CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polling for United States presidential elections - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4a8f0f09-15d8-45f5-a768-1e1ef4d347d6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections","wgTitle":"Polling for United States presidential elections","wgCurRevisionId":1249814635,"wgRevisionId":1249814635,"wgArticleId":36856552,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with missing ISBNs","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from October 2020","Presidential elections in the United States","Lists relating to the United States presidency","Opinion polling for elections in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext" ,"wgRelevantPageName":"Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections","wgRelevantArticleId":36856552,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16843501","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/1200px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="682"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/800px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="454"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/640px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="364"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polling for United States presidential elections - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections rootpage-Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Polling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-1936" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1936"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>1936</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1936-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1952</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1956</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1960</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>1976</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>1996</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polling for United States presidential elections</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16843501#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&oldid=1249814635" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&id=1249814635&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolling_for_United_States_presidential_elections"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16843501" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/300px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/450px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png/600px-Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Democratic-candidate lead over Republican candidate in final poll and results by year, 1936 to 2016</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a> was the first polling organization to conduct accurate <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling">opinion polling</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillygus_2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillygus_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallup polling has often been accurate in predicting the outcome of presidential elections and the margin of victory for the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it missed some close elections: 1948, 1976 and 2004, the popular vote in 2000, and the likely-voter numbers in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The month section in the tables represents the month in which the opinion poll was conducted. <i>D</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, and <i>R</i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>, were included in some polls.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1936"><span class="anchor" id="1936_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1936</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1936"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1936 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1936 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1936_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1936_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-1936_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1936_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-1936_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1936_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-1936_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1936 Presidential Election Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/US_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="US Democrats">(D</a>) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August </td> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">September </td> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October </td> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>60.80% </td> <td>36.54% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+4.80% </td> <td>-7.46% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>After predicting the winners of the previous five elections, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Digest" title="The Literary Digest">The Literary Digest</a></i> (based on cards mailed in by its readers) predicted that Alf Landon would win by a large margin. <a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">George Gallup</a> predicted a Roosevelt win, based on <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">statistical random sampling</a> within 1.1 percent of the <i>Literary Digest</i> results. </p><p>The accuracy of Gallup's forecasts indicated the value of modern statistical methods; according to data collected in the Gallup poll, the <i>Literary Digest</i> poll failed primarily due to non-response bias (Roosevelt won 69 percent of <i>Literary Digest</i> readers who did not participate in the poll) rather than selection bias as commonly believed. Roosevelt won 57 percent of <i>Literary Digest</i> readers who received the poll.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt won in the largest landslide since the uncontested 1820 election, winning every state except Maine and Vermont, since his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs were popular with the American people (apart from the respondents to the <i>Literary Digest</i> poll). Although Landon said that the New Deal was costly and ineffective and Roosevelt was slowly molding the United States into a dictatorship, his attacks gained little traction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1940"><span class="anchor" id="1940_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1940 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1940 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1940_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1940_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1940_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1940_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1940_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1940_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1940 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">(D)</a> % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">(R)</a>% </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>48% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>45% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>49% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October </td> <td>50% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>54.72% </td> <td>44.77% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+2.72% </td> <td>-3.23% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout his campaign, Roosevelt promised to continue the New Deal and not bring the United States into any new wars if he was given another term. Willkie unsuccessfully attacked Roosevelt for seeking a third term and accused him of trying to turn the United States into a dictatorship by refusing to leave office. Roosevelt led in all polls, and was re-elected by a large margin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1944"><span class="anchor" id="1944_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1944</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1944_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1944_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1944_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1944_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1944_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1944_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1944_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1944 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March </td> <td>55% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">May </td> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>51% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>47% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">September </td> <td>47% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">October </td> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>51% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>53.39% </td> <td>45.89% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+2.39% </td> <td>-2.11% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Roosevelt actively campaigned in this election against medical advice to counter Republican claims that he was near death. Roosevelt maintained a consistent (although sometimes narrow) lead in the polls, and won a solid victory due to American success in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and his continued popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1948"><span class="anchor" id="1948_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1948</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1948_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1948_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1948_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1948_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1948_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1948_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1948 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive</a>) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 1947/January 1948 </td> <td>46% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>7% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February/March </td> <td>39% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>7% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April/May </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June/July </td> <td>38% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>6% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>5% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">August/September </td> <td>37% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>36% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>October<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>45% </td> <td>50% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>49.55% </td> <td>45.07% </td> <td>2.37% </td> <td>2.41% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+4.55% </td> <td>-4.93% </td> <td>-1.63% </td> <td>+0.41% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While incumbent President Truman's popularity was low at the end of 1946, it improved with his attack on the "Do-Nothing" Republican Congress of 1947–1948 and his association of Dewey with it. Truman also energized segments of the Democratic base by ending segregation in the military and recognizing Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallup and other polling organizations stopped polling in mid-October, believing that Dewey would win the election, and failed to predict Truman's comeback or his subsequent victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1952"><span class="anchor" id="1952_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1952</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1952"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1952_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1952_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1952_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1952_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/1952_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1952_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1952 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>59% </td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>50% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">September </td> <td>55% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">October </td> <td>53% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>55.14% </td> <td>44.38% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+4.14% </td> <td>-4.62% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and the threat of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> (the <a href="/wiki/K1c2_formula" title="K1c2 formula">K1c2 formula</a>) allowed World War II hero Eisenhower to win the election in a landslide after consistently leading in the polls, mostly by large margins.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1956"><span class="anchor" id="1956_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1956</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1956"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1956_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1956_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1956_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1956_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1956_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1956_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1956_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1956 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) % </th> <th>Adlai Stevenson II (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 1955/January 1956 </td> <td>61% </td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February/March </td> <td>63% </td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">April/May </td> <td>61% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>62% </td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td>62% </td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June/July </td> <td>62% </td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>61% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August/September </td> <td>52% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">October/November </td> <td>51% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>59% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>57.37% </td> <td>41.97% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-1.63% </td> <td>+1.97% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After consistently leading in the polls by large margins, incumbent President Eisenhower was easily re-elected due to economic prosperity at home and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960"><span class="anchor" id="1960_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1960</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1960_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1960_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1960_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1960_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1960_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1960_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1960 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 1959/January 1960 </td> <td>43% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February/March </td> <td>48% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">April/May </td> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>June/July </td> <td>50% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">August/September </td> <td>44% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October/November </td> <td>49% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>49.72% </td> <td>49.55% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-1.28% </td> <td>+0.55% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Polls throughout the campaign indicated a very close race. Incumbent Vice President Nixon initially led, but then had problems (a poor image in the first television debate and a knee injury which prevented him from campaigning) which gave Kennedy the lead in the polls for most of the campaign. In the end, Kennedy had an extremely close victory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1964"><span class="anchor" id="1964_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1964</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1964_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1964_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1964_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1964_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1964_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1964_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1964_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1964 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>77% </td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>76% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>62% </td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td>59% </td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>65% </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">September </td> <td>65% </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>62% </td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">October </td> <td>64% </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td>64% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>61.05% </td> <td>38.47% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-2.95% </td> <td>+2.47% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Incumbent President Johnson maintained a large lead in the polls and won in a landslide due to popular sympathy after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, a good economy, lack of severe foreign problems, and an effective campaign to portray Goldwater as a dangerous, out-of-touch extremist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968"><span class="anchor" id="1968_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1968_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1968_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1968_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1968_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1968_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1968_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1968_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1968 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1968 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1968 United States presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>43% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">May </td> <td>39% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>36% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>37% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>35% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>45% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">September </td> <td>43% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>43% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>44% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>43% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>43.42% </td> <td>42.72% </td> <td>13.53% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+0.42% </td> <td>+0.72% </td> <td>-1.47% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The campaign was always close according to the polls, but after the tumultuous <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic Convention">1968 Democratic Convention</a> Nixon established and maintained a lead. American Independent candidate George Wallace ran in opposition to civil rights and in support of segregation and received considerable support in the South. Humphrey began catching up to Nixon in the polls late in the campaign, but ran out of time as Nixon won a narrow victory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1972"><span class="anchor" id="1972_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1972</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1972_Presidential_Polling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1972_Presidential_Polling.png/220px-1972_Presidential_Polling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1972_Presidential_Polling.png/330px-1972_Presidential_Polling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1972_Presidential_Polling.png/440px-1972_Presidential_Polling.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1972 Presidential Polling</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1972 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1972 United States presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">(R)</a> % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>53% </td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>53% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>56% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>57% </td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>64% </td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>61% </td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">October </td> <td>60% </td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>59% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>62% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>60.67% </td> <td>37.52% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-1.33% </td> <td>-0.48% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Incumbent President Nixon was re-elected in a landslide, winning every state except Massachusetts after maintaining a large poll lead due to the economic recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1969%E2%80%931970" title="Recession of 1969–1970">1969–1970 recession</a> and his portrayal of McGovern as a foreign-policy lightweight and social radical ("amnesty, abortion, and acid"). McGovern was also hurt by his change of vice-presidential candidates in mid-campaign, raising questions about his judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1976"><span class="anchor" id="1976_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1976</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1976"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1976_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1976_Presidential_Election.png/220px-1976_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1976_Presidential_Election.png/330px-1976_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1976_Presidential_Election.png/440px-1976_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1976 Presidential Election</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1976 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1976 United States presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">March </td> <td>47% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>48% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">May </td> <td>52% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>55% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>62% </td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>54% </td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>51% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October </td> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>50.08% </td> <td>48.01% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+2.08% </td> <td>-0.99% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Carter opened up a large lead over incumbent President Ford due to dissatisfaction with <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a>, Ford's pardon of Nixon and the sluggish economy. Ford closed the gap near the end of the campaign with good debate performances, among other things. He was hurt by his comment that there was no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and ran out of time to close the polling gap with Carter, who won by a narrow margin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980"><span class="anchor" id="1980_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1980</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1980_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1980_Presidential_Election.png/220px-1980_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1980_Presidential_Election.png/330px-1980_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1980_Presidential_Election.png/440px-1980_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1980 Presidential Election</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 1980 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 1980 United States presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (R) % </th> <th>Jimmy Carter (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 1979/January 1980 </td> <td>33% </td> <td>62% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February/March </td> <td>31% </td> <td>60% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33% </td> <td>58% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">April/May </td> <td>34% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>32% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>32% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">June/July </td> <td>32% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>33% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August/September </td> <td>45% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>38% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October/November </td> <td>40% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>50.75% </td> <td>41.01% </td> <td>6.61% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+3.75% </td> <td>-2.99% </td> <td>-1.39% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During primary season, incumbent Jimmy Carter held a steady lead over the Republican front-runner Ronald Reagan, despite a <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">primary challenge</a> from Senator Ted Kennedy. Reagan, the former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE</a> spokesman, passed Carter in the polls after the primaries, winning over voters dissatisfied with Carter's handling of the economy, the energy crisis, and the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. As the race neared its finish, Carter had apparently closed the gap with Reagan; some outlets gave him the lead. Reagan ran an upbeat campaign focused on fixing the economy and restoring America's image, diminished by Watergate and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war in Vietnam</a>. Carter was more negative, attacking Reagan's record on civil rights and social issues. Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in a blowout on election night, the third win for Republicans in the past four presidential races.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1984"><span class="anchor" id="1984_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1984</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1984_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1984_Presidential_Election.png/220px-1984_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1984_Presidential_Election.png/330px-1984_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1984_Presidential_Election.png/440px-1984_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1984 Presidential Election</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Ronald Reagan (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">December 1983/January 1984 </td> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February/March </td> <td>52% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">April/May </td> <td>54% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">June/July </td> <td>53% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">August/September </td> <td>52% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>58% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October/November </td> <td>58% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>59% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>58.77% </td> <td>40.56% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-0.23% </td> <td>-0.44% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Reagan had low approval ratings early in his first term,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 1983 the economy had improved enough to give him a boost for re-election. His challenger was former Vice President Walter Mondale, who advocated a nuclear freeze, the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> and a balanced budget. Mondale benefited from a strong first debate (where the 73-year-old Reagan seemed slow), but the Reagan-Bush ticket had a resounding election victory. Reagan again cast himself as the candidate of optimism, taking credit for an improved economy and an increase in national pride after the social upheaval of the 1960s and 1970s. Mondale's unpopular proposal to raise taxes to reduce the deficit and association with the Carter administration's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter#1979_energy_crisis" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">"malaise"</a> largely doomed his campaign from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1988"><span class="anchor" id="1988_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1988</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1988_Presidential_Election.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1988_Presidential_Election.png/220px-1988_Presidential_Election.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1988_Presidential_Election.png/330px-1988_Presidential_Election.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1988_Presidential_Election.png/440px-1988_Presidential_Election.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1988 Presidential Election</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>52% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>45% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>38% </td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>38% </td> <td>52% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>41% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>42% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">September </td> <td>49% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>50% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>56% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>53.37% </td> <td>45.65% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-2.63% </td> <td>+1.65% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Dukakis took a large lead in the initial polls, Vice President Bush's campaign portrayed him as soft on crime and used the good economy, Reagan's popularity and Bush's <a href="/wiki/No_new_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="No new taxes">no new taxes</a> pledge to close the gap and eventually take a large lead. Bush easily won the general election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1992"><span class="anchor" id="1992_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1992</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1992_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1992_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-1992_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1992_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-1992_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/1992_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-1992_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1992 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (D) % </th> <th>George H. W. Bush (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> (I) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>25% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>26% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">May </td> <td>29% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">June </td> <td>26% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>25% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>24% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>24% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>27% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">July </td> <td>40% </td> <td>48% </td> <td rowspan="11">Candidate withdrew from race </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>57% </td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August </td> <td>56% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">September </td> <td>54% </td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>54% </td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12">October </td> <td>47% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>29% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>43% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>49% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>43.01% </td> <td>37.45% </td> <td>18.91% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-5.99% </td> <td>+0.45% </td> <td>+4.91% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The polls fluctuated during the spring and early summer, with incumbent President Bush and independent challenger Ross Perot trading the lead. Perot withdrew from the race in July, however, and Clinton took a consistent lead in the polls by blaming Bush for the poor economy and promising that he would fix it ("<a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_economy,_stupid" title="It's the economy, stupid">It's the economy, stupid</a>"). Although Perot returned to the race in September, he could not regain his previous support and Clinton won the general election by a comfortable margin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1996"><span class="anchor" id="1996_United_States_presidential_election"></span>1996</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1996"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1996_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1996_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-1996_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1996_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-1996_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1996_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-1996_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>1996 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Bill Clinton (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (R) % </th> <th>Ross Perot (<a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>43% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>47% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>49% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">May </td> <td>47% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>49% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>50% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">August </td> <td>52% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">September </td> <td>53% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>54% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>57% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">October </td> <td>53% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>56% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>36% </td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>54% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>54% </td> <td>34% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>52% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>49.23% </td> <td>40.72% </td> <td>8.40% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-2.77% </td> <td>-0.28% </td> <td>+1.40% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Incumbent President Clinton held a comfortable lead in the polls throughout the campaign due to the good economy, stable international situation, and tying Dole to <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (the unpopular speaker of the House), easily winning the general election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000"><span class="anchor" id="2000_United_States_presidential_election"></span>2000</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2000_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2000_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2000_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2000_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2000_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2000_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2000_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2000 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a>) % </th></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>47% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>46% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">July </td> <td>45% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">August </td> <td>54% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>55% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">September </td> <td>44% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>41% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>50% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15">October </td> <td>41% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>39% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">November </td> <td>47% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>47.87% </td> <td>48.38% </td> <td>2.74% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-0.13% </td> <td>+2.38% </td> <td>-1.26% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The election was close throughout the campaign; Gore used the good economy to his advantage, but was hurt by being perceived as robotic and pompous. The <a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a> also might have hurt him, and helped Bush in the polls with voters concerned about moral values. </p><p>Despite multiple court challenges by the Gore campaign after a <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">recount in Florida</a>, the Supreme Court upheld <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">the election</a>; Bush won the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote by 0.51%.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2000 election remains the only presidential election since President Truman's upset re-election in 1948 in which the final pre-election polls incorrectly predicted the winner of the national popular vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2004"><span class="anchor" id="2004_United_States_presidential_election"></span>2004</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2004_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2004_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2004_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2004_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2004_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2004_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2004 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>George W. Bush (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (D) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March </td> <td>44% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">April </td> <td>47% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">May </td> <td>47% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>43% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">July </td> <td>45% </td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">September </td> <td>52% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">October </td> <td>49% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>50.73% </td> <td>48.26% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+1.73% </td> <td>-0.74% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The election was closely contested, as dissatisfaction with the Bush administration's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and a sluggish economy helped Kerry. Bush accused Kerry of <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(politics)" title="Flip-flop (politics)">flip-flopping</a>, however,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Swift_Vets_and_POWs_for_Truth" title="Swift Vets and POWs for Truth">Swift Boat Veterans for Truth</a> accused Kerry of being unpatriotic. </p><p>A week before the election, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> released a video warning Americans not to re-elect Bush. Bush's poll ratings in swing states then gave him a comfortable lead, and he was re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008"><span class="anchor" id="2008_United_States_presidential_election"></span>2008</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2008_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2008_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2008_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2008_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/2008_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2008_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2008 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a><sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March </td> <td>46% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>43% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">April </td> <td>46% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">May </td> <td>42% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>48% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">July </td> <td>48% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>44% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August </td> <td>48% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>45% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">September </td> <td>44% </td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">October </td> <td>52% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>53% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>52.86% </td> <td>45.60% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>-0.14% </td> <td>+3.60% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The campaign was close during the spring and summer, with Obama and McCain trading the lead. The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">economy went into recession</a> in December 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Obama was initially hurt in the polls by <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans attacked him for being inexperienced,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and McCain got a temporary bump in the polls after choosing <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> as his vice-presidential nominee. The financial crisis allowed Obama to open a consistent, comfortable lead in the polls at the beginning of October, however, and he won the election by a comfortable margin.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012"><span class="anchor" id="2012_United_States_presidential_election"></span>2012</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2012_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2012_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2012_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2012_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/2012_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2012_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2012 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Barack Obama (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">February </td> <td>48% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March </td> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">April </td> <td>48% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">May </td> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">June </td> <td>48% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">July </td> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>46% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">August </td> <td>48% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">September </td> <td>47% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">October </td> <td>49% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>47% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>49% </td> <td>48% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>51.01% </td> <td>47.15% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+2.01% </td> <td>-0.85% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>President Obama and his campaign aired early negative ads calling Republican challenger Mitt Romney an out-of-touch, plutocratic, wealthy job destroyer since his days as CEO at <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a>. Romney bounced back in the polls after strong performances in the primaries and because the economy was still recovering from the 2007–2009 recession. </p><p>In April, after Obama publicly expressed his support of same-sex marriage and a story was published about Romney bullying a high-school classmate who was thought to be gay, Obama took larger leads in the polls. Romney and the Republicans attacked him for claiming that the economy was doing well, for welfare waivers, and China's unfair trade practices. The polls were close during most of the summer as Romney made several gaffes on a trip to Europe and Israel during the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">Olympics</a>. He was also hurt by the release of a speech he delivered at a campaign fundraiser in which suggested that 47 percent of Americans, who did not pay federal income taxes, would "vote for the President, no matter what" because they felt "entitled to health care, to food, to housing - you name it." </p><p>After the conventions, Obama had a clear lead until he did poorly in the first debate. Romney took the lead, and the polls were tied in early and mid-October. The Democrats then regained their momentum but Obama became the first President to win re-election by a narrower margin in both the popular vote and in the Electoral College. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016"><span class="anchor" id="2016_United_States_presidential_election"></span>2016</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2016_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2016_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2016_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2016_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2016_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2016_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2016 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (R) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (D) % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">(L)</a> % </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">(G)</a> % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">June </td> <td>36% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>5% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">July </td> <td>37% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>38% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>40% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">August </td> <td>38% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>36% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>37% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>38% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">September </td> <td>39% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>42% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">October </td> <td>41% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>39% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>40% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">November </td> <td>43% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>42% </td> <td>46% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>46.09% </td> <td>48.18% </td> <td>3.28% </td> <td>1.13% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+4.09% </td> <td>+2.18% </td> <td>-1.72% </td> <td>-0.87% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Political outsider and businessman Donald Trump and former First Lady and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton were seen unfavorably by many pollsters and pundits, and it was predicted that Trump would lose by a large margin to Democratic opponent Clinton. Trump won over many white, blue-collar workers in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> regions (former Democratic strongholds), enabling him to win the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote by slightly over two percent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020"><span class="anchor" id="2020_United_States_Presidential_election"></span>2020</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Presidential_Polls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2020_Presidential_Polls.png/220px-2020_Presidential_Polls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2020_Presidential_Polls.png/330px-2020_Presidential_Polls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2020_Presidential_Polls.png/440px-2020_Presidential_Polls.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2020 Presidential Polls</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Month </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D) % </th> <th>Donald Trump (R) % </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">February </td> <td>50% </td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">March </td> <td>50% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">April </td> <td>47% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">May </td> <td>47% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>48% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">June </td> <td>49% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">July </td> <td>50% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">August </td> <td>49% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">September </td> <td>49% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>50% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>49% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">October </td> <td>51% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>52% </td> <td>42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>51% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>51% </td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Actual result </td> <td>51.31% </td> <td>46.86% </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9bddff;"> <td>Difference between actual result and final poll </td> <td>+0.31% </td> <td>+2.86% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Former Vice President Joe Biden had been leading in most national polls, but President Donald Trump believed that the polls would underestimate him again. Although the polls had underestimated Trump's strength nationally and in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, Biden won back the blue Midwestern states and made inroads in the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> to win the election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hillygus_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillygus_2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHillygus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hillygus, D. S. (December 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/75/5/962/1830219">"The Evolution of Election Polling in the United States"</a>. <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i>. <b>75</b> (5): 962–981. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfr054">10.1093/poq/nfr054</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Election+Polling+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=962-981&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpoq%2Fnfr054&rft.aulast=Hillygus&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpoq%2Farticle%2F75%2F5%2F962%2F1830219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Poll" in <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, 6th ed.' New York. Columbia University Press. 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/746941797">746941797</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer" class="citation web cs1">Shafer, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/11/09/journalism-polls-reporting-politics-520427">"Opinion | Journalists Are Hooked on Polls and They'll Stay That Way"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Journalists+Are+Hooked+on+Polls+and+They%27ll+Stay+That+Way&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F11%2F09%2Fjournalism-polls-reporting-politics-520427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630070844/http://www.gallup.com/poll/110548/gallup-presidential-election-trialheat-trends-19362004.aspx#4">"Gallup Presidential Election Trial-Heat Trends, 1936-2008"</a>. <i>gallup.com</i>. Gallup, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/110548/gallup-presidential-election-trialheat-trends-19362004.aspx#4">the original</a> on June 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gallup.com&rft.atitle=Gallup+Presidential+Election+Trial-Heat+Trends%2C+1936-2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F110548%2Fgallup-presidential-election-trialheat-trends-19362004.aspx%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquire1988" class="citation journal cs1">Squire, Peverill (Spring 1988). "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed". <i>The Public Opinion Quarterly</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 125–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F269085">10.1086/269085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Why+the+1936+Literary+Digest+Poll+Failed&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-133&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F269085&rft.aulast=Squire&rft.aufirst=Peverill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Dickey" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1936.html">"1936 Roosevelt v. Landon"</a>. Kennesaw.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1936+Roosevelt+v.+Landon&rft.pub=Kennesaw.edu&rft.au=Derrick+Dickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennesaw.edu%2Fpols%2F3380%2Fpres%2F1936.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Dickey" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1940.html">"1940 Roosevelt v. Willkie"</a>. Kennesaw.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1940+Roosevelt+v.+Willkie&rft.pub=Kennesaw.edu&rft.au=Derrick+Dickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennesaw.edu%2Fpols%2F3380%2Fpres%2F1940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Dickey" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028093512/http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1944.html">"1944 Roosevelt v. Dewey"</a>. Kennesaw.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1944.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1944+Roosevelt+v.+Dewey&rft.pub=Kennesaw.edu&rft.au=Derrick+Dickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennesaw.edu%2Fpols%2F3380%2Fpres%2F1944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_J._Enten2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Enten" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry J. Enten">Harry J. Enten</a> (October 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/clinton-trump-probably-wont-be-the-next-dewey-defeats-truman">"Clinton-Trump Probably Won't Be The Next 'Dewey Defeats Truman'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. FiveThirtyEight<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clinton-Trump+Probably+Won%27t+Be+The+Next+%27Dewey+Defeats+Truman%27&rft.pub=FiveThirtyEight&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.au=Harry+J.+Enten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fclinton-trump-probably-wont-be-the-next-dewey-defeats-truman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.O._Box_4004062012" class="citation web cs1">P.O. Box 400406 (August 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905092711/http://millercenter.org/president/truman/essays/biography/3">"American President: Harry S. Truman: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. Millercenter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/truman/essays/biography/3">the original</a> on September 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+President%3A+Harry+S.+Truman%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.pub=Millercenter.org&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft.au=P.O.+Box+400406&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ftruman%2Fessays%2Fbiography%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycentral.com/elections/1952.html">"Election of 1952"</a>. Historycentral.com. December 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+of+1952&rft.pub=Historycentral.com&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycentral.com%2Felections%2F1952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_3713000/3713436.stm">"BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1956: Eisenhower re-elected with record vote"</a>. BBC News. November 7, 1956<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+ON+THIS+DAY+%26%23124%3B+7+%26%23124%3B+1956%3A+Eisenhower+re-elected+with+record+vote&rft.date=1956-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F7%2Fnewsid_3713000%2F3713436.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1956.html">"1956: We Still Like Ike"</a>. Kennesaw.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1956%3A+We+Still+Like+Ike&rft.pub=Kennesaw.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennesaw.edu%2Fpols%2F3380%2Fpres%2F1956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Campaign-of-1960.aspx">"Campaign of 1960 - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum"</a>. Jfklibrary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+of+1960+-+John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.pub=Jfklibrary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FJFK%2FJFK-in-History%2FCampaign-of-1960.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrick_Dickey" class="citation web cs1">Derrick Dickey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525120029/http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1972.html">"1972 Nixon v. McGovern"</a>. Kennesaw.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1972.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1972+Nixon+v.+McGovern&rft.pub=Kennesaw.edu&rft.au=Derrick+Dickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennesaw.edu%2Fpols%2F3380%2Fpres%2F1972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.csulb.edu/~astevens/posc420/files/hibbs.html">"The Economy and the 1980 Elections: Evidencefrom Statistical Data and Models"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economy+and+the+1980+Elections%3A+Evidencefrom+Statistical+Data+and+Models&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.csulb.edu%2F~astevens%2Fposc420%2Ffiles%2Fhibbs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/19/us/approval-rating-for-reagan-is-lowest-ever-in-gallup-poll.html">"Approval Rating for Reagan is Lowest Ever in Gallup Poll"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 19, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Approval+Rating+for+Reagan+is+Lowest+Ever+in+Gallup+Poll&rft.date=1982-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F08%2F19%2Fus%2Fapproval-rating-for-reagan-is-lowest-ever-in-gallup-poll.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstone1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenstone, Steven J. (Winter 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079866">"Explaining the 1984 Presidential Election"</a>. <i>The Brookings Review</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 25–32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20079866">20079866</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+1984+Presidential+Election&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-32&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20079866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rosenstone&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20079866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~action/overview.html">"2000 Presidential Election Overview"</a>. Gwu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2000+Presidential+Election+Overview&rft.pub=Gwu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~action%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2539128">"Lexington: John Kerry, flip-flopper?"</a>. The Economist. March 27, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lexington%3A+John+Kerry%2C+flip-flopper%3F&rft.date=2004-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2539128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore2008" class="citation news cs1">Isidore, Chris (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2008/12/01/news/economy/recession/index.htm">"It's official: U.S. in a recession since December 2007 - Dec. 1, 2008"</a>. Money.cnn.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%3A+U.S.+in+a+recession+since+December+2007+-+Dec.+1%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Isidore&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2008%2F12%2F01%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Frecession%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/105691/mccain-vs-obama-28-clinton-backers-mccain.aspx">"If McCain vs. Obama, 28% of Clinton Backers Go for McCain"</a>. Gallup.com. March 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+McCain+vs.+Obama%2C+28%25+of+Clinton+Backers+Go+for+McCain&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F105691%2Fmccain-vs-obama-28-clinton-backers-mccain.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/27/gop.react/">"GOP cheers Obama's historic stride, but doubts his experience - CNN"</a>. Articles.cnn.com. August 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GOP+cheers+Obama%27s+historic+stride%2C+but+doubts+his+experience+-+CNN&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F08%2F27%2Fgop.react%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2012/president/us/general_election_romney_vs_obama-1171.html">"2012 General Election: Romney vs. Obama"</a>. <i>RealClearPolitics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearPolitics&rft.atitle=2012+General+Election%3A+Romney+vs.+Obama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fepolls%2F2012%2Fpresident%2Fus%2Fgeneral_election_romney_vs_obama-1171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2016/president/us/general_election_trump_vs_clinton_vs_johnson_vs_stein-5952.html">"2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton vs. Johnson vs. Stein"</a>. <i>RealClearPolitics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearPolitics&rft.atitle=2016+General+Election%3A+Trump+vs.+Clinton+vs.+Johnson+vs.+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fepolls%2F2016%2Fpresident%2Fus%2Fgeneral_election_trump_vs_clinton_vs_johnson_vs_stein-5952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Alexia2016" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Alexia (November 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/11/one-reason-the-rust-belt-turned-red/507611/">"One Reason the Rust Belt Turned Red"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Reason+the+Rust+Belt+Turned+Red&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Alexia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2016%2F11%2Fone-reason-the-rust-belt-turned-red%2F507611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2020/president/us/general_election_trump_vs_biden-6247.html">"2020 General Election: Trump vs. Biden"</a>. <i>RealClearPolitics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearPolitics&rft.atitle=2020+General+Election%3A+Trump+vs.+Biden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fepolls%2F2020%2Fpresident%2Fus%2Fgeneral_election_trump_vs_biden-6247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolling+for+United+States+presidential+elections" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&oldid=1249814635">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&oldid=1249814635</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidential elections in the United States">Presidential elections in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_relating_to_the_United_States_presidency" title="Category:Lists relating to the United States presidency">Lists relating to the United States presidency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Opinion_polling_for_elections_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Opinion polling for elections in the United States">Opinion polling for elections in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2020">Use mdy dates from October 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 23:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qmr87","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.575","walltime":"0.756","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2527,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":753,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":109058,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 524.870 1 -total"," 45.67% 239.696 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.95% 99.448 1 Template:Short_description"," 16.29% 85.516 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.93% 78.338 1 Template:United_States_presidential_elections"," 14.53% 76.246 1 Template:Navbox"," 13.33% 69.979 18 Template:Cite_web"," 8.80% 46.190 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.43% 44.255 10 Template:Main_article"," 5.58% 29.311 1 Template:ISBN?"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.298","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6052464,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nbpzk","timestamp":"20241122145006","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polling for United States presidential elections","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16843501","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16843501","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-08-28T23:49:41Z","dateModified":"2024-10-06T23:57:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Democrat_Republican_Vote_Spread_By_Year_update_1.png","headline":"Wikipedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>