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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exposure control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aperture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aperture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Aperture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aperture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shutter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shutter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Shutter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shutter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_meter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_meter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Light meter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_meter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewfinder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewfinder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Viewfinder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewfinder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_sensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_sensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Film and sensor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_sensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Camera accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Flash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Other accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Primary types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single-lens_reflex_(SLR)_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-lens_reflex_(SLR)_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-lens_reflex_(SLR)_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large-format_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large-format_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Large-format camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large-format_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plate_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Plate camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium-format_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium-format_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medium-format camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium-format_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin-lens_reflex_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin-lens_reflex_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Twin-lens reflex camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin-lens_reflex_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compact_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compact_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Compact cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compact_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instant_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instant_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Instant camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instant_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subminiature_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subminiature_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Subminiature camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subminiature_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Folding camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Box camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rangefinder_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rangefinder_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rangefinder camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rangefinder_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_picture_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_picture_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Motion picture cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_picture_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_video_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_video_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Professional video camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_video_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camcorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camcorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Camcorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camcorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Digital camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camera_phone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_phone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Camera phone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_phone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Camera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABensearu" title="Sīensearu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sīensearu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="آلة تصوير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلة تصوير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্যামেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যামেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-si%C3%B2ng-ki" title="Hip-siòng-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hip-siòng-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैमरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैमरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фотокамера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фотокамера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པར་ཆས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པར་ཆས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mera" title="Càmera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càmera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كاميرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاميرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaamera" title="Kaamera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaamera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_%C3%B3ptica" title="Cámara óptica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotilo" title="Fotilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fotilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوربین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra" title="Caméra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caméra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceamara" title="Ceamara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceamara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_fotogr%C3%A1fica" title="Cámara fotográfica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámara fotográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="相機 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="相機" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-si%C3%B4ng-k%C3%AE" title="Hip-siông-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hip-siông-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84%EA%B8%B0" title="사진기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사진기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कैमरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैमरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamero" title="Kamero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kamero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchaliu%C4%A1un" title="Pitchaliuġun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pitchaliuġun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myndav%C3%A9l" title="Myndavél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Myndavél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מצלמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצלמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodhak" title="Kodhak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kodhak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಮರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machina_photographica" title="Machina photographica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Machina photographica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_(ier%C4%ABce)" title="Kamera (ierīce) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamera (ierīce)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakan-tsary" title="Fakan-tsary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fakan-tsary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF" title="ഛായാഗ്രാഹി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛായാഗ്രാഹി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कॅमेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅमेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ფოტოაპარატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოტოაპარატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A1k-si%C3%B3ng-g%C4%AD" title="Kiák-sióng-gĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kiák-sióng-gĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ကင်မရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကင်မရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaba" title="Itaba – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Itaba" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्यामरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्यामरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="カメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="କ୍ୟାମେରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟାମେରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakkaaftuu" title="Fakkaaftuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fakkaaftuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੈਮਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਮਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کیمره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کیمره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiamara" title="Kiamara – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiamara" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="កាមេរ៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាមេរ៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_fotograficzna" title="Kamera fotograficzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamera fotograficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mera" title="Câmera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27a_hap%27ina" title="Rikch'a hap'ina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'a hap'ina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Съёмочная камера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Съёмочная камера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="छायाग्राहिका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छायाग्राहिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱮᱢᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱢᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham%C3%AAra" title="Khamêra – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Khamêra" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80" title="කැමරව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැමරව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Camera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawirqaado" title="Sawirqaado – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sawirqaado" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کامێرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Камера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A9ra" title="Kaméra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaméra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளிப்படக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளிப்படக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="కెమెరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కెమెరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="กล้องถ่ายภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องถ่ายภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аксбардорак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аксбардорак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Знімальна камера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знімальна камера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کیمرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Máy ảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="照相机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="照相机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="קאמערע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמערע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1m%E1%BA%B9%CC%81r%C3%A0" title="Kámẹ́rà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kámẹ́rà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="相機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kamera" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="照相機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="照相機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tust%C3%A8l" title="Tustèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tustèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15328#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Optical device for recording images</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Camera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Camera (disambiguation)">Camera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg/300px-LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg/450px-LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg/600px-LEI0440_Leica_IIIf_chrom_-_Sn._580566_1951-52-M39_Blitzsynchron_front_view-6531_hf-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> camera (1950s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg/300px-Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg/450px-Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg/600px-Hasselblad_500_CM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> 500 C/M with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a> lens</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>camera</b> is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a>, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography, cameras have played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, media, entertainment, surveillance, and scientific research. The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century and has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a vast array of types and models in the 21st century. </p><p>Cameras function through a combination of multiple mechanical components and principles. These include exposure control, which regulates the amount of light reaching the sensor or film; the lens, which focuses the light; the viewfinder, which allows the user to preview the scene; and the film or sensor, which captures the image. </p><p>Several types of cameras exist, each suited to specific uses and offering unique capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras</a> provide real-time, exact imaging through the lens. <a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">Large-format</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium-format</a> cameras offer higher image resolution and are often used in professional and artistic photography. Compact cameras, known for their portability and simplicity, are popular in consumer photography. <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">Rangefinder cameras</a>, with separate viewing and imaging systems, were historically widely used in photojournalism. <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">Motion picture cameras</a> are specialized for filming cinematic content, while <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, which became prevalent in the late 20th and early 21st century, use electronic sensors to capture and store images. </p><p> The rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">smartphone camera</a> technology in the 21st century has blurred the lines between dedicated cameras and multifunctional devices, profoundly influencing how society creates, shares, and consumes visual content.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_camera" title="History of the camera">History of the camera</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a> and transitioning to complex photographic cameras, the evolution of the technology in the 19th century was driven by pioneers like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Thomas Wedgwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a>. First using the camera obscura for chemical experiments, they ultimately created cameras specifically for chemical photography, and later reduced the camera's size and optimized lens configurations. </p><p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> process in 1839 facilitated commercial camera manufacturing, with various producers contributing diverse designs. As camera manufacturing became a specialized trade in the 1850s, designs and sizes were standardized. </p><p>The latter half of the century witnessed the advent of <a href="/wiki/Dry-plate_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-plate photography">dry plates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roll_film" title="Roll film">roll-film</a>, prompting a shift towards smaller and more cost-effective cameras, epitomized by the original Kodak camera, first produced in 1888. This period also saw significant advancements in lens technology and the emergence of color photography, leading to a surge in camera ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first half of the 20th century saw continued miniaturization and the integration of new manufacturing materials. After World War I, Germany took the lead in camera development, spearheading industry consolidation and producing precision-made cameras. The industry saw significant product launches such as the <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> camera and the <a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a>, which were enabled by advancements in film and lens designs. Additionally, there was a marked increase in accessibility to cinematography for amateurs with Eastman Kodak's production of the first <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16-mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8-mm</a> reversal safety films. The World War II era saw a focus on the development of specialized aerial reconnaissance and instrument-recording equipment, even as the overall pace of non-military camera innovation slowed. </p><p>In the second half of the century, Japanese manufacturers in particular advanced camera technology. From the introduction of the affordable Ricohflex III TLR in 1952 to the first 35mm SLR with automatic exposure, the Olympus AutoEye in 1960, new designs and features continuously emerged. Electronics became integral to camera design in the 1970s, evident in models like <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_SX-70" title="Polaroid SX-70">Polaroid's SX-70</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_AE-1" title="Canon AE-1">Canon's AE-1</a>. </p><p>Transition to digital photography marked the late 20th century, culminating in digital camera sales surpassing film cameras in the United States by 2003. In contrast, the film camera industry in the UK, Western Europe, and the USA declined during this period, while manufacturing continued in the USSR, German Democratic Republic, and China, often mimicking Western designs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 21st century witnessed the mass adoption of digital cameras and significant improvements in sensor technology. A major revolution came with the incorporation of cameras into smartphones, making photography a commonplace activity. The century also marked the rise of <a href="/wiki/Computational_photography" title="Computational photography">computational photography</a>, using algorithms and AI to enhance image quality. Features like low-light and <a href="/wiki/High_dynamic_range" title="High dynamic range">HDR photography</a>, optical image stabilization, and depth-sensing became common in smartphone cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg/260px-Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg/390px-Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg/520px-Reflex_camera_simple_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Basic elements of a modern digital single-lens reflex (SLR) still camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cameras capture light from the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, while specialized cameras capture other portions of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vii">: vii </span></sup> </p><p>All cameras use the same basic design: light enters an enclosed box through a <a href="/wiki/Converging_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Converging lens">converging or convex lens</a> and an image is recorded on a light-sensitive medium.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light enters the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1182–1183">: 1182–1183 </span></sup> </p><p>Most cameras also have a viewfinder, which shows the scene to be recorded, along with means to adjust various combinations of <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a>, aperture and <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Upton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_control">Exposure control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exposure control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure (photography)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aperture">Aperture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aperture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/220px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/330px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg/440px-Lenses_with_different_apertures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Different apertures of a lens</figcaption></figure> <p>Light enters the camera through an aperture, an opening adjusted by overlapping plates called the aperture ring.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically located in the lens,<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this opening can be widened or narrowed to alter the amount of light that strikes the film or sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the aperture can be set manually, by rotating the lens or adjusting a dial or automatically based on readings from an internal light meter.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As the aperture is adjusted, the opening expands and contracts in increments called <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><i>f-stops</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller the f-stop, the more light is allowed to enter the lens, increasing the exposure. Typically, f-stops range from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1207775266">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>1.4 to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>32<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in standard increments: 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, and 32.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The light entering the camera is halved with each increasing increment.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daisies-Focus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of flowers, with one in focus. The background is out of focus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Daisies-Focus.jpg/220px-Daisies-Focus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Daisies-Focus.jpg/330px-Daisies-Focus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Daisies-Focus.jpg/440px-Daisies-Focus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>The distance range in which objects appear clear and sharp, called <i><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a></i>, can be adjusted by many cameras. This allows a photographer to control which objects appear in focus, and which do not.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wider opening at lower f-stops narrows the range of focus so the background is blurry while the foreground is in focus. This <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> increases as the aperture closes. A narrow aperture results in a high depth of field, meaning that objects at many different distances from the camera will appear to be in focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is acceptably in focus is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circle of confusion</a>, the photographic technique, the equipment in use and the degree of magnification expected of the final image.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shutter">Shutter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shutter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter (photography)</a></div> <p>The shutter, along with the aperture, is one of two ways to control the amount of light entering the camera. The <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> determines the duration that the light-sensitive surface is exposed to light. The shutter opens, light enters the camera and exposes the film or sensor to light, and then the shutter closes.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> There are two types of mechanical shutters: the leaf-type shutter and the focal-plane shutter. The leaf-type uses a circular iris diaphragm maintained under spring tension inside or just behind the lens that rapidly opens and closes when the shutter is released.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focal-plane_shutter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Focal-plane_shutter.jpg/220px-Focal-plane_shutter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Focal-plane_shutter.jpg/330px-Focal-plane_shutter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Focal-plane_shutter.jpg/440px-Focal-plane_shutter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>A focal-plane shutter. In this shutter, the metal shutter blades travel vertically.</figcaption></figure> <p>More commonly, a <a href="/wiki/Focal-plane_shutter" title="Focal-plane shutter">focal-plane shutter</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shutter operates close to the film plane and employs metal plates or cloth curtains with an opening that passes across the light-sensitive surface. The curtains or plates have an opening that is pulled across the film plane during exposure. The focal-plane shutter is typically used in single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras, since covering the film (rather than blocking the light passing through the lens) allows the photographer to view the image through the lens at all times, except during the exposure itself. Covering the film also facilitates removing the lens from a loaded camera, as many SLRs have interchangeable lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> may use a mechanical or electronic shutter, the latter of which is common in smartphone cameras. Electronic shutters either record data from the entire sensor simultaneously (a global shutter) or record the data line by line across the sensor (a rolling shutter).<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In movie cameras, a rotary shutter opens and closes in sync with the advancement of each frame of film.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duration for which the shutter is open is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a></i> or <i>exposure time</i>. Typical exposure times can range from one second to 1/1,000 of a second, though longer and shorter durations are not uncommon. In the early stages of photography, exposures were often several minutes long. These long exposure times often resulted in blurry images, as a single object is recorded in multiple places across a single image for the duration of the exposure. To prevent this, shorter exposure times can be used. Very short exposure times can capture fast-moving action and eliminate motion blur.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip's_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip's-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shorter exposure times require more light to produce a properly exposed image, so shortening the exposure time is not always possible. </p><p>Like aperture settings, exposure times increment in powers of two. The two settings determine the exposure value (EV), a measure of how much light is recorded during the exposure. There is a direct relationship between the exposure times and aperture settings so that if the exposure time is lengthened one step, but the aperture opening is also narrowed one step, then the amount of light that contacts the film or sensor is the same.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_meter">Light meter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Light meter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">Light meter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg/220px-Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg/330px-Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg/440px-Sekonic_L-358_Flash_Master.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A handheld digital light meter showing an exposure of 1/200th at an aperture of f/11, at ISO 100. The light sensor is on top, under the white diffusing hemisphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most modern cameras, the amount of light entering the camera is measured using a built-in light meter or exposure meter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken through the lens (called <i><abbr title="through the lens">TTL</abbr> metering</i>), these readings are taken using a panel of light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used to calculate optimal exposure settings. These settings are typically determined automatically as the reading is used by the camera's <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>. The reading from the light meter is incorporated with aperture settings, exposure times, and film or sensor sensitivity to calculate the optimal exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Light_meter" title="Light meter">Light meters</a> typically average the light in a scene to 18% middle gray. More advanced cameras are more nuanced in their metering—weighing the center of the frame more heavily (center-weighted metering), considering the differences in light across the image (matrix metering), or allowing the photographer to take a light reading at a specific point within the image (spot metering).<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philip's_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip's-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lens">Lens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Camera lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></div> <p>A camera lens is an assembly of multiple optical elements, typically made from high-quality glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary function is to focus light onto a camera's film or digital sensor, thereby producing an image.<sup id="cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process significantly influences image quality, the overall appearance of the photo, and which parts of the scene are brought into focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A camera lens is constructed from a series of lens elements, small pieces of glass arranged to form an image accurately on the light-sensitive surface. Each element is designed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration">optical aberrations</a>, or distortions, such as <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> (a failure of the lens to focus all colors at the same point), <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> (darkening of image corners), and <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(optics)" title="Distortion (optics)">distortion</a> (bending or warping of the image). The degree of these distortions can vary depending on the subject of the photo.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the lens, measured in millimeters, plays a critical role as it determines how much of the scene the camera can capture and how large the objects appear. Wide-angle lenses provide a broad view of the scene, while telephoto lenses capture a narrower view but magnify the objects. The focal length also influences the ease of taking clear pictures handheld, with longer lengths making it more challenging to avoid blur from small camera movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two primary types of lenses include zoom and prime lenses. A zoom lens allows for changing its focal length within a certain range, providing the convenience of adjusting the scene capture without moving the camera or changing the lens. A prime lens, in contrast, has a fixed focal length. While less flexible, prime lenses often provide superior image quality, are typically lighter, and perform better in low light.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Focus involves adjusting the lens elements to sharpen the image of the subject at various distances.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus is adjusted through the focus ring on the lens, which moves the lens elements closer or further from the sensor. <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">Autofocus</a> is a feature included in many lenses, which uses a motor within the lens to adjust the focus quickly and precisely based on the lens's detection of contrast or phase differences. This feature can be enabled or disabled using switches on the lens body.<sup id="cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advanced lenses may include mechanical <a href="/wiki/Image_stabilization" title="Image stabilization">image stabilization</a> systems that move lens elements or the image sensor itself to counteract camera shake, especially beneficial in low-light conditions or at slow shutter speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lens hoods, filters, and caps are accessories used alongside a lens to enhance image quality, protect the lens, or achieve specific effects.<sup id="cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viewfinder">Viewfinder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Viewfinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The camera's viewfinder provides a real-time approximation of what will be captured by the sensor or film. It assists photographers in aligning, focusing, and adjusting the composition, lighting, and exposure of their shots, enhancing the accuracy of the final image.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viewfinders fall into two primary categories: optical and electronic. Optical viewfinders, commonly found in Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) cameras, use a system of mirrors or prisms to reflect light from the lens to the viewfinder, providing a clear, real-time view of the scene. Electronic viewfinders, typical in mirrorless cameras, project an electronic image onto a small display, offering a wider range of information such as live exposure previews and histograms, albeit at the cost of potential lag and higher battery consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialized viewfinder systems exist for specific applications, like <a href="/wiki/Subminiature_photography" title="Subminiature photography">subminiature cameras</a> for spying or <a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">underwater photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax error</a>, resulting from misalignment between the viewfinder and lens axes, can cause inaccurate representations of the subject's position. While negligible with distant subjects, this error becomes prominent with closer ones. Some viewfinders incorporate parallax-compensating devices to mitigate that issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_sensor">Film and sensor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film and sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Image capture in a camera occurs when light strikes a light-sensitive surface: <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Digital_sensor" title="Digital sensor">digital sensor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Housed within the camera body, the film or sensor records the light's pattern when the shutter is briefly opened to allow light to pass during the exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loading film into a film camera is a manual process. The film, typically housed in a cartridge, is loaded into a designated slot in the camera. One end of the film strip, the film leader, is manually threaded onto a take-up spool. Once the back of the camera is closed, the film advance lever or knob is used to ensure the film is correctly placed. The photographer then winds the film, either manually or automatically depending on the camera, to position a blank portion of the film in the path of the light. Each time a photo is taken, the film advance mechanism moves the exposed film out of the way, bringing a new, unexposed section of film into position for the next shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film must be advanced after each shot to prevent <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">double exposure</a> — where the same section of film is exposed to light twice, resulting in overlapped images. Once all frames on the film roll have been exposed, the film is rewound back into the cartridge, ready to be removed from the camera for developing.<sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In digital cameras, sensors typically comprise <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)</a> or Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) chips, both of which convert incoming light into electrical charges to form digital images.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CCD sensors, though power-intensive, are recognized for their excellent light sensitivity and image quality. Conversely, CMOS sensors offer individual pixel readouts, leading to less power consumption and faster frame rates, with their image quality having improved significantly over time. </p><p>Digital cameras convert light into electronic data that can be directly processed and stored. The volume of data generated is dictated by the sensor's size and properties, necessitating storage media such as <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">Compact Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Sticks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD (Secure Digital) cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern digital cameras typically feature a built-in monitor for immediate image review and adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital images are also more readily handled and manipulated by computers, offering a significant advantage in terms of flexibility and post-processing potential over traditional film.<sup id="cite_ref-Focal_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_accessories">Camera accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Camera accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flash">Flash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash</a> provides a short burst of bright light during exposure and is a commonly used artificial light source in photography. Most modern flash systems use a battery-powered high-voltage discharge through a gas-filled tube to generate bright light for a very short time (1/1,000 of a second or less).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many flash units measure the light reflected from the flash to help determine the appropriate duration of the flash. When the flash is attached directly to the camera—typically in a slot at the top of the camera (the flash shoe or hot shoe) or through a cable—activating the shutter on the camera triggers the flash, and the camera's internal light meter can help determine the duration of the flash.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional flash equipment can include a <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(optics)" title="Diffuser (optics)">light diffuser</a>, mount and stand, reflector, <a href="/wiki/Soft_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft box">soft box</a>, trigger and cord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_accessories">Other accessories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accessories for cameras are mainly used for care, protection, special effects, and functions. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">Lens hood</a>: used on the end of a lens to block the sun or other light source to prevent glare and lens flare (see also <a href="/wiki/Matte_box" title="Matte box">matte box</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens cap">Lens cap</a>: covers and protects the camera lens when not in use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_adapter" title="Lens adapter">Lens adapter</a>: allows the use of lenses other than those for which the camera was designed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a>: allows artificial colors or changes light density.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_tube" title="Extension tube">Lens extension tube</a>: allows close focus in <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>.</li> <li>Care and protection: including camera case and cover, maintenance tools, and screen protector.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_monitor" title="Camera monitor">Camera monitor</a>: provides an off-camera view of the composition with a brighter and more colorful screen, and typically exposes more advanced tools such as framing guides, <a href="/wiki/Focus_peaking" title="Focus peaking">focus peaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">zebra stripes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waveform_monitor" title="Waveform monitor">waveform monitors</a> (oftentimes as an "RGB parade"), <a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">vectorscopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">false color</a> to highlight areas of the image critical to the photographer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a>: primarily used for keeping the camera steady while recording video, doing a long exposure, and <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a> photography.</li> <li>Microscope adapter: used to connect a camera to a microscope to photograph what the microscope is examining.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_(photography)" title="Bulb (photography)">Cable release</a>: used to remotely control the shutter using a remote shutter button that can be connected to the camera via a cable. It can be used to lock the shutter open for the desired period, and it is also commonly used to prevent the camera shake from pressing the built-in camera shutter button.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_shield" title="Dew shield">Dew shield</a>: prevents moisture build-up on the lens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_filter" title="UV filter">UV filter</a>: can protect the front element of a lens from scratches, cracks, smudges, dirt, dust, and moisture while keeping a minimum impact on image quality.</li> <li>Battery and sometimes a charger.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">Large format cameras</a> use special equipment that includes a magnifier loupe, view finder, angle finder, and focusing rail/truck. Some professional SLRs can be provided with interchangeable <a href="/wiki/Viewfinder" title="Viewfinder">finders</a> for eye-level or waist-level focusing, <a href="/wiki/Focusing_screen" title="Focusing screen">focusing screens</a>, eyecup, data backs, <a href="/wiki/Motor_drive" title="Motor drive">motor-drives</a> for film transportation or external battery packs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_types">Primary types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-lens_reflex_(SLR)_camera"><span id="Single-lens_reflex_.28SLR.29_camera"></span>Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Single-lens reflex (SLR) camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">Single-lens reflex camera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Instant_return_mirror" title="Instant return mirror">Instant return mirror</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_D200_front_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Nikon_D200_front_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Nikon D200 digital camera</figcaption></figure><p>In photography, the single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is provided with a mirror to redirect light from the lens to the viewfinder prior to releasing the shutter for composing and focusing an image. When the shutter is released, the mirror swings up and away, allowing the exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic medium</a>, and instantly returns after the exposure is finished. No SLR camera before 1954 had this feature, although the mirror on some early SLR cameras was entirely operated by the force exerted on the shutter release and only returned when the finger pressure was released.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Asahiflex_IIB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahiflex IIB">Asahiflex II</a>, released by Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Asahi (Pentax)</a> in 1954, was the world's first SLR camera with an instant return mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the single-lens reflex camera, the photographer sees the scene through the camera lens. This avoids the problem of <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> which occurs when the viewfinder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens. Single-lens reflex cameras have been made in several formats including sheet film 5x7" and 4x5", roll film 220/120 taking 8,10, 12, or 16 photographs on a 120 roll, and twice that number of a 220 film. These correspond to 6x9, 6x7, 6x6, and 6x4.5 respectively (all dimensions in cm). Notable manufacturers of large format and roll film SLR cameras include <a href="/wiki/Bronica" title="Bronica">Bronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graflex" title="Graflex">Graflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagull_Camera" title="Seagull Camera">Seagull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a>. However, the most common format of SLR cameras has been 35 mm and subsequently the migration to <a href="/wiki/Digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital SLR">digital SLR</a> cameras, using almost identical sized bodies and sometimes using the same lens systems. </p><p>Almost all SLR cameras use a front-surfaced mirror in the optical path to direct the light from the lens via a viewing screen and <a href="/wiki/Pentaprism" title="Pentaprism">pentaprism</a> to the eyepiece. At the time of exposure, the mirror is flipped up out of the light path before the shutter opens. Some early cameras experimented with other methods of providing through-the-lens viewing, including the use of a semi-transparent <a href="/wiki/Pellicle_mirror" title="Pellicle mirror">pellicle</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Canon_Pellix" title="Canon Pellix">Canon Pellix</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others with a small periscope such as in the <a href="/wiki/Corfield_Periflex" title="Corfield Periflex">Corfield Periflex</a> series.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large-format_camera">Large-format camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Large-format camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">View camera</a></div> <p>The large-format camera, taking sheet film, is a direct successor of the early plate cameras and remained in use for high-quality photography and technical, architectural, and industrial photography. There are three common types: the view camera, with its <a href="/wiki/Monorail_camera" title="Monorail camera">monorail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field camera</a> variants, and the <a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press camera</a>. They have extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the front. Backs taking <a href="/wiki/Roll_film" title="Roll film">roll film</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Digital_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital back">digital backs</a> are available in addition to the standard dark slide back. These cameras have a wide range of movements allowing very close control of focus and perspective. Composition and focusing are done on view cameras by viewing a <a href="/wiki/Ground-glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-glass">ground-glass</a> screen which is replaced by the film to make the exposure; they are suitable for static subjects only and are slow to use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plate_camera">Plate camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plate camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Studijskifotoaparat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/220px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/330px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Studijskifotoaparat.JPG/440px-Studijskifotoaparat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>19th-century studio camera with bellows for focusing</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Photographic plate</a></div> <p>The earliest cameras produced in significant numbers were <i>plate cameras</i>, using sensitized glass plates. Light entered a lens mounted on a lens board which was separated from the plate by extendible bellows. There were simple box cameras for glass plates but also single-lens reflex cameras with interchangeable lenses and even for color photography (<a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a>). Many of these cameras had controls to raise, lower, and tilt the lens forwards or backward to control perspective. </p><p>Focusing of these plate cameras was by the use of a ground glass screen at the point of focus. Because <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">lens design</a> only allowed rather small aperture lenses, the image on the ground glass screen was faint and most <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographers</a> had a dark cloth to cover their heads to allow focusing and composition to be carried out more quickly. When focus and composition were satisfactory, the ground glass screen was removed, and a sensitized plate was put in its place protected by a <a href="/wiki/Dark_slide_(photography)" title="Dark slide (photography)">dark slide</a>. To make the exposure, the dark decline was carefully slid out and the shutter opened, and then closed and the dark fall replaced. </p><p>Glass plates were later replaced by sheet film in a dark slide for sheet film; adapter sleeves were made to allow sheet film to be used in plate holders. In addition to the ground glass, a simple optical viewfinder was often fitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium-format_camera">Medium-format camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Medium-format camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">Medium format</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasselblad_503.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hasselblad_503.JPG/220px-Hasselblad_503.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hasselblad_503.JPG/330px-Hasselblad_503.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hasselblad_503.JPG/440px-Hasselblad_503.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> medium format camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Medium-format cameras have a film size between the large-format cameras and smaller 35 mm cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically these systems use 120 or 220 roll film.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common image sizes are 6×4.5 cm, 6×6 cm and 6×7 cm; the older 6×9 cm is rarely used. The designs of this kind of camera show greater variation than their larger brethren, ranging from monorail systems through the classic <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a> model with separate backs, to smaller rangefinder cameras. There are even compact amateur cameras available in this format. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twin-lens_reflex_camera">Twin-lens reflex camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Twin-lens reflex camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">Twin-lens reflex camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolleiflex_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolleiflex_camera.jpg/170px-Rolleiflex_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolleiflex_camera.jpg/255px-Rolleiflex_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rolleiflex_camera.jpg/340px-Rolleiflex_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Twin-lens reflex camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Twin-lens reflex cameras used a pair of nearly identical lenses: one to form the image and one as a viewfinder.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lenses were arranged with the viewing lens immediately above the taking lens. The viewing lens projects an image onto a viewing screen which can be seen from above. Some manufacturers such as Mamiya also provided a reflex head to attach to the viewing screen to allow the camera to be held to the eye when in use. The advantage of a TLR was that it could be easily focused using the viewing screen and that under most circumstances the view seen on the viewing screen was identical to that recorded on film. At close distances, however, parallax errors were encountered, and some cameras also included an indicator to show what part of the composition would be excluded. </p><p>Some TLRs had interchangeable lenses, but as these had to be paired lenses, they were relatively heavy and did not provide the range of focal lengths that the SLR could support. Most TLRs used 120 or 220 films; some used the smaller 127 films. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compact_cameras">Compact cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Compact cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instant_camera">Instant camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Instant camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">Instant camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg/220px-Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg/330px-Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg/440px-Polaroid_636_Close_Up_instant_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Instant Camera</figcaption></figure> <p>After exposure, every photograph is taken through pinch rollers inside the instant camera. Thereby the developer paste contained in the paper 'sandwich' is distributed on the image. After a minute, the cover sheet just needs to be removed and one gets a single original positive image with a fixed format. With some systems, it was also possible to create an instant image negative, from which then could be made copies in the photo lab. The ultimate development was the SX-70 system of <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a>, in which a row of ten shots – engine driven – could be made without having to remove any cover sheets from the picture. There were instant cameras for a variety of formats, as well as adapters for instant film use in medium- and large-format cameras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subminiature_camera">Subminiature camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Subminiature camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subminiature_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Subminiature camera">Subminiature camera</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Minox_C_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2016_Minox_C_8.jpg/220px-2016_Minox_C_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2016_Minox_C_8.jpg/330px-2016_Minox_C_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2016_Minox_C_8.jpg/440px-2016_Minox_C_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>Subminiature spy camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Subminiature cameras were first produced in the twentieth century and use film significantly smaller than 35mm. The expensive 8×11mm <a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a>, the only type of camera produced by the company from 1937 to 1976, became very widely known and was often used for espionage (the Minox company later also produced larger cameras). Later inexpensive subminiatures were made for general use, some using rewound 16 mm cine film. Image quality with these small film sizes was limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folding_camera">Folding camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Folding camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folding_camera" title="Folding camera">Folding camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG/220px-Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG/330px-Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG/440px-Voigtl%C3%A4nder_Bessa_66-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Folding camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of films enabled the existing designs for plate cameras to be made much smaller and for the baseplate to be hinged so that it could be folded up, compressing the bellows. These designs were very compact and small models were dubbed <i>vest pocket</i> cameras. One of the smallest and best-selling cameras was the <a href="/wiki/Vest_Pocket_Kodak" title="Vest Pocket Kodak">Vest Pocket Kodak</a>, sold in two generations between 1912 and 1934. Folding roll film cameras were preceded by folding plate cameras, more compact than other designs. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Box_camera">Box camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Box camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No._2C_Brownie_Camera,_Model_A_-_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG/170px-No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG/255px-No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG/340px-No._2C_Brownie_Camera%2C_Model_A_-_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption>Kodak box camera</figcaption></figure> <p>Box cameras were introduced as budget-level cameras and had few if any controls. The original box Brownie models had a small reflex viewfinder mounted on the top of the camera and had no aperture or focusing controls and just a simple shutter. Later models such as the Brownie 127 had larger direct view optical viewfinders together with a curved film path to reduce the impact of deficiencies in the lens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rangefinder_camera">Rangefinder camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rangefinder camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">Rangefinder camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg/220px-Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg/330px-Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg/440px-Leica_IIIa_Rangefinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>Rangefinder camera, <a href="/wiki/Leica_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Leica camera">Leica</a> c. 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>As camera lens technology developed and wide aperture lenses became more common, <a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder cameras</a> were introduced to make focusing more precise. Early rangefinders had two separate viewfinder windows, one of which is linked to the focusing mechanisms and moved right or left as the focusing ring is turned. The two separate images are brought together on a ground glass viewing screen. When vertical lines in the object being photographed meet exactly in the combined image, the object is in focus. A normal composition viewfinder is also provided. Later the viewfinder and rangefinder were combined. Many rangefinder cameras had <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Interchangeable lens">interchangeable lenses</a>, each lens requiring its range- and viewfinder linkages. </p><p>Rangefinder cameras were produced in <a href="/wiki/Half-frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-frame">half-</a> and full-frame 35 mm and roll film (medium format). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_picture_cameras">Motion picture cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Motion picture cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">Movie camera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_movie_camera" title="Digital movie camera">Digital movie camera</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">movie camera</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> operates similarly to a still camera, except it records a series of static images in rapid succession, commonly at a <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">rate</a> of 24 frames per second. When the images are combined and displayed in order, the illusion of motion is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras or as cine cameras in Europe; those designed for single images are still cameras. However, these categories overlap as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a> work and many modern cameras can quickly switch between still and motion recording modes. </p><p>A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or strips of film. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the ciné camera takes a series of images, each called a <i>frame</i>, through the use of an intermittent mechanism. </p><p>The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the <i>frame rate</i> (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's visual system <a href="/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" title="Persistence of vision">merge the separate pictures</a> to create the illusion of motion. The first ciné camera was built around 1888 and by 1890 several types were being manufactured. The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35mm film</a> and this remained in use until the transition to digital cinematography. Other professional standard formats include <a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm film</a> and 16 mm film whilst amateur filmmakers used 9.5 mm film, 8 mm film, or Standard 8 and Super 8 before the move into digital format. </p><p>The size and complexity of ciné cameras vary greatly depending on the uses required of the camera. Some professional equipment is very large and too heavy to be handheld whilst some amateur cameras were designed to be very small and light for single-handed operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_video_camera">Professional video camera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Professional video camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg/220px-Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg/330px-Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg/440px-Arri_Alexa_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">Arri Alexa</a>, a digital movie camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">Professional video camera</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">Video camera</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">professional video camera</a> (often called a <i>television camera</i> even though the use has spread beyond television) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images (as opposed to a movie camera, that earlier recorded the images on <a href="/wiki/Filmstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmstock">film</a>). Originally developed for use in television studios, they are now also used for music videos, <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> movies, corporate and educational videos, marriage videos, etc. </p><p>These cameras earlier used <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">vacuum tubes</a> and later electronic <a href="/wiki/Image_sensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Image sensors">image sensors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camcorders">Camcorders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Camcorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Sony HDV Camcorder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg/220px-Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg/330px-Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg/440px-Sony_Handycam_HDV_digital_camcorder_HDR-HC1E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sony HDR-HC1E, a <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> camcorder.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camcorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Camcorders">Camcorders</a></div> <p>A camcorder is an electronic device combining a video camera and a video recorder. Although marketing materials may use the colloquial term "camcorder", the name on the package and manual is often "video camera recorder". Most devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures; the term "camcorder" is used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording its primary function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_camera">Digital camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Digital camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/295px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/443px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg/590px-Disassembled_digital_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Disassembled digital camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">Digital image</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">Digital imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex camera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital video</a></div> <p>A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> and videos and stores them for later reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically use semiconductor image sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cameras sold today are digital,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are incorporated into many devices ranging from mobile phones (called <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phones</a>) to vehicles. </p><p>Digital and film cameras share an optical system, typically using a lens of variable aperture to focus light onto an image pickup device.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aperture and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical. However, unlike film cameras, digital cameras can display images on a screen immediately after being captured or recorded, and store and delete images from <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">memory</a>. Most digital cameras can also record moving videos with <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">sound</a>. Some digital cameras can <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">crop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">stitch</a> pictures & perform other elementary <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a>. </p><p>Consumers adopted digital cameras in the 1990s. Professional video cameras transitioned to digital around the 2000s–2010s. Finally, movie cameras transitioned to digital in the 2010s. </p><p>The first camera using digital electronics to capture and store images was developed by Kodak engineer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Sasson" title="Steven Sasson">Steven Sasson</a> in 1975. He used a charge-coupled device (CCD) provided by <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>, which provided only 0.01 megapixels to capture images. Sasson combined the CCD device with movie camera parts to create a digital camera that saved black and white images onto a <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">cassette tape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 442">: 442 </span></sup>The images were then read from the cassette and viewed on a TV monitor.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> Later, cassette tapes were replaced by flash memory. </p><p>In 1986, Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> introduced an analog-recording electronic single-lens reflex camera, the Nikon SVC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png/220px-Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png/330px-Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png/440px-Sony_A1_-_front_view_-_by_Henry_S%C3%B6derlund_Freigestellt.png 2x" data-file-width="4324" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_Alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Alpha 1">Sony Alpha 1</a>, a <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">full-frame</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">mirrorless</a> digital camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Full-frame_digital_SLR" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-frame digital SLR">full-frame digital SLR</a> cameras were developed in Japan from around 2000 to 2002: the MZ-D by Pentax,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Contax_N_Digital" title="Contax N Digital">N Digital</a> by <a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a>'s Japanese R6D team,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS-1Ds" title="Canon EOS-1Ds">EOS-1Ds</a> by <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually in the 2000s, the full-frame DSLR became the dominant camera type for professional photography.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On most digital cameras a display, often a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a> (LCD), permits the user to view the scene to be recorded and settings such as <a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">ISO speed</a>, exposure, and shutter speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Upton_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camera_phone">Camera phone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Camera phone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phone_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phone_photography.jpg/220px-Phone_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phone_photography.jpg/330px-Phone_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phone_photography.jpg/440px-Phone_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Smartphone with built-in camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Front-facing_camera" title="Front-facing camera">Front-facing camera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> introduced the world's first digital camera phone, the <a href="/wiki/J-SH04" title="J-SH04">J-SH04</a> <a href="/wiki/J-Phone" class="mw-redirect" title="J-Phone">J-Phone</a>, in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-2000s, higher-end <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a> had an integrated digital camera, and by the beginning of the 2010s, almost all <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> had an integrated digital camera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_matrix" title="Camera matrix">Camera matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_camera" title="History of the camera">History of the camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_camera_types" title="List of camera types">List of camera types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_brands" title="List of digital camera brands">List of digital camera brands</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These f-stops are also referred to as <i>f-numbers</i>, <i>stop numbers</i>, <i>steps</i> or <i>stops</i>. The f-number is the focal length of the lens divided by the diameter of the effective aperture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theoretically, they can extend to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1207775266"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/</span>64 or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some photographers use handheld <a href="/wiki/Exposure_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure meter">exposure meters</a> independent of the camera and use the readings to manually set the exposure settings on the camera.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Film canisters typically contain a DX code that can be read by modern cameras so that the camera's computer knows the sensitivity of the film, the ISO.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The older type of disposable flashbulb uses an aluminum or zirconium wire in a glass tube filled with oxygen. During the exposure, the wire is burned away, producing a bright flash.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPritchardNicholson2005" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Michael; Nicholson, Angela (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-243">"Camera development"</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to the Photograph</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866271-6"><bdi>978-0-19-866271-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042413/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662716.001.0001/acref-9780198662716-e-243">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camera+development&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Photograph&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866271-6&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662716.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662716-e-243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasse2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/pin/authenticate?__authen_application=HUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC&__hulaccess_gateway=ezproxy&__hulaccess_resource=zorecord&__hulaccess_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Ftopic%2Fcamera">"camera"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (8 ed.). Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=camera&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%3F__authen_application%3DHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%26__hulaccess_gateway%3Dezproxy%26__hulaccess_resource%3Dzorecord%26__hulaccess_url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fsearch.credoreference.com%252Fcontent%252Ftopic%252Fcamera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Focal encyclopedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications history and science</i>. Michael R. Peres (ed.) (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Focal+encyclopedia+of+photography%3A+digital+imaging%2C+theory+and+applications+history+and+science&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80740-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/business/a-snapshot-history-of-digital-camera-technology/">"A snapshot history of digital camera technology"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. 26 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042411/https://venturebeat.com/mobile/a-snapshot-history-of-digital-camera-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=A+snapshot+history+of+digital+camera+technology&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2Fbusiness%2Fa-snapshot-history-of-digital-camera-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalspy.com/tech/cameras/a591251/world-photography-day-2014-the-history-of-digital-cameras/">"Timeline: The history of digital cameras"</a>. <i>Digital Spy</i>. 19 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705044110/https://www.digitalspy.com/tech/cameras/a591251/world-photography-day-2014-the-history-of-digital-cameras/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+The+history+of+digital+cameras&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Ftech%2Fcameras%2Fa591251%2Fworld-photography-day-2014-the-history-of-digital-cameras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/history-of-digital-cameras-from-70s-prototypes-to-iphone-and-galaxys-everyday-wonders/">"History of digital cameras: From '70s prototypes to iPhone and Galaxy's everyday wonders"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408223352/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/history-of-digital-cameras-from-70s-prototypes-to-iphone-and-galaxys-everyday-wonders/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=History+of+digital+cameras%3A+From+%2770s+prototypes+to+iPhone+and+Galaxy%27s+everyday+wonders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fcomputing%2Fhistory-of-digital-cameras-from-70s-prototypes-to-iphone-and-galaxys-everyday-wonders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavson2009" class="citation book cs1">Gustavson, Todd (2009). <i>Camera: a history of photography from daguerreotype to digital</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5656-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5656-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-5656-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camera%3A+a+history+of+photography+from+daguerreotype+to+digital&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5656-6&rft.aulast=Gustavson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designboom.com/tag/camera-design/">"camera design | designboom.com"</a>. <i>designboom | architecture & design magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918121450/https://www.designboom.com/tag/camera-design/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=designboom+%7C+architecture+%26+design+magazine&rft.atitle=camera+design+%7C+designboom.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.designboom.com%2Ftag%2Fcamera-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungFreedmanFord2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, A. Lewis (2008). <i>Sears and Zemansky's University Physics</i> (12 ed.). San Francisco, California: Pearson Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50147-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50147-9"><bdi>978-0-321-50147-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+University+Physics&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=Pearson+Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-321-50147-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Hugh+D.&rft.au=Freedman%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Ford%2C+A.+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upton_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upton_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondonUptonKobréBrill2002" class="citation book cs1">London, Barbara; Upton, John; Kobré, Kenneth; Brill, Betsy (2002). <i>Photography</i> (7 ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-028271-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-028271-2"><bdi>978-0-13-028271-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-028271-2&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Upton%2C+John&rft.au=Kobr%C3%A9%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Brill%2C+Betsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_University2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Columbia University (2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/pin/authenticate?__authen_application=HUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC&__hulaccess_gateway=ezproxy&__hulaccess_resource=zorecord&__hulaccess_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Ftopic%2Fcamera">"camera"</a></span>. In Paul Lagasse (ed.). <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (8 ed.). Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=camera&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Columbia+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%3F__authen_application%3DHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%26__hulaccess_gateway%3Dezproxy%26__hulaccess_resource%3Dzorecord%26__hulaccess_url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fsearch.credoreference.com%252Fcontent%252Ftopic%252Fcamera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How-Stuff-Works-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How-Stuff-Works_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/camera.htm/printable">"How Cameras Work"</a>. <i>How Stuff Works</i>. 21 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214060333/https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/camera.htm/printable">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=How+Cameras+Work&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fcamera.htm%2Fprintable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laney, Dawn A. ..BA, MS, CGC, CCRC. “Camera Technologies.” <i>Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science</i>, June 2020. Accessed 6 February 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-Camera-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-Camera_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Warren2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lynne Warren, ed. (2006). "Camera: An Overview". <i>Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-393-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camera%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+twentieth-century+photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-393-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Technology-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Technology_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic-eb-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/levels/collegiate/article/technology-of-photography/108552#36407.toc">"technology of photography"</a></span>. <i>Britannica Academic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110043035/https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fkey-idp.iam.harvard.edu%2Fidp%2FAuthn%2FExternal%3Fconversation%3De1s1%26entityId%3Dezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu%2Flts%2Fezproxyprod%2Fsp#36407.toc">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=technology+of+photography&rft.btitle=Britannica+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic-eb-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Ftechnology-of-photography%2F108552%2336407.toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren-35mm-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren-35mm_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Warren2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lynne Warren, ed. (2006). "Camera: 35 mm". <i>Encyclopedia of twentieth-century photography</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-393-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camera%3A+35+mm&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+twentieth-century+photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-393-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The British Journal Photographic Almanac</i>. Henry Greenwood and Co. Ltd. 1956. pp. 468–471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Journal+Photographic+Almanac&rft.pages=468-471&rft.pub=Henry+Greenwood+and+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Focal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Focal_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rose, B (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780240807409501525">"The Camera Defined"</a>. <i>The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography</i>. Elsevier. pp. 770–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-240-80740-9.50152-5">10.1016/B978-0-240-80740-9.50152-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80740-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214060334/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780240807409501525">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Camera+Defined&rft.btitle=The+Focal+Encyclopedia+of+Photography&rft.pages=770-771&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-240-80740-9.50152-5&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80740-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780240807409501525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-britannica-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/technology/motion-picture-camera">"Motion-picture camera"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motion-picture+camera&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-britannica-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu%2Ftechnology%2Fmotion-picture-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philip's-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philip's_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philip's_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo">"Camera"</a></span>. <i>World Encyclopedia</i>. Philip's. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954609-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camera&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Philip%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954609-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00oxfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Camera-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Camera_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic-eb-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/levels/collegiate/article/camera/18803">"camera"</a></span>. <i>Britannica Academic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042914/https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login?service=https%3A%2F%2Fkey-idp.iam.harvard.edu%2Fidp%2FAuthn%2FExternal%3Fconversation%3De1s1%26entityId%3Dezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu%2Flts%2Fezproxyprod%2Fsp">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=camera&rft.btitle=Britannica+Academic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic-eb-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2Fcamera%2F18803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-in-Color-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge-in-Color_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lenses.htm">"Understanding Camera Lenses"</a>. <i>Cambridge in Color</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619170605/https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lenses.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+in+Color&rft.atitle=Understanding+Camera+Lenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeincolour.com%2Ftutorials%2Fcamera-lenses.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBaker1980" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ansel; Baker, Robert (1980). <i>The camera</i>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-1092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-1092-5"><bdi>978-0-8212-1092-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+camera&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8212-1092-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ansel&rft.au=Baker%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Hicks1984" class="citation book cs1">Roger Hicks (1984). <i>A History of the 35 mm Still Camera</i>. Focal Press, London & Boston. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51233-4"><bdi>978-0-240-51233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+35+mm+Still+Camera&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Focal+Press%2C+London+%26+Boston&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-240-51233-4&rft.au=Roger+Hicks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph_Lea1993" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph Lea (1993). <i>Register of 35 mm SLR cameras</i>. Wittig Books, Hückelhoven. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88984-130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88984-130-8"><bdi>978-3-88984-130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+35+mm+SLR+cameras&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Wittig+Books%2C+H%C3%BCckelhoven&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-88984-130-8&rft.au=Rudolph+Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Peres (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA779"><i>The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography</i>, p. 779</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016173448/http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/canon/fdresources/pellix/">"Canon Pellix Camera"</a>. <i>Photography in Malaysia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/canon/fdresources/pellix/">the original</a> on 16 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Photography+in+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Canon+Pellix+Camera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mir.com.my%2Frb%2Fphotography%2Fcompanies%2Fcanon%2Ffdresources%2Fpellix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Bev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/CorfieldCameras/page3.htm">"Corfield Cameras – The Periflex Era"</a>. Wolverhampton Museum of Industry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022184328/http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/Museum/CorfieldCameras/page3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corfield+Cameras+%E2%80%93+The+Periflex+Era&rft.pub=Wolverhampton+Museum+of+Industry&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Bev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historywebsite.co.uk%2FMuseum%2FCorfieldCameras%2Fpage3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildi2001" class="citation book cs1">Wildi, Ernst (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/499049825"><i>The medium format advantage</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-8344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-8344-5"><bdi>978-1-4294-8344-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499049825">499049825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+medium+format+advantage&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499049825&rft.isbn=978-1-4294-8344-5&rft.aulast=Wildi&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F499049825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706802878"><i>The manual of photography</i></a>. Elizabeth Allen, Sophie Triantaphillidou (10th ed.). Oxford: Elsevier/Focal Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52037-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-52037-7"><bdi>978-0-240-52037-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706802878">706802878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+manual+of+photography.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FFocal+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706802878&rft.isbn=978-0-240-52037-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F706802878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2021" class="citation web cs1">Burrows, Paul (13 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/features/the-rise-and-fall-of-tlr-cameras-why-the-twin-lens-reflex-is-a-real-classic">"The rise and fall of the TLR: why the twin-lens reflex camera is a real classic"</a>. <i>Digital Camera World</i>. Future US Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227061142/https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/features/the-rise-and-fall-of-tlr-cameras-why-the-twin-lens-reflex-is-a-real-classic">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Camera+World&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+TLR%3A+why+the+twin-lens+reflex+camera+is+a+real+classic&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcameraworld.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-tlr-cameras-why-the-twin-lens-reflex-is-a-real-classic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherPincus2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmmakershandbo00asch_0"><i>The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age</i></a></span> (3 ed.). New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28678-8"><bdi>978-0-452-28678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filmmaker%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+for+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28678-8&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Pincus%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmmakershandbo00asch_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farlex Inc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/digital+camera">definition of digital camera at the Free Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209090615/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/digital+camera">Archived</a> 9 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved 7 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245"><i>The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future</i></a>. Springer. pp. 245–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-49088-5"><bdi>978-3-319-49088-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110042937/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electronics+Revolution%3A+Inventing+the+Future&rft.pages=245-8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-49088-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4QlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrove2006" class="citation news cs1">Musgrove, Mike (12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html">"Nikon Says It's Leaving Film-Camera Business"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013030825/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/11/AR2006011102323.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nikon+Says+It%27s+Leaving+Film-Camera+Business&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Musgrove&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F11%2FAR2006011102323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MakeUseOf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-does-a-digital-camera-work/">How does a Digital Camera Work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204021814/http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-how-does-a-digital-camera-work/">Archived</a> 4 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved 7 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavson2011" class="citation book cs1">Gustavson, Todd (1 November 2011). <i>500 Cameras: 170 Years of Photographic Innovation</i>. Toronto, Ontario: Sterling Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-8086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-8086-8"><bdi>978-1-4027-8086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=500+Cameras%3A+170+Years+of+Photographic+Innovation&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-8086-8&rft.aulast=Gustavson&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2011" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Susan (20 September 2011). Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (ed.). <i>National Geographic complete photography</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-3968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-3968-8"><bdi>978-1-4351-3968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+complete+photography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-3968-8&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html">Nikon SLR-type digital cameras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809172701/http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html">Archived</a> 9 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pierre Jarleton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpreview.com/opinion/4721880615/the-long-difficult-road-to-pentax-full-frame">The long, difficult road to Pentax full-frame The long, difficult road to Pentax full-frame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704073828/https://www.dpreview.com/opinion/4721880615/the-long-difficult-road-to-pentax-full-frame">Archived</a> 4 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">Digital Photography Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Photography" title="British Journal of Photography">British Journal of Photography</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9WAAAAMAAJ">Issues 7410-7422</a>, 2003, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpreview.com/articles/7466980622/canoneos1ds">Canon EOS-1Ds, 11 megapixel full-frame CMOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075558/https://www.dpreview.com/articles/7466980622/canoneos1ds">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review" title="Digital Photography Review">Digital Photography Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurianCaputo2003" class="citation book cs1">Burian, Peter; Caputo, Robert (2003). <i>National Geographic photography field guide</i> (2 ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-5676-2"><bdi>978-0-7922-5676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+photography+field+guide&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-5676-2&rft.aulast=Burian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Caputo%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to">"Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview"</a>. Hoista.net. 28 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731053246/http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Camera+phone%3A+From+Sharp+J-SH04+to+Nokia+808+Pureview&rft.pub=Hoista.net&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoista.net%2Fpost%2F18437919296%2Fevolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscherPincus2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmmakershandbo00asch_0"><i>The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age</i></a></span> (3 ed.). New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28678-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28678-8"><bdi>978-0-452-28678-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Filmmaker%27s+Handbook%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+for+the+Digital+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28678-8&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Pincus%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmmakershandbo00asch_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrizot1998" class="citation book cs1">Frizot, Michel (January 1998). "Light machines: On the threshold of invention". In Michel Frizot (ed.). <i>A New History of Photography</i>. Koln, Germany: Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1328-4"><bdi>978-3-8290-1328-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Light+machines%3A+On+the+threshold+of+invention&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Koln%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=1998-01&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-1328-4&rft.aulast=Frizot&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernsheim1986" class="citation book cs1">Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). <i>A Concise History of Photography</i> (3 ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25128-8"><bdi>978-0-486-25128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25128-8&rft.aulast=Gernsheim&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2000" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, Robert (2000). <i>Seizing the Light: A History of Photography</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-14361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-14361-7"><bdi>978-0-697-14361-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seizing+the+Light%3A+A+History+of+Photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-697-14361-7&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2011" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (20 September 2011). Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (ed.). <i>National Geographic complete photography</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-3968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-3968-8"><bdi>978-1-4351-3968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+complete+photography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-3968-8&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=Susan+Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonRiceWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, William S.; Rice, Mark; Williams, Carla (2005). Therese Mulligan; David Wooters (eds.). <i>A History of Photography</i>. Los Angeles, California: Taschen America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-4777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-4777-0"><bdi>978-3-8228-4777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=Taschen+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-4777-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Rice%2C+Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiraLothropSpira2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Spira" title="Fred Spira">Spira, S.F.</a>; Lothrop, Easton S. Jr.; Spira, Jonathan B. (2001). <i>The History of Photography as Seen Through the Spira Collection</i>. New York: Aperture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89381-953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89381-953-8"><bdi>978-0-89381-953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Photography+as+Seen+Through+the+Spira+Collection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Aperture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89381-953-8&rft.aulast=Spira&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft.au=Lothrop%2C+Easton+S.+Jr.&rft.au=Spira%2C+Jonathan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarl1998" class="citation book cs1">Starl, Timm (January 1998). "A New World of Pictures: The Daguerreotype". In Michel Frizot (ed.). <i>A New History of Photography</i>. Koln, Germany: Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1328-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-1328-4"><bdi>978-3-8290-1328-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+World+of+Pictures%3A+The+Daguerreotype&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Photography&rft.place=Koln%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=1998-01&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-1328-4&rft.aulast=Starl&rft.aufirst=Timm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenczel2007" class="citation book cs1">Wenczel, Norma (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402135648/http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF">"Part I – Introducing an Instrument"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Wolfgang Lefèvre (ed.). <i>The Optical Camera Obscura II Images and Texts</i>. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. pp. 13–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P333.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I+%E2%80%93+Introducing+an+Instrument&rft.btitle=The+Optical+Camera+Obscura+II+Images+and+Texts&rft.pages=13-30&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+History+of+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wenczel&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FPreprints%2FP333.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamera" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camera&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Camera" class="extiw" title="commons:Camera"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Camera</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/camera.htm">How cameras works at How stuff works.</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camera_brands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camera_brands" title="Template:Camera brands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camera_brands" title="Template talk:Camera brands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camera_brands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camera brands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camera_brands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camera brands</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADOX" title="ADOX">ADOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgfaPhoto" title="AgfaPhoto">AgfaPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigo" title="Aigo">Aigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiptek" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiptek">Aiptek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpa" title="Alpa">Alpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_(camera_company)" title="Argus (camera company)">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahiflex" title="Asahiflex">Asahiflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beier_(Beirette)" title="Beier (Beirette)">Beier (Beirette)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BenQ" title="BenQ">BenQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmagic_Design" title="Blackmagic Design">Blackmagic Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Braun_Camera-Werk" title="Carl Braun Camera-Werk">Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronica" title="Bronica">Bronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Inc">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Corfield_Ltd" title="K. G. Corfield Ltd">Corfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_Camera_Company" title="Coronet Camera Company">Coronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana camera">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edixa" title="Edixa">Edixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exakta" title="Exakta">Exakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FED_(camera)" title="FED (camera)">FED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujica" title="Fujica">Fujica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway Inc">Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graflex" title="Graflex">Graflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holga" title="Holga">Holga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford Photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidolf" title="Leidolf">Leidolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhof" title="Linhof">Linhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOMO" title="LOMO">LOMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumix" title="Lumix">Lumix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Precision_Products" title="Micro Precision Products">Micro Precision Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Camera_Company" title="Miranda Camera Company">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_%26_Guardia" title="Newman & Guardia">Newman & Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Scientific" title="Oregon Scientific">Oregon Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petri_Camera" title="Petri Camera">Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_One_(company)" title="Phase One (company)">Phase One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaubel_Makina" title="Plaubel Makina">Plaubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praktica" title="Praktica">Praktica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Reid camera">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollei" title="Rollei">Rollei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_Camera" title="Seagull Camera">Seagull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvestri_camera" title="Silvestri camera">Silvestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinar" title="Sinar">Sinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessina" title="Tessina">Tessina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton-Pickard" title="Thornton-Pickard">Thornton-Pickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokina" title="Tokina">Tokina</a> (lenses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivitar" title="Vivitar">Vivitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voigtl%C3%A4nder" title="Voigtländer">Voigtländer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wray_(lenses)" title="Wray (lenses)">Wray</a> (lenses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashica" title="Yashica">Yashica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(camera)" title="Zenit (camera)">Zenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorki" title="Zorki">Zorki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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