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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monumental_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monumental sculpture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monumental_sculpture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monumental sculpture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monumental_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials,_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials,_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Materials, forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials,_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Archaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Figurines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Figurines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Figurines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terracotta_figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terracotta_figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Terracotta figurines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terracotta_figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metal figurines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coin_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coin_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coin design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coin_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panel_and_wall_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panel_and_wall_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Panel and wall painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panel_and_wall_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polychromy:_painting_on_statuary_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polychromy:_painting_on_statuary_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Polychromy: painting on statuary and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polychromy:_painting_on_statuary_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vase_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vase_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vase painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vase_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mosaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engraved_gems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engraved_gems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Engraved gems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engraved_gems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Diffusion and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ancient Greek art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_Griekse_kuns" title="Antieke Griekse kuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke Griekse kuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="الفن في اليونان القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفن في اليونان القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Мастацтва Старажытнай Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мастацтва Старажытнай Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Древногръцко изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древногръцко изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetnost_stare_Gr%C4%8Dke" title="Umjetnost stare Grčke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Umjetnost stare Grčke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_de_l%27antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Art de l'antiga Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art de l'antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8_%D3%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%97" title="Авалхи Греци ӳнерӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Греци ӳнерӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9ho_%C5%98ecka" title="Umění starověkého Řecka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umění starověkého Řecka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kunst" title="Griechische Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_kunst" title="Vanakreeka kunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka kunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αρχαία ελληνική τέχνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία ελληνική τέχνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_de_la_Antigua_Grecia" title="Arte de la Antigua Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte de la Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_de_Antikva_Grekio" title="Arto de Antikva Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arto de Antikva Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Greziako_artea" title="Antzinako Greziako artea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Greziako artea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هنر در یونان باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر در یونان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Art de la Grèce antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art de la Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_da_Grecia_antiga" title="Arte da Grecia antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte da Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="고대 그리스 미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스 미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dka_umjetnost" title="Starogrčka umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starogrčka umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_Yunani_Kuno" title="Seni Yunani Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_del_Grecia_antique" title="Arte del Grecia antique – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arte del Grecia antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_greca" title="Arte greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אמנות יוון העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות יוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Ежелгі Грекия өнері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Грекия өнері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Ókori görög művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori görög művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="الفن فى اليونان القديمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفن فى اليونان القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud-Griekse_kunst" title="Oud-Griekse kunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oud-Griekse kunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="ギリシア美術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシア美術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk_kunst_i_antikken" title="Gresk kunst i antikken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gresk kunst i antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresk_kunst_fr%C3%A5_antikken" title="Gresk kunst frå antikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gresk kunst frå antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasicismo" title="Clasicismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Clasicismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="د لرغوني یونان هنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لرغوني یونان هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_staro%C5%BCytnej_Grecji" title="Sztuka starożytnej Grecji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka starożytnej Grecji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_da_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Arte da Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arte da Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arta_%C3%AEn_Grecia_antic%C4%83" title="Arta în Grecia antică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arta în Grecia antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Искусство Древней Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусство Древней Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C5%A1ka_umetnost" title="Starogrška umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Starogrška umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Уметност старе Грчке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уметност старе Грчке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dka_umjetnost" title="Starogrčka umjetnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Starogrčka umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_Kreikan_taide" title="Antiikin Kreikan taide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikin Kreikan taide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_grekiska_antikens_konst" title="Den grekiska antikens konst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den grekiska antikens konst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பண்டைய கிரேக்க கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைய கிரேக்க கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="ศิลปะยุคกรีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะยุคกรีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunan_sanat%C4%B1" title="Antik Yunan sanatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunan sanatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Давньогрецьке мистецтво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецьке мистецтво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95" title="Nghệ thuật Hy Lạp cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật Hy Lạp cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of Ancient Greece</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg/220px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg/330px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg/440px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2301_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> side of a <a href="/wiki/Belly_Amphora_by_the_Andokides_Painter_(Munich_2301)" title="Belly Amphora by the Andokides Painter (Munich 2301)">belly amphora by the Andokides Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520</span>/510 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nereus,_Doris,_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG/220px-Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG/330px-Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG/440px-Nereus%2C_Doris%2C_Okeanos_Pergamonaltar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>The Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a>: l to r <a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris (mythology)">Doris</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">Giant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_vergina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Painting_vergina.jpg/220px-Painting_vergina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Painting_vergina.jpg/330px-Painting_vergina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Painting_vergina.jpg/440px-Painting_vergina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> abducting <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, 4th-century BC wall painting in the small Macedonian royal tomb at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ancient Greek art</b> stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation. The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient standards, and in surviving works is best seen in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">sculpture</a>. There were important innovations in painting, which have to be essentially reconstructed due to the lack of original survivals of quality, other than the distinct field of painted pottery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greek_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek architecture">Greek architecture</a>, technically very simple, established a harmonious style with numerous detailed conventions that were largely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> and are still followed in some modern buildings. It used a vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornament</a> that was shared with pottery, metalwork and other media, and had an enormous influence on <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> art, especially after <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> carried it beyond the expanded Greek world created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. The social context of Greek art included radical political developments and a great increase in prosperity; the equally impressive Greek achievements in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">literature</a> and other fields are well known. </p><p>The earliest art by Greeks is generally excluded from "ancient Greek art", and instead known as <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Greek Neolithic art</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a>; the latter includes <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a> and the art of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> cultures from the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Greek Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of ancient Greece is usually divided stylistically into four periods: the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece#Cultural_developments" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a>, Classical, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>. The Geometric age is usually dated from about 1000 BC, although in reality little is known about art in Greece during the preceding 200 years, traditionally known as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. The 7th century BC witnessed the slow development of the Archaic style as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> style of vase painting. Around 500 BC, shortly before the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Wars">Persian Wars</a> (480 BC to 448 BC), is usually taken as the dividing line between the Archaic and the Classical periods, and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (336 BC to 323 BC) is taken as separating the Classical from the Hellenistic periods. From some point in the 1st century BC onwards "Greco-Roman" is used, or more local terms for the Eastern Greek world.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reality, there was no sharp transition from one period to another. Forms of art developed at different speeds in different parts of the Greek world, and as in any age some artists worked in more innovative styles than others. Strong local traditions, and the requirements of local <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cults</a>, enable historians to locate the origins even of works of art found far from their place of origin. Greek art of various kinds was widely exported. The whole period saw a generally steady increase in prosperity and trading links within the Greek world and with neighbouring cultures. </p><p>The survival rate of Greek art differs starkly between media. We have huge quantities of pottery and coins, much stone sculpture, though even more Roman copies, and a few large bronze sculptures. Almost entirely missing are painting, fine metal vessels, and anything in perishable materials including wood. The stone shell of a number of temples and theatres has survived, but little of their extensive decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pottery">Pottery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg/220px-Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg/330px-Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg/440px-Athena_aigis_Cdm_Paris_254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> vase, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span>. White, which has not worn well, and a different red-purple are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery of ancient Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">Ancient Greek vase painting</a></div> <p>By convention, finely painted vessels of all shapes are called "vases", and there are over 100,000 significantly complete surviving pieces,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving (with the inscriptions that many carry) unparalleled insights into many aspects of Greek life. Sculptural or architectural pottery, also very often painted, are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracottas</a>, and also survive in large quantities. In much of the literature, "pottery" means only painted vessels, or "vases". Pottery was the main form of <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> deposited in tombs, often as "funerary urns" containing the <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> ashes, and was widely exported. </p><p>The famous and distinctive style of Greek vase-painting with figures depicted with strong outlines, with thin lines within the outlines, reached its peak from about 600 to 350 BC, and divides into the two main styles, almost reversals of each other, of <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> painting, the other colour forming the background in each case. Other colours were very limited, normally to small areas of white and larger ones of a different purplish-red. Within the restrictions of these techniques and other strong conventions, vase-painters achieved remarkable results, combining refinement and powerful expression. <a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White ground technique</a> allowed more freedom in depiction, but did not wear well and was mostly made for burial.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook,_24–26_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook,_24–26-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg/220px-Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg/330px-Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg/440px-Rider_Cdm_Paris_814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Interior of an Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> cup, about 450</figcaption></figure> <p>Conventionally, the ancient Greeks are said to have made most pottery vessels for everyday use, not for display. Exceptions are the large Archaic monumental vases made as grave-markers, trophies won at games, such as the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Amphorae">Panathenaic Amphorae</a> filled with olive oil, and pieces made specifically to be left in graves; some perfume bottles have a money-saving bottom just below the mouth, so a small quantity makes them appear full.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades many scholars have questioned this, seeing much more production than was formerly thought as made to be placed in graves, as a cheaper substitute for metalware in both Greece and Etruria.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most surviving pottery consists of vessels for storing, serving or drinking liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">kraters</a> (bowls for mixing wine and water), <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a> (water jars), libation bowls, oil and perfume bottles for the toilet, jugs and cups. Painted vessels for serving and eating food are much less common. Painted pottery was affordable even by ordinary people, and a piece "decently decorated with about five or six figures cost about two or three days' wages".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miniatures were also produced in large numbers, mainly for use as offerings at temples.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Hellenistic period a wider range of pottery was produced, but most of it is of little artistic importance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/220px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/330px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/440px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White ground</a>, Attic, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460</span>, <a href="/wiki/Cylix_of_Apollo" title="Cylix of Apollo">Cylix of Apollo</a>, who pours a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>, detail.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In earlier periods even quite small Greek cities produced pottery for their own locale. These varied widely in style and standards. Distinctive pottery that ranks as art was produced on some of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> islands, in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and in the wealthy Greek colonies of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">southern Italy and Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the later Archaic and early Classical period, however, the two great commercial powers, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, came to dominate. Their pottery was exported all over the Greek world, driving out the local varieties. Pots from Corinth and Athens are found as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and are so common in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> that they were first collected in the 18th century as "Etruscan vases".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these pots are mass-produced products of low quality. In fact, by the 5th century BC, pottery had become an industry and pottery painting ceased to be an important art form. </p><p>The range of colours which could be used on pots was restricted by the technology of firing: black, white, red, and yellow were the most common. In the three earlier periods, the pots were left their natural light colour, and were decorated with slip that turned black in the kiln.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook,_24–26_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook,_24–26-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek pottery is frequently signed, sometimes by the potter or the master of the pottery, but only occasionally by the painter. Hundreds of painters are, however, identifiable by their artistic personalities: where their signatures have not survived they are named for their subject choices, as "the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Painter" title="Achilles Painter">Achilles Painter</a>", by the potter they worked for, such as the Late Archaic "<a href="/wiki/Kleophrades_Painter" title="Kleophrades Painter">Kleophrades Painter</a>", or even by their modern locations, such as the Late Archaic "<a href="/wiki/Berlin_Painter" title="Berlin Painter">Berlin Painter</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg/220px-Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg/330px-Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg/440px-Geometric_krater_Met_34.1.2_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Middle Geometric <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a>, 99 cm high, Attic, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>-775 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of ancient Greek pottery is divided stylistically into five periods: </p> <ul><li>the <b>Protogeometric</b> from about 1050 BC</li> <li>the <b>Geometric</b> from about 900 BC</li> <li>the <b>Late Geometric</b> or <b>Archaic</b> from about 750 BC</li> <li>the <b>Black Figure</b> from the early 7th century BC</li> <li>and the <b>Red Figure</b> from about 530 BC</li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">Protogeometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a> periods, Greek pottery was decorated with abstract designs, in the former usually elegant and large, with plenty of unpainted space, but in the Geometric often densely covering most of the surface, as in the large pots by the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_Master" title="Dipylon Master">Dipylon Master</a>, who worked around 750. He and other potters around his time began to introduce very stylised <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> figures of humans and animals, especially horses. These often represent funeral processions, or battles, presumably representing those fought by the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Geometric phase was followed by an <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a> in the late 8th century, when a few animals, many either mythical or not native to Greece (like the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> and lion respectively) were adapted from the Near East, accompanied by decorative motifs, such as the lotus and palmette. These were shown much larger than the previous figures. The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Goat_Style" title="Wild Goat Style">Wild Goat Style</a> is a regional variant, very often showing <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>. Human figures were not so influenced from the East, but also became larger and more detailed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fully mature <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure technique</a>, with added red and white details and incising for outlines and details, originated in <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> during the early 7th century BC and was introduced into Attica about a generation later; it flourished until the end of the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure technique</a>, invented in about 530 BC, reversed this tradition, with the pots being painted black and the figures painted in red. Red-figure vases slowly replaced the black-figure style. Sometimes larger vessels were engraved as well as painted. Erotic themes, both <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> and male <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, became common.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By about 320 BC fine figurative vase-painting had ceased in Athens and other Greek centres, with the polychromatic <a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a> a final flourish; it was probably replaced by metalwork for most of its functions. <a href="/wiki/West_Slope_Ware" title="West Slope Ware">West Slope Ware</a>, with decorative motifs on a <a href="/wiki/Black-glazed_Ware" title="Black-glazed Ware">black glazed body</a>, continued for over a century after.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">Italian red-figure painting</a> ended by about 300, and in the next century the relatively primitive <a href="/wiki/Hadra_vase" title="Hadra vase">Hadra vases</a>, probably from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centuripe_ware" title="Centuripe ware">Centuripe ware</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphorae</a>, now a frozen tradition, were the only large painted vases still made.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Geometric pyxis, British Museum"><img alt="Late Geometric pyxis, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg/200px-Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg/300px-Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg/400px-Pyxis_geometric_BM_GR_1910-11-21-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Geometric <a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(vessel)" title="Pyxis (vessel)">pyxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corinthian orientalising jug, c. 620 BC, Antikensammlungen Munich"><img alt="Corinthian orientalising jug, c. 620 BC, Antikensammlungen Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/119px-Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/178px-Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg/238px-Corinthian_jug_620_BC_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corinthian orientalising jug, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 620 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Antikensammlungen Munich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black-figure olpe (wine vessel) by the Amasis Painter, depicting Heracles and Athena, c. 540 BC, Louvre"><img alt="Black-figure olpe (wine vessel) by the Amasis Painter, depicting Heracles and Athena, c. 540 BC, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg/120px-Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg/180px-Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg/240px-Herakles_Olympos_Louvre_F30_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Black-figure olpe (wine vessel) by the <a href="/wiki/Amasis_Painter" title="Amasis Painter">Amasis Painter</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540 BC</span>, Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior (tondo) of a red figure kylix, depicting Heracles and Athena, by Phoinix (potter) and Douris (painter), c. 480-470 BC, Antikensammlungen Munich"><img alt="Interior (tondo) of a red figure kylix, depicting Heracles and Athena, by Phoinix (potter) and Douris (painter), c. 480-470 BC, Antikensammlungen Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/200px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/300px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg/400px-Athena_Herakles_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior (<a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondo</a>) of a red figure <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, by Phoinix (potter) and <a href="/wiki/Douris_(vase_painter)" title="Douris (vase painter)">Douris</a> (painter), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span>-470 BC, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Antikensammlungen Munich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a red-figure amphora depicting a satyr assaulting a maenad, by Pamphaios (potter) and Oltos (painter), c. 520 BC, Louvre"><img alt="Detail of a red-figure amphora depicting a satyr assaulting a maenad, by Pamphaios (potter) and Oltos (painter), c. 520 BC, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg/180px-Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg/269px-Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg/359px-Maenad_satyr_Louvre_G2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a red-figure <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> depicting a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> assaulting a <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenad</a>, by Pamphaios (potter) and Oltos (painter), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520 BC</span>, Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White-ground lekythos with a scene of mourning by the Reed Painter, c. 420-410 BC, British Museum"><img alt="White-ground lekythos with a scene of mourning by the Reed Painter, c. 420-410 BC, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg/84px-Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg/126px-Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg/168px-Visiting_grave_BM_D73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="2740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White-ground</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a> with a scene of mourning by the <a href="/wiki/Reed_Painter" title="Reed Painter">Reed Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span>-410 BC, British Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellenistic relief bowl with the head of a maenad, 2nd century BC (?), British Museum"><img alt="Hellenistic relief bowl with the head of a maenad, 2nd century BC (?), British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg/200px-Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg/300px-Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg/400px-Bowl_maenad_BM_GR1898.11-21.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hellenistic relief bowl with the head of a <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenad</a>, 2nd century BC (?), British Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Derveni_krater,_late_4th_century_B.C.,_side_A,_Dionysus_and_Ariadne,_Archaeological_Museum,_Thessaloniki,_Greece_(7457851940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg/220px-The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg/330px-The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg/440px-The_Derveni_krater%2C_late_4th_century_B.C.%2C_side_A%2C_Dionysus_and_Ariadne%2C_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Thessaloniki%2C_Greece_%287457851940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3149" data-file-height="4208" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Derveni_Krater" title="Derveni Krater">Derveni Krater</a>, 4th century BC, with <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> seen here.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fine metalwork was an important art in ancient Greece, but later production is very poorly represented by survivals, most of which come from the edges of the Greek world or beyond, from as far as France or Russia. Vessels and jewellery were produced to high standards, and exported far afield. Objects in silver, at the time worth more relative to gold than it is in modern times, were often inscribed by the maker with their weight, as they were treated largely as stores of value, and likely to be sold or re-melted before very long.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Geometric and Archaic phases, the production of large metal vessels was an important expression of Greek creativity, and an important stage in the development of bronzeworking techniques, such as casting and <a href="/wiki/Repousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Repousse">repousse</a> hammering. Early sanctuaries, especially <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, yielded many hundreds of tripod-bowl or <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">sacrificial tripod</a> vessels, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, deposited as <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votives</a>. These had a shallow bowl with two handles raised high on three legs; in later versions the stand and bowl were different pieces. During the Orientalising period, such tripods were frequently decorated with figural <a href="/wiki/Protome" title="Protome">protomes</a>, in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a> and other fantastic creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swords, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_helmet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greek helmet (disambiguation)">Greek helmet</a> and often body armour such as the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">muscle cuirass</a> were made of bronze, sometimes decorated in precious metal, as in the 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Ksour_Essef_cuirass" title="Ksour Essef cuirass">Ksour Essef cuirass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armour and "shield-bands" are two of the contexts for strips of Archaic low relief scenes, which were also attached to various objects in wood; the band on the Vix Krater is a large example.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polished bronze mirrors, initially with decorated backs and kore handles, were another common item; the later "folding mirror" type had hinged cover pieces, often decorated with a relief scene, typically erotic.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins are described below. </p><p>From the late Archaic the best metalworking kept pace with stylistic developments in sculpture and the other arts, and <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> is among the sculptors known to have practiced it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hellenistic taste encouraged highly intricate displays of technical virtuousity, tending to "cleverness, whimsy, or excessive elegance".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many or most Greek pottery shapes were taken from shapes first used in metal, and in recent decades there has been an increasing view that much of the finest vase-painting reused designs by silversmiths for vessels with engraving and sections plated in a different metal, working from drawn designs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptional survivals of what may have been a relatively common class of large bronze vessels are two volute <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">kraters</a>, for mixing wine and water.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the <a href="/wiki/Vix_Grave#The_Vix_krater" title="Vix Grave">Vix Krater</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>, 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) high and over 200 kg (440 lb) in weight, holding some 1,100 litres, and found in the burial of a Celtic woman in modern France,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Derveni_Krater" title="Derveni Krater">Derveni Krater</a>, 90.5 cm (35.6 in) high.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elites of other neighbours of the Greeks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, were keen consumers of Greek metalwork, and probably served by Greek goldsmiths settled in their territories, who adapted their products to suit local taste and functions. Such hybrid pieces form a large part of survivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte_Treasure" title="Panagyurishte Treasure">Panagyurishte Treasure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borovo_Treasure" title="Borovo Treasure">Borovo Treasure</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian treasures</a>, and several Scythian burials, which probably contained work by Greek artists based in the Greek settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other luxury arts, the Macedonian royal cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a> has produced objects of top quality from the cusp of the Classical and Hellenistic periods.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery for the Greek market is often of superb quality,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one unusual form being intricate and very delicate gold wreaths imitating plant-forms, worn on the head. These were probably rarely, if ever, worn in life, but were given as votives and worn in death.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum mummy portrait">Fayum mummy portraits</a> wear them. Some pieces, especially in the Hellenistic period, are large enough to offer scope for figures, as did the Scythian taste for relatively substantial pieces in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympiamuseum030_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze griffin head protome from Olympia, 7th century BC"><img alt="Bronze griffin head protome from Olympia, 7th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg/293px-Olympiamuseum030_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a> head <a href="/wiki/Protome" title="Protome">protome</a> from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, 7th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vix Krater, a late Archaic monumental bronze vessel, exported to French Celts"><img alt="The Vix Krater, a late Archaic monumental bronze vessel, exported to French Celts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vix_Krater" class="mw-redirect" title="Vix Krater">Vix Krater</a>, a late Archaic monumental bronze vessel, exported to French Celts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fancy Early Classical bronze mirror with human caryatid handle, c. 460 BC"><img alt="Fancy Early Classical bronze mirror with human caryatid handle, c. 460 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg/108px-Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg/162px-Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg/216px-Greek_-_Caryatid_Mirror_with_Aphrodite_-_Walters_54769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fancy Early Classical bronze mirror with human <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatid</a> handle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden wreath, 370–360, from southern Italy"><img alt="Golden wreath, 370–360, from southern Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG/176px-Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG/264px-Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG/352px-Goldkranz_aus_Armento_Totengranz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden wreath, 370–360, from southern Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver,_end_of_4th_c_BC,_Prague_Kinsky,_NM-HM10_1407,_140856.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver rhyton for the Thracian market, end 4th century[38]"><img alt="Silver rhyton for the Thracian market, end 4th century[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg/190px-Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg/285px-Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg/380px-Rhyton_Greek_Thracian_silver%2C_end_of_4th_c_BC%2C_Prague_Kinsky%2C_NM-HM10_1407%2C_140856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="2788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silver <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> for the Thracian market, end 4th century<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4th century BC Greek gold and bronze rhyton with head of Dionysus, Tamoikin Art Fund"><img alt="4th century BC Greek gold and bronze rhyton with head of Dionysus, Tamoikin Art Fund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg/200px-4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg/300px-4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg/400px-4th_cent._B.C._Greek_gold_and_bronze_drinking_horn_with_head_of_Dionysus_from_Tamoikin_Art_Fund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="1616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">4th century BC Greek gold and bronze rhyton with head of Dionysus, Tamoikin Art Fund</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of a gold wreath, c. 320-300 BC, from a burial in Crimea"><img alt="Fragment of a gold wreath, c. 320-300 BC, from a burial in Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg/200px-Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg/300px-Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg/400px-Fragment_of_a_gold_wreath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of a gold wreath, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320</span>-300 BC, from a burial in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0320_-_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_11_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold hair ornament and net, 3rd century BC"><img alt="Gold hair ornament and net, 3rd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/145px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/218px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg/291px-0320_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Gold_hairnet_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_11_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold hair ornament and net, 3rd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miletopoli_(oggi_mysia_in_turchia),_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento,_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Hellenistic silver medallion"><img alt="Late Hellenistic silver medallion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG/200px-Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG/300px-Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG/400px-Miletopoli_%28oggi_mysia_in_turchia%29%2C_medaglioni_ellenistici_in_argento%2C_II-I_sec_ac._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Hellenistic silver medallion</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monumental_sculpture">Monumental sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monumental sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg/220px-Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg/330px-Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg/440px-Cavalcade_south_frieze_Parthenon_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Riders from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon Frieze</a>, around 440 BC.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></div> <p>The Greeks decided very early on that the human form was the most important subject for artistic endeavour.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing their gods as having human form, there was little distinction between the sacred and the secular in art—the human body was both secular and sacred. A male <a href="/wiki/Nude" class="mw-redirect" title="Nude">nude</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> had only slight differences in treatment to one of that year's Olympic boxing champion. In the Archaic Period the most important sculptural form was the <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">kouros</a> (plural <i>kouroi</i>), the standing male nude (See for example <a href="/wiki/Kleobis_and_Biton" title="Kleobis and Biton">Biton and Kleobis</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">kore</a> (plural <i>korai</i>), or standing clothed female figure, was also common, but since Greek society did not permit the public display of female nudity until the 4th century BC, the kore is considered to be of less importance in the development of sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the period architectural sculpture on temples was becoming important. </p><p>As with pottery, the Greeks did not produce <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> merely for artistic display. Statues were commissioned either by aristocratic individuals or by the state, and used for public memorials, as offerings to temples, <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a> and sanctuaries (as is frequently shown by inscriptions on the statues), or as markers for graves. Statues in the Archaic period were not all intended to represent specific individuals. They were depictions of an ideal—beauty, piety, honor or sacrifice. These were always depictions of young men, ranging in age from adolescence to early maturity, even when placed on the graves of (presumably) elderly citizens. <i>Kouroi</i> were all stylistically similar. Graduations in the social stature of the person commissioning the statue were indicated by size rather than artistic innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike authors, those who practiced the visual arts, including sculpture, initially had a low social status in ancient Greece, though increasingly leading sculptors might become famous and rather wealthy, and often signed their work (often on the plinth, which typically became separated from the statue itself).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (<i>Life of Pericles</i>, II) said "we admire the work of art but despise the maker of it"; this was a common view in the ancient world. Ancient Greek sculpture is categorised by the usual stylistic periods of "Archaic", "Classical" and "Hellenistic", augmented with some extra ones mainly applying to sculpture, such as the Orientalizing <a href="/wiki/Daedalic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Daedalic sculpture">Daedalic style</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a> of early Classical sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials,_forms"><span id="Materials.2C_forms"></span>Materials, forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Materials, forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeus_i_Ganimedes,_terracota._Taller_corinti,_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/220px-Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/330px-Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG/440px-Zeus_i_Ganimedes%2C_terracota._Taller_corinti%2C_480-479_aC._Museu_arqueol%C3%B2gic_d%27Ol%C3%ADmpia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3464" /></a><figcaption>Rare large Late Archaic <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Zeus_and_Ganymede" title="Group of Zeus and Ganymede">terracotta statue of Zeus and Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Olympia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surviving ancient Greek sculptures were mostly made of two types of material. Stone, especially <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or other high-quality limestones was used most frequently and carved by hand with metal tools. Stone sculptures could be free-standing fully carved in the round (statues), or only partially carved <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> still attached to a background plaque, for example in architectural <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> or grave <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze statues were of higher status, but have survived in far smaller numbers, due to the reusability of metals. They were usually made in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax">lost wax</a> technique. <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">Chryselephantine</a>, or gold-and-ivory, statues were the cult-images in temples and were regarded as the highest form of sculpture, but only some fragmentary pieces have survived. They were normally over-lifesize, built around a wooden frame, with thin carved slabs of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> representing the flesh, and sheets of <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, probably over wood, representing the garments, armour, hair, and other details.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, glass paste, glass, and <a href="/wiki/Precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious stones">precious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stones">semi-precious stones</a> were used for detail such as eyes, jewellery, and weaponry. Other large <a href="/wiki/Acrolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolithic">acrolithic</a> statues used stone for the flesh parts, and wood for the rest, and marble statues sometimes had <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> hairstyles. Most sculpture was painted (see below), and much wore real jewellery and had inlaid eyes and other elements in different materials.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terracotta was occasionally employed, for large statuary. Few examples of this survived, at least partially due to the fragility of such statues. The best known exception to this is a statue of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, executed around 470 BC. In this case, the terracotta is painted. There were undoubtedly sculptures purely in wood, which may have been very important in early periods, but effectively none have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic">Archaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg/220px-Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg/330px-Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg/440px-Ac.kleobisandbiton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kleobis_and_Biton" title="Kleobis and Biton">Kleobis and Biton</a>, <i>kouroi</i> of the Archaic period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Delphi Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a>, to about 1100 BC, had already shown an unusual focus on the human figure, usually shown in a straightforward frontal standing position with arms folded across the stomach. Among the smaller features only noses, sometimes eyes, and female breasts were carved, though the figures were apparently usually painted and may have originally looked very different. </p><p>Inspired by the monumental stone sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, during the Archaic period the Greeks began again to carve in stone: Greek mercenaries and merchants were active abroad, as in Egypt in the service of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> (664–610 BC), and were exposed to the monumental art of these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-EA38_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA38-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally agreed that "Egyptian statuary of the 2nd millennium BC gave the decisive impulse for the innovation of Greek sculpture in life-size and in hyper formats in the Archaic Period during the late 7th century."<sup id="cite_ref-EA38_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA38-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free-standing figures share the solidity and frontal stance characteristic of Eastern models, but their forms are more dynamic than those of Egyptian sculpture, as for example the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Auxerre" title="Lady of Auxerre">Lady of Auxerre</a> and Torso of Hera (Early Archaic period, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 660</span>–580 BC, both in the Louvre, Paris). After about 575 BC, figures, such as these, both male and female, wore the so-called <a href="/wiki/Archaic_smile" title="Archaic smile">archaic smile</a>. This expression, which has no specific appropriateness to the person or situation depicted, may have been a device to give the figures a distinctive human characteristic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three types of figures were used—the standing nude youth (kouros), the standing draped girl (kore) and, less frequently, the seated woman.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All emphasize and generalize the essential features of the human figure and show an increasingly accurate comprehension of human anatomy. The youths were either sepulchral or votive statues. Examples are Apollo (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), an early work; the <a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anafi" title="Anafi">Anafi</a> (British Museum, London), a much later work; and the Anavyssos Kouros (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a>). More of the musculature and skeletal structure is visible in this statue than in earlier works. The standing, draped girls have a wide range of expression, as in the sculptures in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Acropolis Museum of Athens">Acropolis Museum of Athens</a>. Their drapery is carved and painted with the delicacy and meticulousness common in the details of sculpture of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaic reliefs have survived from many tombs, and from larger buildings at <a href="/wiki/Foce_del_Sele" class="mw-redirect" title="Foce del Sele">Foce del Sele</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Paestum" title="National Archaeological Museum of Paestum">National Archaeological Museum of Paestum</a>) in Italy, with two groups of <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metope</a> panels, from about 550 and 510, and the <a href="/wiki/Siphnian_Treasury" title="Siphnian Treasury">Siphnian Treasury</a> at Delphi, with <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> and a small <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>. Parts, all now in local museums, survive of the large triangular pediment groups from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis,_Corfu" title="Temple of Artemis, Corfu">Temple of Artemis, Corfu</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580</span>), dominated by a huge <a href="/wiki/Gorgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgon">Gorgon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Temple_of_Athena" title="Old Temple of Athena">Old Temple of Athena</a> in Athens (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530</span>-500).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dipylon Kouros, c. 600 BC, Athens, Kerameikos Museum"><img alt="Dipylon Kouros, c. 600 BC, Athens, Kerameikos Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg/111px-KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg/167px-KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg/223px-KAMA_Kouros_Porte_Sacr%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dipylon Kouros, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>, Athens, <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos" title="Kerameikos">Kerameikos</a> Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moschophoros or calf-bearer, c. 570 BC, Athens, Acropolis Museum"><img alt="The Moschophoros or calf-bearer, c. 570 BC, Athens, Acropolis Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg/118px-ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg/176px-ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg/235px-ACMA_Moschophoros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Moschophoros" title="Moschophoros">Moschophoros</a> or calf-bearer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570 BC</span>, Athens, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peplos Kore, c. 530 BC, Athens, Acropolis Museum"><img alt="Peplos Kore, c. 530 BC, Athens, Acropolis Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/74px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="74" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/111px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/148px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="2676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peplos_Kore" title="Peplos Kore">Peplos Kore</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>, Athens, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:006MAD_Frieze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frieze of the Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, depicting a Gigantomachy, c. 525 BC, Delphi Archaeological Museum"><img alt="Frieze of the Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, depicting a Gigantomachy, c. 525 BC, Delphi Archaeological Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/006MAD_Frieze.jpg/200px-006MAD_Frieze.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/006MAD_Frieze.jpg/300px-006MAD_Frieze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/006MAD_Frieze.jpg/400px-006MAD_Frieze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">Frieze</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Siphnian_Treasury" title="Siphnian Treasury">Siphnian Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, depicting a <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 525 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Delphi Archaeological Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Strangford Apollo, 500–490, one of the last kouroi"><img alt="The Strangford Apollo, 500–490, one of the last kouroi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg/89px-Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg/134px-Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg/178px-Kouros_Anaphe_BM_B475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a>, 500–490, one of the last <i>kouroi</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva,_da_atene_o_egina,_530-540_ac_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sabouroff head, an important example of Late Archaic Greek marble sculpture, c. 550-525 BCE."><img alt="The Sabouroff head, an important example of Late Archaic Greek marble sculpture, c. 550-525 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG/139px-Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG/209px-Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG/279px-Testa_di_uomo_barbato_da_una_statua_funebre_o_votiva%2C_da_atene_o_egina%2C_530-540_ac_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sabouroff_head" title="Sabouroff head">Sabouroff head</a>, an important example of Late Archaic Greek marble sculpture, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>-525 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perserschutt.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Perserschutt, or "Persian rubble", dating from the destruction of Athens in 480/479 BC during the Second Persian invasion of Greece offer a clear datation marker for Archaic statuary."><img alt="The Perserschutt, or "Persian rubble", dating from the destruction of Athens in 480/479 BC during the Second Persian invasion of Greece offer a clear datation marker for Archaic statuary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/161px-Perserschutt.gif" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/242px-Perserschutt.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Perserschutt.gif/323px-Perserschutt.gif 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Perserschutt" title="Perserschutt">Perserschutt</a></i>, or "Persian rubble", dating from the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 480/479 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a> offer a clear datation marker for Archaic statuary.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemision_No_BG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Artemision_No_BG.png/220px-Artemision_No_BG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Artemision_No_BG.png/330px-Artemision_No_BG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Artemision_No_BG.png/440px-Artemision_No_BG.png 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a>, either <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, c. 460 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. This masterpiece of classical sculpture was found by fishermen off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Artemisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Artemisium">Cape Artemisium</a> in 1928. It is more than 2 m in height.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Classical period there was a revolution in Greek statuary, usually associated with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democracy</a> and the end of the aristocratic culture associated with the <i>kouroi</i>. The Classical period saw changes in the style and function of sculpture. Poses became more naturalistic (see the <a href="/wiki/Charioteer_of_Delphi" title="Charioteer of Delphi">Charioteer of Delphi</a> for an example of the transition to more naturalistic sculpture), and the technical skill of Greek sculptors in depicting the human form in a variety of poses greatly increased. From about 500 BC statues began to depict real people. The statues of <a href="/wiki/Harmodius_and_Aristogeiton_(sculpture)" title="Harmodius and Aristogeiton (sculpture)">Harmodius and Aristogeiton</a> set up in Athens to mark the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a> were said to be the first public monuments to actual people.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_di_temistocle,_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac,_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/170px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/255px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG/340px-Busto_di_temistocle%2C_da_originale_greco_del_V_secolo_ac%2C_dal_decumano_presso_il_casamento_del_temistocle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="4168" /></a><figcaption>"The first true <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portrait</a> of an individual European":<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman-era copy of a lost 470 BC bust of <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time sculpture and statues were put to wider uses. The great temples of the Classical era such as the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a> at Olympia, required relief sculpture for decorative <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a>, and sculpture in the round to fill the triangular fields of the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>. The difficult aesthetic and technical challenge stimulated much in the way of sculptural innovation. These works survive only in fragments, the most famous of which are the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Parthenon Marbles</a>, half of which are in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funeral statuary evolved during this period from the rigid and impersonal kouros of the Archaic period to the highly personal family groups of the Classical period. These monuments are commonly found in the suburbs of Athens, which in ancient times were cemeteries on the outskirts of the city. Although some of them depict "ideal" types—the mourning mother, the dutiful son—they increasingly depicted real people, typically showing the departed taking his dignified leave from his family. They are among the most intimate and affecting remains of the ancient Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Classical period for the first time we know the names of individual sculptors. <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> oversaw the design and building of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a> made the female nude respectable for the first time in the Late Classical period (mid-4th century): his <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_of_Knidos" title="Aphrodite of Knidos">Aphrodite of Knidos</a>, which survives in copies, was said by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> to be the greatest statue in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous works of the Classical period for contemporaries were the colossal <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Athena_Parthenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Athena Parthenos">Statue of Athena Parthenos</a> in the Parthenon. Both were <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">chryselephantine</a> and executed by Phidias or under his direction, and are now lost, although smaller copies (in other materials) and good descriptions of both still exist. Their size and magnificence prompted emperors to seize them in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, and both were removed to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where they were later destroyed in fires.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copy of Polyclitus' Diadumenos, National Archaeological Museum, Athens"><img alt="Copy of Polyclitus' Diadumenos, National Archaeological Museum, Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg/149px-Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg/224px-Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg/299px-Diadoumenos-Atenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Copy of <a href="/wiki/Polykleitos" title="Polykleitos">Polyclitus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Diadumenos" title="Diadumenos">Diadumenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="So-called Venus Braschi by Praxiteles, type of the Knidian Aphrodite, Munich Glyptothek"><img alt="So-called Venus Braschi by Praxiteles, type of the Knidian Aphrodite, Munich Glyptothek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg/93px-Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg/140px-Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg/187px-Aphrodite_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="2458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">So-called Venus Braschi by <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>, type of the <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_of_Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphrodite of Cnidus">Knidian Aphrodite</a>, Munich <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Marathon Youth, 4th-century BC bronze statue, possibly by Praxiteles, National Archaeological Museum, Athens"><img alt="The Marathon Youth, 4th-century BC bronze statue, possibly by Praxiteles, National Archaeological Museum, Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG/132px-NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG/198px-NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG/264px-NAMA_X15118_Marathon_Boy_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="3100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Marathon Youth, 4th-century BC bronze statue, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0002MAN-Hermes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes, possibly by Lysippos, National Archaeological Museum, Athens"><img alt="Hermes, possibly by Lysippos, National Archaeological Museum, Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/0002MAN-Hermes.jpg/111px-0002MAN-Hermes.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/0002MAN-Hermes.jpg/167px-0002MAN-Hermes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/0002MAN-Hermes.jpg/222px-0002MAN-Hermes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Metope 1 from the Parthenon at the Acropolis Museum in Athens."><img alt="South Metope 1 from the Parthenon at the Acropolis Museum in Athens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/150px-South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/225px-South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/300px-South_metope_1_from_the_Parthenon_at_the_Acropolis_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="4024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">Metope</a> 1 from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a> in Athens.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parthenon West Frieze Block VI at the Acropolis Museum in Athens."><img alt="Parthenon West Frieze Block VI at the Acropolis Museum in Athens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg/200px-Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg/300px-Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg/400px-Parthenon_West_Frieze_Block_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Frieze" title="Parthenon Frieze">Parthenon West Frieze</a> Block VI at the Acropolis Museum in Athens.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hellenistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_de_Milo_1,_Louvre_May_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg/220px-Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg/330px-Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg/440px-Venus_de_Milo_1%2C_Louvre_May_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2991" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i>, discovered at the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, 130-100 BC, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period occurred during the 4th century BC. Following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (336 BC to 323 BC), Greek culture spread as far as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, as revealed by the excavations of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and the civilization of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greco-Bactrians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> represented a syncretism between Greek art and the visual expression of Buddhism. Thus Greek art became more diverse and more influenced by the cultures of the peoples drawn into the Greek orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the view of some art historians, it also declined in quality and originality. This, however, is a judgement which artists and art-lovers of the time would not have shared. Indeed, many sculptures previously considered as classical masterpieces are now recognised as being Hellenistic. The technical ability of Hellenistic sculptors is clearly in evidence in such major works as the <a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a>. New centres of Greek culture, particularly in sculpture, developed in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>, and other cities, where the new monarchies were lavish patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2nd century the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> had also absorbed much of the Greek tradition—and an increasing proportion of its products as well.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period sculpture became more naturalistic, and also expressive; the interest in depicting extremes of emotion being sometimes pushed to extremes. Genre subjects of common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens; the <i><a href="/wiki/Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></i> is an example. Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced, and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, a pastoral idyll populated by <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>, nymphs and <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">sileni</a>, had been often depicted in earlier vase painting and figurines, but rarely in full-size sculpture. Now such works were made, surviving in copies including the <a href="/wiki/Barberini_Faun" title="Barberini Faun">Barberini Faun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Torso" title="Belvedere Torso">Belvedere Torso</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Resting_Satyr" title="Resting Satyr">Resting Satyr</a></i>; the <a href="/wiki/Furietti_Centaurs" title="Furietti Centaurs">Furietti Centaurs</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Hermaphroditus" title="Sleeping Hermaphroditus">Sleeping Hermaphroditus</a></i> reflect related themes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the new Hellenistic cities springing up all over <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> required statues depicting the gods and heroes of Greece for their temples and public places. This made sculpture, like pottery, an industry, with the consequent standardisation and some lowering of quality. For these reasons many more Hellenistic statues have survived than is the case with the Classical period. </p><p>Some of the best known Hellenistic sculptures are the <i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (2nd or 1st century BC),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the statue of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a> known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> (mid-2nd century BC), the <a href="/wiki/Dying_Gaul" title="Dying Gaul">Dying Gaul</a> (about 230 BC), and the monumental group <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (late 1st century BC). All these statues depict Classical themes, but their treatment is far more sensuous and emotional than the austere taste of the Classical period would have allowed or its technical skills permitted. </p><p>The multi-figure group of statues was a Hellenistic innovation, probably of the 3rd century, taking the epic battles of earlier temple pediment reliefs off their walls, and placing them as life-size groups of statues. Their style is often called "<a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>", with extravagantly contorted body poses, and intense expressions in the faces. The reliefs on the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a> are the nearest original survivals, but several well known works are believed to be Roman copies of Hellenistic originals. These include the <a href="/wiki/Dying_Gaul" title="Dying Gaul">Dying Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Gaul" title="Ludovisi Gaul">Ludovisi Gaul</a>, as well as a less well known <i>Kneeling Gaul</i> and others, all believed to copy Pergamene commissions by <a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a> to commemorate his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caecus_River" title="Battle of the Caecus River">victory around 241</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, probably comprising two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön Group</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_supporting_the_body_of_Patroclus" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus">Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus</a></i> ("Pasquino group"), <i><a href="/wiki/Arrotino" title="Arrotino">Arrotino</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sperlonga_sculptures" title="Sperlonga sculptures">Sperlonga sculptures</a>, are other examples.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 2nd century the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a> or Neo-Classical style is seen by different scholars as either a reaction to baroque excesses, returning to a version of Classical style, or as a continuation of the traditional style for cult statues.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workshops in the style became mainly producers of copies for the Roman market, which preferred copies of Classical rather than Hellenistic pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discoveries made since the end of the 19th century surrounding the (now submerged) <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Heracleum</a> include a 4th-century BC, unusually sensual, detailed and feministic (as opposed to deified) depiction of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, marking a combination of Egyptian and Hellenistic forms beginning around the time of Egypt's conquest by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. However this was untypical of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> court sculpture, which generally avoided mixing Egyptian styles with its fairly conventional Hellenistic style,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while temples in the rest of the country continued using late versions of traditional Egyptian formulae.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have proposed an "Alexandrian style" in Hellenistic sculpture, but there is in fact little to connect it with Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hellenistic sculpture was also marked by an increase in scale, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a> (late 3rd century), which was the same size as the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. The combined effect of earthquakes and looting have destroyed this as well as other very large works of this period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hellenistic Prince, a bronze statue originally thought to be a Seleucid, or Attalus II of Pergamon, now considered a portrait of a Roman general, made by a Greek artist working in Rome in the 2nd century BC."><img alt="The Hellenistic Prince, a bronze statue originally thought to be a Seleucid, or Attalus II of Pergamon, now considered a portrait of a Roman general, made by a Greek artist working in Rome in the 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg/78px-Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg/117px-Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg/156px-Seleucid_prince_Massimo_Inv1049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="3700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Prince" title="Hellenistic Prince">Hellenistic Prince</a>, a bronze statue originally thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid empire">Seleucid</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Attalus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalus II">Attalus II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, now considered a portrait of a Roman general, made by a Greek artist working in Rome in the 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac.nike.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Winged Victory of Samothrace (Hellenistic), The Louvre, Paris"><img alt="The Winged Victory of Samothrace (Hellenistic), The Louvre, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ac.nike.jpg/150px-Ac.nike.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ac.nike.jpg/225px-Ac.nike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ac.nike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (Hellenistic), <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">The Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laocoön and His Sons (Late Hellenistic), Vatican Museum"><img alt="Laocoön and His Sons (Late Hellenistic), Vatican Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/184px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/276px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/368px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8744" data-file-height="9502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (Late Hellenistic), <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Museum">Vatican Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Hellenistic bronze of a mounted jockey, National Archaeological Museum, Athens"><img alt="Late Hellenistic bronze of a mounted jockey, National Archaeological Museum, Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg/200px-NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg/300px-NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg/400px-NAMA_Jockey_Art%C3%A9mision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Hellenistic bronze of a mounted jockey, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum, Athens</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurines">Figurines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terracotta_figurines">Terracotta figurines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terracotta figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina,_%C3%80tica,_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria,_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC,_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG/220px-Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG/330px-Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG/440px-Atuell_en_forma_d%27Afrodita_en_una_petxina%2C_%C3%80tica%2C_necr%C3%B2polis_de_Fanagoria%2C_pin%C3%ADnsula_de_Taman._Primer_quart_del_segle_IV_aC%2C_cer%C3%A0mica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Pottery vessel in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> inside a shell; from <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a> cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>), 1st quarter of 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Clay is a material frequently used for the making of votive statuettes or idols, even before the Minoan civilization and continuing until the Roman period. During the 8th century BC tombs in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> often contain "bell idols", female statuettes with mobile legs: the head, small compared to the remainder of the body, is perched at the end of a long neck, while the body is very full, in the shape of a bell.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaic <a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heroon</a> tombs, for local heroes, might receive large numbers of crudely-shaped figurines, with rudimentary figuration, generally representing characters with raised arms. </p><p>By the Hellenistic period most terracotta figurines have lost their religious nature, and represent characters from everyday life. <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurines</a>, from one of several centres of production, are mass-manufactured using moulds, and then painted after firing. Dolls, figures of fashionably-dressed ladies and of actors, some of these probably portraits, were among the new subjects, depicted with a refined style. These were cheap, and initially displayed in the home much like modern ornamental figurines, but were quite often buried with their owners. At the same time, cities like <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> produced an abundance of grotesque figurines, representing individuals with deformed members, eyes bulging and contorting themselves. Such figurines were also made from bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For painted architectural terracottas, see <a href="#Polychromy:_painting_on_statuary_and_architecture">Architecture</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_figurines">Metal figurines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metal figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figurines made of metal, primarily bronze, are an extremely common find at early Greek sanctuaries like <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, where thousands of such objects, mostly depicting animals, have been found. They are usually produced in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax">lost wax</a> technique and can be considered the initial stage in the development of Greek bronze sculpture. The most common motifs during the Geometric period were horses and deer, but dogs, cattle and other animals are also depicted. Human figures occur occasionally. The production of small metal votives continued throughout Greek antiquity. In the Classical and Hellenistic periods, more elaborate bronze statuettes, closely connected with <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, also became common. High quality examples were keenly collected by wealthy Greeks, and later Romans, but relatively few have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Idol, 7th century BC"><img alt="Bell Idol, 7th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg/110px-Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg/165px-Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg/220px-Bell_idol_Louvre_CA_573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell Idol, 7th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="8th-century BC bronze votive horse from Olympia"><img alt="8th-century BC bronze votive horse from Olympia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg/200px-Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg/300px-Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg/400px-Bronze_horse_Louvre_Br90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">8th-century BC bronze votive horse from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actor from the New Comedy, about 200 BC"><img alt="Actor from the New Comedy, about 200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg/108px-New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg/163px-New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg/217px-New_Comedy_actor_MBA_Lyon_E272-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="4050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actor from the <a href="/wiki/New_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Comedy">New Comedy</a>, about 200 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanagra figurine of fashionable lady, 32.5 cm (12.8 in), 330-300 BC"><img alt="Tanagra figurine of fashionable lady, 32.5 cm (12.8 in), 330-300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg/85px-Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg/127px-Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg/170px-Lady_in_blue_Louvre_MNB907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="3175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurine</a> of fashionable lady, 32.5 cm (12.8 in), 330-300 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of ancient Greece">Architecture of ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templos_Paestum._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templos_Paestum._01.JPG/220px-Templos_Paestum._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templos_Paestum._01.JPG/330px-Templos_Paestum._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Templos_Paestum._01.JPG/440px-Templos_Paestum._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Two early Archaic <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a> Greek temples at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, Italy, with much wider capitals than later.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hephaistos_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/220px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/330px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hephaistos_Temple.JPG/440px-Hephaistos_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaistos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, well-preserved mature Doric, late 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Architecture (meaning buildings executed to an aesthetically considered design) ceased in Greece from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> period (about 1200 BC) until the 7th century, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. Since most Greek buildings in the Archaic and Early Classical periods were made of wood or <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, nothing remains of them except a few ground-plans, and there are almost no written sources on early architecture or descriptions of buildings. Most of our knowledge of Greek architecture comes from the surviving buildings of the Late Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods (since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">ancient Roman architecture</a> heavily used Greek styles), and from late written sources such as <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (1st century BC). This means that there is a strong bias towards <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">temples</a>, the most common major buildings to survive. Here the squared blocks of stone used for walls were useful for later buildings, and so often all that survives are parts of columns and <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metopes</a> that were harder to recycle.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the period a strict stone <a href="/wiki/Post_and_lintel" title="Post and lintel">post and lintel</a> system of construction was used, held in place only by gravity. <a href="/wiki/Corbelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbelling">Corbelling</a> was known in Mycenean Greece, and the <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> was known from the 5th century at the latest, but hardly any use was made of these techniques until the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood was only used for ceilings and roof timbers in prestigious stone buildings. The use of large terracotta roof tiles, only held in place by grooving, meant that roofs needed to have a low pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until Hellenistic times only public buildings were built using the formal stone style; these included above all temples, and the smaller treasury buildings which often accompanied them, and were built at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> by many cities. Other building types, often not roofed, were the central <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>, often with one or more colonnaded <a href="/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa">stoa</a> around it, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece#Characteristics_of_the_buildings" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaestra" title="Palaestra">palaestra</a> or wrestling-school, the <a href="/wiki/Ekklesiasterion" title="Ekklesiasterion">ekklesiasterion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bouleuterion" title="Bouleuterion">bouleuterion</a> for assemblies, and the <a href="/wiki/Propylaea" title="Propylaea">propylaea</a> or monumental gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Round buildings for various functions were called a <a href="/wiki/Tholos_(architecture)" title="Tholos (architecture)">tholos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest stone structures were often defensive city walls. </p><p>Tombs were for most of the period only made as elaborate <a href="/wiki/Mausolea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausolea">mausolea</a> around the edges of the Greek world, especially in Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private houses were built around a courtyard where funds allowed, and showed blank walls to the street. They sometimes had a second story, but very rarely basements. They were usually built of rubble at best, and relatively little is known about them; at least for males, much of life was spent outside them.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few palaces from the Hellenistic period have been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_(July_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg/220px-Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg/330px-Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg/440px-Treasury_house_of_Athens_in_Delphi_%28July_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Temples and some other buildings such as the treasuries at Delphi were planned as either a cube or, more often, a rectangle made from <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, of which Greece has an abundance, and which was cut into large blocks and dressed. This was supplemented by columns, at least on the entrance front, and often on all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other buildings were more flexible in plan, and even the wealthiest houses seem to have lacked much external ornament. Marble was an expensive building material in Greece: high quality marble came only from Mt Pentelus in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> and from a few islands such as <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, and its transportation in large blocks was difficult. It was used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">sculptural decoration</a>, not structurally, except in the very grandest buildings of the Classical period such as the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were two main <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">classical orders</a> of Greek architecture, the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a> only appearing in the Classical period, and not becoming dominant until the Roman period. The most obvious features of the three orders are the capitals of the columns, but there are significant differences in other points of design and decoration between the orders.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These names were used by the Greeks themselves, and reflected their belief that the styles descended from the Dorian and Ionian Greeks of the Dark Ages, but this is unlikely to be true. The Doric was the earliest, probably first appearing in stone in the earlier 7th century, having developed (though perhaps not very directly) from predecessors in wood.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in mainland Greece and the Greek colonies in Italy. The Ionic style was first used in the cities of Ionia (now the west coast of Turkey) and some of the Aegean islands, probably beginning in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doric style was more formal and austere, the Ionic more relaxed and decorative. The more ornate Corinthian order was a later development of the Ionic, initially apparently only used inside buildings, and using Ionic forms for everything except the capitals. The famous and well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates">Choragic Monument of Lysicrates</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> (335/334) is the first known use of the Corinthian order on the exterior of a building.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the best known surviving Greek buildings, such as the Parthenon and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a> in Athens, are Doric. The <a href="/wiki/Erechtheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erechtheum">Erechtheum</a>, next to the Parthenon, however, is Ionic. The Ionic order became dominant in the Hellenistic period, since its more decorative style suited the aesthetic of the period better than the more restrained Doric. Some of the best surviving Hellenistic buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a>, can be seen in Turkey, at cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the greatest of Hellenistic cities, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, almost nothing survives. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santuario_Delfos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the processional way at Ancient Delphi, without much of the statuary shown.[92]"><img alt="Model of the processional way at Ancient Delphi, without much of the statuary shown.[92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Santuario_Delfos.jpg/200px-Santuario_Delfos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Santuario_Delfos.jpg/300px-Santuario_Delfos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Santuario_Delfos.jpg/400px-Santuario_Delfos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the processional way at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Delphi">Ancient Delphi</a>, without much of the statuary shown.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus,_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC,_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus,_Greece_(14015010416).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, 4th century BC"><img alt="The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/200px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/300px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg/400px-The_great_theater_of_Epidaurus%2C_designed_by_Polykleitos_the_Younger_in_the_4th_century_BC%2C_Sanctuary_of_Asklepeios_at_Epidaurus%2C_Greece_%2814015010416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Theatre_of_Epidaurus" title="Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus">Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens, late 5th century BC"><img alt="The Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens, late 5th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/200px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/300px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg/400px-Erechtheum_Acropolis_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, late 5th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, 335/334"><img alt="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens, 335/334" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg/133px-The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg/200px-The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg/266px-The_Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates_in_Athens_on_February_25%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Choragic_Monument_of_Lysicrates" title="Choragic Monument of Lysicrates">Choragic Monument of Lysicrates</a>, Athens, 335/334</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coin_design">Coin design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coin design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Ancient Greek coinage</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNGCop_039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/300px-SNGCop_039.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/450px-SNGCop_039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SNGCop_039.jpg/600px-SNGCop_039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Athenian <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> with head of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owl_of_Athena" title="Owl of Athena">owl</a>, after 449 BC. The most acceptable coin in the Mediterranean world.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_de_Bactriane,_Eucratide_I,_2_faces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/300px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/450px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg/600px-Monnaie_de_Bactriane%2C_Eucratide_I%2C_2_faces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6740" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Gold 20-<a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactria</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BC</span>, the largest gold coin of antiquity. 169.2 grams, diameter 58 mm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coins were (probably) invented in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in the 7th century BC, but they were first extensively used by the Greeks,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Greeks set the canon of coin design which has been followed ever since. Coin design today still recognisably follows patterns descended from ancient Greece. The Greeks did not see coin design as a major art form, although some were expensively designed by leading goldsmiths, especially outside Greece itself, among the Central Asian kingdoms and in Sicilian cities keen to promote themselves. Nevertheless, the durability and abundance of coins have made them one of the most important sources of knowledge about Greek aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-COOK71-72_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COOK71-72-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek coins are the only art form from the ancient Greek world which can still be bought and owned by private collectors of modest means. </p><p>The most widespread coins, used far beyond their native territories and copied and forged by others, were the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a>, issued from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 38 BC</span>, and in the Hellenistic age the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> tetradrachm, both silver.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These both kept the same familiar design for long periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_68–69_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_68–69-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek designers began the practice of putting a profile portrait on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> of coins. This was initially a symbolic portrait of the patron god or goddess of the city issuing the coin: <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> for <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at Corinth, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a> and so on. Later, heads of heroes of Greek mythology were used, such as <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> on the coins of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. </p><p>The first human portraits on coins were those of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satraps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, starting with the exiled Athenian general <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> who became a Satrap of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Meander" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia on the Meander">Magnesia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450 BC</span>, and continuing especially with the dynasts of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> towards the end of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek cities in Italy such as <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a> began to put the heads of real people on coins in the 4th century BC, as did the Hellenistic successors of Alexander the Great in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the reverse of their coins the Greek cities often put a symbol of the city: an owl for Athens, a dolphin for Syracuse and so on. The placing of inscriptions on coins also began in Greek times. All these customs were later continued by the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-COOK71-72_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COOK71-72-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most artistically ambitious coins, designed by goldsmiths or gem-engravers, were often from the edges of the Greek world, from new colonies in the early period and new kingdoms later, as a form of marketing their "brands" in modern terms.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the larger cities, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> also issued consistently attractive coins. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> coins are considered the finest examples of Greek coins with large portraits with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by <a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> (reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas Nikator</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 95</span>–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Macedonian tetradrachm with image of Alexander the Great as Heracles, after 330 BC"><img alt="Macedonian tetradrachm with image of Alexander the Great as Heracles, after 330 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg/200px-Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg/300px-Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg/400px-Tetradrachme.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> with image of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, after 330 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMC_193.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drachm of Aegina with tortoise and stamp, after 404 BC"><img alt="Drachm of Aegina with tortoise and stamp, after 404 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/200px-BMC_193.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/300px-BMC_193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/BMC_193.jpg/400px-BMC_193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Drachm" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachm">Drachm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> with tortoise and stamp, after 404 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heracles fighting the Nemean lion. Silver coin from Heraclea Lucania"><img alt="Heracles fighting the Nemean lion. Silver coin from Heraclea Lucania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg/200px-Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg/300px-Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg/400px-Silver_didrachm_Heraclea_MBA_Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> fighting the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a>. Silver coin from Heraclea Lucania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa,_415-400_ac._circa,_testa_di_aretusa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arethusa on a coin of Syracuse, Sicily, 415–400"><img alt="Arethusa on a coin of Syracuse, Sicily, 415–400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG/198px-Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG/297px-Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG/396px-Moneta_d%27argento_di_siracusa%2C_415-400_ac._circa%2C_testa_di_aretusa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a> on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse, Sicily</a>, 415–400</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agios-Athanasios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/300px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/450px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/600px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Macedonian_soldiers,_from_the_tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ancient_Macedonian_soldiers%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_Greece.jpg/300px-Ancient_Macedonian_soldiers%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Ancient_Macedonian_soldiers%2C_from_the_tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian tomb</a> fresco from <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, Greece, 4th century BC.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Greeks seem to have valued painting above even sculpture, and by the Hellenistic period the informed appreciation and even the practice of painting were components in a gentlemanly education. The <a href="/wiki/Ekphrasis" title="Ekphrasis">ekphrasis</a> was a literary form consisting of a description of a work of art, and we have a considerable body of literature on Greek painting and painters, with further additions in Latin, though none of the treatises by artists that are mentioned have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We have hardly any of the most prestigious sort of paintings, on wood panel or in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, that this literature was concerned with, and very few of the copies that undoubtedly existed, equivalent to those which give us most of our knowledge of Greek sculpture. </p><p>The contrast with vase-painting is total. There are no mentions of that in literature at all, but over 100,000 surviving examples, giving many individual painters a respectable surviving oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our idea of what the best Greek painting was like must be drawn from a careful consideration of parallels in vase-painting, late <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Greco-Roman copies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> and fresco, some very late examples of actual painting in the Greek tradition, and the ancient literature.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were several interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to their technical differences, they underwent somewhat differentiated developments. Early painting seems to have developed along similar lines to vase-painting, heavily reliant on outline and flat areas of colour, but then flowered and developed at the time that vase-painting went into decline. By the end of the Hellenistic period, technical developments included modelling to indicate contours in forms, shadows, foreshortening, some probably imprecise form of perspective, interior and landscape backgrounds, and the use of changing colours to suggest distance in landscapes, so that "Greek artists had all the technical devices needed for fully illusionistic painting".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panel_and_wall_painting">Panel and wall painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Panel and wall painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg/220px-NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg/330px-NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg/440px-NAMA_Sacrifice_aux_Charites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Pitsa_panels" title="Pitsa panels">Pitsa panels</a>, the only surviving panel paintings from Archaic Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common and respected form of art, according to authors like <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>, individual, portable paintings on wood boards. The techniques used were <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a> (wax) painting and <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>. Such paintings normally depicted figural scenes, including <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Still-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still-life">still-lifes</a>; we have descriptions of many compositions. They were collected and often displayed in public spaces. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> describes such exhibitions at Athens and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. We know the names of many famous painters, mainly of the Classical and Hellenistic periods, from literature (see expandable list to the right). The most famous of all ancient Greek painters was <a href="/wiki/Apelles_of_Kos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles of Kos">Apelles of Kos</a>, whom <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> lauded as having "surpassed all the other painters who either preceded or succeeded him."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the perishable nature of the materials used and the major upheavals at the end of antiquity, not one of the famous works of Greek panel painting has survived. We have slightly more significant survivals of mural compositions. The most important surviving Greek examples from before the Roman period are the fairly low-quality <a href="/wiki/Pitsa_panels" title="Pitsa panels">Pitsa panels</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, and various paintings from the royal tombs at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>. More numerous paintings in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campanian</a> tombs are based on Greek styles. In the Roman period, there are a number of wall paintings in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and the surrounding area, as well as in Rome itself, some of which are thought to be copies of specific earlier masterpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular copies of specific wall-paintings have been confidently identified in the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large group of much later Greco-Roman archaeological survivals from the dry conditions of Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits" title="Fayum mummy portraits">Fayum mummy portraits</a>, together with the similar <a href="/wiki/Severan_Tondo" title="Severan Tondo">Severan Tondo</a>, and a small group of painted <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">portrait miniatures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gold_glass" title="Gold glass">gold glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a> are also derived from the encaustic panel painting tradition, and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> sometimes continued a Greek illusionistic style for centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symposiumnorthwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Symposiumnorthwall.jpg/220px-Symposiumnorthwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Symposiumnorthwall.jpg/330px-Symposiumnorthwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Symposiumnorthwall.jpg/440px-Symposiumnorthwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a> scene in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition of wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>. It is not clear, whether there is any continuity between these antecedents and later Greek wall paintings. </p><p>Wall paintings are frequently described in Pausanias, and many appear to have been produced in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Due to the lack of architecture surviving intact, not many are preserved. The most notable examples are a monumental Archaic 7th-century BC scene of <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> combat from inside a temple at Kalapodi (near <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>), and the elaborate frescoes from the 4th-century "Grave of Phillipp" and the "Tomb of Persephone" at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonia</a>, or the tomb at <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, which are sometimes suggested to be closely linked to the high-quality panel paintings mentioned above. The unusual survival of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Palmettes" title="Tomb of the Palmettes">Tomb of the Palmettes</a> (3rd-century BC, excavated in 1971) with painting in good condition includes portraits of the couple buried inside on the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>. </p><p>Greek wall painting tradition is also reflected in contemporary grave decorations in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, e.g. the famous <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Diver" title="Tomb of the Diver">Tomb of the Diver</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>. Scholars believe that the celebrated Roman frescoes at sites like <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> are descendants of the Greek tradition, and some copy particular famous panel paintings. These Roman copies are all loose adaptations, however, with extra figures added, poses altered, and colouring changed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/220px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/330px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg/440px-Antike_Polychromie_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed colour scheme of the <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Doric_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric temple">Doric temple</a></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellenistic Greek terracotta funerary wall painting, 3rd century BC"><img alt="Hellenistic Greek terracotta funerary wall painting, 3rd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg/143px-Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg/214px-Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg/285px-Hellenistic_terracotta_funerary_wall_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> funerary <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">wall painting</a>, 3rd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Mieza,_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia,_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Macedonian paintings of armour, arms, and gear from the Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles in ancient Mieza (modern-day Lefkadia), Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, 2nd century BC."><img alt="Ancient Macedonian paintings of armour, arms, and gear from the Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles in ancient Mieza (modern-day Lefkadia), Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, 2nd century BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg/200px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg/300px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg/400px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles_a72b9b998c2e98a1390dbae9e032ea1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Macedonia">Ancient Macedonian</a> paintings of armour, arms, and gear from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lyson_and_Kallikles" title="Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles">Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mieza,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieza, Macedonia">Mieza</a> (modern-day Lefkadia), <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, Greece, 2nd century BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stele of Dioskourides, dated 2nd century BC, showing a Ptolemaic thyreophoros soldier, a characteristic example of the "Romanization" of the Ptolemaic army"><img alt="A stele of Dioskourides, dated 2nd century BC, showing a Ptolemaic thyreophoros soldier, a characteristic example of the "Romanization" of the Ptolemaic army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg/123px-Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg/184px-Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg/245px-Thureophoroi_CROPPED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stele of Dioskourides, dated 2nd century BC, showing a <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Empire">Ptolemaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Thyreophoroi" title="Thyreophoroi"><i>thyreophoros</i></a> soldier, a characteristic example of the "<a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_army" title="Ptolemaic army">Ptolemaic army</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Mieza,_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia,_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco from the Tomb of Judgment in ancient Mieza (modern-day Lefkadia), Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, depicting religious imagery of the afterlife, 4th century BC"><img alt="Fresco from the Tomb of Judgment in ancient Mieza (modern-day Lefkadia), Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, depicting religious imagery of the afterlife, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/109px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/164px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/219px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco from the Tomb of Judgment in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mieza,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieza, Macedonia">Mieza</a> (modern-day Lefkadia), <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, Greece, depicting religious imagery of <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">the afterlife</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hades_and_Persephone,_Vergina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fresco showing Hades and Persephone riding in a chariot, from the tomb of Queen Eurydice I of Macedon at Vergina, Greece, 4th century BC"><img alt="A fresco showing Hades and Persephone riding in a chariot, from the tomb of Queen Eurydice I of Macedon at Vergina, Greece, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/200px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/300px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/400px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fresco showing <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> riding in a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, from the tomb of Queen <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice I of Macedon">Eurydice I of Macedon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, Greece, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet,_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A banquet scene from a Macedonian tomb of Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki, 4th century BC; six men are shown reclining on couches, with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment.[111]"><img alt="A banquet scene from a Macedonian tomb of Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki, 4th century BC; six men are shown reclining on couches, with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment.[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/200px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/300px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/400px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> scene from a Macedonian tomb of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, 4th century BC; six men are shown <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">reclining on couches</a>, with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thueros_affresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier (thorakitai) wearing chainmail armor and bearing a thureos shield, 3rd century BC"><img alt="Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier (thorakitai) wearing chainmail armor and bearing a thureos shield, 3rd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/133px-Thueros_affresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/200px-Thueros_affresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/266px-Thueros_affresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">ancient Macedonian</a> soldier (<i><a href="/wiki/Thorakitai" title="Thorakitai">thorakitai</a></i>) wearing <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a> armor and bearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Thureos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thureos">thureos</a></i> shield, 3rd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UrumqiWarrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sampul tapestry, a woollen wall hanging from Lop County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China, showing a possibly Greek soldier from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250–125 BC), with blue eyes, wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a diadem headband; depicted above him is a centaur, from Greek mythology, a common motif in Hellenistic art;[112] Xinjiang Region Museum."><img alt="The Sampul tapestry, a woollen wall hanging from Lop County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, China, showing a possibly Greek soldier from the Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250–125 BC), with blue eyes, wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a diadem headband; depicted above him is a centaur, from Greek mythology, a common motif in Hellenistic art;[112] Xinjiang Region Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/89px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/133px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/178px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a>, a woollen wall hanging from <a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">China</a>, showing a possibly <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Greek soldier</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> (250–125 BC), with <a href="/wiki/Blue_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue eyes">blue eyes</a>, wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> headband; depicted above him is a <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, a common <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Region_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Region Museum">Xinjiang Region Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_on_marble,_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele,_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hellenistic Greek encaustic painting on a marble tombstone depicting the portrait of a young man named Theodoros, dated 1st century BC during the period of Roman Greece, Archaeological Museum of Thebes"><img alt="A Hellenistic Greek encaustic painting on a marble tombstone depicting the portrait of a young man named Theodoros, dated 1st century BC during the period of Roman Greece, Archaeological Museum of Thebes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png/159px-Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png/238px-Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png/318px-Encaustic_on_marble%2C_portrait_of_a_young_man_from_a_grave_stele%2C_with_an_inscription_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3_%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%A1%CE%95_Theodoros_Farewell_2.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic painting</a> on a marble tombstone depicting the portrait of a young man named Theodoros, dated 1st century BC during the period of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Thebes" title="Archaeological Museum of Thebes">Archaeological Museum of Thebes</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polychromy:_painting_on_statuary_and_architecture">Polychromy: painting on statuary and architecture<span class="anchor" id="Polychromy"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Polychromy: painting on statuary and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/220px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/330px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG/440px-ACMA_680_Kore_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Traces of paint depicting embroidered patterns on the <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a> of an Archaic <i><a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">kore</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully. This aspect of Greek stonework is described as <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>πολυχρωμία</i>, <i>πολύ</i> = many and <i>χρώμα</i> = colour). Due to intensive weathering, polychromy on sculpture and architecture has substantially or totally faded in most cases. </p><p>Although the word <i>polychrome</i> is created from the combining of two Greek words, it was not used in ancient Greece. The term was coined in the early nineteenth century by Antoine Chrysostôme Quatremère de Quincy.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture_2">Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Painting was also used to enhance the visual aspects of architecture. Certain parts of the superstructure of Greek temples were habitually painted since the Archaic period. Such architectural polychromy could take the form of bright colours directly applied to the stone (evidenced e.g. on the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, or of elaborate patterns, frequently architectural members made of terracotta (Archaic examples at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>). Sometimes, the terracottas also depicted figural scenes, as do the 7th-century BC terracotta <a href="/wiki/Metope_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metope (architecture)">metopes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thermos_(Aetolia)" title="Thermos (Aetolia)">Thermon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/220px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/330px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG/440px-NAMABG-Aphaia_Trojan_Archer_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed colour scheme on a Trojan archer from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaia" title="Temple of Aphaia">Temple of Aphaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Greek sculptures were painted in strong and bright colors; this is called "<a href="/wiki/Polychromy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromy">polychromy</a>". The paint was frequently limited to parts depicting clothing, hair, and so on, with the skin left in the natural color of the stone or bronze, but it could also cover sculptures in their totality; female skin in marble tended to be uncoloured, while male skin might be a light brown. The painting of Greek sculpture should not merely be seen as an enhancement of their sculpted form, but has the characteristics of a distinct style of art.<sup id="cite_ref-woodforda_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodforda-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the pedimental sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaia" title="Temple of Aphaia">Temple of Aphaia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> have recently been demonstrated to have been painted with bold and elaborate patterns, depicting, amongst other details, patterned clothing. The polychromy of stone statues was paralleled by the use of different materials to distinguish skin, clothing and other details in <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine sculptures</a>, and by the use of different metals to depict lips, fingernails, etc. on high-quality bronzes like the <a href="/wiki/Riace_bronzes" title="Riace bronzes">Riace bronzes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woodforda_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodforda-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vase_painting">Vase painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vase painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">Ancient Greek vase painting</a></div> <p>The most copious evidence of ancient Greek painting survives in the form of vase paintings. These are described in the "<a href="/wiki/Art_in_ancient_Greece#Pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">pottery</a>" section above. They give at least some sense of the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> of Greek painting. The techniques involved, however, were very different from those used in large-format painting. The same probably applies to the subject matter depicted. Vase painters appear to have usually been specialists within a pottery workshop, neither painters in other media nor potters. It should also be kept in mind that vase painting, albeit by far the most conspicuous surviving source on ancient Greek painting, was not held in the highest regard in antiquity, and is never mentioned in Classical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mosaics">Mosaics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stag_hunt_mosaic,_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/300px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/450px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/600px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a>, late 4th century BC, from <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>; the figure on the right is possibly <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> due to the date of the mosaic along with the depicted upsweep of his centrally-parted hair (<i>anastole</i>); the figure on the left wielding a double-edged axe (associated with <a href="/wiki/Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaistos">Hephaistos</a>) is perhaps <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a>, one of Alexander's loyal companions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restes_du_banquet,_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg/300px-Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg/450px-Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg/600px-Restes_du_banquet%2C_mosa%C3%AFque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4404" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><i>Unswept Floor</i>, Roman copy of the mosaic by <a href="/wiki/Sosus_of_Pergamon" title="Sosus of Pergamon">Sosus of Pergamon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes,_Delos,143438.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg/300px-Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg/450px-Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg/600px-Mosaic_with_Athena_Hermes%2C_Delos%2C143438.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>A domestic floor <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">the "Jewellery Quarter"</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Greece, late 2nd or early 1st century BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaics</a> were initially made with rounded pebbles, and later glass with <a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a> which gave more colour and a flat surface. They were popular in the Hellenistic period, at first as decoration for the floors of palaces, but eventually for private homes.<sup id="cite_ref-chamoux_375_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamoux_375-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often a central <i>emblema</i> picture in a central panel was completed in much finer work than the surrounding decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenia_motif" title="Xenia motif">Xenia motifs</a>, where a house showed examples of the variety of foods guests might expect to enjoy, provide most of the surviving specimens of Greek <a href="/wiki/Still-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Still-life">still-life</a>. In general mosaic must be considered as a secondary medium copying painting, often very directly, as in the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mosaic" title="Alexander Mosaic">Alexander Mosaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Unswept Floor</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sosus_of_Pergamon" title="Sosus of Pergamon">Sosus of Pergamon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>) was an original and famous <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> piece, known from many Greco-Roman copies. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">John Boardman</a>, Sosus is the only mosaic artist whose name has survived; his <i>Doves</i> are also mentioned in literature and copied.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_M._D._Dunbabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine M. D. Dunbabin">Katherine M. D. Dunbabin</a> asserts that two different mosaic artists left their signatures on <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">mosaics of Delos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist of the 4th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a> perhaps also left his signature as <a href="/wiki/Gnosis_(artist)" title="Gnosis (artist)">Gnosis</a>, although this word may be a reference to the abstract concept of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mosaics are a significant element of surviving <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> art, with a large number of examples preserved in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian capital</a>, in today's <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosaics such as the "Stag Hunt Mosaic and Lion Hunt" mosaic demonstrate illusionist and three dimensional qualities generally found in Hellenistic paintings, although the rustic Macedonian pursuit of hunting is markedly more pronounced than other themes.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd-century-BC mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Greece were judged by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chamoux" title="François Chamoux">François Chamoux</a> as representing the pinnacle of Hellenistic mosaic art, with similar styles that continued throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman period</a> and perhaps laid the foundations for the widespread use of mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chamoux_375_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamoux_375-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto,_Amphipolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC"><img alt="A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto, 4th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/200px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/300px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/400px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> depicting the abduction of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, 4th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander the Great (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th-century BC mosaic from Pella[126]"><img alt="Alexander the Great (left), wearing a kausia and fighting an Asiatic lion with his friend Craterus (detail); late 4th-century BC mosaic from Pella[126]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/200px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/300px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/400px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (left), wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a></i> and fighting an <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a> (detail); late 4th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi,_sala_del_cavalluccio,_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo,_da_kos,_periodo_romano,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic of a nymph from the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, 2nd century BC"><img alt="Mosaic of a nymph from the Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/200px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/300px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG/400px-Palazzo_dei_gran_maestri_di_rodi%2C_sala_del_cavalluccio%2C_mosaico_della_ninfa_sull%27ippocampo%2C_da_kos%2C_periodo_romano%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes</a>, 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The winged god Dionysus riding a tiger, from the House of Dionysus in Delos, Greece, 2nd century BC"><img alt="The winged god Dionysus riding a tiger, from the House of Dionysus in Delos, Greece, 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg/200px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg/300px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg/400px-Delos_Museum_Mosaik_Dionysos_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="2826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The winged god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> riding a tiger, from the <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos" title="Mosaics of Delos">House of Dionysus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, Greece, 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon,_2nd_century_BC,_Pergamon_Museum_(8408107096).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of floor panel with Alexandrine parakeet, Pergamon modern Turkey, middle 2nd century BC (reigns of Eumenes II and Attalus II)"><img alt="Detail of floor panel with Alexandrine parakeet, Pergamon modern Turkey, middle 2nd century BC (reigns of Eumenes II and Attalus II)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg/200px-Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg/300px-Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg/400px-Hellenistic_mosaic_floor_panel_of_an_Alexandrine_parakeet_from_Pergamon%2C_2nd_century_BC%2C_Pergamon_Museum_%288408107096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of floor panel with <a href="/wiki/Alexandrine_parakeet" title="Alexandrine parakeet">Alexandrine parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, middle 2nd century BC (reigns of <a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attalus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalus II">Attalus II</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos,_from_Alexandria,_Egypt,_c._200-150_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ptolemaic mosaic of a dog and askos wine vessel from Hellenistic Egypt, dated 200-150 BC"><img alt="Ptolemaic mosaic of a dog and askos wine vessel from Hellenistic Egypt, dated 200-150 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg/200px-Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg/300px-Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg/400px-Ptolemaic_roundel_from_a_mosaic_floor_decorated_with_a_dog_and_a_gilded_askos%2C_from_Alexandria%2C_Egypt%2C_c._200-150_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> mosaic of a dog and <i>askos</i> wine vessel from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a>, dated 200-150 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Berenice_II,_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt,_Thmuis,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hellenistic mosaic from Thmuis (Mendes), Egypt, signed by Sophilos c. 200 BC; Ptolemaic Queen Berenice II (joint ruler with her husband Ptolemy III) as the personification of Alexandria.[127]"><img alt="Hellenistic mosaic from Thmuis (Mendes), Egypt, signed by Sophilos c. 200 BC; Ptolemaic Queen Berenice II (joint ruler with her husband Ptolemy III) as the personification of Alexandria.[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg/200px-Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg/300px-Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg/400px-Mosaic_of_Berenice_II%2C_Ptolemaic_Queen_and_joint_ruler_with_Ptolemy_III_of_Egypt%2C_Thmuis%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hellenistic mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Thmuis" title="Thmuis">Thmuis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mendes" title="Mendes">Mendes</a>), Egypt, signed by Sophilos <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>; <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic Queen</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II</a> (joint ruler with her husband <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a>) as the personification of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engraved_gems">Engraved gems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Engraved gems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg/220px-Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg/330px-Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg/440px-Apollonios_of_Athens_-_Ring_with_Portrait_of_a_Courtier_-_Walters_571698_crop_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Apollonios of Athens, gold ring with portrait in <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, c. 220 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gem</a> was a luxury art with high prestige; <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> were among later collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique has an ancient tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>, whose design only appears when rolled over damp clay, from which the flat ring type developed, spread to the Minoan world, including parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The Greek tradition emerged under Minoan influence on mainland <a href="/wiki/Helladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic">Helladic</a> culture, and reached an apogee of subtlety and refinement in the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Round or oval Greek gems (along with similar objects in bone and ivory) are found from the 8th and 7th centuries BC, usually with animals in energetic geometric poses, often with a border marked by dots or a rim.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples are mostly in softer stones. Gems of the 6th century are more often oval,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarab</a> back (in the past this type was called a "scarabaeus"), and human or divine figures as well as animals; the scarab form was apparently adopted from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forms are sophisticated for the period, despite the usually small size of the gems.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_68–69_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_68–69-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th century gems became somewhat larger, but still only 2–3 centimetres tall. Despite this, very fine detail is shown, including the eyelashes on one male head, perhaps a portrait. Four gems signed by Dexamenos of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> are the finest of the period, two showing <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relief carving became common in 5th century BC Greece, and gradually most of the spectacular carved gems were in relief. Generally a relief image is more impressive than an intaglio one; in the earlier form the recipient of a document saw this in the impressed sealing wax, while in the later reliefs it was the owner of the seal who kept it for himself, probably marking the emergence of gems meant to be collected or worn as <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> in necklaces and the like, rather than used as seals – later ones are sometimes rather large to use to seal letters. However, inscriptions are usually still in reverse ("mirror-writing") so they only read correctly on impressions (or by viewing from behind with transparent stones). This aspect also partly explains the collecting of impressions in plaster or wax from gems, which may be easier to appreciate than the original. </p><p>Larger <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a>, which are rare in intaglio form, seem to have reached Greece around the 3rd century; the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Tazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnese Tazza">Farnese Tazza</a> is the only major surviving Hellenistic example (depending on the dates assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_Cameo" title="Gonzaga Cameo">Gonzaga Cameo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cup_of_the_Ptolemies" title="Cup of the Ptolemies">Cup of the Ptolemies</a>), but other <a href="/wiki/Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">glass-paste</a> imitations with portraits suggest that gem-type cameos were made in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquests of Alexander had opened up new trade routes to the Greek world and increased the range of gemstones available.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ornament">Ornament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/220px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/330px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg/440px-Nekyia_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_1494_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>A typical variety of ornamental motifs on an Attic vase of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The synthesis in the Archaic period of the native repertoire of simple geometric motifs with imported, mostly plant-based, motifs from further east created a sizeable vocabulary of ornament, which artists and craftsmen used with confidence and fluency.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today this vocabulary is seen above all in the large corpus of painted pottery, as well as in architectural remains, but it would have originally been used in a wide range of media, as a later version of it is used in European <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>. </p><p>Elements in this vocabulary include the geometrical <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meander</a> or "Greek key", <a href="/wiki/Egg-and-dart" title="Egg-and-dart">egg-and-dart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bead_and_reel" title="Bead and reel">bead and reel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_scroll" title="Vitruvian scroll">Vitruvian scroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloche</a>, and from the plant world the stylized <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a> and half-palmette, <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">plant scrolls of various kinds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosette</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_lotus" title="List of plants known as lotus">lotus flower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">papyrus flower</a>. Originally used prominently on Archaic vases, as figurative painting developed these were usually relegated to serve as borders demarcating edges of the vase or different zones of decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek architecture was notable for developing sophisticated conventions for using <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">mouldings</a> and other architectural ornamental elements, which used these motifs in a harmoniously integrated whole. </p><p>Even before the Classical period, this vocabulary had influenced Celtic art, and the expansion of the Greek world after Alexander, and the export of Greek objects still further afield, exposed much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> to it, including the regions in the north of the Indian subcontinent where Buddhism was expanding, and creating <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>. As Buddhism spread across <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to China and the rest of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, in a form that made great use of religious art, versions of this vocabulary were taken with it and used to surround images of buddhas and other religious images, often with a size and emphasis that would have seemed excessive to the ancient Greeks. The vocabulary was absorbed into the ornament of India, China, Persia and other Asian countries, as well as developing further in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans took over the vocabulary more or less in its entirety, and although much altered, it can be traced throughout European <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a>, especially in plant-based ornament. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, where ornament largely replaces figuration, developed the Byzantine plant scroll into the full, endless <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>, and especially from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol conquests</a> of the 14th century received new influences from China, including the descendants of the Greek vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Renaissance onwards, several of these Asian styles were represented on textiles, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> and other goods imported into Europe, and influenced ornament there, a process that still continues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_arts">Other arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:403px;max-width:403px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/170px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/255px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg/340px-Hellenistic_Glasamphora_from_Olbia_2_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Greek_-_Appliqu%C3%A9_with_Satyr_Walking_to_Left_-_Walters_71557_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1477" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_glass" title="Hellenistic glass">Hellenistic glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> excavated from <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, dated to the 2nd century BC <br /> Right: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> who wears a rustic <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">perizoma (loincloth)</a> and carries a pedum (shepherd's crook). Ivory appliqué, probably for furniture.</div></div></div></div> <p>Although glass was made in Cyprus by the 9th century BC, and was considerably developed by the end of the period, there are only a few survivals of glasswork from before the Greco-Roman period that show the artistic quality of the best work.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most survivals are small perfume bottles, in fancy coloured "feathered" styles similar to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_glass_trade" title="Ancient glass trade">other Mediterranean glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_glass" title="Hellenistic glass">Hellenistic glass</a> became cheaper and accessible to a wider population. </p><p>No Greek furniture has survived, but there are many images of it on vases and memorial reliefs, for example <a href="/wiki/Grave_Stele_of_Hegeso" title="Grave Stele of Hegeso">that to Hegeso</a>. It was evidently often very elegant, as were the styles derived from it from the 18th century onwards. Some pieces of carved ivory that were used as inlays have survived, as at Vergina, and a few ivory carvings; this was a luxury art that could be of very fine quality.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is clear from vase paintings that the Greeks often wore elaborately patterned clothes, and skill at weaving was the mark of the respectable woman. Two luxurious pieces of cloth survive, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Macedon">Philip of Macedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous references to decorative hangings for both homes and temples, but none of these have survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusion_and_legacy">Diffusion and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diffusion and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/400px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/600px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/800px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a> frieze of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> with devotees, holding <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> leaves, in Hellenistic style, inside <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a>, 1st–2nd century AD, Buner, Swat, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/170px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/255px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg/340px-Hypnos_Thanatos_BM_Vase_D56_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a> carrying the body of <a href="/wiki/Sarpedon" title="Sarpedon">Sarpedon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">the battlefield</a> of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>; detail from an Attic <a href="/wiki/White-ground" class="mw-redirect" title="White-ground">white-ground</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a>, c. 440 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Greek art has exercised considerable influence on the culture of many countries all over the world, above all in its treatment of the human figure. In the West Greek architecture was also hugely influential, and in both East and West the influence of Greek decoration can be traced to the modern day. <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> were largely and directly derived from Greek models,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Greek objects and influence reached into <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> north of the Alps,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as all around the Mediterranean world and into Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the East, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, which was greatly aided by the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which early on picked up many Greek traits and motifs in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, which were then transmitted as part of a cultural package to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, even as far as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, among artists who were no doubt completely unaware of the origin of the motifs and styles they used.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists, with a major revival in the movement of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> which began in the mid-18th century, coinciding with easier access from Western Europe to Greece itself, and a renewed importation of Greek originals, most notoriously the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the Parthenon. Well into the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_tradition" title="Classical tradition">classical tradition</a> derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hellenized Roman upper classes of the Late Republic and Early Empire generally accepted Greek superiority in the arts without many quibbles, though the praise of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> for the sculpture and painting of pre-Hellenistic artists may be based on earlier Greek writings rather than much personal knowledge. Pliny and other classical authors were known in the Renaissance, and this assumption of Greek superiority was again generally accepted. However, critics in the Renaissance and much later were unclear which works were actually Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-ceserani_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceserani-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Greece itself could only be reached by a very few western Europeans until the mid-18th century. Not only the Greek vases found in the Etruscan cemeteries, but also (more controversially) the Greek temples of Paestum were taken to be Etruscan, or otherwise Italic, until the late 18th century and beyond, a misconception prolonged by Italian nationalist sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-ceserani_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceserani-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>, especially his books <i>Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture</i> (1750) and <i>Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums</i> ("History of Ancient Art", 1764) were the first to distinguish sharply between ancient Greek, Etruscan, and Roman art, and define periods within Greek art, tracing a trajectory from growth to maturity and then imitation or decadence that continues to have influence to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full disentangling of Greek statues from their later Roman copies, and a better understanding of the balance between Greekness and Roman-ness in Greco-Roman art was to take much longer, and perhaps still continues.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek art, especially sculpture, continued to enjoy an enormous reputation, and studying and copying it was a large part of the training of artists, until the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> in the late 19th century. During this period, the actual known corpus of Greek art, and to a lesser extent architecture, has greatly expanded. The <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece#Rediscovery_and_scholarship" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">study of vases</a> developed an enormous literature in the late 19th and 20th centuries, much based on the identification of the hands of individual artists, with Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Beazley" title="John Beazley">John Beazley</a> the leading figure. This literature generally assumed that vase-painting represented the development of an independent medium, only in general terms drawing from stylistic development in other artistic media. This assumption has been increasingly challenged in recent decades, and some scholars now see it as a secondary medium, largely representing cheap copies of now lost metalwork, and much of it made, not for ordinary use, but to deposit in burials.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Greece" title="Category:Arts in Greece">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">History of Greek art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/120px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/180px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png/240px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Greek Bronze Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean art</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece#Art" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greek art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a></li> <li><small>see also:</small> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Byzantine Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:11px;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern Greece</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">Munich School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Greek_art" title="Contemporary Greek art">Contemporary Greek art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient art history</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Middle East</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Art">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_art" title="Category:Prehistoric art">European prehistory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_art" title="Category:Classical art">Classical art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Rome</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_art_history" title="Template:Ancient art history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_art_history" title="Template talk:Ancient art history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_art_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient art history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus#In_the_arts" title="Dionysus">Dionysian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_ancient_Greek_art" title="Death in ancient Greek art">Death in ancient Greek art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_art" title="Parthian art">Parthian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Greek temples">List of ancient Greek temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 3–4; Cook, 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 14–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athena wearing the aegis, detail from a scene representing Heracles and Iolaos escorted by Athena, Apollo and Hermes. Belly of an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Attic</a> black-figured hydria, Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, Inv. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvaonline.org/cva/default.htm">Home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518011813/http://www.cvaonline.org/cva/default.htm">Archived</a> 2019-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_vasorum_antiquorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus vasorum antiquorum">Corpus vasorum antiquorum</a>, accessed 16 May 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook,_24–26-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook,_24–26_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook,_24–26_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 24–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 27–28; Boardman, 26, 32, 108–109; Woodford, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preface to <i>Ancient Greek Pottery</i> (Ashmolean Handbooks) by Michael Vickers (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 86, quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 24–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollo wearing a laurel or myrtle wreath, a white peplos and a red himation and sandals, seating on a lion-pawed diphros; he holds a kithara in his left hand and pours a libation with his right hand. Facing him, a black bird identified as a pigeon, a jackdaw, a crow (which may allude to his love affair with Coronis) or a raven (a mantic bird). Tondo of an Attic white-ground kylix attributed to the Pistoxenos Painter (or the Berlin Painter, or Onesimos). Diam. 18 cm (7.1 in)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 30, 36, 48–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 37–40, 30, 36, 42–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 29; Woodward, 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 27; Cook, 34–38; Williams, 36, 40, 44; Woodford, 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 38–42; Williams, 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 8–12; Cook, 42–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 57–74; Cook, 52–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 145–147; Cook, 56-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrendall1989" class="citation book cs1">Trendall, Arthur D. (April 1989). <i>Red Figure Vases of South Italy: A Handbook</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500202258" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500202258"><bdi>978-0500202258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Figure+Vases+of+South+Italy%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1989-04&rft.isbn=978-0500202258&rft.aulast=Trendall&rft.aufirst=Arthur+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 185–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 150; Cook, 159; Williams, 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 161–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 64–67; Karouzou, 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karouzou, 114–118; Cook, 162–163; Boardman, 131–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 159, quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rasmussen, xiii. However, since the metal vessels have not survived, "this attitude does not get us very far".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sowder, Amy. "Ancient Greek Bronze Vessels", in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/agbv/hd_agbv.htm">online</a> (April 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 162; Boardman, 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 185–187; Cook, 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 131–132, 150, 355–356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 149–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 131, 187; Williams, 38–39, 134–135, 154–155, 180–181, 172–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 148; Williams, 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 131–132; Williams, 188–189 for an example made for the Iberian Celtic market.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhyton. The upper section of the luxury vessel used for drinking wines is wrought from silver plate with gilded edge with embossed ivy branch. The lower part goes in the cast Protoma horse. The work of the Greek master, probably for Thracian aristocrat. Perhaps Thrace, the end of the 4th century BC. NG Prague, Kinský Palace, NM-HM10 1407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 39–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 82–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 86–91, 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 74–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth D. S. Lapatin. <i>Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World</i>. Oxford University Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815311-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815311-2">0-19-815311-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 74–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EA38-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA38_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA38_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Connor, Simon (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41097809">"Ashmawy, Aiman, Simon Connor, and Dietrich Raue 2019. Psamtik I in Heliopolis. Egyptian Archaeology 55, 34-39"</a>. <i>Egyptian Archaeology</i>: 38–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ashmawy%2C+Aiman%2C+Simon+Connor%2C+and+Dietrich+Raue+2019.+Psamtik+I+in+Heliopolis.+Egyptian+Archaeology+55%2C+34-39.&rft.pages=38-39&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41097809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSimpson1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William Stevenson; Simpson, William Kelly (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYMRcibM_QC&pg=PA235"><i>The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07747-6"><bdi>978-0-300-07747-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07747-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Stevenson&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJYMRcibM_QC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 99; Woodford, 44, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 47–52; Cook, 104–108; Woodford, 38–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 47–52; Cook, 104–108; Woodford, 27–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 92–103; Cook, 119–131; Woodford, 91–103, 110–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2006" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Jeremy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmbctV2X-sEC&pg=PA97"><i>The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521846141" title="Special:BookSources/9780521846141"><bdi>9780521846141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Art+History+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+Religion%2C+Society+and+Artistic+Rationalisation&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521846141&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmbctV2X-sEC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAHNGERIN1988" class="citation journal cs1">CAHN, HERBERT A.; GERIN, DOMINIQUE (1988). "Themistocles at Magnesia". <i>The Numismatic Chronicle</i>. <b>148</b>: 19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668124">42668124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Themistocles+at+Magnesia&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42668124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=CAHN&rft.aufirst=HERBERT+A.&rft.au=GERIN%2C+DOMINIQUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 111–120; Cook, 128; Woodford, 91–103, 110–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 135, 141; Cook, 128–129, 140; Woodford, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 128–134; Boardman, 136–139; Cook, 123–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 119; Woodford, 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 7, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 11, 19–24, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 14–15, 255–261, 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 33–40, 136–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 127–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 77–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 99–104; <a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_youthful_Gaul_Louvre_Ma324_n2.jpg" title="File:Kneeling youthful Gaul Louvre Ma324 n2.jpg">Photo of <i>Kneeling youthful Gaul</i>, Louvre</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 104–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 240–241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 258-261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 206, 208-209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/bell-idol">"Bell idol"</a>, Louvre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 182, 198–201; Boardman, 63–64; Smith, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 42, 46, 69, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 178, 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 184–191; Boardman, 166–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 190–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 241–244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 169–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 185–186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 179–180, 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 193–238 gives a comprehensive summary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 191–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 211–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 159–160, 164–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancient-greece.org/images/ancient-sites/delphi2/large/46.jpg">another reconstruction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howgego, 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COOK71-72-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COOK71-72_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COOK71-72_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howgego, 44–46, 48–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman,_68–69-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_68–69_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_68–69_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarradicePrice1988" class="citation book cs1">Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVZmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Coinage in the Greek World</i></a>. Seaby. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900652820" title="Special:BookSources/9780900652820"><bdi>9780900652820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+the+Greek+World&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780900652820&rft.aulast=Carradice&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Price%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howgego, 63–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 22, 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 24, says over 1,000 vase-painters have been identified by their style</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 59–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 59–69, 66 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostock" class="citation web cs1">Bostock, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:phi,0978,001:35:36">"Natural History"</a>. <i>Perseus</i>. Tufts University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus&rft.atitle=Natural+History&rft.aulast=Bostock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Aabo%3Aphi%2C0978%2C001%3A35%3A36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Whibley, <i>A Companion to Greek Studies</i> 3rd ed. 1916, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 61;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 177–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 174–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 338–340; Williams, 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopoulos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2012). Mair, Victor H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp230_hellenes_romans_in_china.pdf">"Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (230). University of Pennsylvania Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations: 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9687">2157-9687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Hellenes+and+Romans+in+Ancient+China+%28240+BC+%E2%80%93+1398+AD%29&rft.issue=230&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=2012-08&rft.issn=2157-9687&rft.aulast=Christopoulos&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp230_hellenes_romans_in_china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatini2012" class="citation web cs1">Sabatini, Paolo (2 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/Downloads/ichs/vol-1-393-408-bertoncini.pdf">"Antoine Chrysostôme Quatremère de Quincy (1755-1849) and the Rediscovery of Polychromy in Grecian Architecture: Colour Techniques and Archaeological Research in the Pages of "Olympian Zeus."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antoine+Chrysost%C3%B4me+Quatrem%C3%A8re+de+Quincy+%281755-1849%29+and+the+Rediscovery+of+Polychromy+in+Grecian+Architecture%3A+Colour+Techniques+and+Archaeological+Research+in+the+Pages+of+%22Olympian+Zeus.%22&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft.aulast=Sabatini&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arct.cam.ac.uk%2FDownloads%2Fichs%2Fvol-1-393-408-bertoncini.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 182–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodforda-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodforda_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodforda_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 173–174; Cook, 75–76, 88, 93–94, 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 59–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Chugg, Andrew (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-cTfNjEhrcC&dq=Peritas+Pliny+Alexander&pg=PA78">Alexander's Lovers</a></i>. Raleigh, N.C.: Lulu. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-9960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-9960-1">978-1-4116-9960-1</a>, pp 78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamoux_375-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chamoux_375_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chamoux_375_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamoux, 375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 174–175, 181–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbabin, 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardiman, 517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardiman, 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalagia2000" class="citation book cs1">Palagia, Olga (2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander". In Bosworth, A.B.; Baynham, E.J. (eds.). <i>Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198152873" title="Special:BookSources/9780198152873"><bdi>9780198152873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hephaestion%27s+Pyre+and+the+Royal+Hunt+of+Alexander&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+in+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198152873&rft.aulast=Palagia&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Joann (2008). <i>Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend</i>. New York: Harper. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-058558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-058558-7">978-0-06-058558-7</a>, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for Caesar: <i>De Vita Caesarum, Divus Iulius</i>, (The Lives of the Caesars, The Deified Julius), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html">Fordham online text</a>; for Pompey: Chapters 4–6 of Book 37 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> give a summary art history of the Greek and Roman tradition, and of Roman collecting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 39, 67–68, 187, 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 39 See Beazley for more detail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lenticular" or "lentoid" gems have the form of a <a href="/wiki/Lens_(geometry)" title="Lens (geometry)">lens</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beazley, Later Archaic Greek gems: introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 129–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beazley, "Hellenistic gems: introduction"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 209–222; Cook, 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, throughout, but for quick reference: 23, 27, 32, 39–57, 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 146–163, 173–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 34, 127, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 349–353; Cook, 155–156; Williams, 236–248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 353–354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 354–369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 370–377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceserani-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceserani_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceserani_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeserani2012" class="citation book cs1">Ceserani, Giovanna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWVpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987679-2"><bdi>978-0-19-987679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+Lost+Greece%3A+Magna+Graecia+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Archaeology&rft.pages=49-66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987679-2&rft.aulast=Ceserani&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWVpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 57–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Classical Art from Greece to Rome</i> by John Henderson and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284237-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284237-4">0-19-284237-4</a>; Honour, 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rasmussen, "Adopting an Approach", by Martin Robertson and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, also the preface to <i>Ancient Greek Pottery</i> (Ashmolean Handbooks) by Michael Vickers (1991)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Beazley" The Classical Art Research Centre, Oxford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/gems/">Beazley Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819090533/http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/gems/">Archived</a> 2010-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Extensive website on classical gems; page titles used as references</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a> ed., <i>The Oxford History of Classical Art</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198143869" title="Special:BookSources/0198143869">0198143869</a></li> <li>Burnett, Andrew, <i>Coins; Interpreting the Past</i>, University of California/British Museum, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520076281" title="Special:BookSources/0520076281">0520076281</a></li> <li>Chamoux, Françios, <i>Hellenistic Civilization</i>, translated by Michel Roussel, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002 [1981], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631222421" title="Special:BookSources/0631222421">0631222421</a>.</li> <li>Cohen, Ada, <i>Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521769044" title="Special:BookSources/9780521769044">9780521769044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manuel_Cook" title="Robert Manuel Cook">Cook, R.M.</a>, <i>Greek Art</i>, Penguin, 1986 (reprint of 1972), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140218661" title="Special:BookSources/0140218661">0140218661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Dunbabin" title="Katherine Dunbabin">Dunbabin, Katherine, M. D.</a>, <i>Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521002303" title="Special:BookSources/0521002303">0521002303</a></li> <li>Hardiman, Craig I., (2010). "Classical Art to 221 BC", In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, <i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i>, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179362" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179362">9781405179362</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Honour, Hugh</a>, <i>Neo-classicism. Style and Civilisation</i> 1968 (reprinted 1977), Penguin</li> <li>Howgego, Christopher, <i>Ancient History from Coins</i>, Routledge, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041508993X" title="Special:BookSources/041508993X">041508993X</a></li> <li>Karouzou, Semni, <i>National Museum : Illustrated Guide to the Museum</i> (NM of Athens), 1980, Ekdotike Athenon S.A., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789602130049" title="Special:BookSources/9789602130049">9789602130049</a> (later edition)</li> <li>Rasmussen, Tom, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Spivey" title="Nigel Spivey">Spivey, Nigel</a>, eds., <i>Looking at Greek Vases</i>, 1991, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521376792" title="Special:BookSources/9780521376792">9780521376792</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOsHLwaRUZIC&pg=PA3">google books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a>, <i>Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon</i>, 1984, British Museum Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714114316" title="Special:BookSources/0714114316">0714114316</a></li> <li>Smith, R.R.R., <i>Hellenistic Sculpture, a handbook</i>, Thames & Hudson, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500202494" title="Special:BookSources/0500202494">0500202494</a></li> <li>Williams, Dyfri. <i>Masterpieces of Classical Art</i>, 2009, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714122540" title="Special:BookSources/9780714122540">9780714122540</a></li> <li>Woodford, Susan, <i>An Introduction To Greek Art</i>, 1986, Duckworth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801419942" title="Special:BookSources/9780801419942">9780801419942</a></li> <li><i>Greece: From Mycenae to the Parthenon</i>, Henri Stierlin, <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">TASCHEN</a>, 2004</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shanks_(archaeologist)" title="Michael Shanks (archaeologist)">Shanks, Michael</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/444143"><i>Art and the Greek City State</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56117-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56117-5"><bdi>0-521-56117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+the+Greek+City+State&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-56117-5&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F444143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Betancourt, Philip P. <i>Introduction to Aegean Art</i>. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2007.</li> <li>Burn, Lucilla. <i>Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus</i>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2004.</li> <li>Coldstream, J. N. <i>Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC</i>. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2003.</li> <li>Jenkins, Ian, Celeste Farge, and Victoria Turner. <i>Defining Beauty: The Body In Ancient Greek Art</i>. London: British Museum, 2015.</li> <li>Langdon, Susan Helen. <i>Art and Identity In Dark Age Greece, 1100--700 B.C.E.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Ling, Roger. <i>Making Classical Art: Process & Practice</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2000.</li> <li>Moon, Warren G. <i>Ancient Greek Art and Iconography</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.</li> <li>Pedley, John Griffiths. <i>Greek Art and Archaeology</i>. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2012.</li> <li>Plantzos, Dimitris. <i>Hellenistic Engraved Gems</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.</li> <li>Pollitt, J. J. <i>Art In the Hellenistic Age</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.</li> <li>--. <i>Art and Experience In Classical Greece</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Jo_Smith" title="Tyler Jo Smith">Smith, Tyler Jo</a>, and Dimitris Plantzos. <i>A Companion to Greek Art</i>. Somerset: Wiley, 2012.</li> <li>Stewart, Andrew F. <i>Classical Greece and the Birth of Western Art</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios. <i>Epigraphy of Art: Ancient Greek Vase-Inscriptions and Vase-Paintings</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_art&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ancient Greek art</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek+art&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek+art">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek+art&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190600/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/arthlinks.html">Greek Art History Resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceramicstudies.me.uk/histx106.html">Ancient Greek Ceramics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Greek Art"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Greek_Art">"Greek Art" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Art&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classical">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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