%A1%C3%B0stefnurnar" title="Pugwash-ráðstefnurnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pugwash-ráðstefnurnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ועידות פגוואש בנושא מדע ועניינים בין-לאומיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועידות פגוואש בנושא מדע ועניינים בין-לאומיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პაგუოშის კონფერენციები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაგუოშის კონფერენციები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Пагуош қозғалысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пагуош қозғалысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferansa_Pugwash" title="Konferansa Pugwash – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konferansa Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Пагуош конференциялары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пагуош конференциялары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferentiae_Pugwash" title="Conferentiae Pugwash – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conferentiae Pugwash" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagvo%C5%A1o_konferencijos_mokslo_ir_pasaulio_klausimais" title="Pagvošo konferencijos mokslo ir pasaulio klausimais – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pagvošo konferencijos mokslo ir pasaulio klausimais" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persidangan_Pugwash_mengenai_Sains_dan_Hal_Ehwal_Sedunia" title="Persidangan Pugwash mengenai Sains dan Hal Ehwal Sedunia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persidangan Pugwash mengenai Sains dan Hal Ehwal Sedunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="パグウォッシュ会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パグウォッシュ会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash-bevegelsen" title="Pugwash-bevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pugwash-bevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_Pugwash_w_Sprawie_Nauki_i_Problem%C3%B3w_%C5%9Awiatowych" title="Konferencja Pugwash w Sprawie Nauki i Problemów Światowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konferencja Pugwash w Sprawie Nauki i Problemów Światowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncias_Pugwash_sobre_Ci%C3%AAncia_e_Neg%C3%B3cios_Mundiais" title="Conferências Pugwash sobre Ciência e Negócios Mundiais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conferências Pugwash sobre Ciência e Negócios Mundiais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Пагуошское движение учёных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пагуошское движение учёных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwashsk%C3%A9_konferencie_o_vede_a_svetov%C3%BDch_z%C3%A1le%C5%BEitostiach" title="Pugwashské konferencie o vede a svetových záležitostiach – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pugwashské konferencie o vede a svetových záležitostiach" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagvo%C5%A1ke_konferencije_o_nauci_i_svetskim_pitanjima" title="Pagvoške konferencije o nauci i svetskim pitanjima – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pagvoške konferencije o nauci i svetskim pitanjima" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash-liike" title="Pugwash-liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pugwash-liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim_ve_D%C3%BCnya_%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkileri_%C3%BCzerine_Pugwash_Konferans%C4%B1" title="Bilim ve Dünya İlişkileri üzerine Pugwash Konferansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilim ve Dünya İlişkileri üzerine Pugwash Konferansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Пагвоський рух учених – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пагвоський рух учених" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سائنس اور عالمی امور پر پگواش کانفرنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنس اور عالمی امور پر پگواش کانفرنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%8B%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="帕格沃什科学和世界事务会议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕格沃什科学和世界事务会议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q381282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:History of Nova Scotia"><b>a series</b></a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle vcard" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">History of Nova Scotia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Famous_Bluenose_(Restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg/220px-The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg/330px-The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg/440px-The_Famous_Bluenose_%28Restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="3946" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Bluenose" title="Bluenose">Bluenose</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eee"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitation at Port-Royal">Port Royal established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax">Halifax established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1749</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_Campaign_(1755)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)">Bay of Fundy Campaign</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Fall of Louisbourg</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1758</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)#Legislative_Assembly" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)"> Representative Government established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1758</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Treaties">Halifax Treaties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1760–61</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hector_(immigration_ship)" title="Hector (immigration ship)">First significant Scottish immigration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1773</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland">Battle of Fort Cumberland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1776</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Birchtown,_Nova_Scotia" title="Birchtown, Nova Scotia">Birchtown established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake#Chesapeake_is_taken" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Libel_trial_of_Joseph_Howe" title="Libel trial of Joseph Howe">Freedom of the Press</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1835</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)#Legislative_Assembly" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)"> First Acadian MLA elected</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1837</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia#Responsible_government" title="History of Nova Scotia"> Responsible Government established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair">‪Chesapeake Affair</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Antigonish_Movement" title="Antigonish Movement">Co-op Movement begins</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party" title="Anti-Confederation Party">‪Anti-Confederation Party</a> elected</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1869_Saxby_Gale" title="1869 Saxby Gale">Saxby Gale</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/William_D._Lawrence_(ship)" title="William D. Lawrence (ship)">Launch of <i>William D. Lawrence</i></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Beinn_Bhreagh,_Nova_Scotia#Alexander_Graham_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia">First airplane in the British Commonwealth</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_Women_of_Halifax" title="Local Council of Women of Halifax">Nova Scotia [Women's] Franchise Act</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bluenose" title="Bluenose">Launch of <i>Bluenose</i></a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/William_Davis_Miners%27_Memorial_Day" title="William Davis Miners' Memorial Day">Coal Miners' Memorial Day</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pugwash Conferences</a> established</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Springhill_mining_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Springhill mining disaster">Springhill mining disaster</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission">NS Human Rights Commission established</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Federation_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia">Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia</a> established</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Westray_Mine" title="Westray Mine">Westray Mine explosion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)#Legislative_Assembly" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)"> First Black MLA elected</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1993</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq-Nova_Scotia-Canada_Tripartite_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum">Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Desmond" title="Viola Desmond">Viola Desmond Apology</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2010</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #eee"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%E2%80%99kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Mi’kmaq people">Military history of the Mi’kmaq people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax">History of Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotians</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: center"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template:History of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Template talk:History of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nova Scotia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</b> is an <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organization</a> that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a> and to seek solutions to <a href="/wiki/Global_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global security">global security</a> threats. It was founded in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pugwash,_Nova_Scotia" title="Pugwash, Nova Scotia">Pugwash, Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, following the release of the <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> in 1955. </p><p>Rotblat and the Pugwash Conference jointly won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1995 for their efforts on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Student/Young_Pugwash" title="International Student/Young Pugwash">International Student/Young Pugwash</a> groups have existed since founder <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Eaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Eaton">Cyrus Eaton</a>'s death in 1979. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_Pugwash_Conferences">Origin of the Pugwash Conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the Pugwash Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg/220px-Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg/330px-Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg/440px-Thinkers%27_Lodge_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3642" /></a><figcaption>Thinkers' Lodge, Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada; site of the first Pugwash conference in 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a>, released July 9, 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called for a conference for scientists to assess the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (then only considered to be <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Eaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Eaton">Cyrus Eaton</a>, an industrialist and philanthropist, offered on July 13 to finance and host the conference in the town of his birth, <a href="/wiki/Pugwash,_Nova_Scotia" title="Pugwash, Nova Scotia">Pugwash, Nova Scotia</a>. This was not taken up at the time because a meeting was planned for India, at the invitation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> the Indian conference was postponed. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a> offered to finance a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> instead, but this was rejected. Eaton's former invitation was taken up. </p><p>The first conference was held at what became known as Thinkers' Lodge in July 1957 in Pugwash, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-two scientists attended the first conference:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>seven from the United States: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_F._Cavers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David F. Cavers (page does not exist)">David F. Cavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Doty" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_J._Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann J. Muller">Hermann J. Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Selove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Selove (page does not exist)">Walter Selove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frederick_Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Frederick Weisskopf">Victor Frederick Weisskopf</a></li> <li>three from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: Alexander M. Kuzin (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Кузин, Александр Михайлович">Александр М. Кузин</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Skobeltsyn" title="Dmitri Skobeltsyn">Dmitri Skobeltsyn</a>, Alexander V. Topchiev (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Топчиев, Александр Васильевич">Александр В. Топчиев</a>)</li> <li>three from Japan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwao_Ogawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwao Ogawa (page does not exist)">Iwao Ogawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Shinichiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li> <li>two from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil F. Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>two from Canada: <a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_S._Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Foster">John S. Foster</a></li> <li>one each from Australia (<a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>), Austria (<a href="/wiki/Hans_Thirring" title="Hans Thirring">Hans Thirring</a>), China (<a href="/wiki/Zhou_Peiyuan" title="Zhou Peiyuan">Zhou Peiyuan</a>), France (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_M._B._Lacassagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine M. B. Lacassagne (page does not exist)">Antoine M. B. Lacassagne</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marian_Danysz" title="Marian Danysz">Marian Danysz</a>).</li></ul> <p>Cyrus Eaton, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Burhop" title="Eric Burhop">Eric Burhop</a>, Ruth Adams, Anne Kinder Jones, and Vladimir Pavlichenko also were present. Many others were unable to attend, including co-founder <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, for health reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From the Soviet Union, Mikhail Ilyich Bruk (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Михаил Ильич Брук</span>; 1923 <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – 2009 <a href="/wiki/Jurmala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurmala">Jurmala</a>) attended as an English-Russian technical translator. Later, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a> stated, "Mike's <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1996266_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1996266-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organizational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22">"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus-Stephen-Eaton-picture.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cyrus-Stephen-Eaton-picture.gif/220px-Cyrus-Stephen-Eaton-picture.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Cyrus-Stephen-Eaton-picture.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Eaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Eaton">Cyrus Eaton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a> of Pugwash Conferences</figcaption></figure> <p>Pugwash's "main objective is the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological) and of war as a social institution to settle international disputes. To that extent, peaceful resolution of conflicts through dialogue and mutual understanding is an essential part of Pugwash activities, that is particularly relevant when and where nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction are deployed or could be used."<sup id="cite_ref-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The various Pugwash activities (general conferences, workshops, study groups, consultations and special projects) provide a channel of communication between scientists, scholars, and individuals experienced in government, diplomacy, and the military for in-depth discussion and analysis of the problems and opportunities at the intersection of science and world affairs. To ensure a free and frank exchange of views, conducive to the emergence of original ideas and an effective communication between different or antagonistic governments, countries and groups, Pugwash meetings as a rule are held in private. This is the main modus operandi of Pugwash. In addition to influencing governments by the transmission of the results of these discussions and meetings, Pugwash also may seek to make an impact on the scientific community and on public opinion through the holding of special types of meetings and through its publications."<sup id="cite_ref-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officers include the president and secretary-general. Formal governance is provided by the Pugwash Council, which serves for five years. There is also an executive committee that assists the secretary-general. <a href="/wiki/Jayantha_Dhanapala" title="Jayantha Dhanapala">Jayantha Dhanapala</a> is the current president. Paolo Cotta-Ramusino is the current Secretary General. </p><p>The four Pugwash offices, in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (international secretariat), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, provide support for Pugwash activities and serve as liaisons to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international organizations. </p><p>There are approximately fifty national Pugwash groups, organized as independent entities and often supported or administered by national academies of science. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Student/Young_Pugwash" title="International Student/Young Pugwash">International Student/Young Pugwash</a> groups works with, but are independent from, the international Pugwash group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_international_security">Contributions to international security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions to international security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg/250px-Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg/375px-Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg/500px-Pugwash_NAL_tour_1970-com.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Pugwash encounter and tour held at the <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">National Accelerator Laboratory</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>, September 12, 1970, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Norman Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)" title="Francis Perrin (physicist)">Francis Perrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a></figcaption></figure><p>Pugwash's first fifteen years coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Pugwash played a useful role in opening communication channels during a time of otherwise-strained official and unofficial relations. It provided background work to the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963), the <a href="/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Proliferation Treaty">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (1968), the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> (1972), the <a href="/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" title="Biological Weapons Convention">Biological Weapons Convention</a> (1972), and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> (1993). Former <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of Defense">US Secretary of Defense</a> Robert McNamara has credited a backchannel Pugwash initiative (code named PENNSYLVANIA) with laying the groundwork for the negotiations that ended the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> admitted the influence of the organisation on him when he was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wittner_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wittner-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Pugwash has been credited with being a groundbreaking and innovative "transnational" organization<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a leading example of the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II diplomacy</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, it was claimed that the Pugwash Conference became a <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front conference</a> for the Soviet Union, whose agents often managed to weaken Pugwash critique of USSR and instead concentrate on blaming the United States and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence received a report that the Pugwash Conference was used by Soviet delegates to promote Soviet propaganda. Joseph Rotblat said in his 1998 Bertrand Russell Peace Lecture that there were a few participants in the conferences from the Soviet Union "who were obviously sent to push the party line, but the majority were genuine scientists and behaved as such".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the Cold War, the traditional Pugwash focus on decreasing the salience of nuclear weapons and promoting a world free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction addresses the following issue areas:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nuclear stability, nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation: 1. Traditional Nuclear Disarmament, US-Russia nuclear disarmament, nuclear weapons in Europe; 2. Nuclear weapons and nuclear proliferation in the Middle East, Israeli nuclear weapons, Iranian nuclear program, proposal for a Middle Eastern zone free of weapons of mass destruction, Arab attitudes towards nuclear weapons and nuclear proliferation; 3. India and Pakistan nuclear relations, the effects of US India nuclear deal; 4. North Korea.</li> <li>Regional security in regions where nuclear weapons exist or risks of nuclear proliferation are significant: 1. Middle East—general issues, the impact of the Palestinian problem and its relevance in the Arab world, the consequences of the so-called Arab spring and the growth of the Islamic movements and parties, Arab-Iranian, Arab-Israeli and Iran-Israeli relations; 2. South-Central Asia—traditional antagonism between India and Pakistan, the role of terrorist attacks in the worsening of such antagonism, US-Pakistani relations in general. The role of radical movements in Pakistan, reconciliation and peace in Afghanistan, talking to the Taliban (is it possible and how should be done?), Pakistani-Afghan relations.</li></ul> <p>The Pugwash movement has also been concerned with environmental issues and as a result of its 1988 meeting in Dagomys it issued the Dagomys Declaration on Environmental Degradation (<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Peace_Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nobel Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, fifty years after the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, and forty years after the signing of the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, the Pugwash Conferences and Joseph Rotblat were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> jointly "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms." The Norwegian Nobel committee hoped that awarding the prize to Rotblat and Pugwash would "encourage world leaders to intensify their efforts to rid the world of nuclear weapons." In his acceptance speech, Rotblat quoted a key phrase from the Manifesto: "Remember your humanity." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Foundation_for_Science">International Foundation for Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International Foundation for Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1965 Pugwash conference came a recommendation to establish the <b>International Foundation for Science</b> "in order to address the stultifying conditions under which younger faculty members in the universities of developing countries were attempting to do research".<sup id="cite_ref-IFS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization gives grants to early-career scientists in low-income countries for work on local water resources and biology.<sup id="cite_ref-IFS_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretaries_General">Secretaries General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secretaries General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> : 1957–1973</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard Feld</a> : 1973–1978</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Martin Kaplan : 1978–1989<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Calogero" title="Francesco Calogero">Francesco Calogero</a> : 1989–1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> George Rathjens : 1997–2002<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Cotta-Ramusino" title="Paolo Cotta-Ramusino">Paolo Cotta-Ramusino</a> : 2002–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pugwash_Presidents">Pugwash Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pugwash Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019, 13 individuals have served as Presidents of the Pugwash Conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Earl (Bertrand) Russell</a>, 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature, a founder of the movement, was its natural head in its initial years. The formal office of the presidency was established at the Quinquennial Conference in Ronneby, in 1967. The president's role was to "preside over the Annual Pugwash Conferences and, in addition, between Conferences, to offer his counsel and advice to the members of the Continuing Committee and the Secretary-General, and thereby assist them in the execution of the activities of the Movement."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Sir John Cockcroft</a>, joint recipient of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles, was elected as the first president in 1967, though he died suddenly ten days later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Lord Florey</a>, who shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for extraction of penicillin, was then invited to become president, though he also died within weeks. At that point the Continuing Committee decided to have a rotating presidency for a term of one year, to have that office held by a distinguished person in the country where the annual conference would be held each year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Perrin_(physicist)" title="Francis Perrin (physicist)">Francis Perrin</a> (1968), had worked with Frederic Joliot's team to establish in 1939 the possibility of nuclear chain reactions and nuclear energy production.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mikhail+Millionshchikov">Mikhail Millionshchikov</a> (1969), an eminent physicist who later became Speaker of the Russian Parliament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a> (1970), American biophysicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and was co-author with Leo Szilard of the Franck Report and co-founder in 1945 of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. In September 1970, the Continuing Committee switched back to the initial idea of a permanent office of president, with a five-year term.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> (1970–1975), recipient of the 1970 Nobel in Physics for work on his theory of magnetohydrodynamics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> (1976–1988), recipient of the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Joseph_Rotblat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Joseph Rotblat">Sir Joseph Rotblat</a> (1988–1997), physicist, one of the founders of the Pugwash Movement, co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Michael_Atiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1997–2002), a mathematician, was awarded the 1966 Fields Medal, for his work in developing K-theory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Prof. M.S. Swaminathan</a> (2002–2007), agricultural scientist, one of the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> and recipient of the World Food Prize and the UNESCO Gandhi Prize.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayantha_Dhanapala" title="Jayantha Dhanapala">Amb. Jayantha Dhanapla</a> (2007–2017), former Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs at the United Nations (1998–2003), and former Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the US (1995–1997) and to the UN Office in Geneva (1984–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_de_Queiroz_Duarte" title="Sérgio de Queiroz Duarte">Amb. Sergio Duarte</a> (2017–2024), former UN Undersecretary for Disarmament Affairs and a retired career diplomat from Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pugwashites">Pugwashites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pugwashites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pugwash Conference itself does not have formal membership (although national organisations do<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). All participants take part in their individual capacities and not as representatives of any organization, institution or government. Anyone who has attended a meeting is considered a "Pugwashite". There are more than 3,500 "Pugwashites" worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pugwash_Council_for_the_2007–2012_Quinquennium"><span id="Pugwash_Council_for_the_2007.E2.80.932012_Quinquennium"></span>Pugwash Council for the 2007–2012 Quinquennium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pugwash Council for the 2007–2012 Quinquennium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amb. <a href="/wiki/Jayantha_Dhanapala" title="Jayantha Dhanapala">Jayantha Dhanapala</a> (president), former UN under-secretary-general</li> <li>Prof. <a href="/wiki/Paolo_cotta-ramusino" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo cotta-ramusino">Paolo Cotta-Ramusino</a> (secretary general), Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Milano (Italy)</li> <li>Amb. (ret.) Ochieng Adala, former permanent representative of Kenya to the United Nations in New York</li> <li>Amb. Sergey Batsanov, director, Geneva Pugwash, former representative of the USSR/Russia to CD</li> <li>Dr. Adele Buckley, former VP of tech, Ontario Centre for Enviro Tech Advancement</li> <li>Prof. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Calogero" title="Francesco Calogero">Francesco Calogero</a> (former secretary general), professor, theoretical physics, University of Rome "La Sapienza"</li> <li>Dr. Lynn Eden, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University</li> <li>Prof. John Finney, emeritus professor of physics, University College London</li> <li>Prof. Galia Golan-Gild, professor of government, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel</li> <li>Prof. Karen Hallberg, professor of physics, Fellow, Argentine Natl Council, Science & Tech</li> <li>Dr. Peter Jones, former senior policy advisor, Sec & Intell Secretariat, Ottawa (PM's Department)</li> <li>Gen. (ret.) Dr. Mohamed Kadry Said, head of the Military Studies Unit, Al-Ahram Center</li> <li>Dr. Mustafa Kibaroglu, chair of international relations, Okan University Tuzla, Turkey</li> <li>Mr. <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Kupchan" title="Cliff Kupchan">Cliff Kupchan</a>, director of Europe and Asia of the Eurasia Group, Washington, D.C.</li> <li>Mr. <a href="/wiki/Sverre_Lodgaard" title="Sverre Lodgaard">Sverre Lodgaard</a>, former director, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs</li> <li>Prof. Saideh Lotfian (council chair), assoc professor, political science, University of Tehran</li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Riad_Malki" class="mw-redirect" title="Riad Malki">Riad Malki</a>, min. of foreign affairs, min. of information, Palestinian National Authority</li> <li>Amb. Miguel Marin-Bosch, former deputy foreign minister of Mexico</li> <li>Gen. (ret.) <a href="/wiki/Talat_Masood" title="Talat Masood">Talat Masood</a>, former secretary, Defence Production Division, MOD</li> <li>Prof. Amitabh Mattoo, professor of international relations and member, National Knowledge Commission</li> <li>Dr. Steven Miller (chair of executive committee), International Security Program of the Belfer Center, Harvard University</li> <li>Prof. Götz Neuneck, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH), Hamburg</li> <li>Dr. Alexander Nikitin, director of the Center for Political and International Studies</li> <li>Mr. Niu Qiang, secretary general, Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament</li> <li>Gen. Pan Zhengqiang, deputy chair, China Foundation of International Studies</li> <li>Acad. Yuri Ryzhov, president, International Engineering University, Moscow</li> <li>Prof. <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Slaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivo Slaus">Ivo Slaus</a>, former member of the Croatian Parliament</li> <li>Dr. Mark Byung-Moon Suh, chair, Corea Trust Fund</li> <li>Prof. Takao Takahara, professor of international politics and peace research, Faculty of International Studies, Meiji Gakuin University, Japan</li> <li>Dr. Bob van der Zwaan, senior scientific researcher, Energy Research Center of The Netherlands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Pugwashites">Other Pugwashites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other Pugwashites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Azeez_Pasha" title="Syed Azeez Pasha">Syed Azeez Pasha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keywiki.org/index.php/Ruth_Adams">Ruth Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aubrac" title="Raymond Aubrac">Raymond Aubrac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Artsimovich" title="Lev Artsimovich">Lev Artsimovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barnaby" title="Frank Barnaby">Frank Barnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Cetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Maria Cetto">Ana Maria Cetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Doty" title="Paul M. Doty">Paul M. Doty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard T. Feld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalheveth_Freier" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalheveth Freier">Shalheveth Freier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holdren" title="John Holdren">John Holdren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ignatieff" title="George Ignatieff">George Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kapitza">Peter Kapitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kapitsa" title="Sergey Kapitsa">Sergey Kapitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lindop" title="Patricia Lindop">Patricia Lindop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Logan" title="Robert K. Logan">Robert K. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Nadjakov" title="Georgi Nadjakov">Georgi Nadjakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K._H._Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky">Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_Pease" title="Bas Pease">Bas Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Polanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Polanyi">John Charles Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Rehman" title="Sherry Rehman">Sherry Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Shamsher_Ali" title="M. Shamsher Ali">M. Shamsher Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_al-Shahristani" title="Hussain al-Shahristani">Hussain al-Shahristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Asghar_Soltanieh" title="Ali Asghar Soltanieh">Ali Asghar Soltanieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Supek" title="Ivan Supek">Ivan Supek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Igor Tamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_York" title="Herbert York">Herbert York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dorn" title="Walter Dorn">Walter Dorn</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the birthplace of the Pugwash movement, the Thinkers' Lodge was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jubilee_Pugwash_Conference_Astana">Jubilee Pugwash Conference Astana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jubilee Pugwash Conference Astana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jubilee 62nd Pugwash Conference devoted to nuclear disarmament was held in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference celebrated the 60th anniversary of the first Pugwash Conference, held in Pugwash, Nova Scotia in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme of the conference was "Confronting New Nuclear Dangers."<sup id="cite_ref-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference agenda focused on strengthening the nuclear test ban and combating terrorism. </p><p>The Astana conference working groups included:<sup id="cite_ref-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nuclear disarmament and the UN negotiation process to prohibit nuclear weapons</li> <li>Nuclear non-proliferation, civilian nuclear energy and energy security</li> <li>Regional Security: Europe and NATO</li> <li>Regional Security: Middle East</li> <li>Regional Security: South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India)</li> <li>Regional Security: Northeast Asia</li> <li>Emerging new technologies and security issues (Cyber Security, AI, Robot)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Pugwash_USA" title="Student Pugwash USA">Student Pugwash USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Student/Young_Pugwash" title="International Student/Young Pugwash">International Student/Young Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Weapons:_The_Road_to_Zero" title="Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero">Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of books about nuclear issues">List of books about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues" title="List of films about nuclear issues">List of films about nuclear issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell's exclusion is explained because the Nobel Prizes are never awarded posthumously.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1995/index.html">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1995"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1995&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSB1955" class="citation web cs1">SB (1955-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto/">"Statement: The Russell-Einstein Manifesto"</a>. <i>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Statement%3A+The+Russell-Einstein+Manifesto&rft.date=1955-07-09&rft.au=SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F1955%2F07%2F09%2Fstatement-manifesto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugwash1955" class="citation web cs1">Pugwash (1955-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/london-launch-of-the-russell-einstein-manifesto/">"London launch of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto"</a>. <i>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=London+launch+of+the+Russell-Einstein+Manifesto&rft.date=1955-07-09&rft.au=Pugwash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F1955%2F07%2F09%2Flondon-launch-of-the-russell-einstein-manifesto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214145114/http://www.spokesmanbooks.com/Spokesman/PDF/85russein.pdf">"The Russell- Einstein Manifesto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesmanbooks.com/Spokesman/PDF/85russein.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russell-+Einstein+Manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesmanbooks.com%2FSpokesman%2FPDF%2F85russein.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin" class="citation web cs1">Admin, T. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinkerslodge.org/history/thinkers-lodge/">"Thinkers Lodge – Thinkers Lodge – Beautiful, historic venue for weddings, conferences, and retreats in Nova Scotia, Canada"</a>. <i>Thinkers Lodge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thinkers+Lodge&rft.atitle=Thinkers+Lodge+%E2%80%93+Thinkers+Lodge+%E2%80%93+Beautiful%2C+historic+venue+for+weddings%2C+conferences%2C+and+retreats+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+Canada.&rft.aulast=Admin&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkerslodge.org%2Fhistory%2Fthinkers-lodge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1996266-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1996266_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1996">Epstein 1996</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pugwash,_Eleventh_Quinquennium_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030819053554/http://www.pugwash.org/about/principles.htm">"Principles, Structure and Activities of Pugwash For the Eleventh Quinquennium (2007–2012)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.org/about/principles.htm">the original</a> on 2003-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles%2C+Structure+and+Activities+of+Pugwash+For+the+Eleventh+Quinquennium+%282007%E2%80%932012%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pugwash.org%2Fabout%2Fprinciples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNamara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversations.berkeley.edu/content/robert-s-mcnamara">"Conversations with History,"</a> interview with Harry Kreisler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521225738/http://conversations.berkeley.edu/content/robert-s-mcnamara">Archived</a> 2012-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See also Robert McNamara (et al), "Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy," Public Affairs,1999, pp. 292–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wittner-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wittner_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Hippel" class="citation web cs1">von Hippel, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604062516/http://www.comeclean.org.uk/articles.php">"Better Active Today than Radioactive Tomorrow"</a>. <i>FAS Public Interest Report</i>. The Journal of the Federation of American Scientists. Winter 2004 Volume 57, Number 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comeclean.org.uk/articles.php?articleID=47">the original</a> on 2009-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAS+Public+Interest+Report&rft.atitle=Better+Active+Today+than+Radioactive+Tomorrow&rft.aulast=von+Hippel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comeclean.org.uk%2Farticles.php%3FarticleID%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War, Cornell University Press, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Felix Staar, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hvv7U15xCtMC">Foreign policies of the Soviet Union</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9102-6">0-8179-9102-6</a>, p.86-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mulpress.mcmaster.ca/russelljournal?article=1199&context=russelljournal?article=1199&context=russelljournal">"Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies"</a>. <i>mulpress.mcmaster.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mulpress.mcmaster.ca&rft.atitle=Russell%3A+the+Journal+of+Bertrand+Russell+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmulpress.mcmaster.ca%2Frusselljournal%3Farticle%3D1199%26context%3Drusselljournal%3Farticle%3D1199%26context%3Drusselljournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For recent meetings and topics, see www.pugwash.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugwash1988" class="citation web cs1">Pugwash (1988-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/1988/09/03/dagomys-declaration-of-the-pugwash-council/">"Dagomys Declaration of the Pugwash Council"</a>. <i>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Dagomys+Declaration+of+the+Pugwash+Council&rft.date=1988-09-03&rft.au=Pugwash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F1988%2F09%2F03%2Fdagomys-declaration-of-the-pugwash-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFS-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IFS_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IFS_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifs.se/about-ifs/">"About IFS"</a>. International Foundation for Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+IFS&rft.pub=International+Foundation+for+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifs.se%2Fabout-ifs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.org/publication/obits/martin-kaplan4.htm">Tributes to Dr. Martin M. Kaplan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617010606/http://www.pugwash.org/publication/obits/martin-kaplan4.htm">Tributes to Dr. Martin M. Kaplan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 17, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssp.mit.edu/">"Home | MIT Security Studies Program (SSP)"</a>. <i>ssp.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssp.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+MIT+Security+Studies+Program+%28SSP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssp.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugwash Presidency Background Note, Pugwash Conferences, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanz2014" class="citation web cs1">Ganz, Adam (19 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28801302">"Thatcher and Hodgkin: How chemistry overcame politics"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thatcher+and+Hodgkin%3A+How+chemistry+overcame+politics&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Ganz&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-28801302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/2017/09/07/pugwash-announces-new-president/">"Pugwash announces new President"</a>. <i>Pugwash</i>. September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pugwash&rft.atitle=Pugwash+announces+new+President&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fpugwash-announces-new-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishpugwash.org/what-is-pugwash/join-british-pugwash/">"Join British Pugwash"</a>. <i>British Pugwash</i>. 2014-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Pugwash&rft.atitle=Join+British+Pugwash&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishpugwash.org%2Fwhat-is-pugwash%2Fjoin-british-pugwash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spusa.org/">"Student Pugwash USA"</a>. <i>www.spusa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spusa.org&rft.atitle=Student+Pugwash+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spusa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=12561&pid=0">Thinkers' Lodge National Historic Site of Canada</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Canadian Register of Historic Places">Canadian Register of Historic Places</a></i>. Retrieved 17 April 2013. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020850/http://www.m.kazpravda.kz/en/news/view/112824/">"Astana to host Conference on Nuclear Disarmament"</a>. <i>www.m.kazpravda.kz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m.kazpravda.kz/en/news/view/112824/">the original</a> on 2017-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.m.kazpravda.kz&rft.atitle=Astana+to+host+Conference+on+Nuclear+Disarmament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m.kazpravda.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fview%2F112824%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin12016" class="citation web cs1">Admin1 (2016-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/2016/02/02/pugwash-delegation-visits-kazakhstan/">"Pugwash Delegation Visits Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Pugwash+Delegation+Visits+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.au=Admin1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F2016%2F02%2F02%2Fpugwash-delegation-visits-kazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-62nd_Pugwash_Conference,_Astana_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.org/2017/08/25/62nd-pugwash-conference-astana/">"62nd Pugwash Conference, Astana"</a>. <i>Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</i>. 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=62nd+Pugwash+Conference%2C+Astana&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.org%2F2017%2F08%2F25%2F62nd-pugwash-conference-astana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jay_Epstein" title="Edward Jay Epstein">Epstein, Edward Jay</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dossiersecrethis00edwa"><i>Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679448020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679448020"><bdi>978-0679448020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dossier%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Armand+Hammer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0679448020&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdossiersecrethis00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APugwash+Conferences+on+Science+and+World+Affairs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.org/">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.ru/?__variant=12">Russia: Russian Pugwash Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwashgroup.ca/">Canada: Canadian Pugwash Group</a> -see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1SMe41cDSI"><span class="plainlinks">April 2007 YouTube video of Canadian Pugwash</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pugwash.fr/">France: Association Française pour le Mouvement Pugwash</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.org/about/conference.htm">The First Pugwash Conference</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/561">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381282#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180407/http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/infodocs/people/pp-rotblat1.html">Profile of Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010719184414/http://physicstoday.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p50.html"><i>The Early Days of Pugwash</i></a>, by Joseph Rotblat in <i>Physics Today</i>, June 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/nya02/nya02aa.html"><i>Pugwash And The International Treaties On Chemical And Biological Warfare</i></a>, by J.P. Perry Robinson.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990127215423/http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/3778/index.html">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a> (Rome, through 1996 only)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugwash.org/about/dagomys.htm">The Dagomys Declaration on Environmental Degradation</a>.</li> <li>J. Rotblat, Scientists in the Quest for Peace: A history of the Pugwash Conferences, MIT Press,1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_collections">Archival collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archival collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=16812E4PL2659.318674&profile=rev-all&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!3986~!0&ri=9&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=PUGWASH+CONFERENCES+ON+SCIENCE+AND+WORLD+AFFAIRS+RECORDS,+1958-1981&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=9">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs records, 1958-1981, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li></ul> <div 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div 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Sherwood Rowland</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (Ireland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> (United Kingdom/Poland)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. 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Wieschaus</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2011671325&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90623931">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810643142005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007335172805171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266739805171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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