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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">===Africa=== [[File:Australopithecus africanus side1 (University of Zurich).JPG|thumb|upright|Skull of ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'']] ==== 1920s – 1940s ==== The first paleoanthropological find made in Africa was the 1921 discovery of the [[Kabwe 1]] skull at [[Kabwe, Broken Hill|Kabwe (Broken Hill)]], Zambia. Initially, this specimen was named ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]''; however, today it is considered part of the species ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author1=Cartmill, M. |author2= Smith, F. H.|title=The Human Lineage (Vol. 2)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009}}</ref> In 1924 in a limestone quarry at [[Taung]], Professor [[Raymond Dart]] discovered a remarkably well-preserved juvenile specimen (face and brain endocast), which he named ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' (''Australopithecus'' meaning "Southern Ape"). Although the brain was small (410&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>), its shape was rounded, unlike the brain shape of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like the shape seen in modern humans. In addition, the specimen exhibited short [[canine tooth|canine teeth]], and the anterior placement of the [[foramen magnum]] was more like the placement seen in modern humans than the placement seen in chimpanzees and gorillas, suggesting that this species was [[bipedal]]. All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung child was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between ape and human. However, Dart's conclusions were largely ignored for decades, as the prevailing view of the time was that a large brain evolved before bipedality. It took the discovery of additional australopith fossils in Africa that resembled his specimen, and the rejection of the [[Piltdown Man|Piltdown Man hoax]], for Dart's claims to be taken seriously. In the 1930s, paleontologist [[Robert Broom]] discovered and described a new species at [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai]], South Africa. Although similar in some ways to Dart's ''Australopithecus africanus'', Broom's specimen had much larger cheek teeth. Because of this difference, Broom named his specimen ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'', using a new genus name. In doing so, he established the practice of grouping [[Gracility|gracile]] australopiths in the genus ''Australopithecus'' and robust australopiths in the genus ''[[Paranthropus]].'' During the 1960s, the robust variety was commonly moved into ''Australopithecus''. A more recent consensus has been to return to the original classification of ''Paranthropus'' as a separate genus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author1=Boyd, R. |author2= Silk, J.B.|title=How Humans Evolved|publisher=WW Norton & Company|year=2014}}</ref> ==== 1950s – 1990s ==== The second half of the twentieth century saw a significant increase in the number of paleoanthropological finds made in Africa. Many of these finds were associated with the work of the [[Leakey family]] in eastern Africa. In 1959, [[Mary Leakey]]'s discovery of the Zinj fossin ([[OH 5]]) at [[Olduvai Gorge]], Tanzania, led to the identification of a new species, ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leakey|first=L. S. B.|date=August 1959|title=A New Fossil Skull From Olduvai|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/184491a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=184|issue=4685|pages=491–493|doi=10.1038/184491a0|bibcode=1959Natur.184..491L|s2cid=4217460|issn=1476-4687|access-date=2020-12-21|archive-date=2020-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914153603/https://www.nature.com/articles/184491a0|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1960, the Leakeys discovered the fossil [[OH 7]], also at Olduvai Gorge, and assigned it to a new species, ''[[Homo habilis]]''. In 1972, Bernard Ngeneo, a fieldworker working for [[Richard Leakey]], discovered the fossil KNM-ER 1470 near [[Lake Turkana]] in Kenya. KNM-ER 1470 has been interpreted as either a distinct species, ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]'', or alternatively as evidence of [[sexual dimorphism]] in ''[[Homo habilis]]''.<ref name=":1" /> In 1967, Richard Leakey reported the earliest definitive examples of anatomically modern ''Homo sapiens'' from the site of [[Omo Kibish Formation|Omo Kibish]] in Ethiopia, known as the [[Omo remains]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leakey|first=R. E. F.|date=June 1969|title=Early Homo sapiens Remains from the Omo River Region of South-west Ethiopia: Faunal Remains from the Omo Valley|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/2221132a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=222|issue=5199|pages=1132–1133|doi=10.1038/2221132a0|pmid=5788977|bibcode=1969Natur.222.1132L|s2cid=4186101|issn=1476-4687|access-date=2020-12-21|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525175816/https://www.nature.com/articles/2221132a0|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1970s, Mary Leakey excavated the famous [[Laetoli footprints]] in Tanzania, which demonstrated the antiquity of bipedality in the human lineage.<ref name=":1" /> In 1985, Richard Leakey and Alan Walker discovered a specimen they called the [[Black Skull]], found near Lake Turkana. This specimen was assigned to another species, ''[[Paranthropus aethiopicus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walker|first1=A.|last2=Leakey|first2=R. E.|last3=Harris|first3=J. M.|last4=Brown|first4=F. H.|date=August 1986|title=2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/322517a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=322|issue=6079|pages=517–522|doi=10.1038/322517a0|bibcode=1986Natur.322..517W|s2cid=4270200|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2020-12-21|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610153121/https://www.nature.com/articles/322517a0|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, a team led by [[Meave Leakey]] announced a new species, ''[[Australopithecus anamensis]]'', based on specimens found near Lake Turkana.<ref name=":1" /> Numerous other researchers have made important discoveries in eastern Africa. Possibly the most famous is the [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy skeleton]], discovered in 1973 by [[Donald Johanson]] and [[Maurice Taieb]] in Ethiopia's [[Afar Triangle]] at the site of [[Hadar, Ethiopia|Hadar]]. On the basis of this skeleton and subsequent discoveries, the researchers came up with a new species, ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''.<ref name=":1" /> In 1975, [[Colin Groves]] and [[Vratislav Mazák]] announced a new species of human they called ''[[Homo ergaster]]''. ''Homo ergaster'' specimens have been found at numerous sites in eastern and southern Africa.<ref name=":1" /> In 1994, Tim D. White announced a new species, ''[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]'', based on fossils from Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Tim D.|last2=Suwa|first2=Gen|last3=Asfaw|first3=Berhane|date=1994-09-22|title=Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/371306a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=371|issue=6495|pages=306–312|doi=10.1038/371306a0|pmid=8090200|bibcode=1994Natur.371..306W|s2cid=4347140|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2020-12-21|archive-date=2020-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115002338/https://www.nature.com/articles/371306a0|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, two new species were announced. [[Berhane Asfaw]] and [[Tim D. White]] named ''[[Australopithecus garhi]]'' based on specimens discovered in Ethiopia's [[Awash Valley|Awash valley]]. Meave Leakey announced a new species, ''[[Kenyanthropus platyops]]'', based on the cranium KNM-WT 40000 from Lake Turkana.<ref name=":1" /> ==== 21st century ==== [[File:Fossil hominids.jpg|thumb|Fossil hominid skull display at [[The Museum of Osteology]] in [[Oklahoma City]], USA]] In the 21st century, numerous fossils have been found that add to current knowledge of existing species. For example, in 2001, [[Zeresenay Alemseged]] discovered an ''Australopithecus afarensis'' child fossil, called [[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]], from the site of Dikika in the Afar region of Ethiopia. This find is particularly important because the fossil included a preserved [[hyoid bone]], something rarely found in other paleoanthropological fossils but important for understanding the evolution of speech capacities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Two new species from southern Africa have been discovered and described in recent years. In 2008, a team led by [[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee Berger]] announced a new species, ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', based on fossils they had discovered in Malapa cave in South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> In 2015, a team also led by Lee Berger announced another species, ''[[Homo naledi]]'', based on fossils representing 15 individuals from the [[Rising Star cave system|Rising Star Cave system]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berger|first=Lee|date=2015|title=Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa|doi=10.7554/eLife.09560.001|journal=eLife|volume=4|doi-access=free}}</ref> New species have also been found in eastern Africa. In 2000, [[Brigitte Senut]] and [[Martin Pickford]] described the species ''[[Orrorin tugenensis]]'', based on fossils they found in Kenya. In 2004, [[Yohannes Haile-Selassie]] announced that some specimens previously labeled as ''Ardipithecus ramidus'' made up a different species, ''[[Ardipithecus kadabba]]''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2015, Haile-Selassie announced another new species, ''[[Australopithecus deyiremeda]]'', though some scholars are skeptical that the associated fossils truly represent a unique species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haile-Selassie|first1=Yohannes|last2=Gibert|first2=Luis|last3=Melillo|first3=Stephanie M.|last4=Ryan|first4=Timothy M.|last5=Alene|first5=Mulugeta|last6=Deino|first6=Alan|last7=Levin|first7=Naomi E.|last8=Scott|first8=Gary|last9=Saylor|first9=Beverly Z.|date=May 2015|title=New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14448|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=521|issue=7553|pages=483–488|doi=10.1038/nature14448|pmid=26017448|bibcode=2015Natur.521..483H|s2cid=4455029|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2020-12-21|archive-date=2021-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214002540/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14448|url-status=live}}</ref> Although most hominin fossils from Africa have been found in eastern and southern Africa, there are a few exceptions. One is ''[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]'', discovered in the central African country of Chad in 2002. 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