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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1948 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_state_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_state_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1948 state election results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_state_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disbandment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disbandment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Disbandment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disbandment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Communist influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pop culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prominent supporters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidential tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_(1948)" title="Progressive Party (1948) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Progressive Party (1948)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Progresista_(Estados_Unidos,_1948)" title="Partido Progresista (Estados Unidos, 1948) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Progresista (Estados Unidos, 1948)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_progressiste_(%C3%89tats-Unis,_1948)" title="Parti progressiste (États-Unis, 1948) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti progressiste (États-Unis, 1948)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A9%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB_1948)" title="進歩党 (アメリカ 1948) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進歩党 (アメリカ 1948)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_progressive_parti_(1948)" title="Det progressive parti (1948) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det progressive parti (1948)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Post%C4%99powa_(1948)" title="Partia Postępowa (1948) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Postępowa (1948)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90,_1948)" title="Прогрессивная партия (США, 1948) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прогрессивная партия (США, 1948)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressiva_partiet_(USA,_1948)" title="Progressiva partiet (USA, 1948) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Progressiva partiet (USA, 1948)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1948_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83)" title="Прогресивна партія США (1948 року) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прогресивна партія США (1948 року)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Progressive political party in the United States (1948–1955)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1948 Progressive Party. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Progressive Party (disambiguation)">Progressive Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #5FD170; border-bottom:2px solid #5FD170; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Progressive Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">PP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chair</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy Chair</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot Roosevelt">Elliot Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1948<span class="noprint">; 76 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1948</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1955<span class="noprint">; 69 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1955</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">state Progressive Parties: <a href="/wiki/California_Progressive_Party" title="California Progressive Party">CA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Progressive_Party" title="Washington Progressive Party">WA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">OR</a>, MN, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">VT</a><br />indirectly: <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5FD170; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #5FD170;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Progressive Party</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> that served as a vehicle for the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, to become <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in 1948. The party sought racial desegregation, the establishment of a national health insurance system, an expansion of the welfare system, and the nationalization of the energy industry. The party also sought conciliation with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>Wallace had served as vice president under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> but was dropped from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> ticket in 1944. Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Wallace emerged as a prominent critic of President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s Cold War policies. Wallace's supporters held the <a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948 Progressive National Convention</a>, which nominated a ticket consisting of Wallace and Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. Despite challenges from Wallace, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>, Truman won election to a full term in the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a>. Wallace won 2.4% of the vote, which was far less than the share received by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, the presidential nominees of the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">1912</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">1924 Progressive Party</a> tickets, respectively. Neither of those parties was directly related to Wallace's party, though these parties did carry over ideological groups and influenced many members of the 1948 Progressive Party. </p><p>In 1950, at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Wallace recanted his foreign policy views and became estranged from his former supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party nominated attorney <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a> to run for president in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, and Hallinan won 0.2% of the national popular vote. The party began to disband in 1955 as opponents of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communism</a> became increasingly unpopular, and was fully dissolved, with the exception of a few affiliated state Progressive Parties, by the late 1960s. </p><p>The Progressive Party of Henry Wallace was, and remains, controversial due to the issue of communist influence. The party served as a safe haven for communists, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travelers</a> and anti-war <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a>. Prominent Progressive Party supporters included U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a><sup id="cite_ref-A_Double_Life_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Double_Life-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, briefly, actress <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slogan of the "New Party", and the name many used to refer to the party forming around Henry Wallace, was appropriately "Fight for Peace". A major drive for Henry Wallace had always been the ending of the hostile relations between the Soviet Union and the United States and the acceptance of Soviet influence in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.lib.uiowa.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace had first espoused such views in 1944, but before long they took a more dramatic tone, as a sense of urgency and anxiety for peace settled in with the beginning of the arms race and the Cold War: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I urge elimination of groups and factions in this new party movement. This movement is as broad as humanity itself. I urge that we accept all people who wish for a peaceful understanding between the United States and Soviet Russia. [....] We can get the support of these people if they realize that we do not represent one group. If we are going to be a party of 20 million, there are going to be many kinds of people in that party. Keep the door open. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, from a speech in April 1948<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>While the "New Party" may be best remembered for its anti-war, pro-Soviet relations, it sought to include a very broad range of issues and interests. Wallace, and many others in the party, sought to create something more than a single-issue party, to the objection of other leaders in the party who felt that would be their undoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093–94_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093–94-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The platform of the party and the range of issues it covered show the diversity of the people who formed the "New Party" in 1948, who included many socialists as well as Communists. Among the policies the Progressive Party hoped to implement were the end of all <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws and segregation in the South, the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, the continuation of many <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies including national health insurance and unemployment benefits, the expansion of the welfare system, and the nationalization of the energy industry among others.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.lib.uiowa.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg/220px-Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg/330px-Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg/440px-Progressive-Citizens-of-America-1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a> members, 1947. From left, seated, <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a>; standing, <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Davidson" title="Jo Davidson">Jo Davidson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of the Progressive Party began in 1946, after <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> and former Vice President and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> was sacked in 1946 from the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> having begun to publicly oppose Truman's policies. Calls for a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">third party</a> had been growing even before Wallace, whom <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> replaced as vice president with the more moderate Truman at the <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 Democratic National Convention</a>, left the Truman Administration. </p><p>The political action committee of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> formed the National Citizens Political Action Committee (NCPAC) during the 1944 election to broaden its support outside of labor. The Independent Voters Committee, which was formed during the 1940 election, grew into the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Citizens_Committee_of_the_Arts,_Sciences_and_Professions" title="Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions">Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions</a> (ICCASP) in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196094–95_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196094–95-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace dissented from the hard line that Truman was taking against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a stance that won him favor among fellow travelers and others who were opposed to what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. He received support from two major organizations, NCPAC and ICCASP.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.lib.uiowa.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCPAC and ICCASP held a conference in Chicago from September 28–29, 1946, in order to discuss a common political strategy. <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Murray" title="Philip Murray">Philip Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kroll_(labor_leader)" title="Jack Kroll (labor leader)">Jack Kroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_White_(NAACP)" title="Walter White (NAACP)">Walter White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> were among the speakers. Morgenthau and White were both critical of efforts to form a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196025–26_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196025–26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two organizations merged on December 30 into the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a> (PCA),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196027_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196027-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which formed the backbone of the Progressive Party and Henry Wallace's bid for president on July 23–25, 1948, when the <a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948 Progressive National Convention</a> in Philadelphia launched a "New Party" to a crowd of enthusiastic liberal and left-leaning citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.lib.uiowa.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Marzani" title="Carl Marzani">Carl Marzani's</a> film of the convention, whose soundtrack consists of inspirational words and songs recorded elsewhere, shows both meetings leading up to the convention and the convention itself.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace and the PCA attempted to gain support from liberal Republicans, but U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> rejected their efforts and stated that "the only hope for sane and sound progressive politics is through liberalizing the Republican party".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196031_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitney, who was previously critical of Truman and threatened to finance a third-party campaign, praised him after Truman vetoed the Taft–Hartley Act and stated that the veto "vindicated him in the eyes of labor". Whitney and <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Railroad_Trainmen" title="Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen">Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen</a> had been supporters of Wallace since the 1944 convention. Kroll and the CIO announced on October 16, 1947, that they would not lead in the formation of a new political party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033–34_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196033–34-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Independent Progressive Party was formed in California with the support of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Townsend" title="Francis Townsend">Francis Townsend</a>'s organization. The party needed to collect 275,970 signatures in three months in order to be on the 1948 ballot, but Wallace had not announced his presidential candidacy yet. The PCA announced its support for a Wallace candidacy on December 17. Wallace stated that during 1947 it was <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kingdon" title="Frank Kingdon">Frank Kingdon</a>, co-chair of the PCA, that pressured him the most to run for president. However, Kingdon, who was seeking the Democratic nomination in <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1948 United States Senate election in New Jersey">New Jersey's U.S. Senate election</a>, resigned as co-chair and stated that he wanted Wallace to run for the Democratic nomination rather than as a third-party candidate. Bartley Crum, vice-chair of the PCA, also resigned. Wallace launched his presidential campaign on December 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196034–36_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196034–36-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> (ALP) "formally organized itself as the New York branch of the Progressive Party." The ALP also helped form a "New York State Wallace for President" conference, held on April 3, 1948. During the Progressive Party's convention <a href="/wiki/Elinor_S._Gimbel" title="Elinor S. Gimbel">Elinor S. Gimbel</a> was on the Arrangements committee, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Isacson" title="Leo Isacson">Leo Isacson</a> on Credentials, <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a> on Rules, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Van_Kleeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Van Kleeck">Mary Van Kleeck</a> on Platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Withering_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withering-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Progressives declined to create their own ballot line in New York and instead solely used the ALP's line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace was uninvolved with the creation of the party's organization and instead had <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Benham_Baldwin" title="Calvin Benham Baldwin">Calvin Benham Baldwin</a> manage it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960100_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960100-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party held its national convention each year, rather than the traditional four, in the vein of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960199_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960199-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_election">1948 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1948 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party suffered from a lack of union support. The CIO called for all of its ALP-affiliated unions to disaffiliate and the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Clothing_Workers_of_America" title="Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America">Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America</a> withdrew its support of the ALP after the party endorsed Wallace for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196064_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196064-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fitzgerald" title="Albert Fitzgerald">Albert Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Emspak" title="Julius Emspak">Julius Emspak</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Electrical,_Radio_and_Machine_Workers_of_America" title="United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America">United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America</a> formed a committee supporting Wallace, but were unable to have the executive board endorse him. The <a href="/wiki/Steel_Workers_Organizing_Committee" title="Steel Workers Organizing Committee">Steel Workers Organizing Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> opposed Wallace. <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(U.S._labor_leader)" title="William Green (U.S. labor leader)">William Green</a>, president of the AFL, also opposed Wallace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196066–67_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196066–67-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isacson was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_24th_congressional_district" title="New York's 24th congressional district">New York's 24th congressional district</a> in a 1948 special election. Baldwin, Wallace's campaign manager, stated that Isacson's victory was proof that the United States wanted a new party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196067–70_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196067–70-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wallace attempted to gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196080_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196080-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace supporters controlled a majority of the DFL's executive committee and would have controlled the state convention had <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> not held an unscheduled meeting of the party's central committee. Humphrey was able to set all of the convention details and committees. Wallace's supporters only won 19 of the 85 county convention delegations and the convention's credentials committee refused to seat these delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960147_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960147-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing members of the DFL held a rival convention and nominated a slate of pro-Wallace electors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960107_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960107-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Holm" title="Mike Holm">Mike Holm</a> accepted the left-wing slate, but those electors were invalidated by a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a> ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960148_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960148-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party initially expected Wallace's campaign to cost around $3 million. This would come from fundraisers by the PCA, left-wing unions, and admissions to rallies. Anita McCormick Blaine, a heiress of <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">International Harvester</a>, donated over $100,000 to the party according to Wallace. The party planned on raising $1 million from union organizations, but only raised $9,025 compared to Truman's $1.5 million. The membership of the <a href="/wiki/International_Fur_%26_Leather_Workers_Union" title="International Fur & Leather Workers Union">International Fur & Leather Workers Union</a>, under the leadership of communist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gold" title="Ben Gold">Ben Gold</a>, was the largest union donors, with over $21,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960154–161_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960154–161-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over $3.3 million was raised during the campaign, $1.2 million at the national level and $1.3 million at the state and local level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960173_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960173-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If all of the votes Wallace received went to Truman then only the states of Maryland, Michigan, and Maryland would have flipped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running as peace candidates in the nascent Cold War era, the Wallace-Taylor ticket garnered no votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a> and only 2.4% of the popular vote, a far smaller share than most pundits had anticipated; some historians have suggested that the Progressive campaign did Truman more good than harm, as their strident criticism of his foreign policy helped to undercut Republican claims that the administration's policies were insufficiently anti-Communist. Nearly half of these votes came in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (possibly tipping the state and its 47 electoral votes from Truman to Dewey), where Wallace ran on the ALP ballot line. </p><p>The Progressives ran 114 candidates for U.S. House across twenty-five states and nine U.S. Senate candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960226_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcantonio, who was an incumbent representative, was their only candidate to win and Isacson lost reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor, who was the party's only member in the U.S. Senate, left and returned to the Democratic Party after the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960282_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960282-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_state_election_results">1948 state election results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1948 state election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, the anti-war Progressive Party was active in 1948 and faced discrimination in this state also. On May 31, 1948, for instance, Mayor <a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">James Michael Curley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, a Democrat, denied the use of the bandstand on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common_(park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Common (park)">Boston Common</a> to the Progressive Party of Massachusetts. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The following month, however, on June 29, one of the African-American leaders of the Progressive Party, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, was allowed to speak in the Crystal Ballroom in Boston's Hotel Bradford. In <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, in 1948, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Foster_Durr" title="Virginia Foster Durr">Virginia Foster Durr</a> ran for the U.S. Senate seat on the Progressive ticket. </p><p>The party had 228,688 registered voters in New York and 22,461 in California.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disbandment">Disbandment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disbandment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a> resigned in 1949, causing a <a href="/wiki/1949_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_York" title="1949 United States Senate special election in New York">special election</a> to be held. Marcantonio sought to have Wallace run, which would have aided Marcantonio in the concurrent <a href="/wiki/1949_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1949 New York City mayoral election">New York City mayoral election</a>, but Wallace declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960292_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960292-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second national convention was held in Chicago in February 1950, with around 1,200 delegates from 35 states in attendance. Wallace denounced communist members of the party and stated that "Our principles are vastly different from those of the Communist Party". Wallace proposed a program with ten points that would stop the United States from falling to war, fascism, and communism. The plank was heavily debated before Marcantonio ended it by giving his support to the plank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960298-300_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960298-300-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1948 election, Wallace grew increasingly estranged from the party. His speeches started to include mild criticism of Soviet foreign policy, which was anathema to many leftists in the party. The final break came in 1950, when the Progressive Party's executive committee issued a policy statement against US military involvement in Korea, and soundly rejected Wallace's proposed language criticizing the invasion by communist <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Wallace came out in support of American intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/O._John_Rogge" title="O. John Rogge">O. John Rogge</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart_Martin_(author)" title="James Stewart Martin (author)">James Stewart Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_E._T._Camper" title="John E. T. Camper">John E. T. Camper</a> supported Wallace's stance. Resolutions condemning Wallace's support for intervention were passed by the affiliates in Connecticut, Maryland, and New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960305–306_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960305–306-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace left the party three weeks after announcing his support for intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin, Camper, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I._Emerson" title="Thomas I. Emerson">Thomas I. Emerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Corliss Lamont</a>, and others also left the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960308_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960308-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcantonio lost reelection to the U.S. House in the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960310_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960310-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Bass" title="Charlotta Bass">Charlotta Bass</a> were the party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 United States presidential election</a>. They received 140,000 votes nationally with around half being from New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960312_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960312-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter J. Hawley, chair of the ALP, announced its dissolution in October 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960311_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960311-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_influence">Communist influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communist influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, 51% of people polled by the <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">American Institute of Public Opinion</a> believed that the Progressives were dominated by communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960259_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960259-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, a friend of Roosevelt who had endorsed him in the 1944 election, refused to be involved with Wallace's presidential campaign. Welles later described Wallace as "a prisoner of the [U.S.] Communist Party. He would never do anything to upset them."<sup id="cite_ref-Biskind_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biskind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p. 66</sup> James Imbrie, the chair of the Progressive Party in New Jersey and <a href="/wiki/1949_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1949 New Jersey gubernatorial election">1949 gubernatorial nominee</a>, rejected support from the New Jersey Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960297_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960297-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In February 1948, two days before a special election put American Labor Party candidate Isacson into Congress, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> analyzed the shifting background of the Progressive Party:</p><blockquote><p>The question involved in the special election is how strongly the Labor [ALP] party vote will hold up after withdrawal of the ACWA and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> unions from the Labor party because of its support of Mr. Wallace's candidacy for President, which has left the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communists</a> and other left-wing elements in complete control of that party's organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Test_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>More broadly, in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>, the Democrats nominated Harry Truman to run for a full term while New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">lost to Roosevelt in 1944</a>, was renominated by the Republican Party. Dewey had defeated the isolationist, non-interventionist senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> for the GOP nomination and favored an aggressive policy against the USSR. </p><p> The former Communist National Committee member Bella Dodd asserts in <i>School of Darkness</i> that the Progressive Party of 1948 had Wallace as its voice and "inspirational leader" but was really controlled by top U.S. Communists, in particular <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a>, who filled the staff of the new party with people loyal to themselves and dictated self-defeating policies to the Progressive Party. Dodd concluded:</p><blockquote><p>The reason they wanted a small limited Progressive Party was because it was the only kind they could control. They wanted to control it because they wanted a political substitute for the Communist Party, which they expected would soon be made illegal. A limited and controlled Progressive Party would be a cover organization and a substitute for the Communist Party if the latter were outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians have disputed the degree to which Communists shaped the party. Most agree that Wallace paid very little attention to internal party affairs. Historians Schapsmeier and Schapsmeier argue (1970 p 181): </p> <blockquote> <p>[The Progressive Party] stood for one thing and Wallace another. Actually the party organization was controlled from the outset by those representing the radical left and not liberalism per se. This made it extremely easy for Communists and fellow travelers to infiltrate into important positions within the party machinery. Once this happened, party stands began to resemble a party line. Campaign literature, speech materials, and campaign slogans sounded strangely like echoes of what Moscow wanted to hear. As if wearing moral blinkers, Wallace increasingly became an imperceptive ideologue. Words were uttered by Wallace that did not sound like him, and his performance took on a strange Jekyll and Hyde quality—one moment he was a peace protagonist and the next a propaganda parrot for the Kremlin. </p> </blockquote> <p>One historian (further to the left than the Schapsmeiers) explores the internal dynamic (Schmidt 258–9): </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>At one pole were the extreme leftists, three closely related groups—admitted Communists, past and present; the party-liners and fellow travelers who failed to differ noticeably with the Communists as to either policy or principle; and finally those non-Communists who, in … 1944–50 failed to take issue with the Communists on policy, but whose underlying principles seemingly differed.…</li> <li>In the middle were grouped an apparently large majority of Progressive Party followers—the moderates. Exemplified by both national candidates, these individuals were willing to accept Communist support, because they felt that it was inconsistent, in the light of their ideals, to oppose Redbaiting by others, yet attempt to read Communists out of the new party.</li> <li>At the right were arrayed those who, feeling that Communist support should have been disavowed in no uncertain terms, yet were unwilling to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">ADA</a> tactic of violent attack on the Communists. This group would have approved making the Progressives "non-Communist" rather than "anti-Communist", excluding but not assailing the Reds. Most persons sharing this view had, like <a href="/wiki/Max_Lerner" title="Max Lerner">Max Lerner</a>, completely avoided the party, but others like <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Guy_Tugwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexford Guy Tugwell">Rexford Guy Tugwell</a> joined and stayed, if reluctantly, through the campaign.…</li> <li>In the period following 1948, party members were hounded by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Unamerican Activities Committee</a>, from job to job. Members found themselves fired from even the lowest of <a href="/wiki/Day_labor" title="Day labor">day labor</a> jobs by FBI agents and others. Although historians point out that groups tended to leave the party in the order of their views from right to left, with most of the rightists departing during or shortly after the campaign, accompanied by many of the moderates. And the moderate defection, so marked following election day, 1948, becoming a nearly complete walkout in the summer of 1950, with the policy rift over Korea and Wallace's departure. Consequently, by the close of 1951 the few remaining portions of the Wallace Progressive Party were composed almost exclusively of the earlier extreme left group. These were the ones who had favored a "narrow" organization; after the Wallace break, they finally achieved this goal, with the departure of almost everyone else, this does not take into account the huge pressure to conform and stop the activism by HUAC and FBI. The fact that the member of congress defeated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joe McCarthy</a> was <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette, Jr.">Robert La Follette Jr</a>, as an irony not lost on these activists.</li></ul> </blockquote> <p>In her book <i>School of Darkness</i> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American Communist Party</a> National Committee member who later left and went on to give anti-Communist testimony before Congress, wrote about a June 1947 Communist National Committee meeting she attended at which the founding of the 1948 Progressive Party was planned: </p> <blockquote><p>The point of it all came near the end, when <a href="/wiki/John_Gates" title="John Gates">[John] Gates</a> read that a third party would be very effective in 1948, but only if we could get Henry Wallace to be its candidate. </p><p>There it was, plainly stated. The Communists were proposing a third party, a farmer-labor party, as a political maneuver for the 1948 elections. They were even picking the candidate. </p><p>When Gates had finished, I took the floor. I said that while I would not rule out the possibility of building a farmer-labor party, surely the decision to place a third party in 1948 should be based not on whether Henry Wallace would run, but on whether a third party would help meet the needs of workers and farmers in America. And if a third party were to participate in the 1948 elections, the decision should be made immediately by bona-fide labor and farmer groups, and not delayed until some secret and unknown persons made the decision. </p><p>My remarks were heard in icy silence. When I had finished, the committee with no answer to my objection simply went on to other work. </p><p> However, it was becoming evident that the top clique was having a hard time with this proposition. It was also clear that <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">[Eugene] Dennis</a> and his clique of smart boys were reserving to themselves the right to make the final decision, and that the Party in general was being kept pretty much in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1948 Progressive Party is only tenuously connected to the original <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912–1932). </p><p>Members of the 1948 Progressive Party, however, have joined the later state Progressive Parties, thus linking the 1948-1960s group to the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Wisconsin Progressive Party</a>, Minnesota Progressive Party, <a href="/wiki/California_Progressive_Party" title="California Progressive Party">California Progressive Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Oregon Progressive Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Progressive_Party" title="Washington Progressive Party">Washington Progressive Party</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a> of the 1980s and 90s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_culture">Pop culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pop culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of <a href="/wiki/The_Kingston_Trio" title="The Kingston Trio">The Kingston Trio's</a> most popular folk songs in the 1950s, "<a href="/wiki/M.T.A._(song)" title="M.T.A. (song)">The MTA Song</a>", was written by supporters of the Progressive Party of Massachusetts' 1949 Boston mayoralty candidate, <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._O%27Brien" title="Walter A. O'Brien">Walter A. O'Brien</a>. After Boston's publicly funded MTA purchased the privately owned Boston Elevated Railway's subway and trolley system for $30 per share more than each share was worth, the MTA imposed a fare increase on the citizens of Boston. Progressive Party mayoral candidate O'Brien then led unusually large protests against the MTA fare increase before the 1949 mayoral election. But although his campaign's anti-fare increase song was subsequently turned into a national hit record in the 1950s, O'Brien failed to win the local Boston election in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-moskowitz26122010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moskowitz26122010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KingstonTrio_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingstonTrio-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When The Kingston Trio decided to record "The MTA Song", it was apparently agreed to change the first name of the O'Brien referred to in the song from "Walter" to "George", because it was feared that a hit record which referred to "Walter O'Brien" would make it even more difficult than it already was for the former Progressive Party candidate to find a New England employer who was willing to hire him during the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_supporters">Prominent supporters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prominent supporters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Wallace's bid for the presidency attracted the support of many prominent people in academia and the arts. Among those who publicly supported Wallace were <a href="/wiki/Larry_Adler" title="Larry Adler">Larry Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">George Antheil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Bloomgarden" title="Kermit Bloomgarden">Kermit Bloomgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Carnovsky" title="Morris Carnovsky">Morris Carnovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_J._Cobb" title="Lee J. Cobb">Lee J. Cobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_da_Silva" title="Howard da Silva">Howard da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. DuBois">W. E. B. DuBois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Fast" title="Howard Fast">Howard Fast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Holliday" title="Judy Holliday">Judy Holliday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libby_Holman" title="Libby Holman">Libby Holman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burl_Ives" title="Burl Ives">Burl Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Jaffe" title="Sam Jaffe">Sam Jaffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garson_Kanin" title="Garson Kanin">Garson Kanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_E._Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard E. Koch">Howard E. Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Lawson" title="John Howard Lawson">John Howard Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Lee" title="Canada Lee">Canada Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Maltz" title="Albert Maltz">Albert Maltz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._J._Perelman" title="S. J. Perelman">S. J. Perelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Revere" title="Anne Revere">Anne Revere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budd_Schulberg" title="Budd Schulberg">Budd Schulberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Scott" title="Adrian Scott">Adrian Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artie_Shaw" title="Artie Shaw">Artie Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Doren_Stern" title="Philip Van Doren Stern">Philip Van Doren Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">I. F. Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Untermeyer" title="Louis Untermeyer">Louis Untermeyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oona_O%27Neill" title="Oona O'Neill">Oona O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Ferrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Ferrer">Jose Ferrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zero_Mostel" title="Zero Mostel">Zero Mostel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-We_Are_For_Wallace_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-We_Are_For_Wallace-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawson, Maltz and Scott were members of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood Ten">Hollywood Ten</a>, members of the movie industry who were called before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC) for suspected membership in the Communist Party. Many of Wallace's public supporters were similarly brought before HUAC and were blacklisted if they did not cooperate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_tickets">Presidential tickets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential tickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th width="300">Presidential nominee </th> <th>Home state </th> <th width="300">Previous positions </th> <th width="300">Vice presidential nominee </th> <th>Home state </th> <th width="300">Previous positions </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1474" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">United States Secretary of Agriculture</a><br />(1933–1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a><br />(1941–1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a><br />(1945–1946)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glentaylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/100px-Glentaylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg/150px-Glentaylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Glentaylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="225" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from Idaho<br />(1945–1951)</span> </td> <td>1,157,328 (2.4%)<br />0 EV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincent_Hallinan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/100px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/150px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vincent_Hallinan.jpg/200px-Vincent_Hallinan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="882" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Lawyer</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/100px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/150px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg/200px-Charlotta_Bass-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="873" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Bass" title="Charlotta Bass">Charlotta Bass</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Newspaper publisher, educator, activist</span> </td> <td>140,746 (0.2%)<br />0 EV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a> (PCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party (United States, 1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jencks_v._United_States" title="Jencks v. United States">Jencks v. United States</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Culver and John Hyde, <i>American dreamer: a life of Henry A. Wallace</i> (2001). p. 508 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Double_Life-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Double_Life_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLennon2013" class="citation book cs1">Lennon, Michael (2013). <i>Norman Mailer: A Double Life</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439150191" title="Special:BookSources/9781439150191"><bdi>9781439150191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norman+Mailer%3A+A+Double+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781439150191&rft.aulast=Lennon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1985" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan, Peter W. (February 25, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/25/arts/gable-to-jr-with-ava-gardner.html">"Gable to J.R. with Ava Gardner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Vol. CXXXIV, no. 46331<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gable+to+J.R.+with+Ava+Gardner&rft.volume=CXXXIV&rft.issue=46331&rft.date=1985-02-25&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F02%2F25%2Farts%2Fgable-to-jr-with-ava-gardner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> "When I appeared for Henry Wallace when he ran for President in 1948... <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> called me in and told me I had to stop. He told me that <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> had ruined her career doing things like that."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digital.lib.uiowa.edu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digital.lib.uiowa.edu_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1972" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Mark J. (April 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107002943/http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/bai/epstein.htm">"The Progressive Party of 1948"</a>. <i>Books at Iowa</i>. <b>16</b>: 34–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0006-7474.1338">10.17077/0006-7474.1338</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/bai/epstein.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Books+at+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Progressive+Party+of+1948&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=34-40&rft.date=1972-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2F0006-7474.1338&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fbai%2Fepstein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093–94-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196093–94_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196094–95-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196094–95_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196025–26-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196025–26_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196027-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196027_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Max Glandbard (director) (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:nmaahc_2012.79.1.1.1a?q=guid%3A%22ark%3A%2F65665%2Ffd52d70b541e5404d198a59812b9cfeb89d%22&record=1&hlterm=guid%3A%26quot%3Bark%3A%2F65665%2Ffd52d70b541e5404d198a59812b9cfeb89d%26quot%3B"><i>A People's Convention</i></a> (Motion picture). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196067–70_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt196080-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt196080_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960147-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960147_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960107-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960107_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960148-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960148_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960154–161-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960154–161_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 154–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960173-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960173_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960233_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960226-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960226_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960282-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960282_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117200614/https://ballot-access.org/2016/11/11/libertarian-party-becomes-first-nationally-organized-party-other-than-the-republican-and-democratic-parties-to-have-500000-registrants/">"Libertarian Party Becomes First Nationally-Organized Party, Other than the Republican and Democratic Parties, to Have 500,000 Registrants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a></i>. November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Party+Becomes+First+Nationally-Organized+Party%2C+Other+than+the+Republican+and+Democratic+Parties%2C+to+Have+500%2C000+Registrants&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2016%2F11%2F11%2Flibertarian-party-becomes-first-nationally-organized-party-other-than-the-republican-and-democratic-parties-to-have-500000-registrants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960292-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960292_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960298-300-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960298-300_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 298-300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Culver and John Hyde, <i>American Dreamer: a Life of Henry A. Wallace</i> (New York: Norton, 2000) 505–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960305–306-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960305–306_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, pp. 305–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Culver and John Hyde, <i>American Dreamer: a Life of Henry A. Wallace</i> (New York: Norton, 2000) 505–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960308-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960308_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960310-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960310_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960312-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960312_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960311-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960311_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960259-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960259_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biskind-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biskind_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Biskind (ed.). <i>My Lunches with Orson: Conversations Between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles</i>, Macmillan (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960297-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt1960297_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1960">Schmidt 1960</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Test_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerty1948" class="citation news cs1">Hagerty, James A. (15 February 1948). "Wallace Will Test Strength Tuesday: Showing of His Candidate for House Seat to Be Watched Closely by Politicians". <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace+Will+Test+Strength+Tuesday%3A+Showing+of+His+Candidate+for+House+Seat+to+Be+Watched+Closely+by+Politicians&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1948-02-15&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd1954" class="citation book cs1">Dodd, Bella (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/school-of-darkness"><i>School of Darkness</i></a>. New York: Devin-Adair. pp. 203–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815968047" title="Special:BookSources/9780815968047"><bdi>9780815968047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+of+Darkness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=203-205&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780815968047&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschool-of-darkness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moskowitz26122010-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moskowitz26122010_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitz2010" class="citation news cs1">Moskowitz, Eric (December 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/12/26/charlies_true_history_moves_out_from_the_underground/">"Charlie's true history moves out from the underground"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Charlie%27s+true+history+moves+out+from+the+underground&rft.date=2010-12-26&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmassachusetts%2Farticles%2F2010%2F12%2F26%2Fcharlies_true_history_moves_out_from_the_underground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingstonTrio-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingstonTrio_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033032/http://www.kingstontrio.com/html/charlie_photos.html">"Kingston Trio Tribute Photos"</a>. The Kingston Trio. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingstontrio.com/html/charlie_photos.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Trio+Tribute+Photos&rft.pub=The+Kingston+Trio&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingstontrio.com%2Fhtml%2Fcharlie_photos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rodmacdonald.net/usa.htm">letter from Kate O'Brien Hartig</a>, daughter of Walter, to Rod MacDonald, February 3, 2001. Retrieved July 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-We_Are_For_Wallace-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-We_Are_For_Wallace_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_and_Ruth_Krauss2011" class="citation web cs1">Johnson and Ruth Krauss, Crockett (30 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philnel.com/2011/07/30/cjrk_b/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We Are For Wallace" (Crockett Johnson and Ruth Krauss Biography, Appendix B)"</a>. <i>Nine Kinds of Pie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nine+Kinds+of+Pie&rft.atitle=%22We+Are+For+Wallace%22+%28Crockett+Johnson+and+Ruth+Krauss+Biography%2C+Appendix+B%29&rft.date=2011-07-30&rft.aulast=Johnson+and+Ruth+Krauss&rft.aufirst=Crockett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philnel.com%2F2011%2F07%2F30%2Fcjrk_b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cph/item/96508423/">"Charlie Chaplin with wife Oona in a crowd at rally for campaign of Henry Wallace"</a>. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charlie+Chaplin+with+wife+Oona+in+a+crowd+at+rally+for+campaign+of+Henry+Wallace&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Fcph%2Fitem%2F96508423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidbmorris.medium.com/third-party-presidential-progressive-campaigns-part-5-2e31e050a336">"Third Party Presidential Progressive Campaigns, Part 5"</a>. March 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Third+Party+Presidential+Progressive+Campaigns%2C+Part+5&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidbmorris.medium.com%2Fthird-party-presidential-progressive-campaigns-part-5-2e31e050a336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ticket was cross-nominated by the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> and received 8.25% in New York, its best showing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ticket's best result was in New York, where it received 0.9% of the vote.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1960" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Karl (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallacequi0000karl"><i>Henry A. Wallace: Quixotic Crusade 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0020-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-0020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace%3A+Quixotic+Crusade+1948&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0020-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryawallacequi0000karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_sources">Further reading and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Busch, Andrew E. "Last Gasp: Henry A. Wallace and the End of the Popular Front” <i>Reviews in American History</i> 42#4 (2014), pp. 712–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43663519">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulverHyde2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Culver" title="John Culver">Culver, John</a>; Hyde, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandreamerl0000culv"><i>American dreamer: the life and times of Henry A. Wallace</i></a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393322289" title="Special:BookSources/0393322289"><bdi>0393322289</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804488410">804488410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+dreamer%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Henry+A.+Wallace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804488410&rft.isbn=0393322289&rft.aulast=Culver&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hyde%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandreamerl0000culv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Devine, Thomas W. <i>The eclipse of Progressivism: Henry A. Wallace and the 1948 presidential election</i> (The University of North Carolina Press, 2000). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43663519">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesseltine1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Hesseltine" title="William B. Hesseltine">Hesseltine, William B.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015016902291&view=image&seq=9"><i>The Rise and Fall of Third Parties: From Anti-Masonry to Wallace</i></a>. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844612375" title="Special:BookSources/0844612375"><bdi>0844612375</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185063">185063</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Third+Parties%3A+From+Anti-Masonry+to+Wallace&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=P.+Smith&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185063&rft.isbn=0844612375&rft.aulast=Hesseltine&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015016902291%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lovin, Hugh T. "New Deal Leftists, Henry Wallace and ‘Gideon’s Army,’ and the Progressive Party in Montana, 1937—1952" <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 43#4 (2012), pp. 273–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23534446">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1973" class="citation book cs1">Markowitz, Norman D. (1973). <i>The Rise and Fall of the People's Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941–1948</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017763077">1017763077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+People%27s+Century%3A+Henry+A.+Wallace+and+American+Liberalism%2C+1941%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017763077&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Norman+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nd00norm">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._MacDougall" title="Curtis D. MacDougall">MacDougall, Curtis Daniel</a> (1965). <i>Gideon's Army</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marzani_%26_Munsell" title="Marzani & Munsell">Marzani & Munsell</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1074676">1074676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gideon%27s+Army&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marzani+%26+Munsell&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1074676&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Curtis+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> Reviewed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oakley_C._Johnson" title="Oakley C. Johnson">Johnson, Oakley C.</a> (January 1, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/community.28036998.pdf">"A Time of Heroes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Freedomways" title="Freedomways">Freedomways</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 90–94. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-061X">0016-061X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28036998">community.28036998</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedomways&rft.atitle=A+Time+of+Heroes&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90-94&rft.date=1967-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28036998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0016-061X&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Oakley+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2Fcommunity.28036998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> Three volumes:</li></ul> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gideonsarmy0000macd/page/n5/mode/2up">v. 1. The components of the decision</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gideonsarmy0002macd/page/n5/mode/2up">v. 2. The decision and the organization</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gideonsarmy0000macd_m9q0/page/n5/mode/2up">v. 3. The campaign and the vote</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashHesseltine1959" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Howard P. Jr.; <a href="/wiki/William_B._Hesseltine" title="William B. Hesseltine">Hesseltine, W.B.</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106001181798&view=image&seq=7"><i>Third Parties in American Politics</i></a>. With ills compiled by M.B. Schnapper and an introd. by <a href="/wiki/William_B._Hesseltine" title="William B. Hesseltine">W.B. Hesseltine</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_Press" title="Public Affairs Press">Public Affairs Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/943180107">943180107</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Parties+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F943180107&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Howard+P.+Jr.&rft.au=Hesseltine%2C+W.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.32106001181798%26view%3Dimage%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapsmeierSchapsmeier1970" class="citation book cs1">Schapsmeier, Edward; Schapsmeier, Frederick H. (1970). <i>Prophet in politics : Henry A. Wallace and the war years, 1940-1965</i>. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081381295X" title="Special:BookSources/081381295X"><bdi>081381295X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004915002">1004915002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+in+politics+%3A+Henry+A.+Wallace+and+the+war+years%2C+1940-1965&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=The+Iowa+State+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004915002&rft.isbn=081381295X&rft.aulast=Schapsmeier&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Schapsmeier%2C+Frederick+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallaceofi00scha">online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/prophet-in-politics-henry-a-wallace-and-the-war-years-19401965-by-edward-l-schapsmeier-and-frederick-h-schapsmeier-ames-iowa-the-iowa-state-university-press-1970-pp-268-895/466D87392D5E3ED3D7A3A7A9B21FE695">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteMaze1995" class="citation book cs1">White, Graham; Maze, J. R. (1995). <i>Henry A. Wallace : his search for a new world order</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807821896" title="Special:BookSources/0807821896"><bdi>0807821896</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30700369">30700369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace+%3A+his+search+for+a+new+world+order&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30700369&rft.isbn=0807821896&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Maze%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Samuel_Walker" title="J. Samuel Walker">Walker, J</a> (1976). <i>Henry A. Wallace and American foreign policy</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837187745" title="Special:BookSources/0837187745"><bdi>0837187745</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145223548">1145223548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+A.+Wallace+and+American+foreign+policy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145223548&rft.isbn=0837187745&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressive+Party+%28United+States%2C+1948%E2%80%931955%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryawallaceofi00scha">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Progressive Party archives: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/MSC/ToMsc200/MsC160/MsC160_progressiveparty.html">Records of the Progressive Party</a>. Archive maintained by University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections Department. 1940 – 1969. This collection is apparently the material the MacDougall collected for writing his book Gideon's Army. Accessed May 29, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv72973">George E. Rennar Papers.</a> 1933–1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.</a> Contains materials about the Progressive Party organization in 1948.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template:United States state and local political parties">State and local political parties (without national body)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Presidential nominating convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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