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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دومنیکو لوسوردو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومنیکو لوسوردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دومينيك لوسوردو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دومينيك لوسوردو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Domenico Losurdo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Domenico Losurdo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Losurdo_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Losurdo_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1941-11-14</span>)</span>14 November 1941<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sannicandro_di_Bari" title="Sannicandro di Bari">Sannicandro di Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-06-28)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Urbino" title="University of Urbino">University of Urbino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_A_Counter-History" title="Liberalism: A Counter-History">Liberalism: A Counter-History</a></i><br /><i>Stalin: History and Criticism of A Black Legend</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Communist autophobia, political-moral and naturalistic despecification</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Panzieri" title="Raniero Panzieri">Raniero Panzieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Mario Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scuderi" title="Giovanni Scuderi">Giovanni Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Fausto Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Curcio" title="Renato Curcio">Renato Curcio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domenico Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Cagol" title="Margherita Cagol">Margherita Cagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Virno" title="Paolo Virno">Paolo Virno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferrando" title="Marco Ferrando">Marco Ferrando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(militant)" title="Cesare Battisti (militant)">Cesare Battisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto" title="Oliviero Diliberto">Oliviero Diliberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Alberto Toscano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the PSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the PCd'I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%C5%A1tina_rebellion" title="Proština rebellion">Proština rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Republic_of_Caulonia" title="Red Republic of Caulonia">Red Republic of Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_De_Gasperi_government" title="Third De Gasperi government">Third De Gasperi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_101" title="Manifesto of the 101">Manifesto of the 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sergio_Ramelli" title="Assassination of Sergio Ramelli">Assassination of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Moro case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_1977" title="Movement of 1977">Movement of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterhegemony" title="Counterhegemony">Counterhegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subalterns</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Italy)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Italy)">Anticapitalist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alternative_Party" title="Communist Alternative Party">Communist Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Front_(Italy)" title="Communist Front (Italy)">Communist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communists_(Italy)" title="Young Communists (Italy)">GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_(Italy,_2006)" title="Countercurrent (Italy, 2006)">Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Communists" title="Network of Communists">Network of Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Italy)" title="People's Union (Italy)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Trotskista_d%27Italia" title="Lega Trotskista d'Italia">Trotskyist League of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="Unified Communist Party of Italy">Unified Communist Party of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Italy)">Workers' Communist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism" title="Armed Proletarians for Communism">Armed Proletarians for Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_Operaia" title="Autonomia Operaia">Autonomia Operaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Red_Line" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Left" title="Critical Left">Critical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Front Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_%E2%80%93_The_Rainbow" title="The Left – The Rainbow">The Left – The Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Continua" title="Lotta Continua">Lotta Continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Unitarian_Communists" title="Movement of Unitarian Communists">Movement of Unitarian Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22_Group" title="October 22 Group">October 22 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Christian_Left" title="Party of the Christian Left">Party of the Christian Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Federation_of_Italian_Communists" title="Youth Federation of Italian Communists">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potere_Operaio" title="Potere Operaio">Workers' Power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_manifesto" title="Il manifesto">il manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Pioniere" title="Il Pioniere">Il Pioniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Politecnico" title="Il Politecnico">Il Politecnico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plebe_(newspaper)" title="La Plebe (newspaper)">La Plebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_piacentini" title="Quaderni piacentini">Quaderni piacentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_Rossi" title="Quaderni Rossi">Quaderni Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0" title="Società">Società</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Anarchism in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Rossa" title="Bandiera Rossa">Bandiera Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Socialism in Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Domenico Losurdo</b> (14 November 1941 – 28 June 2018) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> philosopher, and communist politician. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Sannicandro_di_Bari" title="Sannicandro di Bari">Sannicandro di Bari</a>, Losurdo obtained his doctorate in 1963 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Urbino" title="University of Urbino">University of Urbino</a> under the guidance of Pasquale Salvucci with a thesis on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Rodbertus" title="Johann Karl Rodbertus">Johann Karl Rodbertus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the sixties, he was radicalized and belonged to a small group of Italian communists which sided with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo was director of the Institute of Philosophical and Pedagogical Sciences at the University of Urbino, where he taught history of philosophy as <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> at the Faculty of Educational Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1988, Losurdo was president of the <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> International Association Hegel-Marx for Dialectical Thought. Losurdo was also a member of the Leibniz Society of Sciences in Berlin (an association in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>) as well as director of the Marx XXI political-cultural association.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo died on 28 June 2018 at the age of 76 due to brain cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> militancy,<sup id="cite_ref-militant_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the condemnation of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the study of the <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> question,<sup id="cite_ref-indi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo was also engaged concretely in national and international politics.<sup id="cite_ref-losurdo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losurdo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian David Broder described Losurdo as "already among the most renowned Italian Marxists at the international level, as a richly partisan historian of philosophy ... ."<sup id="cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broder_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher Daniel Tutt described Losurdo as "a renowned Marxist historian and philosopher" who "pioneered a distinctive method of historiography and intellectual history." Tutt wrote "Losurdo made his scholarly mark in philosophical works as well as historical studies of important thinkers from John Locke and Hannah Arendt, to biographical and historical studies of Joseph Stalin. His scholarship on Hegel and modernity is considered an exemplary contribution to Hegel scholarship and he has published widely on topics such as conceptions of class struggle throughout history and the evolution of nonviolence in modern political life."<sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Azzarà_2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azzarà_2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liguori_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broder_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as historian,<sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo was described as a noncomformist,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an heterodox Marxist,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a communist militant.<sup id="cite_ref-militant_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work ranged from contributions to the study of <a href="/wiki/Kantian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian philosophy">Kantian philosophy</a> (the so-called self-censorship of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and his political <a href="/wiki/Nicodemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicodemism">nicodemism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the reevaluation of classical <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, especially by <a href="/wiki/G._W._F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G. W. F. Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to re-propose the legacy in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> in particular,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the reaffirmation of the interpretation of German and non-German Marxism (<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and the brothers <a href="/wiki/Bertrando_Spaventa" title="Bertrando Spaventa">Bertrando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Spaventa" title="Silvio Spaventa">Silvio Spaventa</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with incursions into the sphere of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzschean thought</a> (the reading of a radical aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger#Philosophy" title="Martin Heidegger">Heideggerian thought</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the question of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s adhesion to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losurdo's philosophical-political reflection, attentive to the contextualization of philosophical thought in his own historical time, moved in particular from the themes of radical criticism of <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of colonialism">colonialism</a> as well as the traditional conception of totalitarianism in the perspective of a defence of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist dialectic">Marxist dialectics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, devoting himself to the study of <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">anti-revisionism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liguori_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-losurdo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losurdo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo included his works in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">history of ideas</a> and concerned the investigation of questions of contemporary history and politics, with constant critical attention to <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> and the controversy against the interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>. In particular, Losurdo has criticized a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> tendency among contemporary revisionist historians such as Nolte (who traced the impetus behind the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> to the excesses of the Russian Revolution) and Furet (who linked the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist purges">Stalinist purges</a> to a "disease" originating from the French Revolution). According to Losurdo, the intention of these revisionists is to eradicate the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> tradition as their true motivations have little to do with the search for a greater understanding of the past but rather it lies in both the climate and ideological needs of the political classes and is most evident in the work of the English-speaking imperial revivalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>. His 2015 book <i>War and Revolution</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, provided a new perspective on the <a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">anti-colonial</a> revolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losurdo turned his attention to the political history of modern <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a> from Kant to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and the debate that developed in Germany in the second half of the 19th and in the 20th century as well as a reinterpretation of the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, in particular starting from the criticism and accusations of hypocrisy addressed to <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> for his financial participation in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking up what Arendt stated in her 1951 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i>, Losurdo argued that the 20th century's true original sin was the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> in the form of colonial empire of the late 19th century, where <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> manifested for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-counterhistory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterhistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diego Pautasso wrote that after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Losurdo "devoted himself to four areas of research: 1) critique of liberalism and the fight against the belief that liberals were at the forefront of democratic struggles; 2) balance of socialist experiences (USSR, China); 3) criticism of colonialism, imperialism and 'the various forms of subjugation of peoples to Washington and its allies'; 4) the critique of the contemporary left, in particular of 'Western Marxism', which would have 'neglected the great problems of its time', abandoned the 'class struggle and the struggle against imperialism' and embraced 'the narratives of globalization.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa_Gabriel_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Losurdo's death in 2018, Gianni Fresu wrote that "from the classics of philosophy to the debate around the figure of Stalin; from the analysis of the role of China to historical revisionism; from liberal thinking to the issues of Bonapartism and modern democracy; from the history of Western thought to the problems of colonialism and imperialism ... Losurdo's studies of historical materialism, as well as those of Kant, Hegel, Heidegger and Nietzsche, are a fundamental milestone in the history of ideas and events of human societies, such is their scientific seriousness and intellectual autonomy, their problematic richness and interpretative complexity."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas_and_research">Ideas and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideas and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Losurdo, despecification is the exclusion of an <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">group</a> from the civilian <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. There are two types of despecification:<sup id="cite_ref-indi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Political and moral despecification in which the exclusion is due to <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> factors.</li> <li>Naturalistic despecification in which the exclusion is due to <a href="/wiki/Biological_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological factors">biological factors</a>.</li></ul> <p>For Losurdo, naturalistic despecification is qualitatively worse than the political-moral. While the latter offers at least one escape through the change of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, this is not possible in the case of naturalistic despecification since it is irreversible because it refers to biological factors that are in themselves unchangeable.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other thinkers, Losurdo thought that <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> is not incomparable, though he was willing to admit its tragic specificity. Losurdo stated that the comparisons he offers about this did not seek to be a relativisation or a belittlement of the Holocaust, but that to consider the Jewish Holocaust as incomparable meant to lose historical perspective and to overlook the <a href="/wiki/Black_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Holocaust">Black Holocaust</a> (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/American_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="American Holocaust">American Holocaust</a> (i.e. the genocide of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> through the continued deportation to the west with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> and diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>), as well as other mass exterminations such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indi_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losurdo was a strong critic of the equation of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, made by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a><sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urss_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urss-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Losurdo criticized the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Red Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> there was an explicit homicidal intention because the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> who entered one was destined not to get out of it (as there is a naturalistic despecification) while in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> there was not (as it is political-moral despecification). In the first case, the Nazis imprisoned those whom they regarded as and called <i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></i> (subhuman), while in the second case (in which, he claimed, only a part of the dissidents ended up) dissidents were locked up to be re-educated and not to be killed. Despite being a practice to be condemned, Losurdo stated that "the prisoner in the Gulag is a potential 'comrade' [the guard was required to call him this] ... and after 1937 [the beginning of the two-year long <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>] he is ... a potential 'citizen.'"<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking up the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> (who was interned at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, according to whom the Gulag was not morally equivalent to the Nazi concentration camps), and against <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet dissident">Soviet dissident</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (who was interned in Siberia and asserted the equivalence of the exterminationist intent in both the Gulag and Nazi concentration camps), Losurdo maintained that, although it was a disgrace that a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist country">socialist country</a>, born as it is to abolish exploitation, resorted to <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist</a> systems and methods, the Gulag was more analogous to many Western <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> (whose governments have supported and claim to be champions of freedom) which in some ways were more akin to the Nazi concentration camps as <a href="/wiki/Death_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camp">death camps</a> and not re-educational, taking into consideration the history of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">genocide of indigenous peoples</a>. He also argued that <a href="/wiki/British_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="British concentration camps">British concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal colonies">penal colonies</a> were worse than any Gulag, accusing politicians such <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> of being guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> just like – if not worse than – those attributed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo also took a critical view of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autophobia was a concept developed by Losurdo to describe how sometimes victims tend to appropriate the point of view of their oppressors and begin to despise and hate themselves. The concept of autophobia was primarily developed within the framework of the study of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">history of slavery</a>. Losurdo extended this concept to <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> that have suffered defeat. Losurdo stated his belief that communists suffer from autophobia, defined as a fear of themselves and their own history, a pathological problem that must be faced, unlike healthy <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In excerpts from a conference, organized in 2003, to re-evaluate the figure of Stalin fifty years after his death, Losurdo harshly criticized the revelations contained in <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">Secret Speech</a>". According to Losurdo, Stalin's bad reputation derived not from the crimes committed by the latter – which he compared to others of that time – but from the falsehoods present in the report that Khrushchev read during the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in February 1956. Losurdo gave credit to one of the main accusations that were at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">bloody repression</a> against his opponents, i.e. the existence of the "full-bodied reality of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>" in the Soviet Union ready to ally with the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo reiterated that he did not want to rehabilitate Stalin, but only to place him in the historical context and present a more neutral analysis of the facts, implementing a <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionism</a> of the general experience of <a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">real socialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-urss_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urss-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered as a past to be studied for the purpose of understanding the future dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urss_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urss-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-evangelisti_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evangelisti-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideologically a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a>, Losurdo supported the interpretation that <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> gave the plurality to the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> by paying attention to the process of female emancipation and colonized peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo saw the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> as a new <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> that "did not undermine its socialist values."<sup id="cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liguori_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Close first to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a>, and finally to the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a>, conflated in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party</a>, of which he was a member,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo was also director of the Marx XXI political-cultural association.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life he was strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">American interventionism</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-militant_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-losurdo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-losurdo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversially, Losurdo contested the awarding of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dissident">Chinese dissident</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>, accusing Liu of supporting <a href="/wiki/Western_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western colonialism">Western colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristocratic_Rebel"><i>Aristocratic Rebel</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aristocratic Rebel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Aristocratic Rebel</i> (2002), Losurdo criticized much of Nietzschean thought in the contemporary world, in particular, left-Nietzscheanism, whose influence on the left was a major problem because "it hollows out rationalist-oriented socialist thought and praxis and it often leads to an abandoning of universalism in favour of 'spiritual' interpretations of political struggle." This critique came from the application of Nietzsche by Italian leftists such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Colli" title="Giorgio Colli">Giorgio Colli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a>, although left-Nietzscheanism is beyond just that setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_2018_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tutt wrote, "[o]ne must read Losurdo's <i>Aristocratic Rebel</i> by staying true to his own method, that is, the political context of Losurdo's debates and polemics on the Italian left shape much of his critiques of Nietzschean thought in the contemporary world, especially left-Nietzscheanism." Tutt wrote "[w]hile Losurdo's comments on contemporary left-Nietzscheanism are brief, the convincing portrait of Nietzsche the book details generate ample material by which a new generation of Marxist philosophers and historians can begin to re-visit Nietzsche and the tradition of left-Nietzscheanism in particular."<sup id="cite_ref-Tutt_2018_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tutt_2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Revisionism"><i>Historical Revisionism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical Revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Historical Revisionism</i> (1996), Losurdo criticised the <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> of authors such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>. Similar to how <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> spoke of a <a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a> (1914–1945) following <a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Arno J. Mayer</a>, Losurdo used the image of the Second Thirty Years War to use as "an expression that historians often use to denote the period of colossal upheavals between 1914 and 1945."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo accused Furet and Nolte for their theory that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> started the <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a> in 1917 so that the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> is emphasized and only the former is blamed. In doing so, these revisionist historians omitted two main moments that for Losurdo are indispensable in understanding the Second Thirty Years' War, namely the <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> as an experience shared by all those involved in the war and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> as a common modern European phenomenon on the other. Losurdo compared <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s struggle for <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> in the East with the acquisition of a German India to the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> as part of the American conquest to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Echoing Traverso, who wrote that "Eastern Europe certainly represented the 'living space' that one wanted to colonize, but this conquest implied the annihilation of the USSR and Bolshevism, a state and an ideology which the Nazis saw as the product of a connection between 'Jewish intelligentsia' and Slavic 'sub-humanity.' So this total war was at the same time a war of conquest, a war of race and a colonial war", Losurdo argued that the European Jews got into this colonialist scenario as "Oriental natives", stating: "The fact that the fate of the Jews has been sealed by their double stigmatization as oriental 'natives' and as carriers of oriental Bolshevism is not at all considered."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism:_A_Counter-History"><i>Liberalism: A Counter-History</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberalism: A Counter-History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_A_Counter-History" title="Liberalism: A Counter-History">Liberalism: A Counter-History</a></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_A_Counter-History" title="Liberalism: A Counter-History">Liberalism: A Counter-History</a></i> (2005), first published in English in 2011, Losurdo argued that while purporting to emphasise the importance of individual liberty, liberalism has long been marked by its exclusion of people from these rights, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Losurdo asserted that the origins of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> are to be found in what he views as <a href="/wiki/Colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonialist">colonialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. Losurdo examined the intellectual and political positions of intellectuals on <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. In his view, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> were the greatest thinkers of modernity, while <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> was its greatest critic.<sup id="cite_ref-counterhistory_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterhistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Liberalism: A Counter-History</i> received a number of positive reviews from both academic<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popular presses.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalin:_History_and_Critique_of_A_Black_Legend"><i>Stalin: History and Critique of A Black Legend</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stalin: History and Critique of A Black Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Stalin: History and Critique of A Black Legend</i> (2008), Losurdo stimulated a debate about <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, about whom he claimed is built a kind of <a href="/wiki/Black_legend" title="Black legend">black legend</a> intended to discredit the whole of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a>, Losurdo criticized the concept of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, especially in the works of <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, among others. Losurdo argued that totalitarianism was a <a href="/wiki/Polysemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemic">polysemic</a> concept with origins in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and that applying it to the political sphere required an operation of abstract schematism which makes use of isolated elements of historical reality to place <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> regimes, along with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a>, in the dock together, serving the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era intellectuals rather than reflecting intellectual research.<sup id="cite_ref-totalitarianism_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totalitarianism-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a>, Losurdo aimed to bring to historical knowledge two elements that are under-represented in Marxist historiography, namely <a href="/wiki/Rational" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational">rational</a> reflection on the role of great men and rational criticism of the original form of moral leftism, or what Losurdo referred to as the "beautiful soul", which seeks to impose "the law of the heart" and the intelligence of its inevitable authoritarian reversal. For Losurdo, the ferment of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist movement">communist movement</a> is to be found more on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> side of the communist utopia than in the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> desire to build a state. Losurdo described his work on Stalin as a history of Stalin's image and not a biography or political history of the system with which his name is commonly associated. According to Losurdo, questioning the clichés of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinism">anti-Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, including in Communist ranks since 1956, required returning to the substance of the question of the evaluation of Soviet history from 1922 to 1953 and even beyond, since the categories of anti-Stalinism and Stalinism have been generalized to the study of other <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a> and other personalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in China and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-stalin_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Losurdo, the study of "the black legend" was partly mixed with a rehabilitation of the personality and the figure of Stalin the statesman, who is clearly distinguished from the political regime. The starting point was the observation that at the time of his death in March 1953, the image of Stalin was rather positive in the world, propaganda on both sides aside. It was the dissemination of the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev report">Khrushchev report</a> that "cast the god into hell." According to Losurdo, it was a document originating in the internal struggle in the leadership of the party, therefore lacking in credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Il_manifesto" title="Il manifesto">il manifesto</a></i>, Guido Liguori stated that "[h]is controversial <i>Stalin. Storia e critica di una leggenda nera</i> was not without its interesting elements. He proposed not so much to <i>save</i> Stalin (in fact he recognized many of his limits and faults)", but "he also refused to consider Stalin in merely negative terms."<sup id="cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liguori_2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>, historian David Broder argued that "[w]hile he recognized the exorbitant, paranoid aspects of Stalin's leadership, his efforts to relativize it were often governed by a polemical zeal unjustified by the evidence marshaled. This made his reframing of Stalinism more 'interesting' than necessarily persuasive."<sup id="cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broder_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Sean Purdy accused Losurdo of <a href="/wiki/Charlatanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlatanism">charlatanism</a>, puting his book on the same level as the works of <a href="/wiki/Grover_Furr" title="Grover Furr">Grover Furr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Martens" title="Ludo Martens">Ludo Martens</a>, while contrasting it with what called more serious authors, like <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Thurston" title="Robert W. Thurston">Robert W. Thurston</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book rendered Losurdo's polarising view. <i><a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a></i> summarized that Losurdo has been "[p]raised for his criticism of liberalism by some, and accused of Stalinism by others. ... From liberals to the far left, everyone has an adjective on the tip of their tongue (or fingers) to refer to Caetano's new favourite author: Stalinist, revolutionary, farcical, anti-imperialist, revisionist. For some, the Italian was a champion of socialism who denied the farces propagated by liberalism. For others, he was a defender of the crimes of the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) and of Chinese authoritarianism." <i>O Globo</i> wrote that Losurdo compared the crimes of Stalin with those of liberalism (genocides sponsored by capitalist nations, concentration camps maintained by the colonial powers, and war crimes) and argued that in the end, it is the liberals who have the dirtiest or worst track record.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa_Gabriel_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review written in April 2009 by Guido Liguori in <i><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></i> (the official organ of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a>) of his book, in which Losurdo criticized the demonisation of Stalin carried out by the predominant historiography and tried to remove it from what he calls "the black legend about him", was at the center of a controversy within the drafting of the aforementioned review. A storm of protests ensued when around twenty editors sent a letter of protest to the editor of the newspaper in which they criticized both Losurdo's attempt at Stalin's rehabilitation in his book and Liguori's review (judged to be too positive with respect to the book) as well as with the choice of the editor of the newspaper to publish said review.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was criticized for its claims, and the methodology used, by <a href="/wiki/Valerio_Evangelisti" title="Valerio Evangelisti">Valerio Evangelisti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Moscato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Moscato (page does not exist)">Antonio Moscato</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Moscato" class="extiw" title="it:Antonio Moscato">it</a>]</span>, Niccolò Pianciola, and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Romano_(politician)" title="Andrea Romano (politician)">Andrea Romano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evangelisti_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evangelisti-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losurdo's view that <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purges</a> were legitimate because of the "permanent state of exception caused by imperialist intervention and siege",<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Liguori summarising Losurdo's argument that "the harshness of his leadership was due to the Western powers' intrigues and the existence of a powerful 'Fifth Column' within the USSR of the 1930s" and a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, described as being imposed by imperialism,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were criticized as being a defence of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_purges" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist purges">Stalinist purges</a> by Cicero Araujo<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero_2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mario Maestri.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo's work has been praised by <a href="/wiki/Grover_Furr" title="Grover Furr">Grover Furr</a>, who started a mutual friendship with Losurdo, whom Furr praised especially for his 2008 book on Stalin. Losurdo continued to cooperate with Furr, introducing him to an Italian publisher who published the Italian translation of Furr's book <i>Khrushchev Lied</i> in 2016, with Losurdo's introduction. Additionally, Losurdo wrote a blurb for the back cover of Furr's 2013 book <i>The Murder of Sergei Kirov</i> and an introduction to the book which remains unpublished.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Marxism"><i>Western Marxism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Western Marxism</i>, Losurdo outlined a split between <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Marxism">Eastern Marxism</a>. Losurdo criticized Western Marxism for "hav[ing] 'neglected the great problems of its time', abandoning the 'class struggle and the struggle against imperialism', and embracing 'the narratives of globalization'".<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa_Gabriel_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_debate">Controversy and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversy and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book about Stalin caused some controversy and debate internationally, especially in Brazil and Germany, with critics such as Marxist historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_J%C3%BCnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Jünke (page does not exist)">Christoph Jünke</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_J%C3%BCnke" class="extiw" title="de:Christoph Jünke">de</a>]</span> labelling Losurdo "a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Stalinist">neo-Stalinist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Araujo Cicero wrote that Losurdo "recognizes 'tragedy and horror' from the years when the Soviet Union was led by Stalin" but accused Losurdo's work of being a defence of "the main decisions [Stalin] made over the almost thirty years he was at the head of the country after Lenin's death."<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero_2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Mario Maestri wrote that "[m]uch of the reference and support bibliography used by Losurdo consists of revisionist, denialist and openly conservative and anti-communist authors and/or researchers ... of questionable reputation", citing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Curzio Malaparte</a> as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Wehr (page does not exist)">Andreas Wehr</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Wehr" class="extiw" title="de:Andreas Wehr">de</a>]</span> does not consider these accusations tenable, as Losurdo did not in any way deny the crimes during the Stalin era and described them in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication in the communist newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></i> of a positive review by Guido Liguori on Losurdo's book about Stalin caused a crisis in the paper's editorial staff: twenty journalists wrote a letter to the editor Dino Greco, criticizing what they perceived as Losurdo's attempts at Stalin's rehabilitation, alongside Liguori's review (which they perceived as too positive) and Greco's decision to publish it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losurdo's work was also derided by Italian liberal journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Romano_(politician)" title="Andrea Romano (politician)">Andrea Romano</a>, who accused Losurdo and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canfora" title="Luciano Canfora">Luciano Canfora</a> of "trying to create a harmless Stalinism".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About Losurdo's work on Stalin, Cicero wrote that "[u]nlike the typical old-time Stalinist, Losurdo does not evade a series of crimes committed by the regime and its dictator, nor does it qualify them simply as 'mistakes'. Also unlike the classic Stalinist, the author is not concerned with showing the coherence of his practices with Marxism or Leninism." Cicero further stated "it is the ability and perspicacity to face realistically the great problems of your country and its time – even against the most ingrained beliefs and utopias of your former travel companions – that the book seeks to highlight. In spite of all the barbarities committed, Stalin and his regime leave their multifaceted assessment with a positive balance." Cicero argued that this was not because "they knew how to build possible socialism, the famous 'socialism in one country", but "for the simple reason that they managed to build a state and a society sufficiently vertebrate to face the chaos of the Russian 'second period of disorder' and the European 'second war of the thirties', with its most deadly by-product (Nazism), were it not for that tremendous endeavour, albeit a bloody one, it was destined to destroy the Slavic nations to the east." Cicero wrote that "Stalin and Stalinism are, in short, defended for reasons to which any admirer of State-building as a good in itself, regardless of its ideological purposes and justifications, should surrender. 'Socialism in one country' becomes, in this sense, just a formula that the dictator and his supporters improvised to fit this elementary task to the language that was understandable to them."<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero_2012-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bernardo Vargaftiq of <i>Esquerda Online</i> praised Losurdo for <i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_A_Counter-History" title="Liberalism: A Counter-History">Liberalism: A Counter-History</a></i> and his work on capitalism, colonialism, and liberalism, stating that "books like 'The Counterhistory of Liberalism' are positive, exposing liberalism ... in an energetic and very well documented way" and "[t]he examples given by Losurdo of the extreme reactionary nature of so-called liberals, including people often cited laudably, such as Toqueville, are edifying."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While stating that "reading these books on Liberalism and Bonapartism is useful to historians and Marxists in general, they illustrate the history of capitalism in very convincing detail", Vargaftiq referred to Losurdo as a "neo-Stalinist chic", and criticized him for making a nationalist rather than Marxist analysis, for supporting the fifth column theory, and in general for his dismissive views of <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About Losurdo's work on <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a>, Marxist historian Mario Maestri wrote that this is "a false split and a false controversy", and accused Losurdo of replacing "the proletarian internationalism and class struggles of the 'Western Marxists' with the unified nation – that is, bourgeoisie and united proletarians – in the name of national developmentalism – as if development, as well as science and technology, were ideologically neutral and not dictated by the interests of the dominant versus the dominated classes."<sup id="cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maestri, who defends the thesis "we live in a historical counterrevolutionary phase", whose "milestones were the capitalist restoration in China in 1978 under the leadership of reformer Deng Xiaoping and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992 – events that consolidated the globalization of capitalism", accused Losurdo of presenting "an apology for the capitalism of the Chinese Communist Party and its many business projects in Asia, Africa and Latin America", establishing this "as the only alternative for its economic development and the only way for the emancipation of European and American imperialism." According to Maestri, Losurdo defended that "the working classes of the countries on the periphery of the capital – Asia, Africa and Latin America – give up their political independence and pragmatically ally themselves with the capitalism of the Chinese CP."<sup id="cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717173427/http://www.scienzeformaz.urbino.com/Prodotti/SchedaProdotto.asp?PathID=329.402&IDDB=1&Lan=IT">"Losurdo Domenico"</a> (in Italian). University of Urbino. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienzeformaz.urbino.com/Prodotti/SchedaProdotto.asp?PathID=329.402&IDDB=1&Lan=IT">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Un ricordo di Domenico Losurdo"</a> [Science and militancy. A memory of Domenico Losurdo]. <i><a href="/wiki/MicroMega" title="MicroMega">MicroMega</a></i> (in Italian). 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MicroMega&rft.atitle=Scienza+e+militanza.+Un+ricordo+di+Domenico+Losurdo&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftemi.repubblica.it%2Fmicromega-online%2Fscienza-e-militanza-un-ricordo-di-domenico-losurdo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militant-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-militant_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-militant_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-militant_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3900-a-militant-and-a-scholar-remembering-domenico-losurdo-1941-2018">"A militant and a scholar. Remembering Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+militant+and+a+scholar.+Remembering+Domenico+Losurdo+%281941%E2%80%932018%29&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fblogs%2F3900-a-militant-and-a-scholar-remembering-domenico-losurdo-1941-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2007). <i>Il linguaggio dell'Impero. Lessico dell'ideologia americana</i> (in Italian). Roma-Bari: Laterza. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8191-3">978-88-420-8191-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indi_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indi_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indi_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosurdo1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Losurdo, Domenico (1999). <i>L'ebreo, il nero e l'indio nella storia dell'Occidente</i> [<i>The Jew, the Black and the Indian in the history of the West</i>] (in Italian). 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Retrieved 18 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broder_2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_2018_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Broder, David (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2018/07/domenico-losurdo-italian-marxism-counter-history">"Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Domenico Losurdo 1941–2018, In Memoriam". <i>International Critical Thought</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 314–325. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2019.1614139">10.1080/21598282.2019.1614139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liguori_2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liguori_2018_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liguori, Guido (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3903-domenico-losurdo-a-marxist-philosopher-against-the-current">"Domenico Losurdo, A Marxist Philosopher Against the Current"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+manifesto&rft.atitle=Domenico+Losurdo%2C+il+filosofo+marxista+controcorrente&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmanifesto.it%2Fdomenico-losurdo-il-filosofo-marxista-controcorrente%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenda2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renda, Rosalinda (7 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacittafutura.it/cultura/domenico-losurdo-un-marxista-eterodosso">"Domenico Losurdo, un marxista eterodosso"</a>. <i>La Città Futura</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Citt%C3%A0+Futura&rft.atitle=Domenico+Losurdo%2C+un+marxista+eterodosso&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft.aulast=Renda&rft.aufirst=Rosalinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacittafutura.it%2Fcultura%2Fdomenico-losurdo-un-marxista-eterodosso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (1983). <i>Autocensura e compromesso nel pensiero politico di Kant</i> (in Italian). Naples: Bibliopolis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (1992). <i>Hegel e la libertà dei moderni</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Editori_Riuniti" title="Editori Riuniti">Editori Riuniti</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-3571-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-3571-7">88-359-3571-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico; Salvucci, Pasquale; Sichirollo, Livio (1992). <i>Gyorgy Lukacs nel centenario della nascita, 1885-1985</i> (in Italian). Urbino: Quattro venti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (1997). <i>Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci. Per una storia politico-sociale della fortuna di Hegel in Italia</i> (in Italian). Naples: La città del sole. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-86521-73-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-86521-73-1">88-86521-73-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2002). <i>Nietzsche. Il ribelle aristocratico</i> (in Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domnico (1991). <i>La comunità, la morte, l'Occidente. Heidegger e l'ideologia della guerra</i> (in Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/19/heidegger-german-philosopher-black-books-not-surprising-nazi">"Heidegger's black notebooks aren't that surprising"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2015). <i>War and Revolution: Rethinking the Twentieth Century</i>. Verso Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781686164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781686164">978-1781686164</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2003). <i>Dalla teoria della dittatura del proletariato al gulag?</i> (in Italian). In <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">Manifesto del partito comunista</a></i>. Translation and introduction by Losurdo. Bari: Editori Laterza. p. XL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterhistory-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-counterhistory_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-counterhistory_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Liberalism:_A_Counter-History" title="Liberalism: A Counter-History">Liberalism: A Counter-History</a></i>. Verso Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844676934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844676934">978-1844676934</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sousa_Gabriel_2020-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sousa_Gabriel_2020_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sousa Gabriel, Ruan (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/quem-domenico-losurdo-filosofo-italiano-que-encantou-caetano-veloso-24648224">"Quem é Domenico Losurdo, o filósofo italiano que encantou Caetano Veloso"</a>. <i>O Globo</i> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fresu, Gianni (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifilo.ufu.br/node/1034">"Morre, em 28/06/18, o filósofo marxista Domenico Losurdo"</a> (in Portuguese). Federal University of Uberlândia. Retrieved 26 December 2020 – vua Instituto de Filosofia UFU.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalin-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalin_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosurdo2008" class="citation book cs1">Losurdo, Domenico (2008). <i>Stalin: History and Criticism of A Black Legend</i>. Rome: Carocci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8843077007" title="Special:BookSources/978-8843077007"><bdi>978-8843077007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+History+and+Criticism+of+A+Black+Legend&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Carocci&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8843077007&rft.aulast=Losurdo&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brignoli, Maurizio (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recensionifilosofiche.it/crono/2008-03/losurdo.htm">"Losurdo, Domenico, Il linguaggio dell'impero. Lessico dell'ideologia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310235235/http://www.recensionifilosofiche.it/crono/2008-03/losurdo.htm">Archived</a> 10 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urss-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urss_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urss_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urss_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico; Giacomini, Riggero, ed. (1999). <i>URSS: bilancio di un'esperienza. Atti del Convegno italo-russo. Urbino, 25-26-27 settembre 1997</i>. Urbino: Quattro venti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0512-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0512-8">88-392-0512-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosurdo1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Losurdo, Domenico (1998). <i>Popper falso profeta</i> [<i>Popper False Prophet</i>] (in Italian). Armando Editore. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popper+falso+profeta&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Armando+Editore&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Losurdo&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klinestiver, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16112835/Excerpts_from_Domenico_Losurdo_s_Stalin_History_and_Criticism_of_a_Black_Legend">"Excerpts from Domenico Losurdo's Stalin: History and Criticism of a Black Legend"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2010). <i>La non-violenza. Una storia fuori dal mito</i> (in Italian). Laterza: Roma and Bari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico; Patrizio, Mari-Ange (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx21.it/index.php/rivista/21361-la-non-violenza-una-storia-fuori-dal-mito">"La non-violenza. Una storia fuori dal mito"</a> (in Italian). <i>L'Ernesto</i>. Marx XXI. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (1999). <i>Fuga dalla storia? Il movimento comunista tra autocritica e autofobia</i> (in Italian). p. 6. "Autophobia is also manifested in the ranks of those who, while continuing to declare themselves communists, are obsessed with the desire to reaffirm that they have absolutely nothing to do with a past that they consider themselves to be their political opponents, as quite simply synonymous with abjection. The haughty narcissism of the victors, who transfigure their own history, corresponds to the self-flagellation of the vanquished. [...] Among the various problems which affect the communist movement, that of autophobia is certainly not the least. Let us leave aside the ex-leaders and ex-representatives of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), who sometimes claim to have joined this party in the distant past without ever having been communists."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (1999). <i>Fuga dalla storia? Il movimento comunista tra autocritica e autofobia</i> (in Italian). p. 7. "It goes without saying that the fight against the plague of autophobia will prove all the more effective as the balance sheet of the great and fascinating historical moment started by the October Revolution will be radically critical and without prejudice. Because, despite their assonances, self-criticism and autophobia are two antithetical attitudes. In its rigor, and even in its radicalism, self-criticism expresses the awareness of the need to settle its accounts until the end with its own history. Autophobia is a cowardly flight from this history and from the reality of the still burning ideological and cultural struggle. If self-criticism is the presupposition of the reconstruction of communist identity, autophobia is synonymous with surrender and renunciation of an autonomous identity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giacomini, Ruggero (2005). <i>Stalin nella storia del Novecento</i> (in Italian). Teti Editore. p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evangelisti-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evangelisti_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evangelisti_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evangelisti, Valerio (14 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carmillaonline.com/2009/04/14/domenico-losurdo-stalin-storia/">"Domenico Losurdo: Stalin. Storia e critica di una leggenda nera"</a> (in Italian). <i>Carmilla on line</i>. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (25 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinistrainrete.info/analisi-di-classe/7491-domenico-losurdo-una-teoria-generale-del-conflitto-sociale.html">"Domenico Losurdo: "Una teoria generale del conflitto sociale"</a> (in Italian). Sinistra in Rete. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losudro, Domenico (30 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://domenicolosurdo.blogspot.com/2011/10/intervento-al-6-congresso-nazionale-del.html">"Intervento al 6° Congresso Nazionale del PdCI"</a> (in Italian). Blogger. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx21.it/lassociazione.html?start=2">"Il Consiglio Direttivo dell'associazione MarxXXI"</a> (in Italian). Marx XXI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001193113/http://www.marx21.it/lassociazione.html?start=2">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (10 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://domenicolosurdo.blogspot.it/2010/10/perche-liu-xiaobo-ha-conseguito-il.html">"Il Nobel per la pace a un campione del colonialismo e della guerra"</a> (in Italian). Blogger. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2007). <i>Il revisionismo storico e i suoi miti. Nolte, Furet e gli altri</i>. Cologne: Papyrossa. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89438-365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89438-365-7">978-3-89438-365-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2007). <i>Il revisionismo storico e i suoi miti. Nolte, Furet e gli altri</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andrearomano.ilcannocchiale.it/2008/11/11/losurdo_canfora_e_lo_stalinism.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Cannocchiale&rft.atitle=Losurdo%2C+Canfora+e+lo+stalinismo+che+non+fa+male&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandrearomano.ilcannocchiale.it%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Flosurdo_canfora_e_lo_stalinism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losurdo, Domenico (2010). <i>Stalin: storia critica di una leggenda nera</i>. Translated by Clasen, Jaime A. Rio de Janeiro: Revan. p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manoel, Jones. "Autocrítica ou anticomunismo? Aportes teóricos para compreender a autofobia na esquerda brasileira" ["Self-Criticism or Anti-Communism? Theoretical Support to Understand Autophobia on the Brazilian Left"]. <i>Revista Opera</i> (in Portuguese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cicero_2012-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero_2012_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Araujo, Cicero (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistafevereiro.com/pag.php?r=04&t=08">"O stalinismo recauchutado de Domenico Losurdo"</a> (in Portuguese). <i>Revista Fevereiro</i> (4). Retrieved 26 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotrim_&_Velloso_2020_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotrim, Felipe; Velloso, Gustavo (22 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aterraeredonda.com.br/a-miseria-do-negacionismo-historico/">"A miséria do negacionismo histórico"</a>. <i>A terra é redonda</i>. Retrieved 26 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurr2018" class="citation web cs1">Furr, Grover (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/losurdo_furr070118.html">"In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo"</a>. Montclair State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam+Domenico+Losurdo&rft.pub=Montclair+State+University&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Furr&rft.aufirst=Grover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsuweb.montclair.edu%2F~furrg%2Fresearch%2Flosurdo_furr070118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurr2018" class="citation web cs1">Furr, Grover (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/research/losurdo_furr070118.html">"In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo"</a>. Montclair State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memoriam+Domenico+Losurdo&rft.pub=Montclair+State+University&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Furr&rft.aufirst=Grover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsuweb.montclair.edu%2F~furrg%2Fresearch%2Flosurdo_furr070118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünke2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jünke, Christoph (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosalux.de/publikation/id/3290/auf-zum-letzten-gefecht-zur-kritik-an-domenico-losurdos-neostalinismus/">"Auf zum letzten Gefecht? 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Köln: ISP. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89_900-126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89 900-126-6"><bdi>978-3-89 900-126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+lange+Schatten+des+Stalinismus.+Sozialismus+und+Demokratie+gestern+und+heute&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=ISP&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89900-126-6&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnke&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünke2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jünke, Christoph (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emanzipation.org/?q=node/160">"Zurück zu Stalin!? Domenico Losurdos Feldzug gegen die Entstalinisierung"</a>. <i>Emanzipation</i> (in German). <b>4</b> (2): 57–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emanzipation&rft.atitle=Zur%C3%BCck+zu+Stalin%21%3F+Domenico+Losurdos+Feldzug+gegen+die+Entstalinisierung&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-73&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnke&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emanzipation.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartacapital.com.br/artigo/fantasma-do-momento-losurdo-o-stalinista-de-certos-liberais/">"Fantasma do momento: Losurdo, o 'stalinista' de certos liberais"</a> (in Portuguese). <i><a href="/wiki/CartaCapital" title="CartaCapital">CartaCapital</a></i>. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wehr, Andreas (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeitschrift-marxistische-erneuerung.de/article/3698.scheitern-oder-niederlage.html">"Scheitern oder Niederlage? Domenico Losurdo über das Verschwinden des realen Sozialismus in Europa und die daraus zu ziehenden Konsequenzen"</a> (in German) ["Failure or Defeat? Domenico Losurdo on the Disappearance of Real Socialism in Europe and the Consequences to be Drawn from It"]. <i>Z. Zeitschrift Marxistische Erneuerung</i> (123): p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116001009/http://letteresustalin.liberazione.it/">"Lettere su Stalin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://letteresustalin.liberazione.it/">the original</a> on 2010-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liberazione&rft.atitle=Lettere+su+Stalin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fletteresustalin.liberazione.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2008" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Andrea (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803212317/http://andrearomano.ilcannocchiale.it/2008/11/11/losurdo_canfora_e_lo_stalinism.html">"Losurdo, Canfora e lo stalinismo che non fa male"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andrearomano.ilcannocchiale.it/2008/11/11/losurdo_canfora_e_lo_stalinism.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Stampa&rft.atitle=Losurdo%2C+Canfora+e+lo+stalinismo+che+non+fa+male&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandrearomano.ilcannocchiale.it%2F2008%2F11%2F11%2Flosurdo_canfora_e_lo_stalinism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vargaftiq, Bernardo (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esquerdaonline.com.br/2020/09/13/losurdo-e-o-neostalinismo-chique/">"Losurdo e o neostalinismo chique"</a>. <i>Esqerda Online</i> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020. "He wrote important books on the history of European and American liberalism, showing that his mentors theorized the most rigorous anti-egalitarianism, elections under the regime of legal or practical exclusion of indigenous peoples and blacks and the poor. With slavery, worker exploitation and large-scale commercial shipping, liberal colonial policy allowed the initial development of capitalism. This is another disparaging aspect of so-called liberalism, studied to Losurdo's satisfaction. It is not useless to remember that several tens of millions of inhabitants of present-day Mexico, Brazil and Peru were eliminated by the combined action of the massacres of the conquerors and the infections they transmitted; the same happened with the trafficking of Africans reduced to slavery."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vargaftiq, Bernardo (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esquerdaonline.com.br/2020/09/13/losurdo-e-o-neostalinismo-chique/">"Losurdo e o neostalinismo chique"</a>. <i>Esqerda Online</i> (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020. "It is an elegant defense of a 'chic' neo-Stalinism, but a total abandonment of Marxism, which, while not deterministic as it incorporates superstructural influences, clearly indicates that it is the class analysis that allows us to understand social evolution (in this case, the regression). On the other hand, it is interesting to note that Losurdo's Marxism ceases when he examines the figure of Stalin and the political and social developments of the 1990s."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Autocensura e compromesso nel pensiero politico di Kant</i>, Napoli, Bibliopolis, 1983.</li> <li><i>Hegel. Questione nazionale, restaurazione. Presupposti e sviluppi di una battaglia politica Domenico Giammarco</i>, Urbino, Università degli Studi, 1983.</li> <li><i>Tra Hegel e Bismarck. La rivoluzione del 1848 e la crisi della cultura tedesca</i>, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-2570-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-2570-3">88-359-2570-3</a>.</li> <li><i>György Lukács nel centenario della nascita, 1885–1985</i>, a cura di e con Pasquale Salvucci e Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1986.</li> <li><i>Marx e i suoi critici</i>, a cura di e con Gian Mario Cazzaniga e Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0014-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0014-2">88-392-0014-2</a>.</li> <li><i>La catastrofe della Germania e l'immagine di Hegel</i>, Milano, Guerini, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7802-014-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-7802-014-1">88-7802-014-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Metamorfosi del moderno. Atti del Convegno. Cattolica, 18-20 settembre 1986</i>, a cura di e con Gian Mario Cazzaniga e Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0071-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0071-1">88-392-0071-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Hegel, Marx e la tradizione liberale. Libertà, uguaglianza, Stato</i>, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-3143-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-3143-6">88-359-3143-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Tramonto dell'Occidente? Atti del Convegno organizzato dall'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla Biblioteca comunale di Cattolica. Cattolica, 19-21 maggio 1988</i>, a cura di e con Gian Mario Cazzaniga e Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0128-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0128-9">88-392-0128-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Antropologia, prassi, emancipazione. Problemi del marxismo</i>, a cura di e con Georges Labica e Jacques Texier, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0166-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0166-1">88-392-0166-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Égalité-inégalité. Atti del Convegno organizzato dall'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla Biblioteca comunale di Cattolica. Cattolica, 13-15 settembre 1989</i>, a cura di e con Alberto Burgio e Jacques Texier, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1990.</li> <li><i>Prassi. Come orientarsi nel mondo. Atti del convegno organizzato dall'Istituto Italiano per gli Studi filosofici e dalla Biblioteca Comunale di Cattolica (Cattolica, 21-23 settembre 1989)</i>, a cura di e con Gian Mario Cazzaniga e Livio Sichirollo, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0214-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0214-5">88-392-0214-5</a>.</li> <li><i>La comunità, la morte, l'Occidente. Heidegger e l'ideologia della guerra</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-339-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-339-0595-0">88-339-0595-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Massa folla individuo. Atti del Convegno organizzato dall'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla Biblioteca comunale di Cattolica. Cattolica, 27-29 settembre 1990</i>, a cura di e con Alberto Burgio e Gian Mario Cazzaniga, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0217-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0217-X">88-392-0217-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Hegel e la libertà dei moderni</i>, Roma, Editori Riuniti, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-3571-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-3571-7">88-359-3571-7</a>; Napoli, La scuola di Pitagora, 2011.</li> <li><i>Rivoluzione francese e filosofia classica tedesca</i>, a cura di, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0229-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0229-3">88-392-0229-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Democrazia o bonapartismo. Trionfo e decadenza del suffragio universale</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-339-0732-5" title="Special:BookSources/88-339-0732-5">88-339-0732-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Marx e il bilancio storico del Novecento</i>, Gaeta, Bibliotheca, 1993; Napoli, La scuola di Pitagora, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788889579381" title="Special:BookSources/9788889579381">9788889579381</a>.</li> <li><i>Gramsci e l'Italia. Atti del Convegno internazionale di Urbino, 24-25 gennaio 1992</i>, a cura di e con Ruggero Giacomini e Michele Martelli, Napoli, La città del sole, 1994.</li> <li><i>La seconda Repubblica. Liberismo, federalismo, postfascismo</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-339-0873-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-339-0873-9">88-339-0873-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Autore, attore, autorità</i>, a cura di e con Alberto Burgio, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0359-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0359-1">88-392-0359-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Il revisionismo storico. Problemi e miti</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-5095-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-5095-4">88-420-5095-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Utopia e stato d'eccezione. Sull'esperienza storica del socialismo reale</i>, Napoli, Laboratorio politico, 1996.</li> <li><i>Ascesa e declino delle repubbliche</i>, a cura di e con Maurizio Viroli, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0418-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0418-0">88-392-0418-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Lenin e il Novecento. Atti del Convegno internazionale di Urbino, 13-14-15 gennaio 1994</i>, a cura di e con Ruggero Giacomini, Napoli, La città del sole, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-86521-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-86521-41-3">88-86521-41-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Metafisica. Il mondo Nascosto</i>, con altri, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-5146-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-5146-2">88-420-5146-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Antonio Gramsci dal liberalismo al «Comunismo critico»</i>, Roma, Gamberetti, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7990-023-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-7990-023-4">88-7990-023-4</a>.</li> <li><i>Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci. Per una storia politico-sociale della fortuna di Hegel in Italia</i>, Napoli, La città del sole, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-86521-73-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-86521-73-1">88-86521-73-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Hegel e la Germania. Filosofia e questione nazionale tra rivoluzione e reazione</i>, Milano, Guerini, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7802-752-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-7802-752-9">88-7802-752-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Nietzsche. Per una biografia politica</i>, Roma, Manifestolibri, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7285-124-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-7285-124-6">88-7285-124-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Il peccato originale del Novecento</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-5660-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-5660-X">88-420-5660-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Dal Medio Oriente ai Balcani. L'alba di sangue del secolo americano</i>, Napoli, La città del sole, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8292-012-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-8292-012-7">88-8292-012-7</a>.</li> <li><i>Fondamentalismi. Atti del Convegno organizzato dall'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici e dalla Biblioteca comunale di Cattolica. Cattolica 11-12 ottobre 1996</i>, a cura di e con Alberto Burgio, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0517-9" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0517-9">88-392-0517-9</a>.</li> <li><i>URSS: bilancio di un'esperienza. Atti del Convegno italo-russo</i>. Urbino, 25-26-27 settembre 1997, a cura di e con Ruggero Giacomini, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-392-0512-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-392-0512-8">88-392-0512-8</a>.</li> <li><i>L'ebreo, il nero e l'indio nella storia dell'Occidente</i>, Urbino, Quattro venti, 1999.</li> <li><i>Fuga dalla storia? Il movimento comunista tra autocritica e autofobia</i>, Napoli, La città del sole, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8292-009-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-8292-009-7">88-8292-009-7</a>; poi <i>Fuga dalla storia? La rivoluzione russa e la rivoluzione cinese oggi</i>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8292-275-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-8292-275-8">88-8292-275-8</a>.</li> <li><i>La sinistra, la Cina e l'imperialismo</i>, Napoli, La città del sole, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8292-020-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-8292-020-8">88-8292-020-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Universalismo e etnocentrismo nella storia dell'Occidente</i>, Urbino, Quattro venti, 2000.</li> <li><i>La comunità, la morte, l'Occidente. Heidegger e l'«ideologia della guerra»</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-339-0595-0" title="Special:BookSources/88-339-0595-0">88-339-0595-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Nietzsche, il ribelle aristocratico. Biografia intellettuale e bilancio critico</i>, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-339-1431-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-339-1431-3">88-339-1431-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Cinquant'anni di storia della repubblica popolare cinese. Un incontro di culture tra Oriente e Occidente. Atti del Convegno di Urbino, 8-9 giugno 2001</i>, a cura di e con Stefano G. Azzara, Napoli, La città del sole, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8292-239-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-8292-239-1">88-8292-239-1</a>.</li> <li><i>Dalla teoria della dittatura del proletariato al gulag?</i>, in: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> – <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <i>Manifesto del partito comunista</i>, traduzione e introduzione di Domenico Losurdo, Editori Laterza, Bari 2003.</li> <li><i>Controstoria del liberalismo</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-420-7717-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-420-7717-8">88-420-7717-8</a>.</li> <li><i>La tradizione filosofica napoletana e l'Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici</i>, Napoli, nella sede dell'Istituto, 2006.</li> <li><i>Autocensura e compromesso nel pensiero politico di Kant</i>, Napoli, Bibliopolis, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788870885163" title="Special:BookSources/9788870885163">9788870885163</a>.</li> <li><i>Legittimità e critica del moderno. Sul marxismo di Antonio Gramsci</i>, Napoli, La città del sole, 2007.</li> <li><i>Il linguaggio dell'Impero. Lessico dell'ideologia americana</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788842081913" title="Special:BookSources/9788842081913">9788842081913</a>.</li> <li><i>Stalin. Storia e critica di una leggenda nera</i>, Roma, Carocci, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788843042937" title="Special:BookSources/9788843042937">9788843042937</a>.</li> <li><i>Paradigmi e fatti normativi. Tra etica, diritto e politica</i>, con altri, Perugia, Morlacchi, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788860742247" title="Special:BookSources/9788860742247">9788860742247</a>.</li> <li><i>La non-violenza. Una storia fuori dal mito</i>, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788842092469" title="Special:BookSources/9788842092469">9788842092469</a>.</li> <li><i>La sinistra assente. Crisi, società dello spettacolo, guerra</i>, Carocci, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788843073542" title="Special:BookSources/9788843073542">9788843073542</a>.</li> <li><i>Nietzsche, the Aristocratic Rebel</i>, translated by Gregor Benton, with an introduction by Harrison Fluss. Leiden: Brill, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27094-7">978-90-04-27094-7</a>. Originally published in Italian by Bollati Boringhieri Editore as Domenico Losurdo, <i>Nietzsche, il ribelle aristocratico: Biografia intellettuale e bilancio critico,</i> Turin, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Losurdo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domenicolosurdopresentazazing.blogspot.com/">"Domenico Losurdo's work"</a>. Blogger. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093410/http://www.kominform.at/article.php?story=20070530163545732">"Domenico Losurdo: Demokratie dank Sozialismus"</a> (in German). KomInform. 30 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kominform.at/article.php?story=20070530163545732">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domenico+Losurdo%3A+Demokratie+dank+Sozialismus&rft.pub=KomInform&rft.date=2007-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kominform.at%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20070530163545732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomenico+Losurdo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2I5RAEjNjU">"Nazisme racisme colonialisme - Domenico Losurdo"</a> (in French). YouTube. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1237192#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1237192#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120549921">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83204719">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12030020p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12030020p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01143036">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Losurdo, Domenico"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV014472">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1181839">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074075411">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Losurdo, Domenico"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000033996&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702783405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/77213">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264739305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508781206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14107421">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02656590?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120549921.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120549921">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02847130X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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