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class=nosearch> <div class="fancy_title"> Built-in Aggregate Functions </div> </div> <h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1> <p><b><a href="syntax/aggregate-function-invocation.html">aggregate-function-invocation:</a></b> <button id='x7c5141f9' onclick='hideorshow("x7c5141f9","xda5c185d")'>hide</button></p> <div id='xda5c185d' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:909px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 909.533 223.344"> <circle cx="5" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="32,56 20,60 20,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,56L26,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M47,71L156,71A15 15 0 0 0 171 56A15 15 0 0 0 156 41L47,41A15 15 0 0 0 32 56A15 15 0 0 0 47 71Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="102" y="56" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">aggregate-func</text> <polygon points="189,56 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href="syntax/function-arguments.html">function-arguments:</a></b> <button id='xf720640a' onclick='hideorshow("xf720640a","xec008050")'>show</button></p> <div id='xec008050' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:456px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 456.566 223.344"> <circle cx="5" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="32,56 20,60 20,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,56L26,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="66,26 55,30 55,22" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M32,56 L 38,56 Q 43,56 43,41 L 43,41 Q 43,26 52,26 L 61,26" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M82,41L150,41A15 15 0 0 0 165 26L165,26A15 15 0 0 0 150 11L82,11A15 15 0 0 0 66 26L66,26A15 15 0 0 0 82 41Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="116" y="26" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" 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style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M150,130L227,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b> <button id='x81e5a782' onclick='hideorshow("x81e5a782","x35c90381")'>show</button></p> <div id='x35c90381' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24"> <circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> <polygon points="259,47 247,51 247,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="319" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-operator</text> <polygon points="403,47 391,51 391,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M380,47L397,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="483" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text> <polygon points="587,47 575,51 575,43" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M564,47L581,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path 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L 259,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b> <button id='x83fc0d55' onclick='hideorshow("x83fc0d55","xa2ca092e")'>show</button></p> <div id='xa2ca092e' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576"> <circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="50,55 39,59 39,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,40 Q 24,55 34,55 L 45,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M66,70L104,70A15 15 0 0 0 120 55L120,55A15 15 0 0 0 104 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="85" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">USING</text> <polygon points="143,55 131,59 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d="M384,70A15 15 0 0 0 399 55L399,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 39A15 15 0 0 0 369 55L369,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="384" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text> <polygon points="422,55 411,59 411,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M399,55L417,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="473,17 462,21 462,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M422,55 L 430,55 Q 437,55 437,40 L 437,32 Q 437,17 452,17 L 453,17 L 468,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <circle cx="477" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M271,108A15 15 0 0 0 286 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 77A15 15 0 0 0 256 92A15 15 0 0 0 271 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="271" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text> 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y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text> <polygon points="422,17 411,21 411,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M162,17L417,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M422,17L462,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="209,120 197,124 197,115" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,105 Q 24,120 39,120 L 188,120 L 203,120" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M209,120 L 422,120 Q 437,120 437,105 L 437,54 L 437,39" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b> <button id='x74083e06' onclick='hideorshow("x74083e06","x6ae29795")'>show</button></p> <div id='x6ae29795' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312"> <circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="50,71 39,76 39,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,56 Q 24,71 34,71 L 45,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="99" y="71" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NATURAL</text> <polygon points="189,41 178,45 178,37" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M148,71 L 155,71 Q 163,71 163,56 L 163,56 Q 163,41 173,41 L 184,41" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="231,71 219,76 219,67" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M189,41 L 197,41 Q 204,41 204,56 L 204,56 Q 204,71 215,71 L 225,71" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M246,86L273,86A15 15 0 0 0 288 71A15 15 0 0 0 273 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55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text> <polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M398,55L594,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> <button id='x51075353' onclick='hideorshow("x51075353","x9e10b7e0")'>show</button></p> <div id='x9e10b7e0' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576"> <circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text> <polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text> <path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b> <button id='x4ba4425e' onclick='hideorshow("x4ba4425e","xeb26b09e")'>show</button></p> <div id='xeb26b09e' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> <div style="max-width:422px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 422.381 34.56"> <circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M47,32L93,32A15 15 0 0 0 108 17A15 15 0 0 0 93 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="70" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FILTER</text> <polygon points="131,17 119,21 119,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M108,17L125,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M146,32L146,32A15 15 0 0 0 161 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 2L146,2A15 15 0 0 0 131 17A15 15 0 0 0 146 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <text x="146" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text> <polygon points="184,17 173,21 173,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> <path d="M161,17L178,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M199,32L249,32A15 15 0 0 0 264 17A15 15 0 0 0 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> <path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <p> The aggregate functions shown below are available by default. There are two more aggregates grouped with the <a href="json1.html">JSON SQL functions</a>. Applications can define custom aggregate functions using the <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a> interface. API.</p> <p> In any aggregate function that takes a single argument, that argument can be preceded by the keyword DISTINCT. In such cases, duplicate elements are filtered before being passed into the aggregate function. For example, the function "count(distinct X)" will return the number of distinct values of column X instead of the total number of non-null values in column X. </p> <a name="aggfilter"></a> <p> If a FILTER clause is provided, then only rows for which the <i>expr</i> is true are included in the aggregate. </p> <a name="aggorderby"></a> <p> If an ORDER BY clause is provided, that clause determines the order in which the inputs to the aggregate are processed. For aggregate functions like max() and count(), the input order does not matter. But for things like <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat">string_agg()</a> and <a href="json1.html#jgroupobject">json_group_object()</a>, the ORDER BY clause will make a difference in the result. If no ORDER BY clause is specified, the inputs to the aggregate occur in an arbitrary order that might change from one invocation to the next. </p> <p> See also: <a href="lang_corefunc.html">scalar functions</a> and <a href="windowfunctions.html">window functions</a>. <a name="aggfunclist"></a> </p><h1 id="list_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>2. </span>List of built-in aggregate functions</h1> <div class='columns' style='columns: 11em auto;'> <ul style='padding-top:0;'> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#avg'>avg(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(*)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#count'>count(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>group_concat(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>group_concat(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#max_agg'>max(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#min_agg'>min(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#group_concat'>string_agg(X,Y)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>sum(X)</a></li> <li><a href='lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc'>total(X)</a></li> </ul> </div> <h1 id="descriptions_of_built_in_aggregate_functions"><span>3. </span>Descriptions of built-in aggregate functions</h1> <dl> <a name="avg"></a> <dt><p><b>avg(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The avg() function returns the average value of all non-NULL <i>X</i> within a group. String and BLOB values that do not look like numbers are interpreted as 0. The result of avg() is always a floating point value whenever there is at least one non-NULL input even if all inputs are integers. The result of avg() is NULL if there are no non-NULL inputs. The result of avg() is computed as <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">total()</a>/<a href="lang_aggfunc.html#count">count()</a> so all of the constraints that apply to <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#sumunc">total()</a> also apply to avg(). </dd> <a name="count"></a> <dt><p><b>count(<i>X</i>)<br />count(*)</b></dt><dd><p> The count(X) function returns a count of the number of times that <i>X</i> is not NULL in a group. The count(*) function (with no arguments) returns the total number of rows in the group. </dd> <a name="group_concat"></a> <dt><p><b>group_concat(<i>X</i>)<br />group_concat(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)<br />string_agg(<i>X</i>,<i>Y</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The group_concat() function returns a string which is the concatenation of all non-NULL values of <i>X</i>. If parameter <i>Y</i> is present then it is used as the separator between instances of <i>X</i>.A comma (",") is used as the separator if <i>Y</i> is omitted. <p> The string_agg(X,Y) function is an alias for group_concat(X,Y). String_agg() is compatible with PostgreSQL and SQL-Server and group_concat() is compatible with MySQL. <p> The order of the concatenated elements is arbitrary unless an ORDER BY argument is included immediately after the last parameter. </dd> <a name="max_agg"></a> <dt><p><b>max(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The max() aggregate function returns the maximum value of all values in the group. The maximum value is the value that would be returned last in an ORDER BY on the same column. Aggregate max() returns NULL if and only if there are no non-NULL values in the group. </dd> <a name="min_agg"></a> <dt><p><b>min(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The min() aggregate function returns the minimum non-NULL value of all values in the group. The minimum value is the first non-NULL value that would appear in an ORDER BY of the column. Aggregate min() returns NULL if and only if there are no non-NULL values in the group. </dd> <a name="sumunc"></a> <dt><p><b>sum(<i>X</i>)<br />total(<i>X</i>)</b></dt><dd><p> The sum() and total() aggregate functions return the sum of all non-NULL values in the group. If there are no non-NULL input rows then sum() returns NULL but total() returns 0.0. NULL is not normally a helpful result for the sum of no rows but the SQL standard requires it and most other SQL database engines implement sum() that way so SQLite does it in the same way in order to be compatible. The non-standard total() function is provided as a convenient way to work around this design problem in the SQL language.</p> <p>The result of total() is always a floating point value. The result of sum() is an integer value if all non-NULL inputs are integers. If any input to sum() is neither an integer nor a NULL, then sum() returns a floating point value which is an approximation of the mathematical sum.</p> <p>Sum() will throw an "integer overflow" exception if all inputs are integers or NULL and an integer overflow occurs at any point during the computation. No overflow error is ever raised if any prior input was a floating point value. Total() never throws an integer overflow. <p>When summing floating-point values, if the magnitudes of the values differ wildly then the resulting sum might be imprecise due to the fact that <a href="floatingpoint.html#fpapprox">IEEE 754 floating point values are approximations</a>. Use the decimal_sum(X) aggregate in the <a href="floatingpoint.html#decext">decimal extension</a> to obtain an exact summation of floating point numbers. Consider this test case: <p><blockquote><pre> CREATE TABLE t1(x REAL); INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(1.55e+308),(1.23),(3.2e-16),(-1.23),(-1.55e308); SELECT sum(x), decimal_sum(x) FROM t1; </pre></blockquote></p> <p>The large values ±1.55e+308 cancel each other out, but the cancellation does not occur until the end of the sum and in the meantime the large +1.55e+308 swamps the tiny 3.2e-16 value. The end result is an imprecise result for the sum(). The decimal_sum() aggregate generates an exact answer, at the cost of additional CPU and memory usage. Note also that decimal_sum() is not built into the SQLite core; it is a <a href="loadext.html">loadable extension</a>. <p>If sum of inputs is too large to represent as a IEEE 754 floating point value, then a +Infinity or -Infinity result may be returned. If very large values with differing signs are used such that the SUM() or TOTAL() function is unable to determine if the correct result is +Infinity or -Infinity or some other value in between, then the result is NULL. Hence, for example, the following query returns NULL: <p><blockquote><pre> WITH t1(x) AS (VALUES(1.0),(-9e+999),(2.0),(+9e+999),(3.0)) SELECT sum(x) FROM t1; </pre></blockquote></p> </dd> </dl> <p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_aggfunc.in?m=d872d05e39">2023-12-05 14:43:20</a> UTC </small></i></p>