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id="toc-Koine_era_or_Palatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1400–1200_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Asia_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Asia_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Involvement in Asia Minor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Asia_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_or_Postpalatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1200–1050_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_or_Postpalatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1200–1050_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Collapse or Postpalatial Bronze Age (c. 1200–1050 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_or_Postpalatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1200–1050_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_decline_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_decline_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Initial decline and revival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_decline_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_collapse_and_differing_trajectories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_collapse_and_differing_trajectories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Final collapse and differing trajectories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_collapse_and_differing_trajectories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses_for_the_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses_for_the_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Hypotheses for the collapse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses_for_the_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palatial_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatial_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Palatial states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatial_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Society and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-scale_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-scale_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Large-scale infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large-scale_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Women </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Women subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daily_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Daily life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Palaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Fortifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_architectural_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_architectural_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Other architectural features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_architectural_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Art and pottery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art_and_pottery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Art and pottery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Art_and_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Metalwork </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figures_and_figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figures_and_figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Figures and figurines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figures_and_figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frescoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frescoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Frescoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frescoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Burial practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Genetic and anthropometric studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mycenaean Greece</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miceense_Griekeland" title="Miceense Griekeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Miceense Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenische_Kultur" title="Mykenische Kultur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mykenische Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يونان الموكيانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونان الموكيانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միկինեան քաղաքակրթութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միկինեան քաղաքակրթութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_mic%C3%A9nica" title="Civilización micénica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Civilización micénica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikena_sivilizasiyas%C4%B1" title="Mikena sivilizasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mikena sivilizasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="میسن مدنیتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میسن مدنیتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="মাইসিনীয় গ্রিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাইসিনীয় গ্রিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae_b%C3%BBn-b%C3%AAng" title="Mycenae bûn-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mycenae bûn-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мікенская цывілізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікенская цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микенска цивилизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Микенска цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzaci%C3%B3_mic%C3%A8nica" title="Civilització micènica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Civilització micènica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myk%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1_civilizace" title="Mykénská civilizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mykénská civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Myceneaidd" title="Gwareiddiad Myceneaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwareiddiad Myceneaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykensk_kultur" title="Mykensk kultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mykensk kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenische_Kultur" title="Mykenische Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mykenische Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCkeene_kultuur" title="Mükeene kultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mükeene kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μυκηναϊκός πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυκηναϊκός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_mic%C3%A9nica" title="Civilización micénica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Civilización micénica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikena_civilizo" title="Mikena civilizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikena civilizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizenastar_zibilizazioa" title="Mizenastar zibilizazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mizenastar zibilizazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="میسنی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میسنی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_myc%C3%A9nienne" title="Civilisation mycénienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation mycénienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_mic%C3%A9nico" title="Período micénico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período micénico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="미케네 문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미케네 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միկենյան քաղաքակրթություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միկենյան քաղաքակրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikenska_kultura" title="Mikenska kultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mikenska kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikeno-kulturo" title="Mikeno-kulturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mikeno-kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Mikenai" title="Peradaban Mikenai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban Mikenai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_mycenic" title="Civilisation mycenic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Civilisation mycenic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDkenumenningin" title="Mýkenumenningin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mýkenumenningin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_micenea" title="Civiltà micenea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà micenea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יוון המיקנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוון המיקנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მიკენის ცივილიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიკენის ცივილიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Микен мәдениеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Микен мәдениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Крит-микен маданияты – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Крит-микен маданияты" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Mycenaea" title="Cultura Mycenaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura Mycenaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mik%C4%93nu_civiliz%C4%81cija" title="Mikēnu civilizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mikēnu civilizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenesch_Kultur" title="Mykenesch Kultur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mykenesch Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mik%C4%97n%C5%B3_kult%C5%ABra" title="Mikėnų kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mikėnų kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur_misenean" title="Cultur misenean – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur misenean" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCk%C3%A9n%C3%A9i_kult%C3%BAra" title="Mükénéi kultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mükénéi kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasiona_mikeniana" title="Sivilizasiona mikeniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sivilizasiona mikeniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حضاره ميكينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حضاره ميكينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD" title="မိုက်ဆီးနီးယန် ဂရိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုက်ဆီးနီးယန် ဂရိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myceense_beschaving" title="Myceense beschaving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Myceense beschaving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="ミケーネ文明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミケーネ文明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykensk_kultur" title="Mykensk kultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mykensk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykensk_kultur" title="Mykensk kultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mykensk kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacion_micen%C3%A8a" title="Civilizacion micenèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Civilizacion micenèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_myke%C5%84ska" title="Kultura mykeńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura mykeńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_mic%C3%AAnica" title="Civilização micênica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilização micênica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C8%9Bia_micenian%C4%83" title="Civilizația miceniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Civilizația miceniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микенска цивилизация – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Микенска цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Микенская цивилизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Микенская цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qyteterimi_mikenas" title="Qyteterimi mikenas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qyteterimi mikenas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_culture" title="Mycenaean culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mycenaean culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myk%C3%A9nska_kult%C3%BAra" title="Mykénska kultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mykénska kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikenska_doba" title="Mikenska doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mikenska doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Микенска цивилизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Микенска цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikenska_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Mikenska Grčka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mikenska Grčka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenel%C3%A4inen_kulttuuri" title="Mykeneläinen kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mykeneläinen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykenska_kulturen" title="Mykenska kulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mykenska kulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresyang_Myceneo" title="Gresyang Myceneo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gresyang Myceneo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="อารยธรรมไมซีนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารยธรรมไมซีนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miken_uygarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Miken uygarlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miken uygarlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mycenaean Greece</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_World_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/220px-Mycenaean_World_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/330px-Mycenaean_World_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mycenaean_World_en.png/440px-Mycenaean_World_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1090" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">Mycenaean civilization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">Mainland Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> islands and Western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750 – c. 1050 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midea_(Argolid)" title="Midea (Argolid)">Midea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iolcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolcos">Iolcos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace-centric</a> administrative system, economy and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">Cyclopean masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script records of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korakou_culture" title="Korakou culture">Korakou culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns_culture" title="Tiryns culture">Tiryns culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000"><img alt="Map of Greece, drawn in 1791 by William Faden, at the scale of 1,350,000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/250px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/375px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/500px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1000 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100–1100 BC) </li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenean</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1050 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> (1100 BC–750 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> (800 BC–480 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> (500 BC–323 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> (323 BC–31 BC) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> (146 BC–330 AD)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> (1204-1579) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> (1205-1667) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> (1363-1797) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> (1371-1912) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> (1800-1807) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> (1821-1829) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> (1822-1832) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> (1832-1924, 1935-1973) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> (1914/15-1917) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> (1924-1935) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> (1936-1941) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) (1941-1944) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> (1946-1949) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> (1967-1974) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> (1974-) </li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, spanning the period from approximately 1750 to 1050 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> It represents the first advanced and distinctively <a href="/wiki/Greek_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civilization">Greek civilization</a> in mainland <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art, and writing system.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a> The Mycenaeans were mainland <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> peoples who were likely stimulated by their contact with insular <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> cultures to develop a more sophisticated sociopolitical culture of their own.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The most prominent site was <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, after which the culture of this era is named. Other centers of power that emerged included <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midea_(Argolid)" title="Midea (Argolid)">Midea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iolcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolcos">Iolcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. Mycenaean settlements also appeared in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> on islands in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastleden2005192-7">[7]</a> on the south-west coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastleden2005192-7">[7]</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> while Mycenaean-influenced settlements appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering, architecture and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">military infrastructure</a>, while trade over vast areas of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> was essential for the Mycenaean economy. Their <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic script">syllabic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, offers the first written records of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">their religion</a> already included several deities that can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympic pantheon</a>. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a>-centered states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social, and <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">economic systems</a>. At the head of this society was the king, known as a <a href="/wiki/Wanax" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanax">wanax</a>. Mycenaean Greece perished with the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">collapse of Bronze Age culture</a> in the eastern Mediterranean, to be followed by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, a recordless transitional period leading to <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> where significant shifts occurred from palace-centralized to decentralized forms of socio-economic organization (including the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">extensive use of iron</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Various theories have been proposed for the end of this civilization, among them the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a> or activities connected to the "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>". Additional theories such as natural disasters and climatic changes have also been suggested. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting of much ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Trojan Epic Cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg/241px-Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg/362px-Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg/482px-Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></figcaption></figure> The Bronze Age in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a> is generally termed as the "<a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a>" by modern archaeologists, after Hellas, the Greek name for <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. This period is divided into three subperiods: The Early Helladic (EH) period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3200–2000 BC)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> was a time of prosperity with the use of metals and a growth in technology, economy and social organization. The Middle Helladic (MH) period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000–1700/1675 BC<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a>) faced a slower pace of development, as well as the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a>-type dwellings and <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> grave burials.<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a> The last phase of Middle Helladic, the Middle Helladic III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1675 BC), along with the Late Helladic (LH) period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700/1675–1050 BC) roughly coincide with Mycenaean Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> The Late Helladic period is further divided into LHI and LHII, both of which coincide with the middle phase of Mycenaean Greece (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700/1675–1420 BC), and LHIII (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1420–1050 BC), the period of expansion, and decline of the Mycenaean civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> The transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Greece is known as Sub-Mycenaean (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1050–1000 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a> Based on recent research, Alex Knodell (2021) considers the beginning of Mycenaean occupation in Peloponnese in Middle Helladic III (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1675 BC), and divides the whole Mycenaean time into three cultural periods: Early Mycenaean (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1400 BC), Palatial Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1200 BC), and Postpalatial Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–1050 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Early Mycenaean period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750–1400 BC) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ceramic period</th> <th>Dates BC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Middle Helladic III</td> <td>1750/1720–1700/1675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic I</td> <td>1700/1675–1635/1600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIA</td> <td>1635/1600–1480/1470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIB</td> <td>1480/1470–1420/1410 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Palatial Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1200 BC) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ceramic period</th> <th>Dates BC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIA1</td> <td>1420/1410–1390/1370 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIA2</td> <td>1390/1370–1330/1315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIB</td> <td>1330/1315–1210/1200 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Postpalatial Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–1050 BC) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ceramic period</th> <th>Dates BC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIC (Early)</td> <td>1210/1200–1170/1160 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIC (Middle)</td> <td>1170/1160–1100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Helladic IIIC (Late)</td> <td>1100–1070/1040 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Names of the Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Achaeans (Homer)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_(3404330867).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/189px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/284px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg/379px-Elephant_or_Hippopotamus_Tooth_Warrior_Head_Wearing_Boar_Tusk_Helmets_%283404330867%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>Warrior wearing a <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmet</a>, from a Mycenaean chamber tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, 14th–13th century BC.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Decipherment" title="Decipherment">decipherment</a> of the Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script, a writing system adapted for the use of the (<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Greek language of the Late Bronze Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> demonstrated the continuity of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek speech</a> from the second millennium BC into the eighth century BC when a new <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician-derived</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">alphabetic script</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Moreover, it revealed that the bearers of Mycenaean culture were ethnically connected with <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">the populations</a> that resided in the Greek peninsula after the end of this cultural period.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Lastly, the decipherment marked the advent of an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European</a> language in the Aegean region in contrast to unrelated prior languages spoken in adjoining areas.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Various collective terms for the inhabitants of Mycenaean Greece were used by Homer in his 8th-century BC epic the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latacz120-18">[18]</a> Homer interchangeably used the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a> Achaeans, Danaans, and Argives to refer to the besiegers,<a href="#cite_note-Latacz120-18">[18]</a> and these names appear to have passed down from the time they were in use to the time when Homer applied them as collective terms in his Iliad.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> There is an isolated reference to a-ka-wi-ja-de in the Linear B records in <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, Crete dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC, which presumably refers to a Mycenaean (Achaean) state on the Greek mainland.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Egyptian records mention a T(D)-n-j or Danaya (Tanaju) land for the first time <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1437 BC, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmoses_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Thutmoses III">Thutmoses III</a> (r. 1479–1425 BC). This land is geographically defined in an inscription from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1390–1352 BC), where a number of Danaya cities are mentioned, which cover the largest part of southern mainland Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder4647-21">[21]</a> Among them, cities such as Mycenae, Nauplion, and Thebes have been identified with certainty. Danaya has been equated with the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Danaoi (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Δαναοί), the name of the <a href="/wiki/Danaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaoi">mythical dynasty</a> that ruled in the region of Argos, also used as an ethnonym for the Greek people by Homer.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder4647-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the official records of another Bronze Age empire, that of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, various references from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC to 1220 BC mention a country named <a href="/wiki/Ahhiyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahhiyawa">Ahhiyawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline4-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Recent scholarship, based on textual evidence, new interpretations of the Hittite inscriptions, and recent surveys of archaeological evidence about Mycenaean–Anatolian contacts during this period, concludes that the term Ahhiyawa must have been used in reference to the Mycenaean world (land of the Achaeans), or at least to a part of it.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce58-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This term may have also had broader connotations in some texts, possibly referring to all regions settled by Mycenaeans or regions under direct Mycenaean political control.<a href="#cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline4-23">[23]</a> Another similar ethnonym, <a href="/wiki/Ekwesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekwesh">Ekwesh</a>, in twelfth century BC Egyptian inscriptions has been commonly identified with the Ahhiyawans. These Ekwesh were mentioned as a group of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea People">Sea People</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Mycenaean_period_and_Shaft_Grave_era_(c._1750–1400_BC)">Early Mycenaean period and Shaft Grave era (c. 1750–1400 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Mycenaean period and Shaft Grave era (c. 1750–1400 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/220px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/330px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/440px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Death mask, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, 16th century BC, probably the most famous artifact of Mycenaean Greece.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars have proposed different theories on the origins of the Mycenaeans.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> According to one theory, Mycenaean civilization reflected the exogenous imposition of archaic <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-Europeans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> onto the pre-Mycenaean local population.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> An issue with this theory, however, is the very tenuous material and cultural relationship between Aegean and northern steppe populations during the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> Another theory proposes that Mycenaean culture in Greece dates back to circa 3000 BC with Indo-European migrants entering a mainly-depopulated area; other hypotheses argue for a date as early as the seventh millennium BC (with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">spread of agriculture</a>) and as late as 1600 BC (with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot technology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> In a 2017 genetic study conducted by Lazaridis et al., "the Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically similar, [but] the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter–gatherers of eastern Europe and Siberia, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe or Armenia."<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> However, Lazaridis et al. admit that their research "does not settle th[e] debate" on Mycenaean origins.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">[2]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sergent" title="Bernard Sergent">Bernard Sergent</a> notes that archaeology alone is not able to solve the issue and that the majority of Hellenists believed Mycenaeans spoke a non-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a> before <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> was deciphered in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESergent1982672-29">[29]</a> Notwithstanding the above academic disputes, the mainstream consensus among <a href="/wiki/Mycenology" title="Mycenology">modern Mycenologists</a> is that Mycenaean civilization began around 1750 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> earlier than the Shaft Graves,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> originating and evolving from the local socio-cultural landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Early and Middle Bronze Age in mainland Greece</a> with influences from <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dickinson-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700/1675 BC),<a href="#cite_note-Knodell-1">[1]</a> a significant increase in the population and the number of settlements occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield31-33">[33]</a> A number of centers of power emerged in southern mainland Greece dominated by a warrior elite society;<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson-31">[31]</a> while the typical dwellings of that era were an early type of <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a> buildings, some more complex structures are classified as forerunners of the later palaces. In a number of sites, defensive walls were also erected.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Meanwhile, new types of burials and more imposing ones have been unearthed, which display a great variety of luxurious objects.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield31-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Among the various burial types, the <a href="/wiki/Shaft_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft grave">shaft grave</a> became the most common form of elite burial, a feature that gave the name to the early period of Mycenaean Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield31-33">[33]</a> Among the Mycenaean elite, deceased men were usually laid to rest in gold masks and funerary armor, and women in gold crowns and clothes gleaming with gold ornaments.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The royal shaft graves next to the acropolis of Mycenae, in particular the Grave Circles <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave Circle A">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave Circle B">B</a>, signified the elevation of a native Greek-speaking royal dynasty whose economic power depended on long-distance sea trade.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> During this period, the Mycenaean centers witnessed increased contact with the outside world, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> and the Minoan centers on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schofield31-33">[33]</a> Mycenaean presence appears to be also depicted in a fresco at <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a> island, which possibly displays many warriors in <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmets</a>, a feature typical of Mycenaean warfare.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the early 15th century BC, commerce intensified with <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a> reaching the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Early Mycenaean civilization from the Shaft Grave period generally showcases heavy influence from Minoan Crete in regards to e.g. art, infrastructure and symbols, while also maintaining some Helladic elements as well as some innovations, and some West Asian influences. A difference between Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations is complexity and monumentality; Mycenaean craftmanship and architecture are more simplified versions of Minoan ones, but are more monumental in size. Later phases of the Mycenaean civilization showcase more sophistication, eventually coming to surpass Minoan Crete after a few centuries.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> At the end of the Shaft Grave era, a new and more imposing type of elite burial emerged, the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb#Greece" title="Beehive tomb">tholos</a>: large circular burial chambers with high vaulted roofs and a straight entry passage lined with stone.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koine_era_or_Palatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1400–1200_BC)">Koine era or Palatial Bronze Age (c. 1400–1200 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Koine era or Palatial Bronze Age (c. 1400–1200 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes,_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg/220px-La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg/330px-La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg/440px-La_Dame_de_Myc%C3%A8nes%2C_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Fresco depicting a female figure in the acropolis of Mycenae, 13th century BC</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 15th century BC, the Mycenaeans began to spread their influence throughout the Aegean and Western Anatolia. By <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 BC, the palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> was ruled by a Mycenaean elite who formed a hybrid Minoan-Mycenaean culture. Mycenaeans also colonized several other Aegean islands, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schofield7172-43">[43]</a> Thus the Mycenaeans became the dominant power of the region, marking the beginning of the Mycenaean 'Koine' era (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Κοινή, common), a highly uniform culture that spread in mainland Greece and the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> From the early 14th century BC, Mycenaean trade began to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities in the Mediterranean after the Minoan collapse.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield7172-43">[43]</a> The trade routes were expanded further, reaching <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> in the Near East, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield7172-43">[43]</a> From that time period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC), the palace of Knossos has yielded the earliest records of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script, based on the previous <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a> of the Minoans. The use of the new script spread in mainland Greece and offers valuable insight into the administrative network of the palatial centers. However, the unearthed records are too fragmentary for a political reconstruction of Bronze Age Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder8-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/170px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/255px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/340px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption>Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Dendra_panoply" title="Dendra panoply">panoply</a>, found in Dendra, Argolid, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC</figcaption></figure> Excavations at Miletus, southwest <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, indicate the existence of a Mycenaean settlement there already from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450 BC, replacing the previous Minoan installations.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This site became a sizable and prosperous Mycenaean center until the 12th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Apart from the archaeological evidence, this is also attested in Hittite records, which indicate that Miletos (Milawata in Hittite) was the most important base for Mycenaean activity in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005_361-48">[48]</a> Mycenaean presence also reached the adjacent sites of <a href="/wiki/Iasos" title="Iasos">Iasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Meanwhile, imposing palaces were built in the main Mycenaean centers of the mainland. The earliest palace structures were megaron-type buildings, such as the Menelaion in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakonia">Lakonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder107-50">[50]</a> Palaces proper are datable from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">Cyclopean fortifications</a> were erected at Mycenae and nearby <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">[3]</a> Additional palaces were built in <a href="/wiki/Midea_(Argolid)" title="Midea (Argolid)">Midea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iolcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolcos">Iolcos</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, the latter being the northernmost Mycenaean center. Knossos in Crete also became a Mycenaean center, where the former Minoan complex underwent a number of adjustments, including the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Throne_Room,_Knossos" title="Throne Room, Knossos">throne room</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> These centers were based on a rigid network of bureaucracy where administrative competencies were classified into various sections and offices according to specialization of work and trades. At the head of this society was the king, known as <a href="/wiki/Anax" title="Anax">wanax</a> (Linear B: wa-na-ka) in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>. All powers were vested in him, as the main landlord and spiritual and military leader. At the same time he was an entrepreneur and trader and was aided by a network of high officials.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Involvement_in_Asia_Minor">Involvement in Asia Minor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Involvement in Asia Minor">edit</a>]</div> The presence of Ahhiyawa in western Anatolia is mentioned in various Hittite accounts from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005_361-48">[48]</a> Ahhiyawa is generally accepted as a Hittite term for Mycenaean Greece (Achaeans in Homeric Greek), but a precise geographical definition of the term cannot be drawn from the texts.<a href="#cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline6-53">[53]</a> During this time, the kings of Ahhiyawa were evidently capable of dealing with their Hittite counterparts both on a diplomatic and military level.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Moreover, Ahhiyawa achieved considerable political influence in parts of Western Anatolia, typically by encouraging anti-Hittite uprisings and collaborating with local vassal rulers.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png/300px-14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png/450px-14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png/600px-14_century_BC_Eastern_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East during the 14th century BC; Mycenaean Greece in purple</figcaption></figure> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC, Hittite records mention the military activities of an Ahhiyawan warlord, <a href="/wiki/Attarsiya" title="Attarsiya">Attarsiya</a>, possibly related to the mythic character of <a href="/wiki/Atreus" title="Atreus">Atreus</a>. Attarsiya attacked Hittite vassals in western Anatolia including <a href="/wiki/Madduwatta" title="Madduwatta">Madduwatta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Later, in c. 1315 BC, an anti-Hittite rebellion headed by <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>, a Hittite vassal state, received support from Ahhiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Meanwhile, Ahhiyawa appears to be in control of a number of islands in the Aegean, an impression also supported by archaeological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> During the reign of the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> (c. 1267–1237 BC), the king of Ahhiyawa is recognized as a "Great King" and of equal status with the other contemporary great Bronze Age rulers: the kings of <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_period#Middle_Assyrian_Empire_1392-1056_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Assyrian period">Assyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> At that time, another anti-Hittite movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Piyama-Radu" title="Piyama-Radu">Piyama-Radu</a>, broke out and was supported by the king of Ahhiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Piyama-Radu caused major unrest which may have extended to the region of <a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>, and later invaded the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, which then passed into Ahhiyawan control.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder27-61">[61]</a> Scholars have speculated that the mythic tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> could have a <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">historical basis</a> in the political turmoil of this era.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As a result of this instability, the Hittite king initiated <a href="/wiki/Tawagalawa_letter" title="Tawagalawa letter">correspondence</a> in order to convince his Ahhiyawan counterpart to restore peace in the region. The Hittite record mentions a certain <a href="/wiki/Tawagalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawagalawa">Tawagalawa</a>, a possible Hittite rendering of the Greek name <a href="/wiki/Eteocles" title="Eteocles">Eteocles</a>, as brother of the king of Ahhiyawa.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder27-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_or_Postpalatial_Bronze_Age_(c._1200–1050_BC)">Collapse or Postpalatial Bronze Age (c. 1200–1050 BC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collapse or Postpalatial Bronze Age (c. 1200–1050 BC)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_decline_and_revival">Initial decline and revival</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial decline and revival">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle,_Mycenae_acropolis,_12th_century_BC_(3402016857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg/220px-Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg/330px-Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg/440px-Large_Krater_with_Armored_Men_Departing_for_Battle%2C_Mycenae_acropolis%2C_12th_century_BC_%283402016857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>Marching soldiers on the <a href="/wiki/Warrior_Vase" title="Warrior Vase">Warrior Vase</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC, a <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> from Mycenae</figcaption></figure> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250 BC, the first wave of destruction apparently occurred in various centres of mainland Greece for reasons that cannot be identified by archaeologists. In <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> was burned to the ground, around that year or slightly later.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder_2010_34-64">[64]</a> Nearby <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenos</a> was not destroyed at this time but was abandoned, while the Boeotian fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a> displays evidence for a targeted destruction as only the four gates and the monumental building, called the Melathron, were burned before the site was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the Peloponnese, a number of buildings surrounding the citadel of Mycenae were attacked and burned.<a href="#cite_note-Cline_2014_130-66">[66]</a> These incidents appear to have prompted the massive strengthening and expansion of the fortifications in various sites. In some cases, arrangements were also made for the creation of subterranean passages which led to underground cisterns. Tiryns, Midea and Athens expanded their defences with new cyclopean-style walls.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden219-67">[67]</a> The extension program in Mycenae almost doubled the fortified area of the citadel. To this phase of extension belongs the impressive <a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a>, the main entrance into the Mycenaean acropolis.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden219-67">[67]</a> It appears that after this first wave of destruction a short-lived revival of Mycenaean culture followed.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> Mycenaean Greece continues to be mentioned in international affairs, particularly in Hittite records. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220 BC, the king of Ahhiyawa is again reported to have been involved in an anti-Hittite uprising in western Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder33-69">[69]</a> Another contemporary Hittite account reports that Ahhiyawan ships should avoid <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a>-controlled harbors, as part of a trade embargo imposed on Assyria.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In general, in the second half of 13th century BC, trade was in decline in the Eastern Mediterranean, most probably due to the unstable political environment there.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_collapse_and_differing_trajectories">Final collapse and differing trajectories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final collapse and differing trajectories">edit</a>]</div> None of the defence measures appear to have prevented the final destruction and collapse of the Mycenaean states. A second destruction struck <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> in c. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter. This event marked the end of Mycenae as a major power. The site was then reoccupied, but on a smaller scale.<a href="#cite_note-Cline_2014_130-66">[66]</a> A recent study suggests that neither of the palaces at Tiryns or Midea were destroyed by an earthquake,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and further studies have shown that upwards of fifty arrowheads were found scattered in the destruction debris at Midea perhaps indicating that the destruction was caused by an assault.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The palace of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, in the southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed in c. 1180 BC.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tartaron18-75">[75]</a> The Linear B archives found there, preserved by the heat of the fire that destroyed the palace, mention hasty defence preparations due to an imminent attack without giving any detail about the attacking force.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> As a result of this turmoil, specific regions in mainland Greece witnessed a dramatic population decrease, especially Boeotia, Argolis and <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> Mycenaean refugees migrated to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-Tartaron18-75">[75]</a> Nevertheless, other regions on the edge of the Mycenaean world prospered, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a>, the northwestern Peloponnese, parts of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> and a number of Aegean islands.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">acropolis of Athens</a>, oddly, appears to have avoided destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> Athens and the eastern coast of Attica were still occupied in the 12th century BC, and were not destroyed or abandoned; this points to the existence of new decentralized coastal and maritime networks there. It is attested by the cemetery of Perati that lasted a century and showed imports from <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, Crete, Cyprus, Egypt and Syria, as well as by the Late Helladic IIIC (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1210–1040 BC) cemetery of Drivlia at <a href="/wiki/Porto_Rafti" title="Porto Rafti">Porto Rafti</a>; located 2 km west of Perati. This indicates that Attica participated in long-distance trade, and was also incorporated in a mainland-looking network.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The site of Mycenae experienced a gradual loss of political and economic status, while <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, also in the <a href="/wiki/Argolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Argolid">Argolid</a> region, expanded its settlement and became the largest local center during the post-palatial period, in Late Helladic IIIC, c. 1200–1050 BC.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypotheses_for_the_collapse">Hypotheses for the collapse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hypotheses for the collapse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasions,_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse,_ca._1200_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/300px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/450px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png/600px-Invasions%2C_destructions_and_possible_population_movements_during_the_Bronze_Age_Collapse%2C_ca._1200_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Invasions, destructions and possible population movements during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">collapse of the Bronze Age</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC</figcaption></figure> The reasons for the end of the Mycenaean culture have been hotly debated among scholars. At present, there is no satisfactory explanation for the collapse of the Mycenaean palace systems. The two most common theories are population movement and internal conflict. The first attributes the destruction of Mycenaean sites to invaders.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The hypothesis of a <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a>, known as such in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Mythology">Ancient Greek tradition</a>, that led to the end of Mycenaean Greece, is supported by sporadic archaeological evidence such as new types of burials, in particular cist graves, and the use of a new dialect of Greek, the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> one. It appears that the Dorians moved southward gradually over a number of years and devastated the territory, until they managed to establish themselves in the Mycenaean centers.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A new type of ceramic also appeared, called "Barbarian Ware" because it was attributed to invaders from the north.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> On the other hand, the collapse of Mycenaean Greece coincides with the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean. They caused widespread destruction in Anatolia and the Levant and were finally <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">defeated</a> by Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> in c. 1175 BC. One of the ethnic groups that comprised these people were the Eqwesh, a name that appears to be linked with the Ahhiyawa of the Hittite inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Alternative scenarios propose that the fall of Mycenaean Greece was a result of internal disturbances which led to internecine warfare among the Mycenaean states or civil unrest in a number of states, as a result of the strict hierarchical social system and the ideology of the wanax.<a href="#cite_note-Tartaron19-81">[81]</a> In general, due to the obscure archaeological picture in 12th–11th century BC Greece, there is a continuing controversy among scholars over whether the impoverished societies that succeeded the Mycenaean palatial states were newcomers or populations that already resided in Mycenaean Greece. Recent archaeological findings tend to favor the latter scenario.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman126-68">[68]</a> Additional theories, concerning <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Environmental" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">natural factors</a>, such as climate change, droughts, or earthquakes have also been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Tartaron19-81">[81]</a> Another theory considers the decline of the Mycenaean civilization as a manifestation of a common pattern for the decline of many ancient civilizations: the Minoan, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Civilization">Harappan</a> and the Western Roman Empire; the reason for the decline is migration due to overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The period following the end of Mycenaean Greece, c. 1100–800 BC, is generally termed the "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_organization">Political organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg/320px-Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg/480px-Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg/640px-Mycenaean_Palace_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the political landscape in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1250 BC mainland southern Greece</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatial_states">Palatial states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Palatial states">edit</a>]</div> Mycenaean palatial states, or centrally organized palace-operating polities, are recorded in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a> (e.g., Iliad, <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a>) and confirmed by discoveries made by modern archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>. Each Mycenaean kingdom was governed from the palace, which exercised control over most, if not all, industries within its realm. The palatial territory was divided into several sub-regions, each headed by its provincial center. Each province was further divided in smaller districts, the damoi.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder9-84">[84]</a> A number of palaces and fortifications appear to be part of a wider kingdom. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a>, located in the region of Boeotia, belonged to the state of nearby Orchomenos.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder_2010_34-64">[64]</a> Moreover, the palace of Mycenae appeared to have ruled over a territory two to three times the size of the other palatial states in Bronze Age Greece. Its territory would have also included adjacent centers, including <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nauplion</a>, which could plausibly be ruled by a member of Mycenae's ruling dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The unearthed Linear B texts are too fragmentary for the reconstruction of the political landscape in Mycenaean Greece and they do not support nor deny the existence of a larger Mycenaean state.<a href="#cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline6-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On the other hand, contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records suggest the presence of a single state under a "Great King".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Alternatively, based on archaeological data, some sort of confederation among a number of palatial states appears to be possible.<a href="#cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline6-53">[53]</a> If some kind of united political entity existed, the dominant center was probably located in Thebes or in Mycenae, with the latter state being the most probable center of power.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_administration">Society and administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and administration">edit</a>]</div> The Neolithic agrarian village (6000 BC) constituted the foundation of Bronze Age political culture in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The vast majority of the preserved Linear B records deal with administrative issues and give the impression that Mycenaean palatial administration was highly systematized, featuring thoroughly consistent language, terminology, tax calculations, and distribution logistics.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder8-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelder9-84">[84]</a> Considering this sense of uniformity, the <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> archive, which is the best preserved one in the Mycenaean world, is generally taken as a representative one.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder8-45">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg/165px-Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg/248px-Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Two_Mycenaean_chariot_warriors_on_a_fresco_from_Pylos_about_1350_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="289" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg/139px-Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg/209px-Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Fresco_of_two_female_charioteers_from_Tiryns_1200_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="355" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two Mycenaean chariot warriors on a fresco from <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> (about 1350 BC; left) and two female charioteers from <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> (1200 BC; right)</div></div></div></div> The state was ruled by a king, the <a href="/wiki/Anax" title="Anax">wanax</a> (ϝάναξ), whose role was religious and perhaps also military and judicial.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a> The wanax oversaw virtually all aspects of palatial life, from religious feasting and offerings to the distribution of goods, craftsmen and troops.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder11-91">[91]</a> Under him was the lāwāgetas ("the leader of the people"), whose role appears mainly religious. His activities possibly overlap with the wanax and is usually seen as the second-in-command.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder11-91">[91]</a> Both wanax and lāwāgetas were at the head of a military aristocracy known as the eqeta ("companions" or "followers").<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The land possessed by the wanax is usually the témenos (te-me-no). There is also at least one instance of a person, <a href="/wiki/Enkhelyawon" title="Enkhelyawon">Enkhelyawon</a>, at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as probably a king.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick71-72-93">[93]</a> A number of local officials positioned by the wanax appear to be in charge of the districts, such as ko-re-te (koreter, '"governor"), po-ro-ko-re-te (prokoreter, "deputy") and the da-mo-ko-ro (damokoros, "one who takes care of a damos"), the latter probably being appointed to take charge of the commune. A council of elders was chaired, the ke-ro-si-ja (cf. γερουσία, gerousía). The basileus, who in later Greek society was the name of the king, refers to communal officials.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a> In general, Mycenaean society appears to have been divided into two groups of free men: the king's entourage, who conducted administrative duties at the palace, and the people, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%E1%BF%86%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:δῆμος">da-mo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> These last were watched over by royal agents and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a> Among those who could be found in the palace were well-to-do high officials, who probably lived in the vast residences found in proximity to Mycenaean palaces, but also others, tied by their work to the palace and not necessarily better off than the members of the da-mo, such as craftsmen, farmers, and perhaps merchants. Occupying a lower rung of the social ladder were the slaves, do-e-ro, (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> δοῦλος, doúlos).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> These are recorded in the texts as working either for the palace or for specific deities.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_palace_amphora,_found_in_the_Argolid,_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/220px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/330px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg/440px-Mycenaean_palace_amphora%2C_found_in_the_Argolid%2C_in_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_palace_amphora_with_octopus_(NAMA_6725)" title="Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus (NAMA 6725)">Mycenaean palace amphora</a>, found in the Argolid</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg/220px-Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg/330px-Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg/440px-Mycenaean_stirrup_vase_Louvre_AO19201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Mycenaean <a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">stirrup vase</a> found in the acropolis of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, Eastern Mediterranean (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1300 BC)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> The Mycenaean economy, given its pre-monetary nature, was a <a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">palace economy</a>, focusing on the redistribution of goods, commodities and labor by a central administration. The preserved Linear B records in Pylos and Knossos indicate that the palaces were closely monitoring a variety of industries and commodities, the organization of land management and the rations given to the dependent personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen7-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cline145-97">[97]</a> The Mycenaean palaces maintained extensive control of the nondomestic areas of production through careful control and acquisition and distribution in the palace industries, and the tallying of produced goods.<a href="#cite_note-Cline242-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Budin94-99">[99]</a> For instance, the Knossos tablets record c. 80,000–100,000 sheep grazing in central <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and the quantity of the expected wool from these sheep and their offspring, as well as how this wool was allocated.<a href="#cite_note-Budin94-99">[99]</a> The archives of Pylos display a specialized workforce, where each worker belonged to a precise category and was assigned to a specific task in the stages of production, notably in textiles.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Nevertheless, palatial control over resources appears to have been highly selective in spatial terms and in terms of how different industries were managed.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Thus, sectors like the production of perfumed oil and bronze materials were directly monitored from the palace, but the production of ceramics was only indirectly monitored.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Regional transactions between the palaces are also recorded on a few occasions.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large-scale_infrastructure">Large-scale infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Large-scale infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> The palatial centers organized their workforce and resources for the construction of large scale projects in the fields of agriculture and industry.<a href="#cite_note-Cline145-97">[97]</a> The magnitude of some projects indicates that this was the result of combined efforts from multiple palatial centers. Most notable of them are the drainage system of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Kopais</a> basin in Boeotia, the building of a large dam outside Tiryns, and the drainage of the swamp in the <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder116-104">[104]</a> Also noticeable is the construction of harbors, such as the harbor of Pylos, that were capable of accommodating large Bronze Age era vessels like the one found at <a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder116-104">[104]</a> The Mycenaean economy also featured large-scale manufacturing as testified by the extent of workshop complexes that have been discovered, the largest known to date being the recent ceramic and hydraulic installations found in <a href="/wiki/Euonymeia" title="Euonymeia">Euonymeia</a>, next to Athens, that produced tableware, textiles, sails, and ropes for <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gilstrap-105">[105]</a> The most famous project of the Mycenaean era was the network of roads in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder116-104">[104]</a> This appears to have facilitated the speedy deployment of troops—for example, the remnants of a Mycenaean road, along with what appears to have been a Mycenaean defensive wall on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>. The Mycenaean era saw the zenith of infrastructure engineering in Greece, and this appears not to have been limited to the Argive plain.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg/200px-Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg/300px-Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg/400px-Earring_Mycenae_Louvre_Bj135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Gold earring, c. 1600 BC, Louvre Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg/220px-Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg/330px-Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg/440px-Megiste-Bronze_Reconstruction_of_a_Mycenaean_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Mycenaean ship</figcaption></figure> Trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the economy of Mycenaean Greece. The Mycenaean palaces imported raw materials, such as metals, ivory and glass, and exported processed commodities and objects made from these materials, in addition to local products: oil, perfume, wine, wool and pottery.<a href="#cite_note-Cline145-97">[97]</a> International trade of that time was not only conducted by palatial emissaries but also by independent merchants.<a href="#cite_note-Cline200-107">[107]</a> Based on archaeological findings in the Middle East, in particular physical artifacts, textual references, inscriptions and wall paintings, it appears that Mycenaean Greeks achieved strong commercial and cultural interaction with most of the Bronze Age people living in this region: <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Ancient_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Egyptians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cline200-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The 14th century BC <a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun shipwreck</a>, off the coast of southern Anatolia, displays the established trade routes that supplied the Mycenaeans with all the raw materials and items that the economy of Mycenaean Greece needed, such as copper and tin for the production of bronze products.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A chief export of the Mycenaeans was <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, which was a multi-purpose product.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Cyprus appears to be the principal intermediary station between Mycenaean Greece and the Middle East, based on the considerable greater quantities of Mycenaean goods found there.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On the other hand, trade with the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> lands in central Anatolia appears to have been limited.<a href="#cite_note-Cline200-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Trade with <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> is also well attested, while Mycenaean trade routes expanded further to the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> and the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Mycenaean swords have been found as far away as <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the eastern Black Sea coast.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Commercial interaction was also intense with the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean. Mycenaean products, especially pottery, were exported to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Grecia">southern Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a>. Mycenaean products also penetrated further into <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> as well as southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sporadic objects of Mycenaean manufacture were found in various distant locations, like in Central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> such as in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, where an amber object inscribed with Linear B symbols has been unearthed.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Mycenaean bronze double axes and other objects dating from the 13th century BC have been found in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropologists</a> have found traces of opium in Mycenaean ceramic vases.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The drug trade in Mycenaean Greece is traced as early as 1650–1350 BC, with <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppies</a> being traded in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mycenaean gods">List of Mycenaean gods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_of_Phylakopi,_14th_c_BC,_AM_Milos,_B_655,_152499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg/170px-Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg/255px-Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg/340px-Lady_of_Phylakopi%2C_14th_c_BC%2C_AM_Milos%2C_B_655%2C_152499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption>The Lady of Phylakopi; wheel-made pottery figurine of a goddess or priestess from the West Shrine in <a href="/wiki/Phylakopi" title="Phylakopi">Phylakopi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">late Helladic IIIA period</a>, 14th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Milos" title="Archaeological Museum of Milos">Archaeological Museum of Milos</a></figcaption></figure> Temples and shrines are strangely rare in the Mycenaean archaeological sites. Monumental cultic structures are absent at all the palatial centers, with the exception of Mycenae. However, the cultic center of Mycenae seems to have been a later (13th century BC) development.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder115-126">[126]</a> Small shrines have been identified in <a href="/wiki/Asine" title="Asine">Asine</a>, Berbati, Malthi and Pylos,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> while a number of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_enclosure" title="Sacred enclosure">sacred enclosures</a> have been located near Mycenae, <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amyclae" title="Amyclae">Amyclae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Linear B records mention a number of sanctuaries dedicated to a variety of deities, at least in Pylos and Knossos. They also indicate that there were various religious festivities including offerings.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Written Mycenaean records mention various priests and priestesses who were responsible for specific shrines and temples.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The latter were prominent figures in society, and the role of Mycenaean women in religious festivities was also important, just as in Minoan Crete.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Mycenaean pantheon already included many divinities that were subsequently encountered in Classical Greece,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> although it is difficult to determine whether these deities had the characteristics and responsibilities that would be attributed to them in later periods.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden143-133">[133]</a> In general, the same divinities were worshipped throughout the Mycenaean palatial world. There may be some indications for local deities at various sites, in particular in Crete. The uniformity of Mycenaean religion is also reflected in archaeological evidence with the phi- and psi-figurines that have been found all over Late Bronze Age Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder115-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> (Linear B: Po-se-da-o) seems to have occupied a place of privilege. He was a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> deity, connected with earthquakes (E-ne-si-da-o-ne: Earth-shaker), but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a> (Pa-ja-wo) is probably the precursor of the Greek physician of the gods in Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>. He was the personification of the magic-song which was supposed to "heal" the patient.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A number of divinities have been identified in the Mycenaean scripts only by their <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> used during later antiquity. For example, Qo-wi-ja ("cow-eyed") is a standard Homeric epithet of Hera.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick_1976_95-136">[136]</a> Ares appeared under the name Enyalios (assuming that Enyalios is not a separate god).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Additional divinities that can be also found in later periods include <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> (a-te-mi-to and a-ti-mi-te) and <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> (Di-wo-nu-so).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> also appears in the Mycenaean pantheon, but he was certainly not the chief deity.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden143-133">[133]</a> A collection of "ladies" or "mistresses", Po-ti-ni-ja (<a href="/wiki/Potnia" title="Potnia">Potnia</a>) are named in the Mycenaean scripts. As such, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> (A-ta-na) appears in an inscription at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> as mistress Athena, similar to a later <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> expression, but in the Pylos tablets she is mentioned without any accompanying word.<a href="#cite_note-Mylonas159-142">[142]</a> Si-to po-ti-ni-ja appears to be an agricultural goddess, possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> of later antiquity,<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick_1976_95-136">[136]</a> while in Knossos there is the "mistress of the Labyrinth".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The "two queens and the king" (wa-na-ssoi, wa-na-ka-te) are mentioned in Pylos.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Goddess Pe-re-swa mentioned may be related to <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick_1976_95-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mylonas159-142">[142]</a> A number of Mycenaean divinities seem to have no later equivalents, such as Marineus, Diwia and Komawenteia.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden143-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daily_life">Daily life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Daily life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_jewelry,_1500_BC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mycenaean_jewelry%2C_1500_BC.JPG/220px-Mycenaean_jewelry%2C_1500_BC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mycenaean_jewelry%2C_1500_BC.JPG/330px-Mycenaean_jewelry%2C_1500_BC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Mycenaean_jewelry%2C_1500_BC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Mycenaean beads used for a necklace.</figcaption></figure> By observing Mycenaean wall paintings, scholars have deduced that women during this time often wore long dresses, their hair long, and wore jewelry, most notably beads.<a href="#cite_note-:2-146">[146]</a> Mycenaean beads have long been an aspect of Mycenaean culture that is shrouded in a significant amount of mystery. It is not known for certain why they (men, women, and children) wore them, or why they appear to have been significant to the culture, but beads made of carnelian, lapis lazuli, etc., were known to have been worn by women on bracelets, necklaces, and buttons on cloaks, and were often buried with the deceased.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">"Armed combat in Mountain Glen"</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Findings_from_Grave_IV_(Grave_Circle_A)_6_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG/218px-Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="218" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG/327px-Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG/436px-Findings_from_Grave_IV_%28Grave_Circle_A%29_6_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="993" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The ring in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg/218px-Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg/327px-Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg/436px-Armed_combat_in_Mountain_Glen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="785" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Mycenaeans were capable of intricate designs on a very small scale: the so-called Armed combat in Mountain Glen signet seal, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (drawing).<a href="#cite_note-SRS-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJE-149">[149]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In later periods of Greek history, seclusion of females from males was common in the household, though scholars have found no evidence of seclusion during Mycenaean times, and believe that males and females worked with and around each other on a regular basis. Not much is known about women's duties in the home or whether they differed from the duties of men. And though men were involved in warfare and hunting, there is no evidence that suggests women ever took part in either of the two, though whether women took part in hunting has been up for debate amongst some historians. There is evidence that, in this patriarchal society, men and women were, in some respects, viewed equally. Mycenae practiced a system of rationing food to citizens, and evidence shows that women received the same amount of rations as men.<a href="#cite_note-:2-146">[146]</a> If women were not officials in the cult or married to high-ranking male officers, they were likely low-ranking laborers. Linear B details specialized groups of female laborers called "workgroups". These women labored with other women as well as their children, and usually were located close to the palace. Women who belonged to workgroups did not belong to independent households, but were managed and fed by palace scribes. All of the women in a workgroup would serve the same occupation, such as textiles. Women in workgroups are not believed to have been able to acquire land holdings or have had economic independence of any kind, and are believed by some to have been slaves, though there are some conflicting debates among scholars concerning this. Though scholars are unsure if ordinary women could obtain land and exert economic power, there is evidence that women could obtain positions of power, such as the title of priestess, which allowed them to have land holdings, have elite connections, and high social status. Mycenaean society is believed to have been largely patriarchal, but women could exert social and economic power through titles and positions of power, like that of a priestess, though religion was not the only place that a woman could gain social authority.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> Women with special talents or skills, such as being a skilled midwife or craftswomen, could gain social authority in their villages, but are not believed to have been able to receive land holdings. Elite women (those who were married to male elites) were afforded benefits fitting their high social standing, but even the wife of elites could not own land and had no economic independence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[151]</a> Some scholars believe that Knossos was probably more equal in relation to gender than Pylos, though the evidence for this is little and is highly disputed.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_2">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Men and women alike were involved in cult activity. Some women could be elevated to becoming legally independent by becoming priestesses, which appears to be hereditary through both the male and female line. No woman in Mycenae is believed to have been able to "own" land at this time, but priestesses were women who could legally procure land. Through the cult, land was "leased" to them, rather than given to them in ownership. Along with land holding benefits, priestesses often had ties with the upper-class elites, and were usually wealthy themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:0-150">[150]</a> Only a small number of women could become priestesses in Mycenae, but there were other cultic titles that women could aspire to obtain, such as that of Key-bearer. Key-bearers appear to be women who had authority over the sacred treasury of a particular deity, and were able to dispense it in times of need. Though scholars do not have enough evidence to suggest that all Key-bearers could own land and had high status, there is a written record in Linear B of a Key-bearer with elite ties who owned land, so it is possible that they had similar benefits to priestesses. Other religious roles filled by women were the three types of sacred slaves: slave of the God, slave of the Priestess, and slave of the Key-bearer. Though not as grand a title as that of Priestess of Key-Bearer, the sacred slaves were allotted certain benefits fitting their positions in the cult. One other documented position women filled in the cult was called ki-ri-te-wi-ja. Though documented, scholars are not certain exactly what the duties of this role entailed, or what type of women would have filled it. What they do know, however, is that these religious roles afforded the women who occupied them a certain amount of economic autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">Cyclopean masonry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces">Palaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Palaces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiryns,_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png/250px-Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png/375px-Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png/500px-Tiryns%2C_map_of_the_palace_and_the_surrounding_fortifications.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>, map of the palace and the surrounding fortifications</figcaption></figure> The palatial structures at Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos were erected on the summits of hills or rocky outcrops, dominating the immediate surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-Fields19-153">[153]</a> The best preserved are found in Pylos and Tiryns, while Mycenae and the Menelaion are only partially preserved. In Central Greece, Thebes and Orchomenos have been only partially exposed. On the other hand, the palace built at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">acropolis of Athens</a> has been almost completely destroyed. A substantial building at <a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> in Thessaly, possibly ancient <a href="/wiki/Iolcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolcos">Iolcos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> is believed by a number of archaeologists to be a palace.<a href="#cite_note-Fields19-153">[153]</a> A Mycenaean palace has been also unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, near the modern village of Xirokambi.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg/220px-Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg/330px-Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg/440px-Hearth_of_the_megaron_of_Pylos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption>The hearth of the <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a> of Pylos</figcaption></figure> The palatial structures of mainland Greece share a number of common features.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> The focal point of the socio-political aspect of a Mycenaean palace was the <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a>, the throne room.<a href="#cite_note-Fields19-153">[153]</a> It was laid out around a circular hearth surrounded by four columns. The throne was generally found on the right-hand side upon entering the room, while the interior of the megaron was lavishly decorated, flaunting images designed intentionally to demonstrate the political and religious power of the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Access to the megaron was provided through a court, which was reached from a <a href="/wiki/Propylaea" title="Propylaea">propylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> The iconography of the palatial chambers is remarkably uniform throughout Greece. For instance, in Pylos and Tiryns the paintings are focused on marine motifs, providing depictions of octopodes, fish and dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Around the megaron a group of courtyards each opened upon several rooms of different dimensions, such as storerooms and workshops, as well as reception halls and living quarters.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> In general Mycenaean palaces have yielded a wealth of artifacts and fragmentary frescoes.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> Additional common features are shared by the palaces of Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns;<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> a large court with colonnades lies directly in front of the central megaron,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> while a second, but smaller, megaron is also found inside these structures.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> The staircases in the palace of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a> indicate that the palaces had two stories.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The private quarters of the members of the royal family were presumably located on the first floor.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fortifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg/220px-Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg/330px-Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg/440px-Mykene_BW_2017-10-10_13-23-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">Cyclopean masonry</a>, backside of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a>, Mycenae, Greece</figcaption></figure> The construction of defensive structures was closely linked to the establishment of the palaces in mainland Greece. The principal Mycenaean centers were well-fortified and usually situated on an elevated terrain, like on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> or on coastal plains, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fields10-162">[162]</a> Mycenaean Greeks in general appreciated the symbolism of war as expressed in defensive architecture, reflected by the visual impressiveness of their fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-Fields10-162">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg/170px-Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg/255px-Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg/340px-Passageway_of_the_galleries_within_the_walls_of_Tiryns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Part of the galleries within the walls of <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">Cyclopean</a> is the term normally applied to the masonry characteristics of Mycenaean fortification systems and describes walls built of large, unworked boulders more than 8 m (26 ft) thick and weighing several metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> They were roughly fitted together without the use of mortar or clay to bind them, though smaller hunks of limestone fill the interstices. Their placement formed a polygonal pattern giving the curtain wall an irregular but imposing appearance. At the top it would have been wide enough for a walkway with a narrow protective <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> on the outer edge and with hoop-like <a href="/wiki/Crenellations" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellations">crenellations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fields11-164">[164]</a> The term Cyclopean was derived by the latter Greeks of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical era</a> who believed that only the mythical giants, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a>, could have constructed such megalithic structures.<a href="#cite_note-Fields10-162">[162]</a> On the other hand, cut stone masonry is used only in and around gateways. Another typical feature of Mycenaean megalithic construction was the use of a relieving triangle above a lintel block—an opening, often triangular, designed to reduce the weight over the lintel. The space was filled with some lighter stone.<a href="#cite_note-Fields11-164">[164]</a> Cyclopean fortifications were typical of Mycenaean walls, especially at the citadels of Mycenae, Tiryns, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrisso,_Phocis#History" title="Chrisso, Phocis">Crisa</a> and Athens, while smaller boulders are found in <a href="/wiki/Midea,_Greece" title="Midea, Greece">Midea</a> and large limestone slabs are found at Gla.<a href="#cite_note-Fields11-164">[164]</a> In the Mycenaean settlements found in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Cyclopean-style walls are also present,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> as well as in western Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Besides the citadels, isolated forts were also erected on various strategic locations. The fortification systems also incorporated technical refinements such as secret cisterns, galleries, sally ports and projecting bastions for the protection of gateways.<a href="#cite_note-Fields10-162">[162]</a> On the other hand, the palace of Pylos, although a major center of power, paradoxically appears to have been left without any defensive walls.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_architectural_features">Other architectural features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other architectural features">edit</a>]</div> Mycenaean domestic architecture originates mainly from earlier Middle Helladic traditions (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000–1650 BC) both in shape, as well as in location of settlement. The observed uniformity in domestic architecture came probably as a result of a shared past among the communities of the Greek mainland rather than as a consequence of cultural expansion of the Mycenaean Koine.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder107-50">[50]</a> Moreover, varying sizes of mudbricks were used in the construction of buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Kelder109-156">[156]</a> Contrary to popular belief, some Mycenaean representative buildings already featured roofs made of fired tiles, as in <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midea_(Argolid)" title="Midea (Argolid)">Midea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare">Warfare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Warfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg/220px-Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg/330px-Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg/440px-Replicas_of_Mycenaean_swords_and_cups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Replicas of Mycenaean swords and cups</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg/170px-Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg/255px-Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg/340px-Boars%27s_tusk_helmet_NAMA6568_Athens_Greece1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="4084" /></a><figcaption>Boar's tusk helmet with cheek-guards and a double bone hook on top. Mycenae, chamber Tomb 515, 14th – 13th centuries BC. N°6568</figcaption></figure> The military nature of the Mycenaean Greeks is evident from the numerous weapons unearthed, the use of warrior and combat representations in contemporary art, and the preserved Greek <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> records.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cline313-171">[171]</a> The Mycenaeans invested in the development of military infrastructure, with military production and <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> being supervised directly from the palatial centers.<a href="#cite_note-Cline313-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> According to the Linear B records in the palace of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>, every rural community (the damos) was obliged to supply a certain number of men who had to serve in the army. Similar service was also performed by the aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Mycenaean armies were initially based on heavy infantry, equipped with spears, large shields and on some occasions, armor.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Later in the 13th century BC, Mycenaean warfare underwent major changes both in tactics and weaponry and armed units became more uniform and flexible, while weapons became smaller and lighter.<a href="#cite_note-Cline313-171">[171]</a> The spear remained the main weapon among Mycenaean warriors, while the sword played a secondary role in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Howard50-175">[175]</a> Other offensive weapons used were bows, maces, axes, slings and javelins.<a href="#cite_note-Howard50-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The precise role and contribution of <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">chariots</a> on the battlefield is a matter of dispute due to the lack of sufficient evidence.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> It appears that chariots were initially used as fighting vehicles during the 16th to 14th centuries BC, while later, in the 13th century BC, their role was limited to battlefield transport.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">boar's tusk helmet</a> was the most identifiable piece of Mycenaean armor in use from the beginning to the collapse of Mycenaean culture. It is also known from several depictions in contemporary art in Greece and the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salimbeti23-180">[180]</a> A representative piece of Mycenaean armor is the <a href="/wiki/Dendra_panoply" title="Dendra panoply">Dendra panoply</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–1400 BC) which consisted of a cuirass of a complete set of armor made up of several elements of bronze.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In general, most features of the later <a href="/wiki/Hoplite#Equipment" title="Hoplite">hoplite panoply</a> of classical Greek antiquity, were already known to Mycenaean Greece.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> "Figure-of-eight" shields were the most common type of Mycenaean shields.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> During the Late Mycenaean period, smaller types of shields were adopted, either of completely circular shape, or almost circular with a part cut out from their lower edge.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_pottery">Art and pottery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Art and pottery">edit</a>]</div> Most of the finest Mycenaean art comes under the immediate suspicion of either being <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a> actually imported from Crete, or produced on the mainland by Cretan or Cretan-trained artists. This is less true of pottery, although the (very untypical) <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_palace_amphora_with_octopus_(NAMA_6725)" title="Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus (NAMA 6725)">Mycenaean palace amphora with octopus (NAMA 6725)</a> clearly derives directly from the Minoan "Marine Style", and it ceases to be the case after about 1350 BC. Some works appear to have subjects adjusted to warlike Mycenaean tastes, although the distinctively Minoan subject of <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">bull-leaping</a> also appears. The production of luxury art for, and probably often in, the Minoan palaces was already a well-established tradition when Mycenaean elites became customers, and was perhaps more integrated into <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a> and culture than it ever became in Mycenaean Greece.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Metalwork">edit</a>]</div> Several important pieces in gold and other metals come from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_grave_goods_at_Grave_Circles_A_and_B" title="Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B">Gold grave goods at Grave Circles A and B</a> at Mycenae, including the <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_Siege_Rhyton" title="Silver Siege Rhyton">Silver Siege Rhyton</a>, Bulls-head <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>, and gold <a href="/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup_(Mycenae)" title="Nestor's Cup (Mycenae)">Nestor's Cup</a>. The chemical compositions of the silver objects indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theseus_Ring" title="Theseus Ring">Theseus Ring</a>, found in Athens, is one of the finest of a number of gold signet rings with tiny multi-figure scenes of high quality, many from the princely Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae. These tend to be regarded as Cretan, as do the <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">carved gemstones</a> also found in elite graves. <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals#Significant_archaeological_finds" title="Minoan seals">Though they collected them</a>, the Mycenaean elite did not apparently use <a href="/wiki/Minoan_seals" title="Minoan seals">Minoan seals</a> for authenticating anything, but treated them as ornaments, at least one prince wearing a collection around his wrists, like modern <a href="/wiki/Charm_bracelet" title="Charm bracelet">charm bracelets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hood" title="Sinclair Hood">Sinclair Hood</a> believed that at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Vaphio" title="Vaphio">Vaphio</a> burial (c. 1500–1450) "it was broadly speaking possible to classify the finer seals as being of Cretan, the more crudely engraved of mainland manufacture", but that "this criterion no longer applies after the mainland conquest of Crete <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450".<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vessels">Vessels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vessels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV,_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae,_16th_century_BC_(Archaeological_Museum,_Athens).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg/200px-Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg/300px-Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg/400px-Bull_head_rhyton_Mycenae_Grave_IV%2C_from_Grave_Circle_A_at_Mycenae%2C_16th_century_BC_%28Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2681" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption>Silver repoussé <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> with gold horns, from <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Grave Circle A</a> at Mycenae, 16th century BC (Archaeological Museum, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the Late Mycenaean period (1400–1200 BC), Mycenaean vessels/pottery exhibited similarities spanning a significant area of the Eastern Mediterranean (i.e., from the Levant to Sicily) and possibly reflecting a form of economic and political union centered at Mycenae.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden135-188">[188]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a> of Crete during this time remained distinct indicating a degree of autonomy on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden135-188">[188]</a> The Mycenaean Greeks produced in large quantities a variety of diversely-styled vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Stirrup_jar" title="Stirrup jar">stirrup jars</a>, large bowls, <a href="/wiki/Alabastron" title="Alabastron">alabastron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> and stemmed cups (or <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylikes</a>) resembling champagne glasses.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden135-188">[188]</a> Stirrup jars (Linear B: ka-ra-re-u, khlareus; "oil vessel"), specifically, were first invented on the island of Crete during the 16th century BC and used widely by the Mycenaeans from 1400 BC onward for transporting and storing wine and oil; the jars were usually pear-shaped or globular. As for stemmed cups (or kylikes), they evolved from Ephyraean goblets and a large quantity was discovered at a site called the "Potter's Shop" located in Zygouries. Mycenaean drinking vessels such as the stemmed cups contained single decorative motifs such as a <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">shell</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> painted on the side facing away from the drinker.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden135-188">[188]</a> The Mycenaean Greeks also painted entire scenes (called "Pictorial Style") on their vessels depicting warriors, chariots, horses and deities reminiscent of events described in Homer's Iliad.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Other items developed by the Mycenaeans include clay lamps,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> as well as metallic vessels such as bronze tripod cauldrons (or basins).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A few examples of vessels in <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> are also known.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figures_and_figurines">Figures and figurines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Figures and figurines">edit</a>]</div> The Mycenaean period has not yielded sculpture of any great size. The statuary of the period consists for the most part of small terracotta figurines found at almost every Mycenaean site in mainland Greece—in tombs, in settlement debris, and occasionally in cult contexts (Tiryns, Agios Konstantinos on <a href="/wiki/Methana" title="Methana">Methana</a>). The majority of these figurines are female and <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism" title="Zoomorphism">zoomorphic</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum,_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/220px-Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/330px-Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg/440px-Mycenaean_Female_Figurines_of_%27Phi%27_and_%27Psi%27_Type_-_Benaki_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Joy_of_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4539" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean Greek</a> female figurines of <a href="/wiki/Psi_and_phi_type_figurine" title="Psi and phi type figurine">Psi and Phi type</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benaki_Museum" title="Benaki Museum">Benaki Museum</a>, Athens</figcaption></figure> The female figurines can be subdivided into three groups, which were popular at different periods: the <a href="/wiki/Psi_and_phi_type_figurine" title="Psi and phi type figurine">Psi and phi type figurines</a>, and the Tau-type. The earliest are the Phi-type, which look like the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a> (their arms give the upper body a rounded shape). The Psi-type looks like the letter <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a> (these have outstretched upraised arms). The latest (12th century BC) are the Tau-type; these figurines look like the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a> (with folded arms at right angles to the body). Most figurines wear a large <a href="/wiki/Polos" title="Polos">polos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> They are painted with stripes or zigzags in the same manner as the contemporary pottery and presumably made by the same potters. Their purpose is uncertain, but they may have served as both votive objects and toys: some are found in children's graves but the vast majority of fragments are from domestic rubbish deposits.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The presence of many of these figurines on sites where worship took place in the Archaic and Classical periods (approximately 200 below the sanctuary of Athena at Delphi, others at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a> on Aegina, at the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas above <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidauros</a> and at Amyclae near Sparta), suggests both that many were indeed religious in nature, perhaps as votives, but also that later places of worship may well have first been used in the Mycenaean period.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Larger male, female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are much rarer. An important group was found in the Temple at Mycenae together with coiled clay snakes,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> while others have been found at Tiryns and in the East and West Shrines at Phylakopi on the island of Melos.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frescoes">Frescoes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Frescoes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman,_circa_1300_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg/170px-Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg/255px-Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg/340px-Fresco_of_a_Mycenaean_woman%2C_circa_1300_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of a Mycenaean woman</figcaption></figure> The painting of the Mycenaean age was much influenced by that of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan painting">Minoan painting</a>, and was probably at least initially by Cretan painters. Their style gradually drifts away from that of Crete, and in late periods greatly reduces in quality. Fragments of wall paintings have been found in or around the palaces (Pylos, Mycenae, Tiryns) and in domestic contexts (Zygouries).<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The largest complete wall painting depicting three female figures, probably goddesses, was found in the so-called "cult center" at Mycenae.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Various subjects are represented: hunting, <a href="/wiki/Bull-leaping" title="Bull-leaping">bull leaping</a> (tauromachy), battle scenes, processions, etc. Some scenes may be part of mythological narratives, but if so their meaning eludes us. Other frescoes include geometric or stylised motifs, also used on painted pottery (see above).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_practices">Burial practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Burial practices">edit</a>]</div> The usual form of burial during this period was inhumation (burial in the earth, covered by dirt and stones).<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The earliest Mycenaean burials were mostly in individual graves in the form of a pit or a stone-lined <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> and offerings were limited to pottery and occasional items of jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Groups of pit or cist graves containing elite members of the community were sometimes covered by a tumulus (mound) in the manner established since the Middle Helladic.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> It has been argued that this form dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a>;<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> however, Mycenaean burials are in actuality an indigenous development of mainland Greece with the Shaft Graves housing native rulers.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Pit and cist graves remained in use for single burials throughout the Mycenaean period alongside more elaborate family graves.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The shaft graves at Mycenae within Grave Circles <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_B,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle B, Mycenae">B</a> belonging to the same period represent an alternative manner of grouping elite burials. Next to the deceased were found full sets of weapons, ornate staffs as well as gold and silver cups and other valuable objects which point to their social rank.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_of_Atreus,_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg/240px-Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg/360px-Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg/480px-Treasury_of_Atreus%2C_13th_century_BC_royal_tholos_tomb_near_Mycenae-exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DK_1608_046013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DK_1608_046013.jpg/240px-DK_1608_046013.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DK_1608_046013.jpg/360px-DK_1608_046013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/DK_1608_046013.jpg/480px-DK_1608_046013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a>, 13th century BC royal tholos tomb near Mycenae: exterior (left) and interior (right) view.</div></div></div></div> Beginning also in the Late Helladic period are to be seen communal tombs of rectangular form. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish whether the different forms of burial represent a social hierarchization, as was formerly thought, with the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">"tholos"</a> being the tombs of the elite rulers, the individual tombs those of the leisure class, and the communal tombs those of the people. Cremations increased in number over the course of the period, becoming quite numerous in the last phase of the Mycenaean era.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The tholos was introduced during the early 15th century BC as the new and more imposing form of elite burial.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The most impressive tombs of the Mycenaean era are the monumental royal tombs of Mycenae, undoubtedly intended for the royal family of the city. The most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">tholos</a>. A total of nine of such tholos tombs are found in the region of Mycenae, while six of them belong to a single period (Late Helladic IIA, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400–1300 BC).<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> It has been argued that different dynasties or factions may have competed through conspicuous burial.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> With respect to Mycenaean cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Skewer" title="Skewer">skewer</a> trays were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Gla" title="Gla">Gla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hruby-211">[211]</a> The so-called "souvlaki trays" (or portable grills) used by the Mycenaean Greeks were rectangular ceramic pans that sat underneath skewers of meat.<a href="#cite_note-Hruby-211">[211]</a> It is not clear whether these trays would have been placed directly over a fire or if the pans would have held hot coals like a portable barbecue pit.<a href="#cite_note-Hruby-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_B_(Mycenaean_Greek)_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg/220px-Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg/330px-Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg/440px-Linear_B_%28Mycenaean_Greek%29_NAMA_Tablette_7671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Linear B tablets (Mycenaean Greek)</figcaption></figure> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> its syllabic writing system (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>) and developed their own <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic script">syllabic script</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-213">[213]</a> The Linear B script was utilized by the Mycenaean palaces in Greece for administrative purposes where economic transactions were recorded on clay tablets and some pottery in the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-213">[213]</a> The Linear B tablets were first discovered in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> by English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Evans">Sir Arthur Evans</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 and later deciphered by English architect and cryptographer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Ventris's discovery of an archaic Greek dialect in the Linear B tablets demonstrated that Mycenaean Greek was "the oldest known Greek dialect, elements of which survived in Homer's language as a result of a long oral tradition of epic poetry."<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-213">[213]</a> The written records of every Mycenaean region were similar but the scribes sometimes used words that were probably part of their local dialect. The existence of a common language is probably explained by their shared bureaucratic system and writing script.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In the 8th century BC, after the end of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, Greece emerged with a network of myths and legends, the greatest of all being that of the Trojan <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden2-217">[217]</a> In general, the Greeks of Classical antiquity idealized the Mycenaean period as a glorious period of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The legends of <a href="/wiki/Homeric_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric epics">Homer's Epics</a> were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden2-217">[217]</a> At this time, German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a> undertook the first modern archaeological excavations in Greece at the site of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Thus, Schliemann set out to prove the historical accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> by identifying the places described by Homer.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden2-217">[217]</a> As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece became major figures of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian Pantheon</a> of later antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Moreover, the language of the Mycenaeans offers the first written evidence of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> while a significant part of the Mycenaean vocabulary can also be found in modern English.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Mycenaean Greeks were also pioneers in the field of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, launching large-scale projects unmatched in Europe until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman period</a>, such as fortifications, bridges, culverts, aqueducts, dams and roads suitable for wheeled traffic. They also made several architectural innovations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch#History" title="Discharging arch">relieving triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden231-223">[223]</a> They were also responsible for transmitting a wide range of arts and crafts, especially of Minoan origin. The Mycenaean civilization was in general more advanced compared to the Late Bronze Age cultures of the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Several Mycenaean attributes and achievements were borrowed or held in high regard in later periods, so it would be no exaggeration to consider Mycenaean Greece as a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization#Cradle_of_Western_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Castleden231-223">[223]</a> There are scholars who identify the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> who migrated to the Near East as Mycenaean Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In a 2020 study by Polish historian Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò, a group of people known from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a> – were linguistically identified with the Greek term *la-wo (in later Greek laoi) – "the people" or "armed men".<a href="#cite_note-:6-227">[227]</a> Niesiołowski-Spanò concluded that the Levites were a group of Mycenaean Greek mercenaries who managed to settle down in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and integrate with the local population, preserving their own group name.<a href="#cite_note-:6-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_and_anthropometric_studies">Genetic and anthropometric studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Genetic and anthropometric studies">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Cephalometric_analysis" title="Cephalometric analysis">cephalometric analysis</a> by Argyropoulos et al. (1989) published in <a href="/wiki/The_Angle_Orthodontist" title="The Angle Orthodontist">The Angle Orthodontist</a> showed remarkable similarity in craniofacial morphology between ancient Greeks (including Mycenaeans) and modern Greeks, suggesting a close affinity, and that the Greek ethnic group remained stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniofacial morphological</a> study by Papagrigorakis et al. (2014) published in <a href="/wiki/Anthropologischer_Anzeiger" title="Anthropologischer Anzeiger">Anthropologischer Anzeiger</a> also indicated craniological similarities between modern Greeks and ancient Greeks (including Mycenaeans), indicating continuity.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In an <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeogenetic">archaeogenetic</a> study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar, but not identical; modern Greeks resembled the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the early Neolithic ancestry. Furthermore, proposed migrations by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colonists was not discernible in their data, thus "rejecting the hypothesis that the cultures of the Aegean were seeded by migrants from the old civilizations of these regions." The <a href="/wiki/Fixation_index" title="Fixation index">FST</a> between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-233">[233]</a> A genetic study by Clemente et al. (2021) found that in the Early Bronze Age, the populations of the Minoan, <a href="/wiki/Helladic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic civilization">Helladic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> civilizations in the Aegean, were genetically homogeneous. In contrast, during the Middle Bronze Age, this population was more differentiated; probably due to gene flow from a Yamnaya-related population from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>. This is corroborated by sequenced genomes of Middle Bronze Age individuals from northern Greece, who had a much higher proportion of steppe-related ancestry; the timing of this gene flow was estimated at 2,300 BCE, and is consistent with the dominant linguistic theories explaining the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a>. Present-day Greeks share about 90% of their ancestry with them, suggesting continuity between the two time periods. In the case of Mycenaeans however, this steppe-related ancestry was diluted. The ancestry of the Mycenaeans could be explained via a 2-way admixture model of such MBA individuals in northern Greece, and either an EBA Aegean or MBA Minoan population.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> A study by Lazaridis et al. (2022) analysed 21 new Mycenaean samples and one new Minoan sample, along with previously published samples. The study found that Mycenaeans were differentiated from Minoans by an influx of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">western steppe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a>-like) ancestry, with Mycenaean samples having approximately 8.6±2% steppe/Yamnaya-like ancestry on average, comprising 4.3±1% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer (EHG)</a> ancestry on average and an approximately matching amount of Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry (4.3±1% on average), though some of the Mycenaeans lacked steppe ancestry altogether.<a href="#cite_note-:7-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-236">[236]</a> Individual Mycenaean samples from mainland Greece had proportions of EHG ancestry ranging from 0% up to 19±7% at Kastrouli, or 12±2% at the Palace of Nestor.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-238">[238]</a> Another Mycenaean individual from Crete, dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1370 – c. 1340 BC (Crete Armenoi) had 24±6% EHG ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-238">[238]</a> The remaining (non steppe-related) Mycenaean ancestry was similar to that of the Minoans and the Early Bronze Age population of mainland Greece, and elite Mycenaean samples (from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nestor" title="Palace of Nestor">Palace of Nestor</a> at Pylos and its environs) did not differ from the general population in terms of their average ancestral composition.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-238">[238]</a> According to Lazaridis et al. these results strongly support the hypothesis that Mycenaeans were the outcome of admixture between descendants of Yamnaya-like steppe migrants and a Minoan-like population,<a href="#cite_note-:7-235">[235]</a> with steppe migrants considered to be Indo-European speakers and progenitors of the Greek language.<a href="#cite_note-:8-236">[236]</a> Minoans were predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmer</a> ancestry (74±3% on average), with additional <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer</a> ancestry (18.2±1.2% on average). Lazaridis et al. also identified <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> ancestry in some Minoan and Mycenaean individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-238">[238]</a> In a comment on the study by Lazaridis et al. (2022), Paul Heggarty of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institute</a> expressed doubts regarding the connection between the "small contribution in Mycenaean Greece" of the "ancestral mix of Yamnaya culture" and the steppe as the "earliest, original source" of Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> A study by Skourtanioti et al. (2023) generated genome-wide data from 95 Bronze Age individuals from mainland Greece and the Aegean, which was analysed in the context of all previously published samples from the region.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) individuals were found to deviate from Early Bronze Age individuals in the direction of Central and Eastern European Bronze Age populations, due to having <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">western steppe</a>-related ancestry not found in the earlier samples. The potential source of this ancestry included related groups from Serbia (Early Bronze Age), Croatia (Middle Bronze Age), Italy (Early and Middle Bronze Age), 'Western Steppe Eneolithic-Bronze Age', and 'Germany <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a>'; the latter two were found to be the most adequate sources, but "at the moment it is not possible to more closely identify the region(s) from where this genetic affinity was derived." Using 'Germany Corded Ware' as a source proxy, it was estimated that Mycenaeans from the southern Greek mainland had 22.3% steppe-related ancestry on average, whereas Late Bronze Age individuals from nearby islands and the Cyclades had slightly lower amounts of this ancestry, and one individual from the island of Salamis had none; in Crete, samples dating from the 17th to the 16th centuries BC had minimal or no such steppe-related ancestry, whereas later samples dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC varied from 0% to approximately 40% steppe-related ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> This influx of steppe-related ancestry was related to Mycenaean domination of the island from the 15th century BC onwards, and was possibly also due in part to later migrations from more distant areas such as Italy.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Haplogroups of Mycenaean samples<a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis2017-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Date</a> </th> <th>Location </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[a]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 – c. 1450 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>T2b </td> <td>CT </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Apatheia Galatas, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>X2 </td> <td>J2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Apatheia Galatas, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>X2 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1626 – c. 1518 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H26b </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1626 – c. 1508 BC </td> <td>Lazarides, Aegina </td> <td>Female </td> <td>T1a5 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1613 – c. 1503 BC </td> <td>Proskynas, Phthiotis </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>J </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1612 – c. 1452 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>T1a4 </td> <td>J2b2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1611 – c. 1457 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>K1a </td> <td>J2b2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1611 – c. 1452 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>K1a </td> <td>J2b2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1610 – c. 1448 BC </td> <td>Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica </td> <td>Female </td> <td>T2c1+146 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1609 – c. 1446 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>U8b1a2b </td> <td>G2a2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1596 – c. 1438 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>U3c </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1520 – c. 1440 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1516 – c. 1436 BC </td> <td>Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica </td> <td>Female </td> <td>HV </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1505 – c. 1429 BC </td> <td>Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica </td> <td>Female </td> <td>HV0a </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1504 – c. 1425 BC </td> <td>Mygdalia, Achaea, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>U8b1a2b </td> <td>J2b2a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>R0a1a </td> <td>C1a2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>K1a2c </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1497 – c. 1316 BC </td> <td>Kolikrepi-Spata, Attica </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H5 </td> <td>J2a1a2b2a2b2~ </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1440 – c. 1299 BC </td> <td>Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>W1h1 </td> <td>J2a1a1a2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1429 – c. 1293 BC </td> <td>Glyka Nera, Attica </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>R1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1424 – c. 1293 BC </td> <td>Lazarides, Aegina </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H </td> <td>G2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1421 – c. 1313 BC </td> <td>Glyka Nera, Attica </td> <td>Male </td> <td>U3c </td> <td>J2a1a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1416 – c. 1280 BC </td> <td>Peristeria Tryfilia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1411 – c. 1262 BC </td> <td>Agia Kyriaki, Salamis </td> <td>Female </td> <td>X2d </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1410 – c. 1360 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>J1c1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1403 – c. 1233 BC </td> <td>Lazarides, Aegina </td> <td>Female </td> <td>K2a2a </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1403 – c. 1229 BC </td> <td>Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H13a2a </td> <td>J2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – c. 1300 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H41a </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – c. 1300 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>K1a+195 </td> <td>J2a1a1a2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – c. 1300 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>N1a1b </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – c. 1300 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>G2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 – c. 1300 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H4a1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1397 – c. 1222 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Female </td> <td>K1a2 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1394 – c. 1222 BC </td> <td>Tiryns, Argolid, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>V </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1386 – c. 1217 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H2 </td> <td>G2a2b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1382 – c. 1134 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Male </td> <td>W1 </td> <td>J2a1a2b2a2b2~ </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>U5a1d2b </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>N1b1a2 </td> <td>J2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>N1b1a2 </td> <td>J2a2~ </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Aidonia, Corinthia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>R1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1371 – c. 1123 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Male </td> <td>K2b </td> <td>G </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1367 – c. 1112 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Female </td> <td>U3b1b </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360 – c. 1295 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H7 </td> <td>G </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360 – c. 1295 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>G2a2a1a2a1a1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360 – c. 1295 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>J1c+16261 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360 – c. 1070 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Female </td> <td>K1c1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>W1h1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>CT </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Male </td> <td>T2c1d1 </td> <td>G2a2b2b1a1a2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Female </td> <td>U3b </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Kastrouli-Desfina, Phokis </td> <td>Female </td> <td>U3b1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H7c </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H4a1 </td> <td>E1b1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H1bm </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>HV1a'b'c </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H </td> <td>J2a/J2a1a~ </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>J2b1 </td> <td>R1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>K1a4b1 </td> <td>J2a1a1a2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>N1'5 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1250 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>HV1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>H1 </td> <td>G2a2b2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H1e </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H1az </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>W6 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>HV4a1+16291 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>X2 </td> <td>J2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H1m </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1200 BC </td> <td>Chania, Crete </td> <td>Male </td> <td>J2b1 </td> <td>G2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 – c. 1070 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>N1a1a1a3 </td> <td>R1b1a1b2a </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 – c. 1070 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>? </td> <td>R1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 – c. 1070 BC </td> <td>Palace of Nestor, Messenia, Peloponnese </td> <td>Male </td> <td>X </td> <td>R1b1a1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1175 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Koukounaries, Paros </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H5a2 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1175 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Koukounaries, Paros </td> <td>Male </td> <td>U1a1a </td> <td>J1/J1b </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1175 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Koukounaries, Paros </td> <td>Female </td> <td>J2b1b1 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1175 – c. 1150 BC </td> <td>Koukounaries, Paros </td> <td>Female </td> <td>H+16291 </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> The ? symbol indicates lack of mtDNA haplogroup due to contamination or damage of the tested sample. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Females do not inherit Y chromosomes; hence the – symbol, indicating inapplicability. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Kober" title="Alice Kober">Alice Kober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Chora" title="Archaeological Museum of Chora">Archaeological Museum of Chora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmea" title="Cadmea">Cadmea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nestor" title="Palace of Nestor">Palace of Nestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submycenaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Submycenaean">Submycenaean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Knodell-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knodell_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnodell2021">Knodell 2021</a>, Table 1, pp. 7, 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2017-Supplementary_2-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisMittnikPattersonMallick2017">Lazaridis et al. 2017</a>, Supplementary Information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5565772/bin/NIHMS888167-supplement-supp_info.pdf">pp. 2–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields-2004-10-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields-2004-10_3-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Mycenaean_Civilization/">"Mycenaean Civilization"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mycenaean+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMycenaean_Civilization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1976">Hammond 1976</a>, p. 139: "Moreover, in this area a small tholos-tomb with Mycenaean pottery of III B style and a Mycenaean acropolis have been reported at Kiperi near Parga, and another Mycenaean acropolis lay above the Oracle of the Dead on the hill called Xylokastro"; <a href="#CITEREFTandy2001">Tandy 2001</a>, p. xii (Fig. 1); p. 2: "The strongest evidence for Mycenaean presence in Epirus is found in the coastal zone of the lower Acheron River, which in antiquity emptied into a bay on the Ionian coast known from ancient sources as Glykys Limin (Figure 2-A)." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011">Hatzopoulos 2011</a>, p. 53: "There is one illusion that ought to be first dispelled—that Mt Olympus and the Kambounian mountains constituted an impassable barrier between Thessaly and Macedonia. In fact recent archaeological discoveries have established that already in the second millennium bc the Mycenaean world extended well beyond Thessaly and included at least the southern part of Macedonia. Abundant Mycenaean pottery, both imported and locally produced, weapons, pins, brooches and syllabic script have been found in tombs of Orestis, Elimeia and Pieria"; <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 64: "The existence of a Late Bronze Age Mycenaean settlement in the Petra not only confirms its importance as a route from an early period, but also extends the limits of Mycenaean settlement to the Macedonian frontier." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastleden2005192-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastleden2005192_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastleden2005192_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002">van Wijngaarden 2002</a>, Part III: Cyprus, pp. 125–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002">van Wijngaarden 2002</a>, Part II: The Levant, pp. 31–124; <a href="#CITEREFBietakCzerny2007">Bietak & Czerny 2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Deger-Jalkotzy" title="Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy">Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy</a>, "Mycenaeans and Philistines in the Levant", pp. 501–629. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeruzzi1980">Peruzzi 1980</a>; <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002">van Wijngaarden 2002</a>, Part IV: The Central Mediterranean, pp. 203–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1996">Morris 1996</a>, "Greece: Dark Age Greece", pp. 253–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The extent to which Homer attempted to or succeeded in recreating a "Mycenaean" setting is examined in <a href="/wiki/Moses_I._Finley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses I. Finley">Moses I. Finley</a>, The World of Odysseus, 1954. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/02/mainland/en/eh/intro/eb1/index.html">"The Bronze Age on the Greek Mainland: Early Bronze Age – Early Helladic I"</a>. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 1999–2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Age+on+the+Greek+Mainland%3A+Early+Bronze+Age+%E2%80%93+Early+Helladic+I&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhw.gr%2Fchronos%2F02%2Fmainland%2Fen%2Feh%2Fintro%2Feb1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1976">Chadwick 1976</a>, p. 617. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, pp. 159, 165, 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, pp. 159, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Latacz120-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latacz120_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latacz120_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajnalPosch2009">Hajnal & Posch 2009</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder4647-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder4647_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder4647_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 37–38; <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline4-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeckmanBryceCline4_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeckmanBryceCline4_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012">Beckman, Bryce & Cline 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce58-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryce58_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatacz2004">Latacz 2004</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 357. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns2010">Burns 2010</a>, p. 92: "The most famous object from Shaft Grave V, if not all of Mycenaean Greece, is the gold mask popularly known as the 'mask of Agamemnon'." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESergent1982672-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESergent1982672_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSergent1982">Sergent 1982</a>, p. 672. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, p. 230: "Scholars during much of the twentieth century CE argued for a break between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, theorizing in particular the arrival of Indo-European speaking peoples at this time. Research in the past thirty years, though, shows that despite destruction and abandonment of some settlements after EH II and EH III, the transition between these periods shows many signs of continuity [...] Furthermore, the succeeding transition between EH III and MH I seems to have been less abrupt than previously thought, with evidence of continuity in some of the ceramics and lithic traditions at Lerna [...] Likewise, it was thought through the 1970s that the shaft graves at Mycenae announced a dramatic cultural change beginning in LH I (with some scholars even arguing that Indo-European Greek speakers arrived at this time), but this view no longer prevails. We often cannot distinguish MH III from LH I, and frequently refer to assemblages as MH III/LH I, because the society that was developing into what we commonly refer to as Mycenaean civilization had deep roots in the indigenous Middle Helladic cultural forms [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickinson-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickinson_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickinson_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1977">Dickinson 1977</a>, pp. 32, 53, 107–108; <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1999">Dickinson 1999</a>, pp. 97–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLittauerCrouwel1996">Littauer & Crouwel 1996</a>, p. 299: "The Shaft Graves of Mycenae themselves do not mark a new dynasty imposed from outside, as Drews and other scholars would have it; nor do they represent a sudden clear break with the Middle Helladic past. The tombs indicate the rise of vigorous local chieftains who became a warrior élite." </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield31-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield31_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield31_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield31_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield31_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1977">Dickinson 1977</a>, pp. 53, 107; <a href="#CITEREFLittauerCrouwel1996">Littauer & Crouwel 1996</a>, pp. 297–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, pp. 64–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1997" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, Reynold Alleyne (1997). Minoan and Mycenaean art. World of art (New rev. ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20303-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20303-3"><bdi>978-0-500-20303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minoan+and+Mycenaean+art&rft.place=London&rft.series=World+of+art&rft.edition=New+rev.&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20303-3&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Reynold+Alleyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield7172-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield7172_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield7172_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield7172_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder8-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder8_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder8_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder8_45-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 50, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2005_361-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_361_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_361_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 194: "The Mycenaean colonies in Anatolia were emphatically confined to a narrow coastal strip in the west. There were community-colonies at Ephesus, Iasos and Miletus, but they had little effect on the interior..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder107-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder107_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder107_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-BeckmanBryceCline6-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeckmanBryceCline6_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeckmanBryceCline6_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeckmanBryceCline6_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckmanBryceCline2012">Beckman, Bryce & Cline 2012</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 129, 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 58; <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder27-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder27_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder27_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, pp. 361, 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryce2005">Bryce 2005</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder_2010_34-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder_2010_34_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder_2010_34_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillek2023" class="citation book cs1">Millek, Jesse (2023). 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Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 108 (3A): 1046–1070. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BuSSA.108.1046H">2018BuSSA.108.1046H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1785%2F0120170348">10.1785/0120170348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-1106">0037-1106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Seismological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Reassessing+the+Mycenaean+Earthquake+Hypothesis%3A+Results+of+the+HERACLES+Project+from+Tiryns+and+Midea%2C+Greece&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=3A&rft.pages=1046-1070&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.issn=0037-1106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1785%2F0120170348&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018BuSSA.108.1046H&rft.aulast=Hinzen&rft.aufirst=Klaus-G.&rft.au=Maran%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Hinojosa-Prieto%2C+Hector&rft.au=Damm-Meinhardt%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Reamer%2C+Sharon+K.&rft.au=Tzislakis%2C+Jana&rft.au=Kemna%2C+Kilian&rft.au=Schweppe%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Claus&rft.au=Demakopoulou%2C+Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1785%2F0120170348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Millek 2023, pp. 147–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2014">Cline 2014</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tartaron18-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tartaron18_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tartaron18_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalavoura2021" class="citation web cs1">Salavoura, Eleni (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://submissions.e-a-a.org/eaa2021/repository/preview.php?Abstract=2227">"New opportunities in turbulent times: Attica in the 12th c. 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The oil had a variety of uses, in cooking, as a dressing, as soap, as lamp oil, and as a base for manufacturing unguents." </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFKling1989">Kling 1989</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNikolaou1973">Nikolaou 1973</a>; <a href="#CITEREFInternational_Archaeological_Symposium1973">International Archaeological Symposium 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2007">Cline 2007</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2007">Cline 2007</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/historic/hs/september02.html">Boston University – The Historical Society</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTartaron2013">Tartaron 2013</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFFeuer2004">Feuer 2004</a>, pp. 155–157; <a href="#CITEREFBalmuthTykot1998">Balmuth & Tykot 1998</a>, "The Mycenaeans in Sardinia", p. 400; <a href="#CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001">Runnels & Murray 2001</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRidgway1992">Ridgway 1992</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFTaylour1958">Taylour 1958</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFisher1998">Fisher 1998</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001">Runnels & Murray 2001</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFVianello2005">Vianello 2005</a>, "Eastern Sicily and the Aeolian Islands", p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFFeuer2004">Feuer 2004</a>, pp. 155–157; <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002">van Wijngaarden 2002</a>, Part IV: The Central Mediterranean, pp. 203–260. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_la_Cruz1988">de la Cruz 1988</a>, pp. 77–92; <a href="#CITEREFRidgway1992">Ridgway 1992</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001">Runnels & Murray 2001</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830122309/http://www.kranznet.indi.de/brzeit/goldfund/bernstei.htm">"Amber object bearing Linear B symbols"</a> (in German). 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Wanax is best suited to Poseidon, the special divinity of Pylos. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain." </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick1976">Chadwick 1976</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhittaker_von_Hofsten2007">Whittaker von Hofsten 2007</a>, pp. 3–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes-Brock1999">Hughes-Brock 1999</a>, pp. 277–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-SRS-148"><a href="#cite_ref-SRS_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStockerDavis2017">Stocker & Davis 2017</a>, pp. 588–589. </li> <li id="cite_note-AJE-149"><a href="#cite_ref-AJE_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans1930">Evans 1930</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/evans1930/0555/image">502</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palaceofminoscom01evanuoft/page/n780">691</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilligmeierTurner1981">Billigmeier & Turner 1981</a>, pp. 3–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsen2015">Olsen 2015</a>, pp. 107–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlsen2014">Olsen 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields19-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields19_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields19_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields19_153-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2012">Cline 2012</a>, p. 485 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΤαράντου2009" class="citation web cs1">Ταράντου, Σοφία (28 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22733&subid=2&pubid=3320805&tag=8777">"Βρήκαν μυκηναϊκό ανάκτορο"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%92%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF&rft.pub=Ethnos.gr&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.aulast=%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.aufirst=%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnos.gr%2Farticle.asp%3Fcatid%3D22733%26subid%3D2%26pubid%3D3320805%26tag%3D8777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelder109-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelder109_156-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields10-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields10_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields10_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields10_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields10_162-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields11-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fields11_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields11_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fields11_164-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTandy2001">Tandy 2001</a>, p. 20: "In LH IBBB (ca. 1310-1190), Mycenaean material culture spread widely throughout coastal and inland Epirus; in this period Mycenaean engagement in Epirus was strongest, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Though the Kiperi tholos may have gone out of use early in LH IIIB, the Cyclopean wall found there, as well as those at Ephyra, Kastriza, and Ayia Eleni, cannot have been built (and probably after) LH IIIB." </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIacovou2013">Iacovou 2013</a>, p. 610. Iacovou quotes Vassos Karageorghis who states that "The introduction of 'Cyclopean'-type walls at the very beginning of the LC IIIA period at Enkomi, Kition, Sinda and Maa-Palaeokastron was due to the arrival of Mycenaean settlers in Cyprus." </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWikander1990">Wikander 1990</a>, p. 288; <a href="#CITEREFShear2000">Shear 2000</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2012">Cline 2012</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline313-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cline313_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline313_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline313_171-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2012">Cline 2012</a>, p. 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalaima1999">Palaima 1999</a>, pp. 367–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011">D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2011">Howard 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard50-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard50_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard50_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2011">Howard 2011</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 306; <a href="#CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011">D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward2011">Howard 2011</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFields2004">Fields 2004</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salimbeti23-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Salimbeti23_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011">D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011">D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaganViggiano2013">Kagan & Viggiano 2013</a>, p. 36: "In fact, most of the essential items of the "hoplite panoply" were known to Mycenaean Greece, including the metallic helmet and the single thrusting spear." </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011">D'Amato & Salimbeti 2011</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline2012">Cline 2012</a>, p. 312; <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHood1978">Hood 1978</a>, pp. 17–18, 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodHsuBell2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.56.9">"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion"</a>. Internet Archaeology. 56 (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.56.9">10.11141/ia.56.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236973111">236973111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Sending+Laurion+Back+to+the+Future%3A+Bronze+Age+Silver+and+the+Source+of+Confusion&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.56.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236973111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Y-T.&rft.au=Bell%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11141%252Fia.56.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHood1978">Hood 1978</a>, pp. 227–228 (p. 228 quoted). </li> <li id="cite_note-Castleden135-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden135_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden135_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden135_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden135_188-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, pp. 135–137: "Large kraters decorated in Pictorial Style are found almost exclusively in Cyprus, and for a long time it was naturally assumed that they were manufactured there, but a few examples have been found on the Greek mainland, mostly near Mycenae, and it has now been established that they were all manufactured at workshops close to Mycenae, probably at Berbati just to the east of the city, where there are the right clay sources. The ware was probably specifically made for export to Cyprus, where they were used as centerpieces for drinking ceremonies. The decoration appears to have been painted on at high speed and the effect is sometimes crude, Reynold Higgins calls it 'barbarous', which is a fair description, but the scenes showing warriors, horses and chariots can still tell us much about everyday life in Mycenaean Greece, and as much again about Mycenaean religious beliefs and mythology. One krater from Enkomi in Cyprus shows a charioteer with his groom riding along, perhaps into battle, while a long-robed god, Zeus perhaps, stands in his way holding the scales of destiny that will decide his fate. It is an archetypal scene reminiscent of several in the Iliad, where the gods are shown intervening in battle and deciding the outcome." </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFurumark1941">Furumark 1941</a>, p. 78: "There are two types of Mycenaean lamps. One of these (type 321) has a broad horizontal lip with two opposite depressions for wicks. This type is the clay version of a Minoan stone lamp, known in many examples both from Crete and from the Mainland. The other (type 321 a) has one wick-spout and a handle at the opposite side." </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, pp. 56, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchofield2006">Schofield 2006</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench1971">French 1971</a>, pp. 101–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> See account of their use in K.A. and Diana Wardle "The Child's Cache at Assiros, Macedonia", in Sally Crawford and Gillian Shepherd (eds): Children, Childhood and Society: Institute for Archaeology and Antiquity Interdisciplinary Studies (Volume I) Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHäggMarinatos1981">Hägg & Marinatos 1981</a>, Robin Hägg, "Official and Popular Cults in Mycenaean Greece", pp. 35–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMooreTaylourFrench1999">Moore, Taylour & French 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRenfrewMountjoyMacfarlane1985">Renfrew, Mountjoy & Macfarlane 1985</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHood1978">Hood 1978</a>, pp. 77–83; <a href="#CITEREFImmerwahr1990">Immerwahr 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylour1969">Taylour 1969</a>, pp. 91–97; <a href="#CITEREFTaylour1970">Taylour 1970</a>, pp. 270–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCavanaghMee1998">Cavanagh & Mee 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylourFrenchWardle2007">Taylour, French & Wardle 2007</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAlden2000">Alden 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPelon1976">Pelon 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1967">Hammond 1967</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1977">Dickinson 1977</a>, pp. 33–34, 53, 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewartowski2000">Lewartowski 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickinson1977">Dickinson 1977</a>, pp. 53, 107; <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapadimitriou2001">Papadimitriou 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelder2010">Kelder 2010</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraziado1991">Graziado 1991</a>, pp. 403–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hruby-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hruby_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hruby_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hruby_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHruby2017">Hruby 2017</a>, "Souvlaki trays", pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2014" class="citation web cs1">Gannon, Megan (8 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/42414-ancient-cooking-mycenaeans-portable-grills.html">"Ancient Greeks Used Portable Grills at Their Picnics"</a>. Live Science. Retrieved 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greeks+Used+Portable+Grills+at+Their+Picnics&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F42414-ancient-cooking-mycenaeans-portable-grills.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_213-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linear-A">"Linear A and Linear B"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linear+A+and+Linear+B&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLinear-A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Evans">"Sir Arthur Evans"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Arthur+Evans&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FArthur-Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Ventris">"Michael Ventris"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michael+Ventris&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMichael-Ventris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGschnitzerChaniotis2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gschnitzer, Fritz; Chaniotis, Angelos (May 2012). Ιστορία της Αρχαίας Ελληνικής Κοινωνίας (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Greece_Cultural_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation">National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789602504802" title="Special:BookSources/9789602504802"><bdi>9789602504802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Greece+Cultural+Foundation&rft.date=2012-05&rft.isbn=9789602504802&rft.aulast=Gschnitzer&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.au=Chaniotis%2C+Angelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castleden2-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden2_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden2_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden2_217-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen2004">Hansen 2004</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansone2004">Sansone 2004</a>, "Greece in the Bronze Age", pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallance2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vallance, Richard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12633620">"Did you Know you Speak Mycenaean Greek? You do!"</a>. academia.edu. Retrieved 30 March 2016. <q>Whether we realize it or not, not only are tens of thousands of English words direct derivatives of ancient Greek, but some are derived even from Mycenaean Greek, which makes them very ancient indeed!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Did+you+Know+you+Speak+Mycenaean+Greek%3F+You+do%21&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Vallance&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12633620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castleden231-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden231_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden231_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastleden2005">Castleden 2005</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiesiołowski-Spano2016" class="citation book cs1">Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz (2016). 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Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+analysis+reveals+Minoan+and+Mycenaean+origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-08-civilizations-greece-revealing-stories-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-232"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation web cs1">Gibbons, Ann (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/greeks-really-do-have-near-mythical-origins-ancient-dna-reveals">"The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals"</a>. Science Magazine. 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Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=More+than+Myth%3A+Ancient+DNA+Reveals+Roots+of+1st+Greek+Civilizations&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F60027-origins-of-1st-advanced-greek-civilizations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClementeUnterländerDolgovaAmorim2021">Clemente et al. 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridis2022a">Lazaridis 2022a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022b">Lazaridis et al. 2022b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridis2022a">Lazaridis 2022a</a>, Fig. 1D </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_238-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis2022-Supplementary_238-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022b">Lazaridis et al. 2022b</a>, pp. 1–13, Supplementary Materials: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/suppl/10.1126/science.abm4247/suppl_file/science.abm4247_sm.pdf">pp. 233–241</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeggarty2022" class="citation journal cs1">Heggarty, Paul (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/86927234">"Redefining Indo European Origins? [eLetter comment on Lazaridis et al. 2022 in Science: 'The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe']"</a>. Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Redefining+Indo+European+Origins%3F+%5BeLetter+comment+on+Lazaridis+et+al.+2022+in+Science%3A+%27The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe%27%5D&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Heggarty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F86927234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023">Skourtanioti et al. 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023">Skourtanioti et al. 2023</a>: "We found various sources ranging from East Europe, to Central and South Europe adequately fitting most models for the LBA Aegean groups. The smaller and heterogeneous sample of BA Bulgarian individuals or BA Sicily did not fit. Models with Serbia (EBA), Croatia (MBA) and Italy (EMBA) were adequate most of the time, while those with 'W. Eurasian Steppe En-BA' (En, Eneolithic) or some Central European source (for example, Germany LN-EBA 'Corded Ware') were adequate for all groups at the P ≥ 0.01 cutoff. Therefore, at the moment it is not possible to more closely identify the region(s) from where this genetic affinity was derived. Among the groups of the southern mainland, the estimated coefficients of the WES-related ancestry are overlapping (±1 s.e.) and average to 22.3% (Fig. 4a) ... Fig. 4 ... a, Estimated mean coefficient (coeff.) (±1 s.e.) of additional ancestry (WES-related) using as proxy a BA Central European population ('Germany LN-EBA Corded Ware'). ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023">Skourtanioti et al. 2023</a>: "However, two-way models with all of the above sources as well as 'Mainland MLBA' fit the allele frequencies of all the LBA individuals from Crete ('Crete LBA'). This also applied when we modelled the two clusters from LBA Crete separately (Fig. 4a and Supplementary Table 9) but for the Crete LBA (group C) with high WES ancestry (individuals XAN030, KRO008, KRO009 and published Armenoi), just one source from 'Mainland MLBA' became adequate. ... A more direct demographic connection can be proposed regarding the LBA Cretan and Greek mainland populations. Following an horizon of destructions targeting palatial centres and elite symbols in Crete (Late Minoan IB), material culture, funerary architecture and burial practices are believed to express innovations with features traditionally ascribed to the Mycenaean culture. On these grounds, an invasion of the island by people from the Greek mainland (around fifteenth century BC) has been proposed but remains highly contested. While unable to settle this debate decisively, the genetic analyses demonstrate that Cretan populations at larger port cities biologically mixed with populations coming to the island during the course of a few centuries. The presence of individuals with some of the highest Western Eurasian Steppe-related ancestry proportions within the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Crete LBA group C), despite fitting with a scenario that the Greek mainland was the only source of incoming people, could also suggest that populations from more distant areas (for example, Italy) contributed to the Crete LBA transition, a possibility that is supported in the material culture as well." </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022b">Lazaridis et al. 2022b</a>, Supplementary Materials: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/suppl/10.1126/science.abm4247/suppl_file/science.abm4247_data_s1_to_s5.zip">Data S1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023">Skourtanioti et al. 2023</a>, Supplementary information: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01952-3/MediaObjects/41559_2022_1952_MOESM1_ESM.pdf">pp. 11–31, 39–61</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01952-3/MediaObjects/41559_2022_1952_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx">Supplementary Table 2</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlden2000" class="citation book cs1">Alden, Maureen Joan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZugAAAAMAAJ">Well Built Mycenae (Volume 7): The Prehistoric Cemetery – pre-Mycenaean and Early Mycenaean Graves</a>. 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The Journal of European Economic History. 3: 137–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+European+Economic+History&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Social+Progress&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=137-209&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Alexakha&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeeh.it%2Farticolo%3Furn%3Durn%3Aabi%3Aabi%3ARIV.JOU%3A2016%3B3.137%26ev%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydarÇİNerErsoyÉCochard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Aydar, Erkan; ÇİNer, Attila; Ersoy, Orkun; ÉCochard, Emilie; Fouache, Eric G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jqs.3314">"Volcanic ash and tsunami record of the Minoan Late Bronze Age Eruption (Santorini) in a distal setting, southwestern Turkey"</a>. Journal of Quaternary Science. 36 (4): 586–597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JQS....36..586A">2021JQS....36..586A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.3314">10.1002/jqs.3314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235554972">235554972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Volcanic+ash+and+tsunami+record+of+the+Minoan+Late+Bronze+Age+Eruption+%28Santorini%29+in+a+distal+setting%2C+southwestern+Turkey&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-597&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235554972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JQS....36..586A&rft.aulast=Aydar&rft.aufirst=Erkan&rft.au=%C3%87%C4%B0Ner%2C+Attila&rft.au=Ersoy%2C+Orkun&rft.au=%C3%89Cochard%2C+Emilie&rft.au=Fouache%2C+Eric+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.3314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. 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Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.place=Princeton+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13589-2&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jG1eHe3y4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilligmeierTurner1981" class="citation journal cs1">Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (1981). 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New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521119542" title="Special:BookSources/9780521119542"><bdi>9780521119542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Greece%2C+Mediterranean+Commerce+and+the+Formation+of+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521119542&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Bryan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-LDI_Vb7msC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AmatoSalimbeti2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raphaelo; Salimbeti, Andrea (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydE6bwAACAAJ">Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600–1100 BC</a>. illustrated by Giuseppe Rava. Oxford, UK: Osprey Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849081955" title="Special:BookSources/9781849081955"><bdi>9781849081955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Greek+Warrior+1600%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Pub+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849081955&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raphaelo&rft.au=Salimbeti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydE6bwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmuthTykot1998" class="citation book cs1">Balmuth, Miriam S.; Tykot, Robert H. 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Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900188821" title="Special:BookSources/9781900188821"><bdi>9781900188821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Sardinian+Archaeology%2C+Volume+5&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781900188821&rft.aulast=Balmuth&rft.aufirst=Miriam+S.&rft.au=Tykot%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwTjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietakCzerny2007" class="citation book cs1">Bietak, Manfred; Czerny, Ernst (2007). The synchronisation of civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00880-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00880-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Olympus%3A+The+Emergence+of+Macedon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00880-6&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYtnGF6zuRIC&q=9780199279081">The Kingdom of the Hittites</a> (New ed.). 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199651924" title="Special:BookSources/9780199651924"><bdi>9780199651924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199651924&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtMVAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1971" class="citation journal cs1">French, Elizabeth (1971). "The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines". 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American Journal of Archaeology. 95 (3): 403–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F505489">10.2307/505489</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/505489">505489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191350824">191350824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Social+Stratification+at+Mycenae+in+the+Shaft+Grave+Period%3A+A+Comparative+Examination+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-440&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191350824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F505489&rft.aulast=Graziado&rft.aufirst=Giampaolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäggMarinatos1981" class="citation book cs1">Hägg, Robin; Marinatos, Nannó (1981). 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Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprachwissenschaft+Innsbruck+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Sprachen+und+Literaturen&rft.atitle=Graeco-Anatolian+Contacts+in+the+Mycenaean+Period&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hajnal&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=Posch%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1822403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Nicholas G.L. (1967). "Tumulus Burial in Albania, the Grave Circles of Mycenae, and the Indo-Europeans". 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Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1"><bdi>978-0-8155-5047-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+Invasions+in+Greece+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.place=Park+Ridge%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-5047-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9saAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z-LIKN0Ap0C">Handbook of Classical Mythology</a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Pottery+in+Italy+and+Adjacent+Areas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Taylour&rft.aufirst=Lord+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7pPNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Carol G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929045527/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Thomas.pdf">"The Components of Political Identity in Mycenaean Greece"</a> (PDF). Aegaeum. 12: 349–354. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Thomas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aegaeum&rft.atitle=The+Components+of+Political+Identity+in+Mycenaean+Greece&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=349-354&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Carol+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ulg.ac.be%2Farchgrec%2FIMG%2Faegeum%2Faegaeum12%2528pdf%2529%2FThomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002" class="citation book cs1">van Wijngaarden, Geert Jan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4eYEG2FW28C">Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600–1200 BC)</a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-05-356482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-05-356482-0"><bdi>978-9-05-356482-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+and+Appreciation+of+Mycenaean+Pottery+in+the+Levant%2C+Cyprus+and+Italy+%281600%E2%80%931200+BC%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9-05-356482-0&rft.aulast=van+Wijngaarden&rft.aufirst=Geert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4eYEG2FW28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVianello2005" class="citation book cs1">Vianello, Andrea (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDZmAAAAMAAJ">Late Bronze Age Mycenaean and Italic Products in the West Mediterranean: A Social and Economic Analysis</a>. Oxford: Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-171875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-171875-0"><bdi>978-1-84-171875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Bronze+Age+Mycenaean+and+Italic+Products+in+the+West+Mediterranean%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84-171875-0&rft.aulast=Vianello&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardleWardle1997" class="citation book cs1">Wardle, K.A.; Wardle, Diana (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesoflegendmy0000ward">Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World</a>. London: Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85-399355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85-399355-8"><bdi>978-1-85-399355-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Legend%3A+The+Mycenaean+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85-399355-8&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.au=Wardle%2C+Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesoflegendmy0000ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker_von_Hofsten2007" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker von Hofsten, Helène (2007). "Reflections on the Social Status of Mycenaean Women". In Lovén, Lena Larsson; Strömberg, Agneta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DbaAAAAMAAJ">Public Roles and Personal Status Men and Women in Antiquity</a>. Sävedalen: Paul Åströms Förlag. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789170812378" title="Special:BookSources/9789170812378"><bdi>9789170812378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Social+Status+of+Mycenaean+Women&rft.btitle=Public+Roles+and+Personal+Status+Men+and+Women+in+Antiquity&rft.place=S%C3%A4vedalen&rft.pages=3-18&rft.pub=Paul+%C3%85str%C3%B6ms+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789170812378&rft.aulast=Whittaker+von+Hofsten&rft.aufirst=Hel%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DbaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikander1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander" title="Örjan Wikander">Wikander, Örjan</a> (January–March 1990). "Archaic Roof Tiles the First Generations". Hesperia. 59 (1): 285–290. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/148143">148143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=Archaic+Roof+Tiles+the+First+Generations&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=285-290&rft.date=1990-01%2F1990-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F148143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wikander&rft.aufirst=%C3%96rjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, James Clinton (2008). "Early Mycenaean Greece". In Shelmerdine, Cynthia W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-the-aegean-bronze-age/early-mycenaean-greece/B7FA9B711D4630E4004F06BAB8EBCB27">The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521814447.011">10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139001892" title="Special:BookSources/9781139001892"><bdi>9781139001892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Mycenaean+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Aegean+Bronze+Age&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=230-257&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521814447.011&rft.isbn=9781139001892&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=James+Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-the-aegean-bronze-age%2Fearly-mycenaean-greece%2FB7FA9B711D4630E4004F06BAB8EBCB27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wood J. R., Hsu, Y-T and Bell, C. 2021 Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion, Internet Archaeology 56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.56.9">https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.56.9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Archaeological_Symposium1973" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUkbAAAAYAAJ">Acts of the International Archeaological Symposium: "The Mycenaeans in the Eastern Mediterranean", Nicosia 27th March-2nd April, 1972</a>. Ministry of Communications and Works, Department of Antiquities. 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+of+the+International+Archeaological+Symposium%3A+%22The+Mycenaeans+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%22%2C+Nicosia+27th+March-2nd+April%2C+1972&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Communications+and+Works%2C+Department+of+Antiquities&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUkbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05887-0&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOG5VcYxhiEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlowBolgerKling1991" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Jane Atwood; Bolger, Diane L.; Kling, Barbara (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgvifnTtVloC">Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record</a>. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-92-417110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-92-417110-9"><bdi>978-0-92-417110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Ceramics%3A+Reading+the+Prehistoric+Record&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-92-417110-9&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jane+Atwood&rft.au=Bolger%2C+Diane+L.&rft.au=Kling%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgvifnTtVloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehmMüller-Celka2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boehm, Isabelle; Müller-Celka, Sylvie, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/issue/mom_1955-4982_2010_act_54_1">Espace civil, espace religieux en Égée durant la période mycénienne. Approches épigraphique, linguistique et archéologique. Actes des journées d'archéologie et de philologie mycéniennes, Lyon, 1er février et 1er mars 2007</a> (in French). Vol. 54. Lyon: Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35668-012-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35668-012-9"><bdi>978-2-35668-012-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Espace+civil%2C+espace+religieux+en+%C3%89g%C3%A9e+durant+la+p%C3%A9riode+myc%C3%A9nienne.+Approches+%C3%A9pigraphique%2C+linguistique+et+arch%C3%A9ologique.+Actes+des+journ%C3%A9es+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+de+philologie+myc%C3%A9niennes%2C+Lyon%2C+1er+f%C3%A9vrier+et+1er+mars+2007&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pub=Maison+de+l%27Orient+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e+Jean+Pouilloux&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-35668-012-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fissue%2Fmom_1955-4982_2010_act_54_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1987" class="citation book cs1">Burkert, Walter (1987) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSaRAAAAQBAJ">Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical</a>. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11-872499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11-872499-6"><bdi>978-1-11-872499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion%3A+Archaic+and+Classical&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-11-872499-6&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSaRAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Fidio1990" class="citation journal cs1">De Fidio, Pia (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1990_ant_413_1_2286">"Potere politico et funzione del sacro nella società micenee"</a>. Mélanges Pierre Lévêque. 4: 151–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+Pierre+L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque&rft.atitle=Potere+politico+et+funzione+del+sacro+nella+societ%C3%A0+micenee&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=151-171&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=De+Fidio&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fista_0000-0000_1990_ant_413_1_2286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumas1980" class="citation book cs1">Doumas, Christos (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ikzuAAAAMAAJ">Thera and the Aegean World II: Papers Presented at the Second International Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, August 1978</a>. London: Thera and the Aegean World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95-061332-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95-061332-1"><bdi>978-0-95-061332-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thera+and+the+Aegean+World+II%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+Second+International+Scientific+Congress%2C+Santorini%2C+Greece%2C+August+1978&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thera+and+the+Aegean+World&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-95-061332-1&rft.aulast=Doumas&rft.aufirst=Christos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikzuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B._French" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth B. 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Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1951-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-1951-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenae%3A+Agamemnon%27s+Capital&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1951-0&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Bayard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjNoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitinMazarSternDothan1998" class="citation book cs1">Gitin, Seymour; Mazar, Amihay; Stern, Ephraim; Dothan, Trude Krakauer (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKxtAAAAMAAJ">Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE</a>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-65-221036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-65-221036-4"><bdi>978-9-65-221036-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Peoples+in+Transition%3A+Thirteenth+to+Early+Tenth+Centuries+BCE&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9-65-221036-4&rft.aulast=Gitin&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft.au=Mazar%2C+Amihay&rft.au=Stern%2C+Ephraim&rft.au=Dothan%2C+Trude+Krakauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKxtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüterbock1983" class="citation journal cs1">Güterbock, Hans G. (April 1983). 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Lund: Paul Astroms Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-18-508612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-18-508612-2"><bdi>978-9-18-508612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opuscula+Atheniensia+XII&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Paul+Astroms+Forlag&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-9-18-508612-2&rft.aulast=Hagg&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Wells%2C+Berit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0cJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodzuweit1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podzuweit, Christian (1982). "Die mykenische Welt und Troja". In Hänsel, B. (ed.). Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 V. Chr (in German). 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Göteborg: Paul Aströms Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-18-609832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-18-609832-2"><bdi>978-9-18-609832-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Decorated+Pottery%3A+A+Guide+to+Identification+%28Studies+in+Mediterranean+Archaeology+73%29&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pub=Paul+Astr%C3%B6ms+Forlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9-18-609832-2&rft.aulast=Mountjoy&rft.aufirst=Penelope+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiC9oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurCline2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nur, Amos; Cline, Eric (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921201720/http://srb.stanford.edu/nur/EndBronzeage.pdf">"Poseidon's Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean"</a> (PDF). 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The Dorians in Archaeology. London: de la More Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dorians+in+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=de+la+More+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylour1990" class="citation book cs1">Taylour, Lord William (1990) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mycenaeans00tayl">The Mycenaeans</a>. London: Thames & Hudson Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-50-027586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-50-027586-3"><bdi>978-0-50-027586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-50-027586-3&rft.aulast=Taylour&rft.aufirst=Lord+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmycenaeans00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeuleKarageorghis1982" class="citation book cs1">Vermeule, Emily; Karageorghis, Vassos (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3_WAAAAMAAJ">Mycenaean Pictorial Vase Painting</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67-459650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67-459650-4"><bdi>978-0-67-459650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mycenaean+Pictorial+Vase+Painting&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-67-459650-4&rft.aulast=Vermeule&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Karageorghis%2C+Vassos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3_WAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeule1960" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeule, Emily Townsend (March 1960). "The Fall of the Mycenaean Empire". Archaeology. 13 (1): 66–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41663738">41663738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+the+Mycenaean+Empire&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-76&rft.date=1960-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41663738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vermeule&rft.aufirst=Emily+Townsend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1982" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Barry (June 1982). "The Decline of Late Bronze Age Civilization as a Possible Response to Climatic Change". Climatic Change. 4 (2): 173–198. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ClCh....4..173W">1982ClCh....4..173W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00140587">10.1007/bf00140587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0009">0165-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154059624">154059624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Late+Bronze+Age+Civilization+as+a+Possible+Response+to+Climatic+Change&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-198&rft.date=1982-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00140587&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154059624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0165-0009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ClCh....4..173W&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycenaean_Greece&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mycenaean_civilization" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean civilization</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodart2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Godart, Louis (2013) [January 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_citadelles_myceniennes.asp">"Les citadelles mycéniennes"</a> (in French). Clio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+citadelles+myc%C3%A9niennes&rft.pub=Clio&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Godart&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clio.fr%2FBIBLIOTHEQUE%2Fles_citadelles_myceniennes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemingwayHemingway2000–2013" class="citation web cs1">Hemingway, Seán; Hemingway, Colette (2000–2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/myce/hd_myce.htm">"Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Mycenaean Civilization"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History%3A+Mycenaean+Civilization&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2000%2F2013&rft.aulast=Hemingway&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft.au=Hemingway%2C+Colette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fmyce%2Fhd_myce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorejsPavúk2007" class="citation web cs1">Horejs, Barbara; Pavúk, Peter, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net">"The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project"</a>. The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Team.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aegeo-Balkan+Prehistory+Project&rft.pub=The+Aegeo-Balkan+Prehistory+Team&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegeobalkanprehistory.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutter" class="citation web cs1">Rutter, Jeremy B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101104332/http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/index.html">"Prehistoric Archeology of the Aegean"</a>. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/index.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Archeology+of+the+Aegean&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=Dartmouth+College&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectsx.dartmouth.edu%2Fclassics%2Fhistory%2Fbronze_age%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalimbetti2015" class="citation web cs1">Salimbetti, Andrea (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei">"The Greek Age of Bronze"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Age+of+Bronze&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Salimbetti&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salimbeti.com%2Fmicenei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095436/http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/archaeologyresearch/projects/mycenaeansitaly/">"The Mycenaeans and Italy: The Archaeological and Archaeometric Ceramic Evidence"</a>. University of Glasgow School of Humanities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/schools/humanities/research/archaeologyresearch/projects/mycenaeansitaly/">the original</a> on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mycenaeans+and+Italy%3A+The+Archaeological+and+Archaeometric+Ceramic+Evidence&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow+School+of+Humanities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Fhumanities%2Fresearch%2Farchaeologyresearch%2Fprojects%2Fmycenaeansitaly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation web cs1">Wright, James C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331212651/http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Index.htm">"The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project: Internet Edition"</a>. Bryn Mawr College Department of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/archaeology/NVAP/Index.htm">the original</a> on 31 March 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nemea+Valley+Archaeological+Project%3A+Internet+Edition&rft.pub=Bryn+Mawr+College+Department+of+Classical+and+Near+Eastern+Archaeology&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brynmawr.edu%2Farchaeology%2FNVAP%2FIndex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMycenaean+Greece" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greece_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> (pre-1100 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> (1100 BC-330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> (330–1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> (post-1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mediterranean:   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Ra and Ra II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)">Ivlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories (Polybius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (North Caucasus and Transcaucasia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavanaghMee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwickBaumbach1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClementeUnterländerDolgovaAmorim2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCline2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;AmatoSalimbeti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Fidio1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumas1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrews1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurumark1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilstrapDayKazaKardamaki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitinMazarSternDothan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodart2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraziado1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGschnitzerChaniotis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüterbock1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüterbock1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggWells1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnalPosch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggarty2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemingwayHemingway2000–2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHinzenMaranHinojosa-PrietoDamm-Meinhardt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorejsPavúk2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHruby2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes-Brock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuxley1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHäggMarinatos1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIacovou2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmerwahr1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Archaeological_Symposium1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaganViggiano2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKling1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnodell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatacz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridis2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-RoodenbergAcarAçıkkol2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisMittnikPattersonMallick2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewartowski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittauerCrouwel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellink1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillek2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreTaylourFrench1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMountjoy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMylonas1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMylonas1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiesiołowski-Spano2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiesiołowski-Spano2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikolaou1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNilsson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNurCline2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalaima1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapadimitriou2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapagrigorakisKousoulisSynodinos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeruzzi1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodzuweit1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreziosiHitchcock1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrewMountjoyMacfarlane1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgway1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunnelsMurray2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutter1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalavoura2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalimbetti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSansone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchofield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergent1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShear2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkeat1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkourtaniotiRingbauerGnecchi_RusconeBianco2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockerDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubbings1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTartaron2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylour1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylour1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylour1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylour1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylourFrenchWardle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVallance2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeule1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeuleKarageorghis1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVianello2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardleWardle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker_von_Hofsten2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWikander1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodHsuBell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasur-Landau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Cruz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Wijngaarden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΤαράντου2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Population_genetics_studies\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient seafaring\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bronze Age footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 120,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 92,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 239,\n [\"History of Greece\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 83,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain link\"] = 5,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sub\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","21.3"],["dataWrapper 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