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class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kamera rootpage-Kamera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kamera" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kamera" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kamera" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kamera" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komponen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komponen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Komponen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Komponen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Komponen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Komponen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sistem_lensa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_lensa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sistem lensa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_lensa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemantik_potret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemantik_potret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pemantik potret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemantik_potret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bagian_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bagian_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bagian lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bagian_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_media_penangkap_cahaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_media_penangkap_cahaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jenis kamera berdasarkan media penangkap cahaya</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_media_penangkap_cahaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis kamera berdasarkan media penangkap cahaya</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_media_penangkap_cahaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamera_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kamera film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jenis_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Jenis film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamera_polaroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_polaroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kamera polaroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_polaroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamera_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kamera digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_mekanisme_kerja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_mekanisme_kerja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jenis kamera berdasarkan mekanisme kerja</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_mekanisme_kerja-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis kamera berdasarkan mekanisme kerja</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_mekanisme_kerja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamera_single_lens_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_single_lens_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kamera single lens reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_single_lens_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamera_instan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_instan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kamera instan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_instan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembagian_kamera_berdasarkan_teknologi_viewfinder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_kamera_berdasarkan_teknologi_viewfinder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pembagian kamera berdasarkan teknologi viewfinder</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pembagian_kamera_berdasarkan_teknologi_viewfinder-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pembagian kamera berdasarkan teknologi viewfinder</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_kamera_berdasarkan_teknologi_viewfinder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kamera_saku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_saku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kamera saku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_saku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamera_TLR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamera_TLR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kamera TLR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamera_TLR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 104 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABensearu" title="Sīensearu – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sīensearu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="آلة تصوير – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة تصوير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كاميرا – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاميرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tust%C3%A8l" title="Tustèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tustèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фотокамера – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотокамера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैमरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैमरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্যামেরা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যামেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པར་ཆས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པར་ཆས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mera" title="Càmera – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càmera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A1k-si%C3%B3ng-g%C4%AD" title="Kiák-sióng-gĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kiák-sióng-gĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کامێرا – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotilo" title="Fotilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_%C3%B3ptica" title="Cámara óptica – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamera" title="Kaamera – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaamera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaba" title="Itaba – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Itaba" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra" title="Caméra – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caméra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceamara" title="Ceamara – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceamara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="相機 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="相機" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Cámara fotográfica – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámara fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-si%C3%B4ng-k%C3%AE" title="Hip-siông-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hip-siông-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מצלמה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצלמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैमरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैमरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchaliu%C4%A1un" title="Pitchaliuġun – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pitchaliuġun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamero" title="Kamero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndav%C3%A9l" title="Myndavél – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndavél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="カメラ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamara" title="Kiamara – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiamara" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodhak" title="Kodhak – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kodhak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="កាមេរ៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាមេរ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84%EA%B8%B0" title="사진기 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사진기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_photographica" title="Machina photographica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina photographica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_(ier%C4%ABce)" title="Kamera (ierīce) – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamera (ierīce)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakan-tsary" title="Fakan-tsary – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fakan-tsary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камера – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF" title="ഛായാഗ്രാഹി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛായാഗ്രാഹി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅमेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅमेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ကင်မရာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်မရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यामरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यामरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham%C3%AAra" title="Khamêra – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Khamêra" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakkaaftuu" title="Fakkaaftuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fakkaaftuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="କ୍ୟାମେରା – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟାମେରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੈਮਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਮਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_fotograficzna" title="Kamera fotograficzna – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamera fotograficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کیمره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کیمره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mera" title="Câmera – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27a_hap%27ina" title="Rikch'a hap'ina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'a hap'ina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Съёмочная камера – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Съёмочная камера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="छायाग्राहिका – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छायाग्राहिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱮᱢᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱢᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80" title="කැමරව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැමරව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawirqaado" title="Sawirqaado – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sawirqaado" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камера – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A9ra" title="Kaméra – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaméra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளிப்படக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிப்படக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="కెమెరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెమెరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аксбардорак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аксбардорак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="กล้องถ่ายภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องถ่ายภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Знімальна камера – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знімальна камера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Máy ảnh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="照相机 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="照相机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოაპარატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოტოაპარატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="קאמערע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמערע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1m%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%A0" title="Kámẹ́rà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kámẹ́rà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="照相機 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="照相機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-si%C3%B2ng-ki" title="Hip-siòng-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hip-siòng-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="相機 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithwebuli" title="Isithwebuli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithwebuli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15328#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kamera" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kamera"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kamera"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kamera" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kamera" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&oldid=26303208" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kamera&id=26303208&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKamera"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKamera"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kamera"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kamera&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Camera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15328" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg/250px-Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg/330px-Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg/500px-Cameras_Zenit_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Kamera</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kamera</b> atau <b>tustel</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengambil dan menyimpan <a href="/wiki/Gambar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambar">gambar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, baik secara digital melalui sensor <a href="/wiki/Gambar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambar">gambar</a> elektronik, atau secara kimia melalui bahan peka cahaya seperti <a href="/wiki/Film_gulung" title="Film gulung">film gulung</a>. Kamera merupakan alat paling populer dalam kegiatan <a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi">fotografi</a>. Nama ini didapat dari <i>camera obscura</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> untuk "ruang gelap", yang ditemukan oleh Al Haitam atau Alhazen sekitar tahun 1000 Masehi, mekanisme awal untuk memproyeksikan tampilan di mana suatu ruangan berfungsi seperti cara kerja kamera fotografis yang modern, tidak ada cara pada waktu itu untuk mencatat tampilan gambarnya selain secara manual mengikuti jejaknya. Dalam dunia <a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi">fotografi</a>, kamera merupakan suatu peranti untuk membentuk dan merekam suatu bayangan potret pada lembaran <a href="/wiki/Film_(fotografi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Film (fotografi)">film</a>. Pada kamera <a href="/wiki/Televisi" title="Televisi">televisi</a>, sistem <a href="/wiki/Lensa" title="Lensa">kanta</a> membentuk gambar pada sebuah lempeng yang peka <a href="/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a>. Lempeng ini akan memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> ke lempeng sasaran bila terkena <a href="/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a>. Selanjutnya, pancaran elektron itu diperlakukan secara <a href="/wiki/Elektronik" class="mw-disambig" title="Elektronik">elektronik</a>. Dikenal banyak jenis kamera potret. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamera berawal dari sebuah alat serupa yang dikenal dengan <a href="/wiki/Kamera_obscura" title="Kamera obscura">Kamera obscura</a> yang merupakan kotak kamera yang belum dilengkapi dengan film untuk menangkap gambar atau bayangan. Pada abad ke-16 <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano">Girolamo Cardano</a> melengkapi kamera obscura dengan <a href="/wiki/Lensa" title="Lensa">lensa</a> pada bagian depan kamera obscura tersebut. Meski demikian, bayangan yang dihasilkan ternyata tidak tahan lama sehingga penemuan Girolamo belum dianggap sebagai dunia fotografi. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Scultze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Scultze (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Scultze</a> dalam penelitiannya menemukan bahwa garam perak sangat peka terhadap cahaya, tetapi dia belum menemukan konsep bagaimana langkah untuk meneruskan gagasannya. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras,_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/250px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/330px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg/500px-View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras%2C_Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>Foto tertua di dunia, <i>Point de vue du Gras</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Nicepore_Niepce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Nicepore Niepce (halaman belum tersedia)">Joseph Nicepore Niepce</a> memublikasikan gambar dari bayangan yang dihasilkan kameranya, yang berupa gambaran kabur atap-atap rumah pada sebuah lempengan campuran timah yang dipekakan yang kemudian dikenal sebagai foto pertama. Kemudian, pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> mempublikasikan temuannya berupa gambar yang dihasilkan dari bayangan sebuah jalan di <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> pada sebuah pelat tembaga berlapis perak. Daguerre yang mengadakan kolaborasi pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1829" title="1829">1829</a> dengan Niepce meneruskan program pengembangan kamera meski Niepce meninggal dunia pada <a href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</a>, saat dalam proses mengembangkan kamera yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_daguerreotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera daguerreotype (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera daguerreotype</a> yang dianggap praktis dalam dunia fotografi. Sebagai imbalan atas temuannya, pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> memberikan hadiah uang pensiun seumur hidup kepada Daguerre dan keluarga Niepce. Kamera daguerreotype kemudian berkembang menjadi kamera yang dikembangkan sekarang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komponen">Komponen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Komponen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komponen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebuah kamera minimal terdiri atas: </p> <ul><li>Kotak yang kedap cahaya (badan kamera)</li> <li>Sistem <a href="/wiki/Lensa" title="Lensa">lensa</a></li> <li>Pemantik potret (<i>shutter</i>)</li> <li>Pemutar film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_lensa">Sistem lensa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem lensa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem lensa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistem lensa dipasang pada lubang depan kotak, berupa sebuah lensa tunggal yang terbuat dari <a href="/wiki/Plastik" title="Plastik">plastik</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Kaca" title="Kaca">kaca</a>, atau sejumlah lensa yang tersusun dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Silinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Silinder">silinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>. Tingkat penghalangan cahaya dinyatakan dengan angka <i>f</i>, atau bukaan relatifnya. Makin rendah angka <i>f</i> ini, makin besar bukaannya atau makin kecil tingkat penghalangannya. Bukaan ini diatur oleh jendela diafragma. Bukaan relatif diatur oleh suatu <a href="/wiki/Diafragma_(fotografi)" title="Diafragma (fotografi)">diafragma</a>. Untuk kamera SLR, lensa dilengkapi dengan pengatur bukaan diafragma yang mengatur banyaknya cahaya yang masuk sesuai keinginan fotografer. Jenis lensa cepat ataupun lensa lambat ditentukan oleh rentang nilai F yang dapat digunakan. Di samping lensa biasa, dikenal juga <b>lensa sudut lebar</b> (<i>wide lens</i>), <b>lensa sudut kecil</b> (<i>tele lens</i>), dan <b>lensa variabel</b> (<i>variable lens</i>, atau oleh kalangan awam disebut dengan istilah lensa <i>zoom)</i>. Lensa sudut lebar mempunyai jarak fokus yang lebih kecil daripada lensa biasa. Namun sebutan itu bergantung pada lebarnya film yang digunakan. Untuk film 35 <a href="/wiki/Milimeter" title="Milimeter">milimeter</a>, lensa 35 milimeter akan disebut lensa sudut lebar, sedangkan lensa 135 milimeter akan disebut lensa telefoto. Lensa variabel dapat diubah-ubah jarak fokusnya, dengan mengubah kedudukan relatif unsur-unsur lensa tersebut. Lensa akan memfokuskan cahaya sehingga dihasilkan bayangan sesuai ukuran film. Lensa dikelompokkan sesuai panjang <i>focal length</i> (jarak antara kedua lensa). <i>Focal length</i> memengaruhi besar komposisi gambar yang mampu dihasilkan. Dalam masyarakat umum, lebih dikenal dengan istilah <i>zoom</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemantik_potret">Pemantik potret</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pemantik potret" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemantik potret"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tombol pemantik potret atau <i>shutter</i> dipasang di belakang lensa atau di antara lensa. Kebanyakan kamera SLR mempunyai mekanisme pengatur <a href="/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu">waktu</a> untuk memungkinkan mengubah-ubah lama bukaan <i>shutter</i>. Waktu ini ialah singkatnya pemetik potret itu membuka, sehingga memungkinkan berkas cahaya mengenai film.<sup id="cite_ref-ensiklopedi1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ensiklopedi1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa masyarakat awam menganggap kemampuan kamera sebanding dengan besarnya nilai maksimum <i>shutter speed</i> yang bisa digunakan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bagian_lain">Bagian lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Bagian lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bagian lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bagian lain sebuah kamera, antara lain: </p> <ol><li>Mekanisme memutar film gulungan agar bagian-bagian film itu bergantian dapat disingkapkan pada objek.</li> <li>Mekanisme fokus yang dapat mengubah-ubah jarak antara lensa dan film.</li> <li>Pemindai komposisi pemotretan (<i>range finder</i>) yang menunjukkan apa saja yang akan terpotret serta apakah objek utama akan terfokuskan.</li> <li><i>lightmeter</i> untuk membantu menetapkan kecepatan pemetik potret dan atau besarnya bukaan, agar banyaknya cahaya yang mengenai film cukup tepat sehingga diperoleh bayangan atau gambar yang memuaskan.</li></ol> <p>Beberapa kamera, terutama jenis kamera poket biasanya tidak memiliki salah satu dari bagian-bagian tersebut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_media_penangkap_cahaya">Jenis kamera berdasarkan media penangkap cahaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis kamera berdasarkan media penangkap cahaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis kamera berdasarkan media penangkap cahaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamera film menggunakan pita seluloid (atau sejenisnya, sesuai perkembangan teknologi). Butiran silver halida yang menempel pada pita ini sangat sensitif terhadap cahaya. Saat proses <a href="/wiki/Cuci_film" title="Cuci film">cuci film</a>, silver halida yang telah terekspos cahaya dengan ukuran yang tepat akan menghitam, sedangkan yang kurang atau sama sekali tidak terekspos akan tanggal dan larut bersama cairan pengembang (<i>developer</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_film">Kamera film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera film" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera film"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenis kamera film yang digunakan adalah dari jenis 35 milimeter, yang menjadi populer karena keserbagunaan dan kecepatannya saat memotret, karena kamera ini berukuran kecil, kompak dan tidak mencolok. Lensa kadang dapat dipertukarkan, dan kamera itu dapat memuat gulungan film untuk 36 singkapan, bahkan kadang lebih </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kamera film praktica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg/220px-Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg/330px-Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg/440px-Praktica_Kamera_Foto_Film.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>kamera film Praktica</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jenis_film">Jenis film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis film" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis film"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pembagian film berdasarkan ukuran: </p> <ul><li><i>Small format</i> (<a href="/wiki/35mm" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm">35mm</a>)</li> <li><i>Medium format</i> (100-120mm)</li> <li><i>Large format</i></li></ul> <p><small><i>Angka di atas berarti ukuran diagonal film yang digunakan. Setiap jenis ukuran film harus menggunakan kamera yang berbeda pula.</i></small> </p><p>Pembagian film berdasarkan jenis bahan dan kesensitifannya: </p> <ul><li>Film hitam putih</li> <li>Film warna</li> <li>Film positif</li> <li>Film negatif</li> <li>Film daylight</li> <li>Film tungsten</li> <li>Film infra merah (sensitif terhadap panas yang dipantulkan permukaan objek)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_polaroid">Kamera polaroid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera polaroid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera polaroid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamera jenis ini memakai lembaran polaroid yang langsung memberikan gambar positif sehingga pemotret tidak perlu melakukan proses cuci cetak film. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_digital">Kamera digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera digital" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera digital"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamera jenis ini merupakan kamera yang dapat bekerja tanpa menggunakan film. Si pemotret dapat dengan mudah menangkap suatu objek tanpa harus susah-susah membidiknya melalui jendela pandang karena kamera digital sebagian besar memang tidak memilikinya. Sebagai gantinya, kamera digital menggunakan sebuah layar <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> yang terpasang di belakang kamera. Lebar layar LCD pada setiap kamera digital berbeda-beda. Sebagai media penyimpanan, kamera digital menggunakan <i>internal memory</i> ataupun <i>external memory</i> yang menggunakan <i>memory card</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_kamera_berdasarkan_mekanisme_kerja">Jenis kamera berdasarkan mekanisme kerja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis kamera berdasarkan mekanisme kerja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis kamera berdasarkan mekanisme kerja"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_single_lens_reflex">Kamera single lens reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera single lens reflex" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera single lens reflex"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kamera ini memiliki cermin datar dengan singkap 45 <a href="/wiki/Derajat" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Derajat">derajat</a> di belakang lensa, sehingga apa yang terlihat oleh pemotret dalam jendela pandang adalah juga apa yang akan di tangkap pada film. Umumnya kamera ini digunakan setinggi pinggang ketika dipotretkan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_instan">Kamera instan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera instan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera instan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah instan adalah dimilikinya mekanisme automatik pada kamera, sehingga berdasar pengukur cahaya (<i>lightmeter</i> atau <i>fotometer</i>), lebar diafragma dan kecepatan pemetik potret dfbbhp paket secara otomatis telah diatur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembagian_kamera_berdasarkan_teknologi_viewfinder">Pembagian kamera berdasarkan teknologi viewfinder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian kamera berdasarkan teknologi viewfinder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian kamera berdasarkan teknologi viewfinder"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Viewfinder</i> memainkan peranan penting dalam penyusunan komposisi fotografi. Fotografer ahli biasanya akan lebih memilih <i>viewfinder</i> dengan kualitas baik dan mampu memberikan gambaran tepat seperti apa yang akan tercetak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_saku">Kamera saku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera saku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera saku"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenis yang paling populer digunakan masyarakat umum. <a href="/wiki/Lensa_fotografi" title="Lensa fotografi">Lensa</a> utama tak bisa diganti, umumnya otomatis atau memerlukan sedikit penyetelan. Cahaya yang melewati lensa langsung membakar medium. Kelemahan film ini adalah gambar yang ditangkap oleh mata akan berbeda dengan yang akan dihasilkan film, karena ada perbedaan sudut pandang <a href="/wiki/Jendela_bidik" title="Jendela bidik">jendela bidik</a> (<i>viewfinder</i>) dengan lensa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamera_TLR">Kamera TLR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Kamera TLR" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kamera TLR"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kelemahan kamera poket diperbaiki oleh kamera TLR. Jendela bidik diberikan lensa yang identik dengan lensa di bawahnya. Namun tetap ada <a href="/wiki/Kesalahan_paralaks" title="Kesalahan paralaks">kesalahan paralaks</a> yang ditimbulkan sebab sudut dan posisi kedua lensa tidak sama.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamera_digital" title="Kamera digital">Kamera digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamera_sekali_pakai" title="Kamera sekali pakai">Kamera sekali pakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamera_stereo" title="Kamera stereo">Kamera stereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi">Fotografi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.web.id/tustel">"Arti kata tustel - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online"</a>. <i>kbbi.web.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kbbi.web.id&rft.atitle=Arti+kata+tustel+-+Kamus+Besar+Bahasa+Indonesia+%28KBBI%29+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.web.id%2Ftustel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ensiklopedi1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ensiklopedi1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529180219/http://www.trendingtopic.id/kamera-olympus-pen-e-p5-terbaru-dengan-koneksi-wifi/">"Kamera Olympus"</a>. trendingtopic.id. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trendingtopic.id/kamera-olympus-pen-e-p5-terbaru-dengan-koneksi-wifi/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kamera+Olympus&rft.pub=trendingtopic.id&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trendingtopic.id%2Fkamera-olympus-pen-e-p5-terbaru-dengan-koneksi-wifi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pustaka">Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmmakershandbo00asch_0"><i>The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age</i></a> (edisi ke-3). New York, New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-452-28678-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-452-28678-8">978-0-452-28678-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filmmaker%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+for+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28678-8&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Pincus%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmmakershandbo00asch_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burian, Peter; Caputo, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalgeograph0000buri_c6v0"><i>National Geographic photography field guide</i></a> (edisi ke-2). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7922-5676-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7922-5676-X">0-7922-5676-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+photography+field+guide&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7922-5676-X&rft.aulast=Burian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Caputo%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalgeograph0000buri_c6v0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Frizot, Michel (1998). "Light machines: On the threshold of invention". Dalam Michel Frizot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofphot0000unse"><i>A New History of Photography</i></a>. Koln, Germany: Konemann. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-8290-1328-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-8290-1328-0">3-8290-1328-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Light+machines%3A+On+the+threshold+of+invention&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Koln%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-8290-1328-0&rft.aulast=Frizot&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofphot0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000gern_i4e3"><i>A Concise History of Photography</i></a> (edisi ke-3). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-486-25128-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-486-25128-4">0-486-25128-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-486-25128-4&rft.aulast=Gernsheim&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000gern_i4e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gustavson, Todd (2009). <i>Camera: a history of photography from daguerreotype to digital</i>. New York, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4027-5656-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4027-5656-6">978-1-4027-5656-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camera%3A+a+history+of+photography+from+daguerreotype+to+digital&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5656-6&rft.aulast=Gustavson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hirsch, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seizinglighthist0000hirs"><i>Seizing the Light: A History of Photography</i></a>. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-697-14361-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-697-14361-9">0-697-14361-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seizing+the+Light%3A+A+History+of+Photography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-697-14361-9&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseizinglighthist0000hirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Johnson, William S.; Rice, Mark; Williams, Carla (2005). Therese Mulligan and David Wooters, ed. <i>A History of Photography</i>. Los Angeles, California: Taschen America. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-8228-4777-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-8228-4777-0">978-3-8228-4777-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=Taschen+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-4777-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Rice%2C+Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">London, Barbara; Upton, John; Kobré, Kenneth; Brill, Betsy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photography0000unse_y3q2"><i>Photography</i></a> (edisi ke-7). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-13-028271-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-13-028271-5">0-13-028271-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-028271-5&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Upton%2C+John&rft.au=Kobr%C3%A9%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Brill%2C+Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotography0000unse_y3q2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wenczel, Norma (2007). "Part I - Introducing an Instrument". Dalam Wolfgang Lefèvre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402135648/http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF"><i>The Optical Camera Obscura II Images and Texts</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Inside the Camera Obscura–Optics and Art under the Spell of the Projected Image</i>. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. hlm. 13–30. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I+-+Introducing+an+Instrument&rft.btitle=The+Optical+Camera+Obscura+II+Images+and+Texts&rft.pages=13-30&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wenczel&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FPreprints%2FP333.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, A. Lewis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searszemanskysun0000youn_c0d9"><i>Sears and Zemansky's University Physics</i></a> (edisi ke-12). San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-321-50147-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-321-50147-0">0-321-50147-0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+University+Physics&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Pearson+Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-321-50147-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Hugh+D.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Ford%2C+A.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearszemanskysun0000youn_c0d9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKamera" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ensiklopedia Nasional Indonesia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalcamerareview.com">Ulasan mengenai kamera</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamera&oldid=26303208">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamera&oldid=26303208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kamera" title="Kategori:Kamera">Kamera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Fotografi" title="Kategori:Fotografi">Fotografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Istilah_fotografi" title="Kategori:Istilah fotografi">Istilah fotografi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Menggunakan_parameter_penyunting" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting">Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penyunting</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 16 September 2024, pukul 03.45.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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