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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Biotechnology</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"Bioscience" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulincrystals.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/220px-Insulincrystals.jpg" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="224"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insulincrystals.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> crystals</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Biotechnology</b> is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering" title="Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect">bioengineering</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineering</a>, etc.</p> <p>For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_production" title="Food production" class="mw-redirect">food production</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BioREACH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioREACH-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Ereky" title="Károly Ereky">Károly Ereky</a>. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_gene" title="Recombinant gene" class="mw-redirect">recombinant gene</a> technologies, applied <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, and development of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical" title="Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect">pharmaceutical</a> therapies and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_tests" title="Diagnostic tests" class="mw-redirect">diagnostic tests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BioREACH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioREACH-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Medicine"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Medicine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Industrial_biotechnology"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial biotechnology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Regulation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Regulation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Learning"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Learning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References_and_notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References and notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions">Definitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection" title="Artificial selection" class="mw-redirect">artificial selection</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>. Modern usage also includes <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> as well as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">tissue culture</a> technologies. The <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> defines biotechnology as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the science of life and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> As per <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation_of_Biotechnology" title="European Federation of Biotechnology">European Federation of Biotechnology</a>, Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Biotechnology also writes on the pure biological sciences (<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cell_culture" title="Animal cell culture" class="mw-redirect">animal cell culture</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>). In many instances, it is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology including:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, a new brand of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess_engineering" title="Bioprocess engineering">bioprocess engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a></li> </ul> <p>Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_ecology" title="Molecular ecology">molecular ecology</a>) are intimately entwined and heavily dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sciences" title="Life sciences" class="mw-redirect">life sciences</a> industry. Biotechnology is the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> in the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> using <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_organisms" title="Living organisms" class="mw-redirect">living organisms</a> and any source of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> by means of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">biochemical engineering</a> where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a>, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical" title="Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect">pharmaceutical</a> branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>By contrast, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering" title="Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect">bioengineering</a> is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials <i>directly</i>) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Relatedly, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineering</a> is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies <i>biotechnology</i> (by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical and/or chemical engineering such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">tissue engineering</a>, bio<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">pharmaceutical engineering</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/220px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" width="220" height="280" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/330px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png/440px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="921"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixteenth._Century_by_J_Amman.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> was an early application of biotechnology</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></div> <p>Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> clearly fit the broad definition of "'utilizing a biotechnological system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields, to produce enough food to support a growing population. As crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain, it was discovered that specific organisms and their by-products could effectively <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilize" title="Fertilize" class="mw-redirect">fertilize</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">restore nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">control pests</a>. Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a> them with other plants — one of the first forms of biotechnology.</p> <p>These processes also were included in early <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect">fermentation</a> of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> These processes were introduced in early <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and still use the same basic biological methods. In <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>, malted grains (containing <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes" title="Enzymes" class="mw-redirect">enzymes</a>) convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasts" title="Yeasts" class="mw-redirect">yeasts</a> to produce beer. In this process, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates" title="Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect">carbohydrates</a> in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Later other cultures produced the process of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation" title="Lactic acid fermentation">lactic acid fermentation</a> which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavened_bread" title="Leavened bread" class="mw-redirect">leavened bread</a>. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>'s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.</p> <p>Before the time of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to that body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieman-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a> using <i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_acetobutylicum" title="Clostridium acetobutylicum">Clostridium acetobutylicum</a>,</i> to produce <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, which the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> desperately needed to manufacture <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive" class="mw-redirect">explosives</a> during <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Springham_biotechnology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springham_biotechnology-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> discovered the mold <i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i>. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley - to form what we today know as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieman-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when Paul Berg's (Stanford) experiments in gene splicing had early success. Herbert W. Boyer (Univ. Calif. at San Francisco) and Stanley N. Cohen (Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, 1980, when the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" title="United States Supreme Court" class="mw-redirect">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled that a <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically modified</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganism</a> could be <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> in the case of <i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DiamondvChakrabarty_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiamondvChakrabarty-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, working for <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, had modified a bacterium (of the <i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a></i> genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. (Chakrabarty's work did not involve gene manipulation but rather the transfer of entire organelles between strains of the <i>Pseudomonas</i> bacterium.</p> <p>Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by 12.9% in 2008. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an ageing, and ailing, U.S. population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> estimating <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans—the main inputs into biofuels—by developing genetically modified seeds which are resistant to pests and drought. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:99341.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/99341.jpg/220px-99341.jpg" width="220" height="334" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/99341.jpg/330px-99341.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/99341.jpg/440px-99341.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2700"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:99341.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> plant that began as cells grown in a tissue culture</div> </div> </div> <p>Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">biodegradable plastics</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>), and environmental uses.</p> <p>For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> for the manufacture of organic products (examples include <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> products). Another example is using naturally present <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> by the mining industry in <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleaching" title="Bioleaching">bioleaching</a>. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>), and also to produce <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological weapons</a>.</p> <p>A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology; for example:</p> <ul> <li><b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></b> is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as <i>computational biology</i>, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale."<sup id="cite_ref-gerstein_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerstein-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics" title="Functional genomics">functional genomics</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomics" title="Structural genomics">structural genomics</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a>, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.</li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_biotechnology" title="Blue biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Blue biotechnology</a></b> is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.</li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_biotechnology" title="Green biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Green biotechnology</a></b> is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropropagation" title="Micropropagation">micropropagation</a>. Another example is the designing of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_plant" title="Transgenic plant" class="mw-redirect">transgenic plants</a> to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture" class="mw-redirect">industrial agriculture</a>. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a>, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_maize" title="Transgenic maize" class="mw-redirect">Bt corn</a>. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.</li> <li><b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutical" title="Biopharmaceutical">Red biotechnology</a></b> is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic" class="mw-redirect">antibiotics</a>, and the engineering of genetic cures through <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulation" title="Genetic manipulation" class="mw-redirect">genetic manipulation</a>.</li> <li><b>White biotechnology</b>, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industrial</a> processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes" title="Enzymes" class="mw-redirect">enzymes</a> as industrial <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst" title="Catalyst" class="mw-redirect">catalysts</a> to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> </ul> <p>The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies is termed as "<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomy" title="Bioeconomy" class="mw-redirect">bioeconomy</a>".</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medicine">Medicine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In medicine, modern biotechnology finds applications in areas such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> discovery and production, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">pharmacogenomics</a>, and genetic testing (or genetic screening).</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microarray2.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Microarray2.gif/220px-Microarray2.gif" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Microarray2.gif/330px-Microarray2.gif 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Microarray2.gif/440px-Microarray2.gif 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="507"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microarray2.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray" title="DNA microarray">DNA microarray</a> chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a> (a combination of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> It deals with the influence of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> variation on drug response in patients by correlating <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> or <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> with a drug's <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> or <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20836007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20836007-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" title="Adverse effect (medicine)" class="mw-redirect">adverse effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19530963_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19530963-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Such approaches promise the advent of "<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">personalized medicine</a>"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20712531_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20712531-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsulinHexamer.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/InsulinHexamer.jpg/220px-InsulinHexamer.jpg" width="220" height="230" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/InsulinHexamer.jpg/330px-InsulinHexamer.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/InsulinHexamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="398"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsulinHexamer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a>, the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> ions holding it together, and the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> residues involved in zinc binding.</div> </div> </div> <p>Biotechnology has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">small molecule</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drugs" title="Pharmaceutical drugs" class="mw-redirect">pharmaceutical drugs</a> as well as drugs that are the product of biotechnology - <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutics" title="Biopharmaceutics" class="mw-redirect">biopharmaceutics</a>. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a> developed synthetic humanized <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> by joining its gene with a <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a> vector inserted into the bacterium <i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abattoir" title="Abattoir" class="mw-redirect">abattoir</a> animals (cattle and/or pigs). The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USIS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USIS-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a>. The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>) has also dramatically improved our understanding of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well.<sup id="cite_ref-USIS_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USIS-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> allows the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of vulnerabilities to inherited <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases" title="Diseases" class="mw-redirect">diseases</a>, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry" title="Ancestry" class="mw-redirect">ancestry</a>. In addition to studying <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes" title="Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect">chromosomes</a> to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical" title="Biochemical" class="mw-redirect">biochemical</a> tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes" title="Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect">chromosomes</a>, genes, or proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorder</a>. As of 2011 several hundred genetic tests were in use.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_counseling" title="Genetic counseling">genetic counseling</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Genetically modified crops</a> ("GM crops", or "biotech crops") are plants used in <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> of which has been modified with <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> techniques. In most cases the aim is to introduce a new <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(biology)" title="Trait (biology)" class="mw-redirect">trait</a> to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species.</p> <p>Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests,<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.co.uk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.co.uk-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> stressful environmental conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup>), reduction of spoilage,<sup id="cite_ref-Haroldsen1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haroldsen1-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> or improving the nutrient profile of the crop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Examples in non-food crops include production of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_manufactured_pharmaceuticals" title="Plant manufactured pharmaceuticals">pharmaceutical agents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels" title="Biofuels" class="mw-redirect">biofuels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> and other industrially useful goods,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as for <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Between 1996 and 2011, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops had increased by a factor of 94, from 17,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 acres) to 1,600,000 km<sup>2</sup> (395 million acres).<sup id="cite_ref-James2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2011-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> 10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-James2011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2011-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the USA, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-James2011_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2011-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_foods" title="Genetically modified foods" class="mw-redirect">Genetically modified foods</a> are foods produced from <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that have had specific changes introduced into their <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> with the methods of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">mutation breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgene" title="Calgene" class="mw-redirect">Calgene</a> first marketed its <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a> delayed ripening tomato.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_1996-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> in high demand by farmers such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_soybean" title="Transgenic soybean" class="mw-redirect">soybean</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_maize" title="Transgenic maize" class="mw-redirect">corn</a>, <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canola" title="Canola">canola</a>, and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_seed_oil" title="Cotton seed oil" class="mw-redirect">cotton seed oil</a>. These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed, although as of November 2013 none are currently on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>There is broad <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> that food on the market derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decade_of_EU-funded_GMO_research_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade_of_EU-funded_GMO_research-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2004-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> GM crops also provide a number of ecological benefits, if not used in excess.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> However, opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including environmental concerns, whether food produced from GM crops is safe, whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Industrial_biotechnology">Industrial biotechnology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial biotechnology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">industrial fermentation</a>. It includes the practice of using <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> such as <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-organisms" title="Micro-organisms" class="mw-redirect">micro-organisms</a>, or components of cells like <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes" title="Enzymes" class="mw-redirect">enzymes</a>, to generate <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industrially</a> useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuels" title="Biofuels" class="mw-redirect">biofuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> In doing so, biotechnology uses renewable raw materials and may contribute to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a petrochemical-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulation">Regulation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation of genetic engineering</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms" class="mw-redirect">Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms</a></div> <p>The regulation of genetic engineering concerns approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the use of <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> technology, and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">genetically modified fish</a>. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.<sup id="cite_ref-PotatoPro_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PotatoPro-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing. <sup id="cite_ref-Wesseler-2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesseler-2011-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about coexistence of GM and non GM crops. Depending on the coexistence regulations incentives for cultivation of GM crops differ.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckman-2011_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckman-2011-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Learning">Learning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Learning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In 1988, after prompting from the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_General_Medical_Sciences" title="National Institute of General Medical Sciences">National Institute of General Medical Sciences</a> (<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>) (NIGMS) instituted a funding mechanism for biotechnology training. Universities nationwide compete for these funds to establish <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology_Training_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biotechnology Training Program (page does not exist)">Biotechnology Training Programs</a> (BTPs). Each successful application is generally funded for five years then must be competitively renewed. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_students" title="Graduate students" class="mw-redirect">Graduate students</a> in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP; if accepted, then stipend, tuition and health insurance support is provided for two or three years during the course of their <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D." title="Ph.D." class="mw-redirect">Ph.D.</a> thesis work. Nineteen institutions offer NIGMS supported BTPs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Biotechnology training is also offered at the undergraduate level and in community colleges.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3d_tRNA.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/28px-3d_tRNA.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/42px-3d_tRNA.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/56px-3d_tRNA.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1056"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biotechnology" title="Portal:Biotechnology">Biotechnology portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/32px-Veranotrigo.jpg" width="32" height="24" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/48px-Veranotrigo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Veranotrigo.jpg/64px-Veranotrigo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture" class="mw-redirect">Agriculture portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/8px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png" width="8" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/13px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg/17px-Rod_of_Asclepius2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="804"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics_(biophysical)" title="Bioeconomics (biophysical)" class="mw-redirect">Bioeconomics (biophysical)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_architecture" title="Bionic architecture">Bionic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industrial_park" title="Biotechnology industrial park" class="mw-redirect">Biotechnology industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" title="Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-5_sterol_desaturase#Potential_applications" title="C-5 sterol desaturase">C5SD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHA101" title="EHA101">EHA101</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_articles" title="List of biotechnology articles" class="mw-redirect">List of biotechnology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_companies" title="List of biotechnology companies">List of biotechnology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_engineering" title="Metabolic engineering">Metabolic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ_Biotechnology_Index" title="NASDAQ Biotechnology Index">NASDAQ Biotechnology Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biotechnology" title="Outline of biotechnology">Outline of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry" class="mw-redirect">Pharmaceutical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_companies" title="Pharmaceutical companies" class="mw-redirect">Pharmaceutical companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWORD-financing" title="SWORD-financing">SWORD-financing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biotechnology" title="Timeline of biotechnology">Timeline of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virotherapy" title="Virotherapy">Virotherapy</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_notes">References and notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.cbd.int/convention/text/">Text of the CBD</a>. CBD.int. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-BioREACH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BioREACH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BioREACH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.public.asu.edu/~langland/biotech-intro.html">"Incorporating Biotechnology into the Classroom What is Biotechnology?", from the curricula of the 'Incorporating Biotechnology into the High School Classroom through Arizona State University's BioREACH program', accessed on October 16, 2012)</a>. Public.asu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=1188&content_id=CTP_003377&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=5a1c54a6-ff5a-4f69-84c1-763835d11162">Biotechnology</a>. Portal.acs.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf">http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf</a>]</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.europabio.org/what-biotechnology">What is biotechnology?</a>. Europabio. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.oecd.org/science/innovationinsciencetechnologyandindustry/49303992.pdf">KEY BIOTECHNOLOGY INDICATORS (December 2011)</a>. oecd.org</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.oecd.org/sti/biotechnologypolicies/keybiotechnologyindicators.htm">Biotechnology policies – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. Oecd.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.bionewsonline.com/k/what_is_bioengineering.htm">What Is Bioengineering?</a>. Bionewsonline.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Arnold, John P. (2005) [1911]. Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology. Cleveland, Ohio: BeerBooks. p. 34. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966208412" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-9662084-1-2</a>. OCLC 71834130.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Cole-Turner, Ronald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404200058.html">"Biotechnology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Science and Religion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.atitle=Biotechnology&rft.au=Cole-Turner%2C+Ronald&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Cole-Turner&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3404200058.html&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Religion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Thieman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thieman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thieman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Thieman, W.J.; Palladino, M.A. (2008). <i>Introduction to Biotechnology</i>. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-49145-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-49145-9">0-321-49145-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.aulast=Thieman%2C+W.J.%3B+Palladino%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Thieman%2C+W.J.%3B+Palladino%2C+M.A.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Biotechnology&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-321-49145-9&rft.pub=Pearson%2FBenjamin+Cummings&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Springham_biotechnology-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springham_biotechnology_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Springham, D.; Springham, G.; Moses, V.; Cape, R.E. 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Caister Academic Press. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904455-17-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-904455-17-4">1-904455-17-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.au=Diaz+E+%28editor%29.&rft.aulast=Diaz+E+%28editor%29.&rft.btitle=Microbial+Biodegradation%3A+Genomics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fbiod&rft.isbn=1-904455-17-4&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-James2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James2011_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James2011_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James2011_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">James, C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp">"ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011"</a>. <i>ISAAA Briefs</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-29</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.btitle=Consumer+Q%26A&rft.date=2009-03-06&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fanimalveterinary%2Fdevelopmentapprovalprocess%2Fgeneticengineering%2Fgeneticallyengineeredanimals%2Fucm113672.htm&rft.pub=Fda.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Board of Directors (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2012/1025gm_statement.shtml">Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-decade_of_EU-funded_GMO_research-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decade_of_EU-funded_GMO_research_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf"><i>A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010)</i></a> (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Union. 2010. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://dx.doi.org/10.2777%2F97784">10.2777/97784</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-16344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-16344-9">978-92-79-16344-9</a>. <q>"The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research, and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." (p. 16)</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.btitle=A+decade+of+EU-funded+GMO+research+%282001-2010%29&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fresearch%2Fbiosociety%2Fpdf%2Fa_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2777%2F97784&rft.isbn=978-92-79-16344-9&rft.pub=Directorate-General+for+Research+and+Innovation.+Biotechnologies%2C+Agriculture%2C+Food.+European+Union&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ronald, Pamela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.genetics.org/content/188/1/11.long">"Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security"</a>. <i>Genetics</i> <b>188</b> (1): 11–20. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://dx.doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.111.128553">10.1534/genetics.111.128553</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120150">3120150</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21546547">21546547</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.atitle=Plant+Genetics%2C+Sustainable+Agriculture+and+Global+Food+Security&rft.aulast=Ronald%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Ronald%2C+Pamela&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcontent%2F188%2F1%2F11.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.111.128553&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3120150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21546547&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.pages=11-20&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=188" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-AMA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Medical Association (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf">Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods</a> "Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature." 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These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU)."</span></li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Pollack for the New York Times. 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W.; Durant, J.; Allum, N. C. (1999). "Worlds Apart? The Reception of Genetically Modified Foods in Europe and the U.S". <i>Science</i> <b>285</b> (5426): 384–387. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5426.384">10.1126/science.285.5426.384</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10411496">10411496</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.atitle=Worlds+Apart%3F+The+Reception+of+Genetically+Modified+Foods+in+Europe+and+the+U.S&rft.au=Allum%2C+N.+C.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Durant%2C+J.&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Gaskell%2C+G.&rft.aulast=Gaskell&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.285.5426.384&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10411496&rft.issue=5426&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=384-387&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=285" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="plainlinks noprint" style="font-size:smaller"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1126.2Fscience.285.5426.384&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2">edit</a></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-PotatoPro-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PotatoPro_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.potatopro.com/newsletters/20100310.htm">PotatoPro</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wesseler-2011-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wesseler-2011_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Wesseler" title="Justus Wesseler">Wesseler</a>, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): Present and Future EU GMO policy. In Arie Oskam, Gerrit Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23–323 – 23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Beckman-2011-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckman-2011_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckmann, V., C. Soregaroli, J. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Wesseler" title="Justus Wesseler">Wesseler</a> (2011): Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value? In "Genetically modified food and global welfare" edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo Moschini and Ian Sheldon, pp 201–224. Volume 10 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/Pages/PredocDesc-Biotechnology.aspx">"Biotechnology Predoctoral Training Program"</a>. <i>National Institute of General Medical Sciences</i>. 18 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.atitle=Biotechnology+Predoctoral+Training+Program&rft.date=18+December+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigms.nih.gov%2FTraining%2FInstPredoc%2FPages%2FPredocDesc-Biotechnology.aspx&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+General+Medical+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Friedman, Yali (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.buildingbiotechnology.com/"><i>Building Biotechnology: Starting, Managing, and Understanding Biotechnology Companies</i></a>. Washington, DC: Logos Press. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9734676-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9734676-3-5">978-0-9734676-3-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.aufirst=Yali&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Yali&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.btitle=Building+Biotechnology%3A+Starting%2C+Managing%2C+and+Understanding+Biotechnology+Companies&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buildingbiotechnology.com&rft.isbn=978-0-9734676-3-5&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Logos+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Oliver, Richard W. <i>The Coming Biotech Age</i>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-135020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-135020-9">0-07-135020-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.aulast=Oliver%2C+Richard+W.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Richard+W.&rft.btitle=The+Coming+Biotech+Age&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-135020-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation journal">Powell, Walter W.; White, Douglas R.; Koput, Kenneth W.; Owen-Smith, Jason (2005). "Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> <b>110</b> (4): 1132–1205. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F421508">10.1086/421508</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.atitle=Network+Dynamics+and+Field+Evolution%3A+The+Growth+of+Interorganizational+Collaboration+in+the+Life+Sciences&rft.aulast=Powell%2C+Walter+W.%3B+White%2C+Douglas+R.%3B+Koput%2C+Kenneth+W.%3B+Owen-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.au=Powell%2C+Walter+W.%3B+White%2C+Douglas+R.%3B+Koput%2C+Kenneth+W.%3B+Owen-Smith%2C+Jason&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F421508&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.pages=1132-1205&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=110" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Viviana Zelizer Best Paper in Economic Sociology Award (2005–2006), American Sociological Association.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Rasmussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Rasmussen (page does not exist)">Rasmussen, Nicolas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tTE_AwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Gene Jockeys: Life Science and the rise of Biotech Enterprise</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, (Baltimore), 2014</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421413402" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-42141-340-2</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation book">Zaid, A; H.G. Hughes, E. Porceddu, F. Nicholas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.fao.org/biotech/biotech-glossary/en/"><i>Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture — A Revised and Augmented Edition of the Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering. Available in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Russian, Polish, Serbian, Vietnamese and Kazakh</i></a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO" title="FAO" class="mw-redirect">FAO</a>. <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-5-104683-2" title="Special:BookSources/92-5-104683-2">92-5-104683-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiotechnology&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Zaid&rft.au=Zaid%2C+A&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Biotechnology+for+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%94+A+Revised+and+Augmented+Edition+of+the+Glossary+of+Biotechnology+and+Genetic+Engineering.+Available+in+English%2C+French%2C+Spanish%2C+Chinese%2C+Arabic%2C+Russian%2C+Polish%2C+Serbian%2C+Vietnamese+and+Kazakh&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fbiotech%2Fbiotech-glossary%2Fen%2F&rft.isbn=92-5-104683-2&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://naldr.nal.usda.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/E6870001.XML?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=National%20Agricultural%20Library%20Digital%20Repository&Index=AH%7CAH2%7CAIB%7CBIC%7CBooks%7CERS%7CFVMNR%7CJAR%7CMP%7CROS%7CRural%7CTB%7CUSDA_Div_Bulletin%7CWPC%7CYOA1%7CYOA2&Docs=&Query=biotechnology&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=1&ExtQFieldOp=1&XmlQuery=&Doc=%3Cdocument%20name%3D%22E6870001.XML%22%20path%3D%22\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\%22%20index%3D%22ERS%22%2F%3E&File=\\NALDR\DIGITAL\ZYFILES\INDEXDATA\ERS\XML\2008\00000002\E6870001.XML&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=20&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r85g16/r85g16/x150y150g16/i500&Display=hpfrw&DefSeekPage=f&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page"><i>Agricultural Biotechnology: An Economic Perspective</i></a> by the <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA" title="USDA" class="mw-redirect">USDA</a> Economic Research Service. A 1994 publication from the Agricultural Economic Report.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Genes,_Technology_and_Policy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Genes, Technology and Policy">Genes, Technology and Policy</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="32" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/80px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">At <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>, you can learn more and teach others about <b>Biotechnology</b> at the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Biotechnology" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Biotechnology">Department of Biotechnology</a></td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biotechnology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:biotechnology">biotechnology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.ussb.ir/">University Students Society Of Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.biot.tk/">The International Forum on Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.fbae.org/">Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and Education</a>,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5160e/y5160e00.HTM">A report on Agricultural Biotechnology</a> focusing on the impacts of "Green" Biotechnology with a special emphasis on economic aspects. fao.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=users/business/biotech">US Economic Benefits of Biotechnology to Business and Society</a> NOAA Economics, economics.noaa.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://croplife.intraspin.com/Biotech/">Database of the Safety and Benefits of Biotechnology</a> – a database of peer-reviewed scientific papers and the safety and benefits of biotechnology.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/">What is Biotechnology? - A curated collection of resources about the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology to transform the world we live in today</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Biotechnology" title="Template:Biotechnology"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Biotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Biotechnology (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biotechnology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><strong class="selflink">Biotechnology</strong></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">History</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biotechnology" title="Timeline of biotechnology">Timeline of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" title="Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_split.svg" class="image"><img alt="DNA replication split.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/100px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png" width="100" height="202" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/150px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/DNA_replication_split.svg/200px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="635"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Branches</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Biotechnology" title="Blue Biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Blue Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Biotechnology" title="Green Biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Green Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Biotechnology" title="Red Biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Red Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">White Biotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Biological Concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection" title="Artificial selection" class="mw-redirect">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor" title="Bioreactor">Bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>/<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">Fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_companies" title="List of biotechnology companies">Biotechnology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industrial_park" title="Biotechnology industrial park" class="mw-redirect">Biotechnology industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology_products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biotechnology products (page does not exist)">Biotechnology products</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biotechnology_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biotechnology law (page does not exist)">Biotechnology law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" title="Pharmaceutical company" class="mw-redirect">Pharmaceutical company</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Basic techniques<br/> and tools</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Biology field</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridoma_technology" title="Hybridoma technology">Hybridoma technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPLC" title="HPLC" class="mw-redirect">HPLC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR" title="NMR" class="mw-redirect">NMR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Chemical field</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_stirred-tank_reactor" title="Continuous stirred-tank reactor">CSTR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DSTR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DSTR (page does not exist)">DSTR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis" title="Dialysis">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fed_Batch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fed Batch (page does not exist)">Fed Batch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFR" title="PFR">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Applications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cell_culture" title="Animal cell culture" class="mw-redirect">Animal cell culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_architecture" title="Bionic architecture">Bionic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_immunity" title="Cell immunity" class="mw-redirect">Cell immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_cloning" title="Reproductive cloning" class="mw-redirect">Reproductive cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_cloning" title="Therapeutic cloning" class="mw-redirect">Therapeutic cloning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_biotechnology" title="Environmental biotechnology">Environmental biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_organisms" title="Genetically modified organisms" class="mw-redirect">Genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_biodegradation" title="Microbial biodegradation">Microbial biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omics" title="Omics">Omics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells" title="Stem cells" class="mw-redirect">Stem cells</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture" title="Tissue culture">Tissue culture</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Interdisciplinary fields</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomy" title="Bioeconomy" class="mw-redirect">Bioeconomy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Bioengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmacology" title="Biopharmacology">Biopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">Biomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicals" title="Biochemicals" class="mw-redirect">Biochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">Nanobiotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Lists</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biotechnology_articles" title="Index of biotechnology articles">Index of biotechnology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_articles" title="List of biotechnology articles" class="mw-redirect">List of biotechnology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biotechnology_companies" title="List of biotechnology companies">List of biotechnology companies</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Category</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biotechnology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biotechnology" title="Portal:Biotechnology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><img alt="WikiProject" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100"/> <b><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Biotechnology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Biotechnology (page does not exist)">WikiProject</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Biology_topics" title="Template:Biology topics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Biology_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Biology topics (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biology_topics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biology_topics" title="List of biology topics" class="mw-redirect">Topics related to biology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People and history</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biologists" title="List of biologists">Notable biologists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geneticists_and_biochemists" title="List of geneticists and biochemists" class="mw-redirect">List of geneticists and biochemists</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Institutions, publications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_biology" title="List of publications in biology" class="mw-redirect">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Terms and phrases</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omne_vivum_ex_ovo" title="Omne vivum ex ovo" class="mw-redirect">Omne vivum ex ovo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">In utero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">In silico</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related disciplines</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> (<a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_anthropology" title="Physical anthropology" class="mw-redirect">Physical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Biotechnology</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conservation_topics" title="List of conservation topics" class="mw-redirect">List of conservation topics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altricial" title="Altricial">Altricial</a> and <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precocial" title="Precocial">Precocial</a> development strategies</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fields</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Biotechnology</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science" title="Healthcare science" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technology" title="Medical technology" class="mw-redirect">Medical technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br/> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_education" title="Virtual education" class="mw-redirect">Virtual education</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br/> concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_technology" title="Platform technology">Platform technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_by_country" title="Category:Science and technology by country">Science and technology by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-STEM" title="Pre-STEM">Pre-STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_alignment" title="Technology alignment">Technology alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_brokering" title="Technology brokering" class="mw-redirect">Technology brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies" title="Category:Technology companies">Technology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">Technology demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology education</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technical_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Technical universities and colleges">Technical universities and colleges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_evangelist" title="Technology evangelist">Technology evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_fusion" title="Technology fusion">Technology fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology governance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_integration" title="Technology integration">Technology integration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_museum" title="Technology museum">Technology museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_shock" title="Technology shock">Technology shock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_strategy" title="Technology strategy">Technology strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoself" title="Technoself">Technoself</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosexual" title="Technosexual">Technosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150318231406/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terotechnology" title="Terotechnology">Terotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կենսատեխնոլոգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="जैवप्रौद्योगिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnologija" title="Biotehnologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknolohia" title="Bioteknolohia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologia" title="Biotechnologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADft%C3%A6kni" title="Líftækni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnologia" title="Biotecnologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביוטכנולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜೈವಿಕತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოტექნოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotekinolojia" title="Biotekinolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoteknoloj%C3%AE" title="Biyoteknolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologia" title="Biotechnologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnolo%C4%A3ija" title="Biotehnoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologija" title="Biotechnologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnol%C3%B3gia" title="Biotechnológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биотехнологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ജൈവസാങ്കേതികവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जैवतंत्रज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биотехнологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ဇီဝနည်းပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologie" title="Biotechnologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="जीवप्रविधि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="生物工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Биотехнологи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnologia" title="Biotecnologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotexnologiya" title="Biotexnologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੀਵ ਟੈਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="بائیو ٹیکنالوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnologia" title="Biotechnologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotecnologia" title="Biotecnologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnologie" title="Biotehnologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біотехнолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknologjia" title="Bioteknologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ජෛව තාක්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnol%C3%B3gia" title="Biotechnológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnologija" title="Biotehnologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیۆتەکنۆلۆژیا – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биотехнологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotehnologija" title="Biotehnologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%C3%A9hnologi" title="Biotéhnologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotekniikka" title="Biotekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioteknik" title="Bioteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoteknolohiya" title="Biyoteknolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிரித் தொழில்நுட்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82(%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80)" title="జీవసాంకేతిక శాస్త్రం(బయోటెక్నాలజీ) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="เทคโนโลยีชีวภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биотехнология – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoteknoloji" title="Biyoteknoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біотехнологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیاتی طرزیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Công nghệ sinh học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoteknolohiya" title="Biyoteknolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150318231406/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביאטעכנאלאגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" 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