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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle House of Representatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kansas_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kansas_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kansas Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kansas_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lecompton_and_Financial_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lecompton_and_Financial_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lecompton and 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Financing the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Slavery and Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-war finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage_Act_of_1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage_Act_of_1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Coinage Act of 1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_Act_of_1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumption_of_specie_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumption_of_specie_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Resumption of specie payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumption_of_specie_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1876" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1876"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Election of 1876</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1876-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of the Treasury</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of the Treasury subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparing_for_specie_resumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_specie_resumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Preparing for specie resumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_specie_resumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bland–Allison_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bland–Allison_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bland–Allison Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bland–Allison_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_service_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_service_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Civil service reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_service_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election of 1880</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to the Senate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_the_Senate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to the Senate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garfield's_assassination_and_the_Pendleton_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garfield's_assassination_and_the_Pendleton_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Garfield's assassination and the Pendleton Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garfield's_assassination_and_the_Pendleton_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongrel_Tariff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongrel_Tariff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mongrel Tariff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongrel_Tariff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Chinese immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_presidential_ambitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_presidential_ambitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Further presidential ambitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_presidential_ambitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstate_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Interstate commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sherman_Antitrust_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherman_Antitrust_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Sherman Antitrust Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherman_Antitrust_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_Purchase_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_Purchase_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Silver Purchase Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_Purchase_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_in_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_in_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Final years in the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_in_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement,_death,_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement,_death,_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Retirement, death, and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement,_death,_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Social organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Sherman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون شيرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون شيرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="جان شرمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان شرمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জন শেরম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন শেরম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Шэрман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Шэрман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="جان شرمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان شرمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman_(s%C3%A9nateur)" title="John Sherman (sénateur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Sherman (sénateur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%85%94%EB%A8%BC" title="존 셔먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 셔먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Շերման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Շերման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman_(politico)" title="John Sherman (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Sherman (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ג'ון שרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון שרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون شيرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون شيرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6)" title="ジョン・シャーマン (政治家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・シャーマン (政治家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਾਨ ਸ਼ੇਰਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਨ ਸ਼ੇਰਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Sherman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1823–1900)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Sherman, see <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Sherman (disambiguation)">John Sherman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Sherman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/250px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/330px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg/500px-John-Sherman-2-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2083" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, 1865–1880</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">35th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 6, 1897 – April 27, 1898</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference">Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 2, 1884 – December 1885</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Henry B. Anthony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1891 – March 4, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George F. Edmunds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 7, 1885 – February 26, 1887</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">George F. Edmunds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_James_Ingalls" class="mw-redirect" title="John James Ingalls">John James Ingalls</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1881 – March 4, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 21, 1861 – March 8, 1877</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">32nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 10, 1877 – March 3, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Lot M. Morrill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">William Windom</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Ohio's <span data-sort-value="Ohio13 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 13th congressional district">13th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1855 – March 21, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lindsley" title="William D. Lindsley">William D. Lindsley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Worcester" title="Samuel T. Worcester">Samuel T. Worcester</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1823-05-10</span>)</span>May 10, 1823<br /><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 22, 1900<span style="display:none">(1900-10-22)</span> (aged 77)<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Mansfield City Cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (before 1854)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Oppositionist</a> (1854–1858)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1858–1900)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Margaret Stewart</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1848)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Sherman (adopted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_Sherman" title="Charles Taylor Sherman">Charles Taylor Sherman</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Sherman" title="Hoyt Sherman">Hoyt Sherman</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Sherman_William_Tecumseh_-_John_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Sherman's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Appletons%27_Sherman_William_Tecumseh_-_John_signature.png/250px-Appletons%27_Sherman_William_Tecumseh_-_John_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Appletons%27_Sherman_William_Tecumseh_-_John_signature.png/330px-Appletons%27_Sherman_William_Tecumseh_-_John_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Sherman</b> (May 10, 1823 – October 22, 1900) was an American politician from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> who served in federal office throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> and into the late nineteenth century. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he served in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a>. He also served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>. Sherman sought the Republican presidential nomination three times, coming closest <a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">in 1888</a>, but was never chosen by the party. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a>, Sherman later moved to <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield, Ohio</a>, where he began a law career before entering politics. He was the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Union_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union (Civil War)">Union</a> general <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, with whom he had a close relationship. Initially a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, Sherman was among those <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">anti-slavery</a> activists who formed what became the Republican Party. He served three terms in the House of Representatives. As a member of the House, Sherman traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> to investigate <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">the unrest</a> between pro- and anti-slavery partisans there. He rose in party leadership and was nearly elected <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> in <a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">1859</a>. Sherman was elected to the Senate <a href="/wiki/1860%E2%80%9361_United_States_Senate_elections#Elections_during_the_37th_Congress" title="1860–61 United States Senate elections">in 1861</a>. As a senator, he was a leader in financial matters, helping to redesign the United States' <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a> to meet the needs of a nation torn apart by civil war. He also served as the Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee during his 32 years in the Senate. After the war, he worked to produce legislation that would restore the nation's credit abroad and produce a stable, <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Fluctuations_in_the_US_gold_stock,_1862–1877" title="Gold standard">gold-backed currency</a> at home. </p><p>Serving as Secretary of the Treasury in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>, Sherman continued his efforts for financial stability and solvency, overseeing an end to wartime <a href="/wiki/Inflationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflationary">inflationary</a> measures and a return to gold-backed money. He returned to the Senate after his term expired, serving there for a further sixteen years. During that time he continued his work on financial legislation, as well as writing and debating laws on <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">business competition law</a>, and the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">interstate commerce</a>. Sherman was the principal author of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, which was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> in 1890. In 1897, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> appointed him Secretary of State. Failing health and declining faculties made him unable to handle the burdens of the job, and he retired in 1898 at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Sherman died at his home in Washington, D.C., in 1900 at age 77. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sherman_age_19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Sherman_age_19.png/170px-John_Sherman_age_19.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Sherman_age_19.png/255px-John_Sherman_age_19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_Sherman_age_19.png/340px-John_Sherman_age_19.png 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>Sherman at age 19</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherman was born in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Ohio" title="Lancaster, Ohio">Lancaster, Ohio</a> on May 10, 1823, to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Sherman" title="Charles Robert Sherman">Charles Robert Sherman</a> and his wife, Mary Hoyt Sherman, the eighth of their 11 children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1–5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1–5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Sherman's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Sherman" title="Taylor Sherman">Taylor Sherman</a>, a Connecticut lawyer and judge, first visited Ohio in the early nineteenth century, gaining title to several parcels of land before returning to Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Taylor's death in 1815, his son Charles, newly married to Mary Hoyt, moved the family west to Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other Sherman relatives soon followed, and Charles became established as a lawyer in Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of John Sherman's birth, Charles had just been appointed a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">Supreme Court of Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman11–12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman11–12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman's father died suddenly in 1829, leaving his mother to care for 11 children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the oldest children, including Sherman's older brother <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, were fostered with nearby relatives, but John and his brother <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Sherman" title="Hoyt Sherman">Hoyt</a> stayed with their mother in Lancaster until 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, Sherman's father's cousin (also named John Sherman) took Sherman into his home in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Ohio" title="Mount Vernon, Ohio">Mount Vernon, Ohio</a>, where he enrolled in school. The elder John Sherman intended for his namesake to study there until he was ready to enroll at nearby <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a>, but Sherman disliked school and was, in his own words, "a troublesome boy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton5–6J._Sherman30_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton5–6J._Sherman30-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, he returned to <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Birthplace" title="John Sherman Birthplace">his mother's home</a> in Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman continued his education there at a local academy where, after being briefly expelled for punching a teacher, he studied for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman33–34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman33–34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Cecelia_Stewart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Margaret_Cecelia_Stewart.jpg/220px-Margaret_Cecelia_Stewart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Margaret_Cecelia_Stewart.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Cecilia Stewart</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1837, Sherman left school and found a job as a junior <a href="/wiki/Construction_surveying" title="Construction surveying">surveyor</a> on construction of improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he had obtained the job through <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">patronage</a>, the election of a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> governor in 1838 meant that Sherman and the rest of his surveying crew were discharged from their jobs in June 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">study law</a> in the office of his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_Sherman" title="Charles Taylor Sherman">Charles Taylor Sherman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman47–51_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman47–51-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> in 1844 and joined his brother's firm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman quickly became successful at the practice of law, and by 1847 had accumulated property worth $10,000 (~$277,256 in 2023) and was a partner in several local businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, Sherman and his brother Charles were able to support their mother and two unmarried sisters, who now moved to a house Sherman purchased in Mansfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman78_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman78-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, Sherman married Margaret Cecilia Stewart, the daughter of a local judge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple never had any biological children, but adopted a daughter, Mary, in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, Sherman began to take a larger role in politics. In 1844, he addressed a political rally on behalf of the Whig candidate for president that year, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, Sherman was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Whig National Convention</a> where the eventual winner <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> was nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with most conservative Whigs, Sherman supported the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> as the best solution to the growing sectional divide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman94_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman94-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, Sherman was again a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">Whig National Convention</a>, where he supported the eventual nominee, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, against rivals <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and incumbent <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, who had become president following Taylor's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_Sherman" title="Electoral history of John Sherman">Electoral history of John Sherman</a></div> <p>Sherman moved north to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> in 1853 and established a law office there with two partners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman91_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman91-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events soon interrupted Sherman's plans for a new law firm, as the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> in 1854 inspired him (and many other anti-slavery Northerners) to take a more involved role in politics. That Act, the brainchild of Illinois Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, opened the two named <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> to slavery, an implicit repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended to quiet national agitation over slavery by shifting the decision to local settlers, Douglas's Act instead inflamed anti-slavery sentiment in the North by allowing the possibility of slavery's expansion to territories held as free soil for three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months after the Act's passage, Sherman became a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 13th congressional district">Ohio's 13th congressional district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local convention nominated Sherman over two other candidates to represent what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a> (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>). The new party, a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soilers</a>, Whigs, and anti-slavery Democrats, had many discordant elements, and some among the former group thought Sherman too conservative on the slavery question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they supported him against the incumbent Democrat, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Lindsley" title="William D. Lindsley">William D. Lindsley</a>. Democrats were defeated across Ohio that year, and Sherman was elected by 2,823 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman105_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman105-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman,_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sherman%2C_John.jpg/250px-Sherman%2C_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sherman%2C_John.jpg/330px-Sherman%2C_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sherman%2C_John.jpg/440px-Sherman%2C_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Congressman John Sherman</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kansas_Territory">Kansas Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kansas Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/34th_United_States_Congress" title="34th United States Congress">34th United States Congress</a> convened in December 1855,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members opposed to Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (most of them Northerners) held the majority in the House, while the Democrats retained their majority in the Senate. That House majority, however, was not fully unified, with some members adhering to the new anti-Nebraska party, and others loyal to the new nativist <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American</a> (or "Know-Nothing") party. The Know Nothings were also fractious, with some former Whigs and some former Free Soilers in their ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGienapp136–137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGienapp136–137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a House that was unable to elect a speaker for two months. When they finally agreed on the election of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Banks">Nathaniel Banks</a> of Massachusetts, the House quickly turned to the matter of Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington641–643J._Sherman111–113_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington641–643J._Sherman111–113-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preventing <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">the expansion of slavery to Kansas</a> was the one issue that united Banks's fragile majority, and the House resolved to send three members to investigate the situation in that territory; Sherman was one of the three selected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Sibley3–4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Sibley3–4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman spent two months in the territory and was the primary author of the 1,188-page report filed on conditions there when they returned in April 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Burton39–41_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Burton39–41-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report explained what anti-administration members already feared: that the principle of local control was being seriously undermined by the <a href="/wiki/Border_Ruffian" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Ruffian">invasion of Missourians</a> who, while not intending to settle there, used violence to coerce the Kansans to elect pro-slavery members to the territorial legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman117–131_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman117–131-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House took no action on the reports, but they were widely distributed as campaign documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton42_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton42-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That July, Sherman proposed an amendment to an army appropriation act to bar use of federal troops to enforce the acts of the Kansas territorial legislature, which many now viewed as an illegitimate body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment narrowly passed the House, but was removed by the Senate; the House ultimately agreed to the change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this defeat, however, Sherman had achieved considerable prominence for a freshman representative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lecompton_and_Financial_Reform">Lecompton and Financial Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lecompton and Financial Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sherman was re-elected in 1856, defeating his Democratic opponent, Herman J. Brumback, by 2,861 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman139_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman139-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican candidate for president, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, carried Ohio while <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">losing the national vote</a> to the Democrat, <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/35th_United_States_Congress" title="35th United States Congress">35th Congress</a> assembled in December 1857, the anti-Nebraska coalition—now formally the Republicans—had lost control of the House, and Sherman found himself in the minority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman145–146_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman145–146-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sectional crisis had also deepened in the past year. In March 1857, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> issued its decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>, holding that Congress had no power to prevent slavery in the territories and that blacks—whether free or enslaved—could not be citizens of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007109–110_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007109–110-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December of that year, in an election boycotted by free-state partisans, Kansas adopted the pro-slavery <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> and petitioned Congress to be admitted as a slave state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchanan urged that Congress take up the matter, and the Senate approved a bill to admit Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman spoke against the Kansas bill in the House, pointing out the evidence of fraud in the elections there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Northern Democrats joined with a unanimous Republican caucus to defeat the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress agreed to a compromise measure, by which Kansas would be admitted after another referendum on the Lecompton Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electorate rejected slavery and remained a territory, a decision Sherman would later call "the turning point of the slavery controversy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman152_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman152-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman's second term also saw his first speeches in Congress on the country's financial situation, which had been harmed by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing the need to pare unnecessary expenditures in light of diminished revenue, Sherman especially criticized Southern senators for adding appropriations to the House's bills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His speech attracted attention and was the start of Sherman's focus on financial matters, which would continue throughout his long political career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton58–60_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton58–60-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_Leadership">House Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: House Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Justin_Smith_Morrill_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="4080" /></a><figcaption>Sherman worked with <a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin Smith Morrill</a> to pass tariff legislation in 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p>The voters returned Sherman to office for a third term during 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman167_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman167-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief special session in March 1859, the <a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">36th Congress</a> adjourned, and Sherman and his wife went on vacation to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman161–166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman161–166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they returned that December, the situation was similar to that of four years earlier: no party had an absolute majority. Republicans held 109 seats, Democrats 101, and the combination of <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Oppositionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothings</a> 27.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton61_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton61-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, sectional tension had increased while Congress was in recess, this time due to <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election for Speaker of the House promised to be contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton61_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton61-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time, Sherman was among the leading candidates, receiving the second-largest number of votes on the first ballot, with no candidate receiving a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw323_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw323-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election for Speaker was sidetracked immediately by a furor over an anti-slavery book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Hinton_Rowan_Helper" title="Hinton Rowan Helper">Hinton Rowan Helper</a> and endorsed by many Republican members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw324_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw324-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southerners accused Sherman of having endorsed the book, but he protested that he had only endorsed its use as a campaign tool and had never read it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw325_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw325-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two months of balloting, no decision had been reached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their attempts to adopt a plurality rule failed, Sherman accepted that he could not be elected, and withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans then shifted their support to <a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">William Pennington</a>, who was elected on the forty-fourth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw328_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennington assigned Sherman to serve as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Committee on Ways and Means</a>, where he spent much of his time on appropriations bills, while cooperating with his colleague <a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin Smith Morrill</a> on the passage of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">Morrill Tariff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton65–66_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton65–66-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Morrill Tariff raised <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a> on imports to close the deficit that had resulted from falling revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also had the effect of encouraging domestic industries, which appealed to the former Whigs in the Republican party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman spoke in favor of the bill, and it passed the House by a vote of 105 to 64.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tariff bill would likely have died in the Senate, but the withdrawal of Southern members at the start of the Civil War allowed the <a href="/wiki/Rump_legislature" title="Rump legislature">rump</a> Senate to pass the bill in the 36th Congress final session, and President Buchanan signed it into law in February 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Sherman supported a bill admitting Kansas as a free state that passed in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton65J._Sherman229–230_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton65J._Sherman229–230-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman was renominated for Congress in 1860 and was active in <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s campaign for president, giving speeches on his behalf in several states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman197–201Burton75–76_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman197–201Burton75–76-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were elected, with Sherman defeating his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Burns" title="Barnabas Burns">Barnabas Burns</a>, by 2,864 votes. He returned to Washington for the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session">lame duck session</a> of the 36th Congress. By February 1861, seven states had reacted to Lincoln's election by <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">seceding</a> from the Union. In response, Congress passed a constitutional amendment proposed by Representative <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> of Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known today as the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>, it was an attempt to forge a compromise to keep the remaining slave states in the Union and entice the seceded states to return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corwin's legislation would have preserved the <i>status quo</i> on slavery and prohibited any future amendment granting Congress power to interfere with slavery in the states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman voted for the amendment, which passed both houses of Congress and was sent to the states for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76Bryant520–524_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76Bryant520–524-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few states ratified it, and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> in 1865, outlawing slavery, rendered the compromise measure moot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate">Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Among his first acts was to nominate Senator <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> of Ohio to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>. Chase resigned his Senate seat on March 7, and after two weeks of indecisive balloting, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio Legislature</a> elected Sherman to the vacant seat.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76–77_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76–77-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took his seat on March 23, 1861, as the Senate had been called into <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> to deal with the secession crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman234_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman234-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate that convened at the start of the <a href="/wiki/37th_United_States_Congress" title="37th United States Congress">37th Congress</a> had a Republican majority for the first time, a majority that grew as more Southern members resigned or were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman232–233_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman232–233-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, Sherman's brother William visited Washington to rejoin the army, and the brothers went together to the White House to meet Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln soon called for 75,000 men to enlist for three months to put down the rebellion, which William Sherman thought too few and too short a duration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's thoughts on the war greatly influenced his brother, and John Sherman returned home to Ohio to encourage enlistment, briefly serving as an unpaid <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> of Ohio Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton84–85J._Sherman245–250Nichols_1968126_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton84–85J._Sherman245–250Nichols_1968126-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_the_Civil_War">Financing the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financing the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/220px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/330px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/440px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Demand_Note" title="Demand Note">Demand Note</a> (top) and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Note</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> expenditures quickly strained the government's already fragile financial situation and Sherman, assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a>, was involved in the process of increasing the revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259Burton88–90_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259Burton88–90-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1861, Congress authorized the government to issue <a href="/wiki/Demand_Note" title="Demand Note">Demand Notes</a>, the first form of paper money issued directly by the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam372_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam372-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notes were redeemable in specie (<i>i.e.</i>, gold or silver coin) but, as Sherman would note in his memoirs, they did not solve the revenue problem, as the government did not have the coin to redeem the notes should they all be presented for payment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To solve this problem, Chase asked for and Congress authorized the issuance of $150 million in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security" title="United States Treasury security">bonds</a>, which (as banks purchased them with gold) replenished the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam372_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam372-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress also sought to increase revenue when they passed the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">Revenue Act of 1861</a>, which imposed the first federal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> in American history. Sherman endorsed the measure, and even spoke in favor of a steeper tax than the one imposed by the Act (3% on income above $800), preferring to raise revenue by taxation than by borrowing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton120–123,_129_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton120–123,_129-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the special session closed and Sherman returned home to Mansfield to promote military recruitment again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman262–267_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman262–267-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Congress returned to Washington in December 1861, Sherman and the Finance Committee continued their attempts to fix the deepening financial crisis caused by the war. The financial situation had continued to worsen, resulting that month in banks suspending specie payments—that is, they refused to redeem their <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam373-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold began to disappear from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillion251_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillion251-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the 500,000 soldiers in the field, the government was spending the then-unheard-of sum of $2 million per day. Sherman understood that "a radical change in existing laws relating to our currency must be made, or ... the destruction of the Union would be unavoidable ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman270_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman270-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary Chase agreed and proposed that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> issue <a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">United States Notes</a> that were redeemable not in specie but in 6% government bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam373-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bills would be "lawful money and a legal tender in the payment of all debts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam373-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing but gold and silver coin had ever been legal tender in the United States, but Congress yielded to the wartime necessities, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/First_Legal_Tender_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="First Legal Tender Act">First Legal Tender Act</a> passed both the House and the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman272–274_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman272–274-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act limited the notes (later known as "greenbacks") to $150 million, but two subsequent Legal Tender Acts that year expanded the limit to $450 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger15_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger15-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of making paper money legal tender was controversial, and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a> of Maine, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, was among many who opposed the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman disagreed and spoke in favor of the idea. He defended his position as necessary in his memoirs, saying "from the passage of the legal tender act, by which means were provided for utilizing the wealth of the country in the suppression of the rebellion, the tide of war turned in our favor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reform of the nation's financial system continued in 1863 with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Banking Act of 1863</a>. This Act, first proposed by Chase in 1861 and introduced by Sherman two years later, established a series of nationally chartered private banks that would issue <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">banknotes</a> in coordination with the Treasury, replacing (though not completely) the <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States#1837–1862:_"Free_Banking"_Era" title="History of central banking in the United States">system of state-chartered banks</a> then in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam375_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam375-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the immediate purpose was to fund the war, the National Bank Act was intended to be permanent, and remained the law until 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillion255–256_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillion255–256-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 10% tax on state banknotes passed in 1865 to encourage the shift to a national bank system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam375_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam375-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman agreed with Chase wholeheartedly and hoped that state banking would be eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman believed the state-by-state system of regulation was disorderly and unable to facilitate the level of borrowing a modern nation might require.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284–291_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284–291-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed the state banks were unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman291–292_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman291–292-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all Republicans shared Sherman's views, and when the Act eventually passed the Senate, it was by a narrow 23–21 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln signed the bill into law on February 25, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton137_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton137-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_and_Reconstruction">Slavery and Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slavery and Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sherman,_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait,_ca1860-1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg/250px-John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg/330px-John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg/500px-John_Sherman%2C_Brady-Handy_photo_portrait%2C_ca1860-1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Senator John Sherman</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides his role in financial matters, Sherman also participated in debate over the conduct of the war and goals for the post-war nation. Sherman voted for the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a>, which allowed the government to confiscate any property being used to support the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> war effort (including slaves) and for the act <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman310–313_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman310–313-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also voted for the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a>, which clarified that slaves "<a href="/wiki/Contraband_(American_Civil_War)" title="Contraband (American Civil War)">confiscated</a>" under the 1861 Act were freed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman314–316_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman314–316-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, Sherman voted for the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some effort, it passed Congress and was ratified by the states the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the session ended, Sherman campaigned in Indiana and Ohio for <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">Lincoln's reelection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman348_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman348-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, he attended <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's second inauguration</a>, then traveled to Savannah, Georgia to meet with his brother William, who had arrived there after his army's <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">march to the sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman returned home to Mansfield in April, where he learned of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's assassination</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just days after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederate surrender</a>. He was again in Washington for the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies" title="Grand Review of the Armies">Grand Review of the Armies</a> and then returned home until December, when the <a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39th Congress</a> assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman359_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman359-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been no special session that summer, and President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, Lincoln's successor, had taken the lead on <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> of the conquered South, to the consternation of many in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton148–154_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton148–154-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman and Johnson had been friendly, and some observers hoped that Sherman could serve as a liaison between Johnson and the party's "Radical" wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton155–156_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton155–156-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 1866, however, Johnson was publicly attacking these <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicans</a>, who demanded harsh punishment of the rebels and federal action to assist the freedmen. The following month Johnson vetoed the proposed <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a>, which had passed Congress with overwhelming numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman joined in overturning Johnson's veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Sherman voted for the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, which guaranteed equal protection of the laws to the freedmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became law in 1868. </p><p>By then, Johnson had made himself the enemy of most Republicans in Congress, including Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman369–370_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman369–370-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman, a moderate, took the side of the Radicals in voting for the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, which passed over Johnson's veto in 1867—but in debating the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">First Reconstruction Act</a>, he argued against disenfranchising Southern men who had participated in the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter bill, amended to remove that provision, also passed over Johnson's veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton161–163Foner274–277_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton161–163Foner274–277-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continued conflict between Johnson and Congress culminated in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Johnson's impeachment</a> by the House in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a trial in the Senate, Sherman voted to convict, but the total vote was one short of the required two-thirds majority, and Johnson continued in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing later, Sherman said that although he "liked the President personally and harbored against him none of the prejudice and animosity of some others," he believed Johnson had violated the Tenure of Office Act and accordingly voted to remove him from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman427–432_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman427–432-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> elected to the presidency <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">in 1868</a>, Congress had a more willing partner in Reconstruction. The <a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40th Congress</a>'s lame duck session passed the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>, which guaranteed that the right to vote could not be restricted because of race; Sherman joined the two-thirds majority that voted for its passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41st Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a> to enforce its civil rights Amendments among a hostile Southern population. That Act, written by <a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a> of Ohio to mirror the Fourteenth Amendment, created penalties for violating another person's constitutional rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1871_(third_act)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforcement Act of 1871 (third act)">Ku Klux Klan Act</a>, which strengthened the Enforcement Act by allowing federal trials and federal troops to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner454–455_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner454–455-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman voted in favor of both Acts, which had Grant's support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_finances">Post-war finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the financial crisis abated, many in Congress wanted the greenbacks to be withdrawn from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public had never seen greenbacks as equivalent to specie, and by 1866 they circulated at a considerable discount, although their value had risen since the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a>, the Treasury Secretary under Lincoln and Johnson, believed the notes were an emergency measure only and thought they should be gradually withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCulloch proposed a bill, the <a href="/wiki/Contraction_Act_of_1866" title="Contraction Act of 1866">Contraction Act</a>, to convert some of the greenbacks from notes redeemable in bonds to interest-bearing notes redeemable in coin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Senate Finance Committee members had no objection, and Sherman found himself alone in opposition to it, believing that withdrawing greenbacks from circulation would contract the money supply and harm the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman instead favored leaving the existing notes in circulation and letting the growth in population catch up to the growth in money supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934185_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934185-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested an amendment that would instead just allow the Treasury to redeem the notes for lower-interest bonds, now that the government's borrowing costs had decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman's amendment was voted down, and the <a href="/wiki/Contraction_Act_of_1866" title="Contraction Act of 1866">Contraction Act</a> passed; greenbacks would be gradually withdrawn, but those still circulating would be redeemable for the high-interest bonds as before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Sherman called this law "the most injurious and expensive financial measure ever enacted by Congress," as the continued high-interest payments it required "added fully $300,000,000 of interest" to the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman384–385_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman384–385-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ohio legislature reelected Sherman to another six-year term that year, and when (after a three-month vacation in Europe) he resumed his seat he again turned to the greenback question. Public support for greenbacks had grown, especially among businesspeople who thought withdrawal would lead to lower prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a bill passed the House suspending the authority to retire greenbacks under the <a href="/wiki/Contraction_Act_of_1866" title="Contraction Act of 1866">Contraction Act</a>, Sherman supported it in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It passed the Senate 33–4, and became law in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">the next Congress</a>, among the first bills to pass the house was the <a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a>, which would require the government to pay bondholders in gold, not greenbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1868 election campaign had seen the Democrats proposing to repay the bondholders (mostly supporters of the Union war effort) in paper; Republicans favored gold, as the bonds had been purchased with gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman agreed with his fellow Republicans and voted with them to pass the bill 42–13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman448_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman448-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman continued to favor wider circulation of the greenback when he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Act_of_1870" title="Currency Act of 1870">Currency Act of 1870</a>, which authorized an additional $54 million in United States Notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman was also involved in debate over the <a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1870" title="Funding Act of 1870">Funding Act of 1870</a>. The Funding Act, which Sherman called "[t]he most important financial measure of that Congress," refunded the national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill as Sherman wrote it authorized $1.2 billion of low-interest rate bonds to be used to purchase the high-rate bonds issued during the war, to take advantage of the lower borrowing costs brought about by the peace and security that followed the Union victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act was the subject of considerable debate over the exact rates and amounts, but once the differences were ironed out, it passed by large majorities in both houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Sherman was unhappy with the compromises (especially the extension of the bonds' term to 30 years, which he believed too long), he saw the bill as an improvement over the existing conditions and urged its passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage_Act_of_1873">Coinage Act of 1873</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coinage Act of 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg/250px-1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg/330px-1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg/500px-1860-O_Seated_Liberty_dollar_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Seated_Liberty_dollar" title="Seated Liberty dollar">silver dollar</a> of the type Sherman said he never saw in circulation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ohio Legislature elected Sherman to a third term in 1872 after then-governor <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> declined the invitation of several legislators to run against Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom237–238Nichols_1968129–130_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom237–238Nichols_1968129–130-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman returned to his leadership of the Finance Committee, and the issues of greenbacks, gold, and silver continued into the next several congresses. Since the early days of the republic, the United States had minted both gold and silver coins, and for decades the ratio of value between them had been set by law at 16:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1162J._Sherman459–462_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1162J._Sherman459–462-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both metals were subject to "free coinage"; that is, anyone could bring any amount of silver or gold to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> and have it converted to coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio was bound to be imperfect, as the amount of gold and silver mined and the demand for it around the world fluctuated from year to year; as a metal's market price exceeded its legal price, coins of that metal would disappear from circulation (a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Gresham's law</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Civil War, gold circulated freely and silver disappeared, and while silver dollars were legal tender, Sherman wrote that "[a]lthough I was quite active in business ... I do not remember at that time to have ever seen a silver dollar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman465_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman465-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issuance of greenbacks had pushed debate over gold-silver ratios to the background as coins of both metals disappeared from the nation's commerce in favor of the new paper notes, but as the dollar became stronger in peacetime and the national debt payments were guaranteed to be paid in specie, Congress saw the need to update the coinage laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant's Treasury Secretary, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a>, sent Sherman (who was by now Senate Finance Committee Chairman) a draft of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a>. The list of legal coins duplicated that of the previous coinage act, leaving off only the silver dollar and two smaller coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale given in the Treasury report accompanying the draft bill was that to mint a gold dollar and a silver dollar with different intrinsic values was problematic; as the silver dollar did not circulate and the gold did, it made sense to drop the unused coin.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of the bill would later call this omission the "Crime of '73," and would mean it quite literally, circulating tales of widespread bribery of Congressmen by foreign agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1165–1167_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1165–1167-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman emphasized in his memoirs that the bill was openly debated for several years and passed both Houses with overwhelming support and that, given the continued circulation of smaller silver coins at the same 16:1 ratio, nothing had been "demonetized," as his opponents claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver was still legal tender, but only for sums up to five dollars. On the other hand, later scholars have suggested that Sherman and others wished to demonetize silver for years and move the country onto a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold-only standard</a> of currency—not for some corrupt gain, but because they believed it was the path to a strong, secure currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1166Weinstein312_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1166Weinstein312-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In switching to what was essentially a gold standard, the United States joined a host of nations around the world that based their currencies on gold alone. But in doing so, these nations exacerbated the demand for gold as opposed to silver which, combined with more silver being mined, drove the cost of gold up and silver down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was not apparent immediately after the Coinage Act's passage, but by 1879 the ratio between the price of gold and that of silver had risen from 16.4:1 to 18.4:1; by 1896 it was 30:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate effect was more expensive gold, which meant lower prices and deflation for other goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1169–1171_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1169–1171-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deflation made the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> worse, making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers and laborers, especially, clamored for the return of coinage in both metals, believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values, and the divide between pro- and anti-silver forces grew in the decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger358_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger358-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1895, Sherman defended the bill, saying that, barring some international agreement to switch the entire world to a <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic standard</a>, the United States dollar should remain a gold-backed currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman470_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman470-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resumption_of_specie_payments">Resumption of specie payments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resumption of specie payments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpecieCartoon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SpecieCartoon.JPG/250px-SpecieCartoon.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SpecieCartoon.JPG/500px-SpecieCartoon.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>A cartoon from the April 9, 1870 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> anticipates the <a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">resumption of government payments in precious-metal coins</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time as he sought to reform the coinage, Sherman worked for "resumption"—the policy of resuming specie payment on all bank notes, including the greenbacks. The idea of withdrawing the greenbacks from circulation altogether had been tried and quickly rejected in 1866; the notes were, as Sherman said, "a great favorite of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton226_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton226-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic turmoil of the Panic of 1873 made it even more clear that shrinking the money supply would be harmful to the average American.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton228–229_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton228–229-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Sherman (and others) desired an eventual return to a single circulating medium: gold. As he said in an 1874 speech, "a specie standard is the best and the only true standard of all values, recognized as such by all civilized nations of our generation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman491_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman491-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If greenbacks were not to be withdrawn from circulation, therefore, they must be made equal to the gold dollar. </p><p>While Sherman stood against printing additional greenbacks, as late as 1872 he remained a proponent of keeping existing greenbacks backed by bonds in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton233–234_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton233–234-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two years, Sherman worked to develop what became the <a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934186_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934186-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act was a compromise. It required gradual reduction of the maximum value of greenbacks allowed to circulate to $300 million (~$8.32 billion in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, while earlier drafts had allowed the Treasury the choice between paying in bonds or coin, the final version of the Act required payment in specie, starting in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed on a party-line vote in the lame duck session of the <a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43rd Congress</a>, and President Grant signed it into law on January 14, 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton248–249_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton248–249-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1876">Election of 1876</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election of 1876"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the close of the session, Sherman returned to Ohio to campaign for the Republican nominee for governor there, former governor Rutherford B. Hayes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of specie payments was debated in the campaign, with Hayes endorsing Sherman's position and his Democratic opponent, incumbent Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a>, in favor of increased circulation of greenbacks redeemable in bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes won a narrow victory and was soon mentioned as a possible presidential candidate in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom257–260Foner557_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom257–260Foner557-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy over resumption carried into the presidential election. The Democratic platform that year demanded repeal of the Resumption Act, while the Republicans nominated Hayes, whose position in favor of a gold standard was well known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton252–254_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton252–254-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">election of 1876</a> was very close, and the electoral votes of several states were <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">ardently disputed</a> until mere days before the new president was to be inaugurated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louisiana was one of the states in which both parties claimed victory, and Grant asked Sherman and a few other men to go to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and ensure the party's interests were represented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman, by this time thoroughly displeased with Grant and his administration, nonetheless took up the call in the name of party loyalty, joining <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a>, and other Republican politicians in Louisiana a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats likewise sent their politicos, and the two sides met to observe the elections return board arrive at its decision that Hayes should be awarded their state's electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman556–561_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman556–561-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended Sherman's direct role in the matter, and he returned to Washington, but the dispute carried over until a bipartisan election commission was convened in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days before Grant's term would end, the commission narrowly decided in Hayes's favor, and he became the 19th President of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg/300px-Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg/450px-Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg/600px-Hayes_cabinet_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Hayes's cabinet in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherman's financial expertise and his friendship with Hayes made him a natural choice for Treasury Secretary in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison104Nichols_1934186_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison104Nichols_1934186-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Grant before him, Hayes had not consulted party leaders about his cabinet appointments, and the Senate took the then-unusual step of referring all of them to committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, senators approved Sherman's nomination after an hour of debate, and he began lobbying his former colleagues to approve the other nominations, which they eventually did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes and Sherman became close friends in the next four years, taking regular carriage rides together to discuss matters of state in private.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman808_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman808-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Treasury, as in the Senate, Sherman was confronted with two tasks: first, to prepare for specie resumption when it took effect in 1879; second, to deal with the backlash against the diminution of silver coinage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparing_for_specie_resumption">Preparing for specie resumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preparing for specie resumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sherman and Hayes agreed to stockpile gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for specie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act remained unpopular in some quarters, leading to four attempts to repeal it in the Senate and fourteen in the House—all unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman597_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman597-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, public confidence in the Treasury had grown to the extent that a dollar in gold was worth only $1.05 in greenbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith704_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith704-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for gold, few actually did so; when the Act took effect in 1879, only $130,000 out of the $346,000,000 outstanding dollars in greenbacks were redeemed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse107_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse107-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenbacks were now at parity with gold dollars, and the nation had, for the first time since the Civil War, a unified monetary system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bland–Allison_Act"><span id="Bland.E2.80.93Allison_Act"></span>Bland–Allison Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bland–Allison Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 230px; height: 270px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -63px; left: -48px; width: 325px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SHERMAN,_John-Treasury_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Sherman as Secretary of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/325px-SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/488px-SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/650px-SHERMAN%2C_John-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="9264" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SHERMAN,_John-Treasury_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:SHERMAN, John-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> portrait of Sherman as Secretary of the Treasury </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a></div> <p>Sentiment against the Coinage Act of 1873 gained strength as the economy worsened following the Panic of 1873. Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a> of Missouri proposed a bill that would require the United States buy as much silver as miners could sell the government and strike it into coins, a system that would increase the money supply and aid debtors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, silver miners would sell the government metal worth fifty to seventy cents and receive back a silver dollar. The pro-silver idea cut across party lines, and <a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a>, a Republican from Iowa, led the effort in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allison offered an amendment in the Senate requiring the purchase of two to four million dollars per month of silver, but not allowing private deposit of silver at the mints. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Seignorage" class="mw-redirect" title="Seignorage">seignorage</a>, or the difference between the face value of the coin and the worth of the metal contained within it, accrued to the government's credit, not private citizens. The resulting Bland–Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes feared that the act would cause <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> through the expansion of the money supply that would be ruinous to business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman's opinion was more complicated. He knew that silver was gaining popularity, and opposing it might harm the party's candidates in the 1880 elections, but he also agreed with Hayes in wanting to avoid inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934187_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934187-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman pressured his friends in the Senate to defeat the bill, or to limit it to production of a larger silver dollar, which would actually be worth 1/16th its weight in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton266–267_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton266–267-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts were unsuccessful, but Allison's amendment made the bill less financially risky. Sherman thought Hayes should sign the amended bill but did not press the matter, and the President vetoed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177J._Sherman623_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177J._Sherman623-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In view of the strong public sentiment in favor of the free coinage of the silver dollar", he later wrote, "I thought it better to make no objections to the passage of the bill, but I did not care to antagonize the wishes of the President."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman623_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman623-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress overrode Hayes's veto and the bill became law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the Bland–Allison Act were limited: the premium on gold over silver continued to grow, and financial conditions in the country continued to improve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton268–269_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton268–269-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Jay_II.jpg/220px-John_Jay_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Jay_II.jpg/330px-John_Jay_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Jay_II.jpg/440px-John_Jay_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Sherman appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> to investigate corruption in the New York Custom House.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_service_reform">Civil service reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civil service reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> since <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> was president forty years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse93–94_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse93–94-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman was not a civil service reformer, but he went along with Hayes's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foremost enemy of reform—and Hayes—was New York Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>, and it was to Conkling's spoilsmen that Hayes first turned his attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Hayes's direction, Sherman ordered <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> to investigate the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Custom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Custom House">New York Custom House</a>, which was stacked with Conkling's appointees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay's report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hayes issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>, and his subordinates <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the president's order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman agreed with Hayes that the three had to resign, but he made clear in a letter to Arthur that he had no personal grudge against the Collector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton292–294J._Sherman681–682_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton292–294J._Sherman681–682-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He submitted appointments to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements but the Senate's Commerce Committee, which Conkling chaired, voted unanimously to reject the nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a congressional recess in July 1878, Hayes finally sacked Arthur and Cornell (Sharpe's term had expired) and appointed replacements. When Congress reconvened, Sherman pressured his former Senate colleagues to confirm the President's replacement nominees, which they did after considerable debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton295–297Hoogenboom370–384_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton295–297Hoogenboom370–384-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jay and other reformers criticized Sherman the next year when he traveled to New York to speak on Cornell's behalf in his <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1879" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1879">campaign for governor</a> of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman replied that it was important that the Republican party win the election there, despite their intra-party differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friendliness may also have related, as Arthur's biographer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Thomas C. Reeves</a> suggests, to a desire to keep Conkling's New York <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine</a> friendly to him as the 1880 presidential election approached.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves156_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves156-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1880">Election of 1880</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Election of 1880"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg/250px-James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg/330px-James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg/500px-James_A._Garfield_-_NARA_-_531082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> emerged the unexpected nominee at the 1880 Republican National Convention.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1880">United States presidential election, 1880</a></div> <p>Hayes had pledged himself to a one-term presidency, and the Republican nomination in 1880 attracted many candidates, including Sherman. Hayes's preference was for Sherman to succeed him, but he made no official endorsement, and he did not think Sherman could win the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom415–416Davison104–105_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom415–416Davison104–105-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the early favorites for the nomination were former President Grant, Senator <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> of Maine, and Senator <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a> of Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant did not actively promote his candidacy, but his entry into the race energized his partisans, and when <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">the convention</a> met in Chicago in June 1880, they instantly divided the delegates into Grant and anti-Grant factions, with Blaine the most popular choice of the latter group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Grant and Blaine had been nominated, James Garfield nominated Sherman with an eloquent speech, saying "You ask for his monuments, I point you to twenty-five years of national statutes. Not one great beneficent statute has been placed in our statute books without his intelligent and powerful aid."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech, while heartfelt, was not particularly stirring. As Senator <a href="/wiki/George_Frisbie_Hoar" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a> later explained, "[t]here was nothing stimulant or romantic in the plain wisdom of John Sherman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the other candidates had been nominated, the first ballot showed Grant leading with 304 votes and Blaine in second with 284; Sherman's 93 placed him in a distant third, and no candidate had the required majority of 379.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman's delegates could swing the nomination to either Grant or Blaine, but he refused to release them through twenty-eight ballots in the hope that the anti-Grant forces would desert Blaine and flock to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the first day, it was clear that neither Grant nor Blaine could muster a majority; a compromise candidate would be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr69–70_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr69–70-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman held out hope that he would be that compromise candidate, but while his vote tally reached as high as 120, he never commanded even all of Ohio's delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His divided home-state support was likely fatal to his cause, as Blaine delegates, searching for a new champion, did not think Sherman would make a popular candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934188Kerr68–69_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934188Kerr68–69-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several days of balloting, Blaine's men found their compromise candidate, but instead of Sherman they shifted their votes to his fellow Ohioan, Garfield. By the thirty-sixth ballot, Garfield had 399 votes, enough for victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman was respected among his fellow Republicans for his intelligence and hard work, but there were always doubts about his potential as a national candidate. As one author described him, Sherman was "thin as a rail, over six feet high, with close cropped beard and possessed of bad teeth and a divine laugh, when he laughs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison106_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison106-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His public speeches were adequate and informative, but never "of a sort to arouse a warm feeling for John Sherman, the man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Blaine or Conkling, Sherman "communicated no colorful personality, no magnetic current".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nickname, "the Ohio Icicle," deserved or not, hindered his presidential ambitions. </p><p>Garfield placated the pro-Grant faction by endorsing Chester A. Arthur as nominee for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>. Despite his good relations with Arthur in 1879, Sherman thought the choice a bad one: "The nomination of Arthur is a ridiculous burlesque," he wrote in a letter to a friend, "and I am afraid was inspired by a desire to defeat the ticket ... His nomination attaches to the ticket all the odium of <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine politics</a>, and will greatly endanger the success of Garfield."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nearly correct, as Garfield eked out a narrow victory over the Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>. Sherman continued at the Treasury for the rest of Hayes's term, leaving office March 3, 1881. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_the_Senate">Return to the Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Return to the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_house_K_street.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sherman_house_K_street.png/250px-Sherman_house_K_street.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sherman_house_K_street.png/330px-Sherman_house_K_street.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sherman_house_K_street.png/500px-Sherman_house_K_street.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>While serving in the Senate, Sherman lived in this house at 1323 K St. NW, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ohio legislature had elected Garfield to the Senate in 1880, and when he was elected president before taking his seat, they elected Sherman in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr76–79_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr76–79-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman's position in the Senate changed after his four-year absence. He rejoined the Finance Committee, but <a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin Smith Morrill</a>, his old House colleague, now held the chairmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton310_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton310-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sherman re-entered the Senate in the <a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">47th United States Congress</a>, the Republicans were not in the majority. The Senate was divided among 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats, one independent (<a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>) who <a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">caucused</a> with the Democrats, and one <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>), who caucused with the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur's tie-breaking vote as vice president left the Republicans with a narrow hold on the chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the special session convened in March 1881 remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them, resulting in the resignation of Conkling and the other senator from New York, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a>, in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves230–233_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves230–233-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman sided with Garfield on the appointments and was pleased when the New York legislature declined to reelect Conkling and Platt, replacing them with two less troublesome Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman817_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman817-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garfield's_assassination_and_the_Pendleton_Act"><span id="Garfield.27s_assassination_and_the_Pendleton_Act"></span>Garfield's assassination and the Pendleton Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Garfield's assassination and the Pendleton Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the special session of Congress had adjourned, Sherman returned home to Mansfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke on behalf of Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Charles Foster</a>'s effort for a second term and went to <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> with ex-President Hayes, where he received an honorary degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman looked forward to staying with his wife at home for an extended period for the first time in years, when news arrived that <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Garfield had been shot</a> in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassin, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, was a deranged office-seeker who believed that Garfield's successor would appoint him to a patronage job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves237_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves237-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After lingering for several months, Garfield died, and Arthur became president. After completing a long-planned visit to <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> and other Western sites with his brother William, Sherman returned to a second special session of Congress in October 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman821–830_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman821–830-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garfield's assassination by an office-seeker amplified the public demand for civil service reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Democratic and Republican leaders realized that they could attract the votes of reformers by turning against the spoils system, and by 1882 a bipartisan effort began in favor of reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the previous Congress, Sherman's fellow Ohio Senator, Democrat <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, had introduced legislation that required selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examination</a>, but Congress declined to act on it right away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans lost seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1882">1882 congressional elections</a>, in which Democrats campaigned on the reform issue, and in the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session">lame duck session</a> were more amenable to civil service reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman spoke in favor of merit selection and against removing employees from office without cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was against the idea that civil servants should have unlimited terms of office but believed that efficiency, not political activity, should determine an employee's length of service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman voted in favor of Pendleton's bill, and the Senate approved it 38–5. The House concurred by a vote of 155–47. Arthur signed the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> into law on January 16, 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves324Doenecke101–102_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves324Doenecke101–102-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongrel_Tariff">Mongrel Tariff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mongrel Tariff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_(c1894).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg/250px-Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg/330px-Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg/500px-Senator_John_Sherman_in_his_office_%28c1894%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Sherman in his Senate office, about 1894</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">Tariff of 1883</a></div> <p>There was relatively little financial legislation in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton311–315_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton311–315-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, fewer bonds were necessary, as the government now ran a consistent surplus which by 1882 reached $145 million (~$3.95 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinions varied on how to <a href="/wiki/Balance_the_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance the budget">balance the budget</a>; Democrats wished to lower tariffs to reduce revenues and the cost of imported goods, while Republicans believed that high tariffs ensured high wages in manufacturing and mining. They preferred the government spend more on <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">excise</a> taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress passed a law creating a committee to study tariff reduction, but Arthur appointed mostly <a href="/wiki/Protectionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionists">protectionists</a> to it. In December 1882, the committee submitted a report to Congress calling for tariff cuts averaging between 20 and 25%. The commission's recommendations were ignored, as the <a href="/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ways and Means Committee">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, dominated by protectionists, provided a 10% reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After conference with the Senate, the bill that emerged only reduced tariffs by an average of 1.47%; it also removed or reduce many excise taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman supported the bill, more for the excise reduction than for the tariff changes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill, known as the Tariff of 1883 (or, by detractors, as the "Mongrel Tariff"), passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law, but it had no effect on the surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_immigration">Chinese immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Chinese immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sherman paid greater attention to foreign affairs during the second half of his Senate career, serving as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Committee on Foreign Relations</a>. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the <a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a>, allowing unrestricted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese immigration to the United States">immigration from China</a>. After the Panic of 1873, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing wages; in reaction, Congress in 1879 passed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a>, but Hayes vetoed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves277–278Hoogenboom387–389_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves277–278Hoogenboom387–389-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, three years later, after China had agreed to treaty revisions, Congress tried again to exclude Chinese immigrants: Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">John F. Miller</a> of California introduced another Exclusion Act that denied Chinese immigrants United States citizenship and banned their immigration for a twenty-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves278–279Doenecke81–84_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves278–279Doenecke81–84-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman opposed both the 1880 treaty revisions and the bill Miller proposed, believing that the Exclusion Act reversed the United States' traditional welcoming of all people and the country's dependence on foreign immigration for growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">President Arthur</a> vetoed the bill, and Sherman voted to sustain the veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new Exclusion Act passed to conform to Arthur's objections. Sherman voted against this bill, too, but it passed, and Arthur signed it into law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, Sherman voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Contract_Labor_Law" title="Alien Contract Labor Law">Alien Contract Labor Law</a>, which barred engaging in a labor contract before immigrating or transporting a person under such a contract to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman saw this Act as a more appropriate solution to depressed wages than Chinese exclusion: the problem, as he saw it, was not the national origin of Chinese immigrants, but their employment under serf-like conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_presidential_ambitions">Further presidential ambitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further presidential ambitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg/220px-Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg/330px-Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg/440px-Sherman_Puck_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3405" data-file-height="3209" /></a><figcaption>An 1885 political cartoon accuses Sherman and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Foraker</a> of fanning section hatred for political gain.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1884, Sherman again ran for the Republican nomination, but his campaign never gained steam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaine was considered the favorite and President Arthur also gathered delegates in an attempt to win the term in his own right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves368–371_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves368–371-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, the Ohio delegation failed to unite behind Sherman, and he entered <a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">the convention</a> with only 30 total delegates pledged to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey281–285Reeves380_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey281–285Reeves380-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Cincinnati judge <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a> gave a speech nominating Sherman, but it drew little attention. Blaine gathered support the next day, and Sherman withdrew after the fourth ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey286_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey286-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaine was duly nominated and went on to lose <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">the election</a> to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> of New York, the Republicans' first loss in 28 years. Sherman returned to the Senate where, in 1885, he was elected <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> later that year, Sherman was next in line to the presidency until February 26, 1887, when he resigned the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, the Ohio legislature elected Sherman to a fifth term but, before long, he was considering another run for the presidency. To broaden his national image, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> to give a speech defending Republican principles. He encouraged fairness in the treatment of black Americans and denounced their mistreatment at the hands of the "<a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">redeemed</a>" Southern state governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr157–161_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr157–161-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tour had its effect, and Sherman's hopes were high. His old friend, ex-President Hayes, thought him the best candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison105_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison105-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early favorite for the nomination was again Blaine, but after Blaine wrote several letters denying any interest in the nomination, his supporters divided among other candidates, including Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey366–375_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey366–375-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With no clear consensus going into the <a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 convention</a>, delegates divided their support among an unusual number of <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite sons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Hastings" title="Daniel H. Hastings">Daniel H. Hastings</a> of Pennsylvania placed Sherman's name in nomination, seconded by Foraker (who was, by then, Governor of Ohio).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr187–190_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr187–190-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman, at last, had a unified Ohio delegation behind him and led on the first ballot with 229 votes—more than double his nearest competitor, but well short of the 416 needed for nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a> of Indiana was in second place with 111, followed by <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a> of Michigan with 84.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman gained votes on the second ballot, but plateaued there; by the fifth ballot, it was clear that he would gain no more delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused to withdraw, but his supporters began to abandon him; by the eighth ballot, the delegates coalesced around <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> of Indiana and voted him the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman thought Harrison was a good candidate and bore him no ill will, but he did begrudge Alger, whom he believed "purchased the votes of many of the delegates from the southern states who had been instructed by their conventions to vote for me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton305–306J._Sherman1029_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton305–306J._Sherman1029-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A loyal Republican, Sherman gave speeches for Harrison in Ohio and Indiana and was pleased with his victory over Cleveland that November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr192_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr192-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1888, Sherman, aware that he would be seventy-three years old when the nomination was next open, resolved that from then on "no temptation of office will induce me to seek further political honors" and did not run for president again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934192_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934192-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstate_commerce">Interstate commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interstate commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some time, there had been concern about the power of the railroads and the way they charged different rates for different customers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, a bill to regulate the practice, authored by <a href="/wiki/John_Henninger_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Henninger Reagan">John Henninger Reagan</a> of Texas passed the House. The Reagan bill forbade discrimination in railroad or pipeline freight rates, required that rates be reasonable, and fixed maximum charges allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman agreed with the general idea of the law, but objected to certain portions, especially a provision that gave state courts jurisdiction over enforcement disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman believed the law should allow for more nuance as well, insisting that competition against other forms of transit be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes were adopted in the conference committee and the result, the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">Interstate Commerce Act of 1887</a>, owed much to Sherman's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleveland signed it into law on February 4, 1887, and appointed members to the new <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>. The act displeased the railroad industry, but was a boon to farmers and the oil industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash181–186_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash181–186-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sherman_Antitrust_Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sherman Antitrust Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/330px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/500px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/960px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>An 1889 cartoon suggests that the monopolies held too much power over Congress.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></div> <p>By the late nineteenth century, businesses began to form combinations, known as <a href="/wiki/Trust_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (19th century)">trusts</a>, which claimed a larger and larger share of the market—large enough to dictate prices, their detractors claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin221–226,_234–235_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin221–226,_234–235-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of both major parties were concerned with the growth of the power of trusts and monopolies, and at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/51st_United_States_Congress" title="51st United States Congress">51st Congress</a> Sherman proposed what would become the Sherman Antitrust Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill Sherman proposed was largely derivative of a failed bill from the previous Congress written by Senator <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a>, which Sherman had amended during its consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton353–355_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton353–355-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1888, Sherman had shown little interest in the trust question but it was rising in the national consciousness, and Sherman now entered the fray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin249_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin249-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised bill Sherman proposed was simple, stating that "[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal".<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill further prescribed criminal penalties for any person who monopolizes trade.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In debate, Sherman praised the effects of corporations on developing industry and railroads and asserted the right for people to form corporations, so long as they were "not in any sense a monopoly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin252_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin252-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill passed the Senate by an overwhelming 52–1 vote and passed the House without dissent. President Harrison signed the bill into law on July 2, 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Harrison signed the Act, he remarked, "John Sherman has fixed General Alger."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman was the prime mover in getting the bill passed and became "by far the most articulate spokesman for antitrust in Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBork14_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBork14-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act was later criticized for its simple language and lack of defined terms, but Sherman defended it, saying that it drew on common-law language and precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also denied that the Act was anti-business at all, saying that it only opposed unfair business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman emphasized that the Act aimed not at lawful competition, but at illegal combination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBork26_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBork26-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later analysis was more generous: "The Sherman Act was as good an antitrust law as the Congress of 1890 could have devised."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin255_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin255-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver_Purchase_Act">Silver Purchase Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Silver Purchase Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_USD,_1890_series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg/300px-100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg/450px-100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg/600px-100_USD%2C_1890_series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>A $100 Treasury Note, authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>, redeemable in gold or silver coin</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a></div> <p>Since the passage of the Bland–Allison Act in 1878, there had been little discussion of gold versus silver coinage. Silver had been hardly mentioned in the 1888 campaign, and Harrison's exact position on the issue was initially unclear, but his appointment of a silverite Treasury Secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">William Windom</a>, encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter56–57_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter56–57-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver supporters' numbers had grown in Congress with the addition of new Western states. The drop in agricultural prices, which made farmers' debts harder to pay, broadened their cause's appeal. Harrison attempted to steer a middle course between the two positions, advocating a free coinage of silver, but at its own value, not at a fixed ratio to gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This served only to disappoint both factions. Windom suggested keeping the Bland–Allison system, but doubling the amount of silver allowed to be coined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr235_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr235-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intrinsic value of the silver dollar had fallen to 72.3 cents, but Windom believed (though gold supporters doubted) that coining more silver would increase demand and raise its value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton367_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton367-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison was willing to sign whatever bill would satisfy the largest group of people, as long as it did not make the currency unsound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Houses of Congress were majority-Republican, but their solutions differed. The House passed a bill in June 1890 requiring the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month (in addition to the $2–4 million required to be coined under Bland–Allison).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate passed a bill by Republican <a href="/wiki/Preston_B._Plumb" title="Preston B. Plumb">Preston B. Plumb</a> of Kansas for free coinage of silver at the legal (16:1) ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr237_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr237-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman voted against Plumb's bill, but was appointed to the conference committee to produce a compromise bill that, now called the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, passed that July. The Treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver and would issue <a href="/wiki/Treasury_(Coin)_Note" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury (Coin) Note">Treasury Notes</a> to pay for it, which would be redeemable in gold or silver. The law also provided that the Treasury could coin more silver dollars if the Secretary believed it necessary to redeem the new notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman thought the bill was the least harmful option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr240_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr240-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison believed it would end the controversy, and he signed it into law. The effect of the bill, however, was the increased depletion of the nation's gold supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, a <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">financial panic</a> struck the stock market, and the nation soon faced an acute <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a>. The panic was worsened by the acute shortage of gold that resulted from the increased coinage of silver, and President Cleveland, who had replaced Harrison that March, called Congress into session and demanded repeal of the part of the Act requiring the government to purchase silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch122–125_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch122–125-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the panic had driven more moderates to support repeal; even so, the silverites rallied their following at a convention in Chicago, and the House debated for fifteen weeks before passing the repeal by a considerable margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins524–528,_537–540_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins524–528,_537–540-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Senate, the repeal of silver purchase was equally contentious, but Cleveland convinced enough Democrats to stand by him that they, along with eastern Republicans, formed a 48–37 majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins541–548_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins541–548-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman voted for repeal of "his" bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton388–391_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton388–391-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After repeal, depletion of the Treasury's gold reserves continued, but at a lesser rate and subsequent bond issues replenished supplies of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic debate continues over the efficacy of the bond issues, but the consensus is that the repeal of the Silver Purchase Act was, at worst, unharmful and, at best, useful in restoring the nation's financial health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_in_the_Senate">Final years in the Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Final years in the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_mejor_diplomacia,_por_Mecachis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg/220px-La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg/330px-La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg/440px-La_mejor_diplomacia%2C_por_Mecachis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_S%C3%A1enz_Herm%C3%BAa" title="Eduardo Sáenz Hermúa">Mecachis</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Blanco_y_Negro_(magazine)" title="Blanco y Negro (magazine)">Blanco y Negro</a></i> (March 21, 1896) depicting Sherman, then Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and the suggestion for the kind of diplomacy that should be enacted by Spain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherman was elected in 1892 to a sixth term, easily defeating the Democratic candidate in the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton384–385_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton384–385-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more difficult fight had been for the Republican caucus's vote, as many preferred Foraker to Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr277–280_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr277–280-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With assistance from Cleveland businessman <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>, and after four days of balloting, the caucus agreed to support Sherman over Foraker, and he was reelected by the full legislature on January 12, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr280–282_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr280–282-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, Sherman surpassed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>'s record for longest tenure in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman1209_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman1209-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His memoirs, <i>Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet</i>, were published the following year. In 1896 he gave speeches on behalf of fellow Ohioan <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> in his campaign for the presidency, but took a lesser role than in previous campaigns because of his advanced age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton402–403_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton402–403-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McKinley was elected over Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>. </p><p>Sherman became known as a "friend of England" in Washington DC. He frequently made reference to British history in his speeches. Sherman believed there was a lot America could learn from England as an example with respects to economic systems, railroads and governance, and he was fond of highlighting the English origins of American political thought. While a sitting senator, Sherman travelled to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> where he met with <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> who at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>. He also met with <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> and attended a speech given by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. He returned even more convinced than he already had been that it was "in America's interests to pursue a close and amiable relationship with Great Britain." Winfield Scott Kerr wrote that "<a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> was in many respects the same type of statesman as John Sherman. A great speaker, and yet simple, direct and unostentatious to a degree approaching plainness." Out of all of the British statesmen who Sherman met overseas he was "most impressed" with <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>, who was "in the prime of his strong, rugged, simple manhood" when Sherman met him.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wishing to see the appointment of Hanna, his friend and political manager, to the Senate, McKinley created a vacancy by appointing Sherman to his cabinet as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton404–405_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton404–405-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg/220px-Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg/330px-Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg/440px-Sherman_Settling_Affairs_of_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>An 1897 political cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dalrymple" title="Louis Dalrymple">Louis Dalrymple</a> depicts Sherman as a young woman attempting to answer major U.S. diplomatic questions by playing the game <a href="/wiki/He_loves_me_..._he_loves_me_not" class="mw-redirect" title="He loves me ... he loves me not">He loves me ... he loves me not</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1897, McKinley offered Sherman the Secretary of State position, which Sherman, facing a difficult re-election campaign in 1898, quickly accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould16–19_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould16–19-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appointment was swiftly confirmed when Congress convened that March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr386_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr386-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment was seen as a good one, but many in Washington soon began to question whether Sherman, at age 73, still had the strength and intellectual vigor to handle the job; rumors circulated to that effect, but McKinley did not believe them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr376_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr376-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked for advice on the inaugural address, Sherman offered a draft threatening intervention in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">in rebellion against Spain</a>; the suggestion was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould16–19_230-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould16–19-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Sherman and McKinley sought a peaceful resolution to the Cuban War, preferably involving an independent Cuba without American intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr391_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr391-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and Spain began negotiations on the subject in 1897, but it became clear that Spain would never concede Cuban independence, while the rebels (and their American supporters) would never settle for anything less.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould68–70_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould68–70-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1898, Spain promised some concessions to the rebels, but when American <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a> reported riots in Havana, McKinley agreed to send the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> there to protect American lives and property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould71–72_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould71–72-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 15, the <i>Maine</i> exploded and sank with 266 men killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould74_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould74-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War fever ran high, and by April, McKinley reported to Congress that efforts at diplomatic resolution had failed; a week later, Congress <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Spain">declared war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, McKinley had begun to rely on Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a> for day-to-day management of the State Department, and was even inviting him to cabinet meetings, as Sherman had stopped attending them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day, a McKinley associate of long standing, superseded his boss as the real power in the State Department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould56,_67_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould56,_67-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman, sensing that he was being made a mere figurehead and recognizing, at last, his declining health and worsening memory, resigned his office on April 25, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton414–415Kerr395–397_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton414–415Kerr395–397-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement,_death,_and_legacy"><span id="Retirement.2C_death.2C_and_legacy"></span>Retirement, death, and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Retirement, death, and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg/250px-Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg/330px-Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg/500px-Sherman_home_mansfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Sherman's home in Mansfield, Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherman retired from public life after resigning as Secretary of State. Except for one day,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman had spent the previous forty-two years, four months, and twenty-two days in government service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr398_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr398-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a few interviews in which he disagreed with the administration's policy of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">annexing Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, his wife, Margaret, had a stroke; she died two years later on June 5, 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman continued to alternate between houses in Mansfield and Washington. He mostly remained out of politics, except for a letter he wrote endorsing <a href="/wiki/George_K._Nash" title="George K. Nash">George K. Nash</a> for Governor of Ohio in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr409_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr409-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherman died at his Washington home on October 22, 1900, in the company of his daughter, relatives and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a large funeral at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a> attended by many prominent national politicians<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Washington, he was interred in Mansfield City Cemetery with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr422–424_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr422–424-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President McKinley ordered that all flags be lowered to <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> for ten days.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherman was not unmindful of his legacy and left $10,000 in his will for a biography to be written "by some competent person".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_1900_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_1900-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two biographies were published shortly after that, but neither mentions the bequest. In 1906, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">Theodore E. Burton</a> of Ohio published a biography; two years later, former Representative <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Kerr" title="Winfield S. Kerr">Winfield S. Kerr</a> of Mansfield published another. Both were very favorable to Sherman. A scholarly biography was said to be in preparation in Allan Nevins's "American Political Leaders" series of the 1920s and 1930s, to be written by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Roy Franklin Nichols</a> and his wife, Jeanette Paddock Nichols, but the work was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsflyleaf_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsflyleaf-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeanette Nichols later published several articles on Sherman in the next few decades, but he still awaits a full-length scholarly biography. He is most remembered now for the antitrust act that bears his name. Burton, in summing up his subject, wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is true that there was much that was prosaic in the life of Sherman, and that his best efforts were not connected with that glamour which gains the loudest applause; but in substantial influence upon those characteristic features which have made this country what it is, and in the unrecognized but permanent results of efficient and patriotic service for its best interests, there are few for whom a more beneficial record can be claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton429_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton429-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organizations">Social organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Social organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sherman was a charter member of the District of Columbia Society of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>. He served as one of the Society's vice presidents from 1891 to 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At that time, Congress did not convene as soon as they took office (March), but usually waited until the end of the year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherman and his biographer, Burton, give these figures, but other references give different breakdowns of party membership. See, <i>e.g.</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/36th/">"Congress Profiles: 36th Congress (1859–1861)"</a>. <i>History, Art & Archives</i>. House of Representatives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft.atitle=Congress+Profiles%3A+36th+Congress+%281859%E2%80%931861%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FCongressional-Overview%2FProfiles%2F36th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span> This illustrates the difficulty in assigning party designations to a time of shifting loyalties and creation of <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">a new party system</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1913, senators were chosen by their states' legislatures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The income tax was collected until 1870, when it was repealed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman307_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman307-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Senate did amend the bill to provide that interest on the national debt would continue to be paid in specie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1863 Act was followed a year later by the National Banking Act of 1864, which made various technical fixes and added a tax on state banks' deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton138_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton138-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the war, it had taken up to $2.80 in greenbacks to buy one gold dollar. By 1866, the greenback had gained value, but it still took almost $1.50 in notes to equal the purchasing power of one dollar in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith698_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith698-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Act did introduce a new silver dollar, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Trade dollar (United States coin)">Trade dollar</a>, that was intended for overseas trade only, but was legal tender domestically for sums up to five dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman543–544_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman543–544-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Act required that for every $100 increase in the circulation of gold-backed national bank notes, $80 in greenbacks should be withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/1">§ 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/2">§ 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherman's record was broken by <a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a> in 1905. The current <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">record for longest Senate service</a> is held by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">March 3, 1881, after his resignation as Treasury Secretary but before his swearing-in as senator.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1–5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1–5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman9–10_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW._Sherman">W. Sherman</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman11–12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Sherman11–12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFW._Sherman">W. Sherman</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman26–29_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 26–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton5–6J._Sherman30-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton5–6J._Sherman30_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 5–6; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman32-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman32_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman33–34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman33–34_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman47–51-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman47–51_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 47–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton16_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton17_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman78-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman78_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton18–19_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton31-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton31_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman94-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman94_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman91-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman91_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_1990554–565_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreehling_1990">Freehling 1990</a>, pp. 554–565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman101–104_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman105-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman105_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGienapp136–137-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGienapp136–137_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGienapp">Gienapp</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington641–643J._Sherman111–113-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington641–643J._Sherman111–113_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington">Harrington</a>, pp. 641–643; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Sibley3–4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Sibley3–4_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 115–116; <a href="#CITEREFSibley">Sibley</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Burton39–41-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman115–116Burton39–41_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 115–116; <a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman117–131-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman117–131_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 117–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton42-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton42_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton43–44_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman139-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman139_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman145–146-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman145–146_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007109–110-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007109–110_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreehling_2007">Freehling 2007</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreehling_2007136–141_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreehling_2007">Freehling 2007</a>, pp. 136–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton52–53_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman152-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman152_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman153–156_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 153–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton58–60-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton58–60_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman167-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman167_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman161–166-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman161–166_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 161–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton61-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton61_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton61_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman168_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw323-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw323_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrenshaw">Crenshaw</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw324-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw324_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrenshaw">Crenshaw</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw325-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw325_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrenshaw">Crenshaw</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw326–327_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrenshaw">Crenshaw</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrenshaw328-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrenshaw328_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrenshaw">Crenshaw</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton65–66-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton65–66_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton67–73J._Sherman182–193_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 67–73; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 182–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton65J._Sherman229–230-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton65J._Sherman229–230_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman197–201Burton75–76-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman197–201Burton75–76_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 197–201; <a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant501–502_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant">Bryant</a>, pp. 501–502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76Bryant520–524-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76Bryant520–524_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFBryant">Bryant</a>, pp. 520–524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton76–77-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton76–77_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman234-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman234_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman232–233-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman232–233_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman241–245W._Sherman185–186_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 241–245; <a href="#CITEREFW._Sherman">W. Sherman</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton84–85J._Sherman245–250Nichols_1968126-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton84–85J._Sherman245–250Nichols_1968126_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 84–85; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 245–250; <a href="#CITEREFNichols_1968">Nichols 1968</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259Burton88–90-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259Burton88–90_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 258–259; <a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam372-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam372_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam372_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDam">Dam</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman258–259_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton120–123,_129-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton120–123,_129_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 120–123, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman307-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman307_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman262–267-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman262–267_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 262–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam373-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam373_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDam">Dam</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillion251-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillion251_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillion">Million</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman270-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman270_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman272–274-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman272–274_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 272–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger15-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger15_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnger">Unger</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman275–280_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 275–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDam375-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam375_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDam375_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDam">Dam</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillion255–256-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillion255–256_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillion">Million</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284–291-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman284–291_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 284–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman291–292-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman291–292_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton137-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton137_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton138-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton138_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman310–313-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman310–313_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 310–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman314–316-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman314–316_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 314–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman335_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman348-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman348_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman351–355_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 351–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman359-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman359_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton148–154-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton148–154_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 148–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton155–156-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton155–156_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton158–160_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 158–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton164–165_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman369–370-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman369–370_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton161–163Foner274–277-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton161–163Foner274–277_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 161–163; <a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, pp. 274–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman427–432-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman427–432_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 427–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton166–171_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 166–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner454–455-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner454–455_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton172–180_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 172–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith698-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith698_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_&_Smith">Smith & Smith</a>, p. 698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman377–384_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 377–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934185-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934185_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman384–385-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman384–385_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton182–185_102-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 182–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman448-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman448_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman451–458_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 451–458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom237–238Nichols_1968129–130-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom237–238Nichols_1968129–130_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 237–238; <a href="#CITEREFNichols_1968">Nichols 1968</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1162J._Sherman459–462-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1162J._Sherman459–462_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, p. 1162; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 459–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1161–1163_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, pp. 1161–1163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman465-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman465_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman462–464_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 462–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman543–544-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman543–544_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 543–544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman464–466_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 464–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1165–1167-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1165–1167_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, pp. 1165–1167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1166Weinstein312-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1166Weinstein312_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, p. 1166; <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein">Weinstein</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1168–1169_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, pp. 1168–1169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman1169–1171-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman1169–1171_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman">Friedman</a>, pp. 1169–1171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom356_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger358-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger358_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnger">Unger</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman470-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman470_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton226-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton226_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton228–229-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton228–229_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman491-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman491_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton233–234-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton233–234_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934186-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934186_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton244–247_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 244–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton248–249-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton248–249_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman521–523_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 521–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom257–260Foner557-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom257–260Foner557_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 257–260; <a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, p. 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton252–254-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton252–254_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 252–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton255–257Hoogenboom256–295_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 255–257; <a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 256–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman553–557Nichols_1968132–133_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 553–557; <a href="#CITEREFNichols_1968">Nichols 1968</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman556–561-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman556–561_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 556–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison104Nichols_1934186-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison104Nichols_1934186_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom301–302_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 301–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman808-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman808_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom358–360_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 358–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman597-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman597_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith704-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith_&_Smith704_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith_&_Smith">Smith & Smith</a>, p. 704.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse107-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse107_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934187-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934187_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton266–267-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton266–267_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177J._Sherman623-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison176–177J._Sherman623_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, pp. 176–177; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman623-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman623_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton268–269-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton268–269_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse93–94-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse93–94_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom318–319_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, p. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Burton292–294_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 322–325; <a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, pp. 164–165; <a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 292–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton292–294J._Sherman681–682-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton292–294J._Sherman681–682_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 292–294; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 681–682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom352–355Trefousse95–101_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 352–355; <a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 95–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton295–297Hoogenboom370–384-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton295–297Hoogenboom370–384_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 295–297; <a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 370–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297Reeves155–157_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 296–297; <a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 155–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves156-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves156_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom415–416Davison104–105-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom415–416Davison104–105_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 415–416; <a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton301–304Muzzey160–172_157-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 301–304; <a href="#CITEREFMuzzey">Muzzey</a>, pp. 160–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr66–67_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr69–70-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr69–70_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934188Kerr68–69-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934188Kerr68–69_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 188; <a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison106-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison106_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934189_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton296–297_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr76–79-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr76–79_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton310-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton310_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves220–223_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 220–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves230–233-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves230–233_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 230–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman817-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman817_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman819–821_169-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 819–821.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves237-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves237_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman821–830-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman821–830_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, pp. 821–830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves320–324Doenecke96–97_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 320–324; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton320–321_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves324Doenecke101–102-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves324Doenecke101–102_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton311–315-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton311–315_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 311–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves328–329Doenecke168_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 328–329; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves330–333Doenecke169–171_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 330–333; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 169–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton316–319_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 316–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves277–278Hoogenboom387–389-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves277–278Hoogenboom387–389_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 277–278; <a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 387–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves278–279Doenecke81–84-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves278–279Doenecke81–84_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 278–279; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 81–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton328–331_182-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 328–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton304–305_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves368–371-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves368–371_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, pp. 368–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey281–285Reeves380-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey281–285Reeves380_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuzzey">Muzzey</a>, pp. 281–285; <a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey286-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey286_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuzzey">Muzzey</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr153–154_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr157–161-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr157–161_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 157–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison105-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison105_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey366–375-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey366–375_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuzzey">Muzzey</a>, pp. 366–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr187–190-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr187–190_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 187–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuzzey376–380_192-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuzzey">Muzzey</a>, pp. 376–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton305–306J._Sherman1029-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton305–306J._Sherman1029_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 305–306; <a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 1029.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr192-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr192_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols_1934192-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols_1934192_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols_1934">Nichols 1934</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton336–339_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 336–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton340–343_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 340–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash181–186-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash181–186_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNash">Nash</a>, pp. 181–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin221–226,_234–235-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin221–226,_234–235_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetwin">Letwin</a>, pp. 221–226, 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter53_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSocolofsky_&_Spetter">Socolofsky & Spetter</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton353–355-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton353–355_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 353–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin249-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin249_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetwin">Letwin</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin252-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin252_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetwin">Letwin</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatilda" class="citation book cs1">Matilda, Walter. <i>Life of Walter Quintin Gresham, 1832-1895, Volume II</i>. p. 632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Walter+Quintin+Gresham%2C+1832-1895%2C+Volume+II&rft.pages=632&rft.aulast=Matilda&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBork14-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBork14_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBork">Bork</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54_208-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter54_208-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSocolofsky_&_Spetter">Socolofsky & Spetter</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBork26-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBork26_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBork">Bork</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetwin255-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetwin255_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetwin">Letwin</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter56–57-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter56–57_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSocolofsky_&_Spetter">Socolofsky & Spetter</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocolofsky_&_Spetter58–60_212-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSocolofsky_&_Spetter">Socolofsky & Spetter</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr235-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr235_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton367-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton367_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr237-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr237_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr240-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr240_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch122–125-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch122–125_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch">Welch</a>, pp. 122–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins524–528,_537–540-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins524–528,_537–540_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins">Nevins</a>, pp. 524–528, 537–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins541–548-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins541–548_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins">Nevins</a>, pp. 541–548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton388–391-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton388–391_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 388–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128_221-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch126–128_221-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch">Welch</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton384–385-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton384–385_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr277–280-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr277–280_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 277–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr280–282-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr280–282_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 280–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman1209-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Sherman1209_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJ._Sherman">J. Sherman</a>, p. 1209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton402–403-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton402–403_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 402–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Sherman: His Life and Public Services</i>, Volume 1, by Winfield Scott Kerr pp. 53, 89, 91, 225, 270, 273, 336, 373, 396, 406 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton404–405-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton404–405_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould16–19-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould16–19_230-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould16–19_230-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould">Gould</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr386-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr386_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr376-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr376_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr391-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr391_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould68–70-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould68–70_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould">Gould</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould71–72-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould71–72_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould">Gould</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould74-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould74_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould">Gould</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413_237-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton412–413_237-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 412–413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould56,_67-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould56,_67_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould">Gould</a>, pp. 56, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton414–415Kerr395–397-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton414–415Kerr395–397_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 414–415; <a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 395–397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr398-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr398_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton416–417_242-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, pp. 416–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr409-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr409_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColumnist2022" class="citation web cs1">Columnist, Timothy Brian McKee (October 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richlandsource.com/area_history/the-sherman-funeral-in-1900-mansfields-favorite-son-comes-home-to-rest/article_1a5c555a-8ee6-11e5-be5f-bf365dc67492.html">"The Sherman funeral in 1900: Mansfield's favorite son comes home to rest"</a>. <i>Richland Source</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richland+Source&rft.atitle=The+Sherman+funeral+in+1900%3A+Mansfield%27s+favorite+son+comes+home+to+rest&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=Columnist&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Brian+McKee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.richlandsource.com%2Farea_history%2Fthe-sherman-funeral-in-1900-mansfields-favorite-son-comes-home-to-rest%2Farticle_1a5c555a-8ee6-11e5-be5f-bf365dc67492.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr422–424-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr422–424_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr">Kerr</a>, pp. 422–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-451-announcing-the-death-john-sherman">"Proclamation 451—Announcing the Death of John Sherman | The American Presidency Project"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Proclamation+451%E2%80%94Announcing+the+Death+of+John+Sherman+%7C+The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fproclamation-451-announcing-the-death-john-sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_1900-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_1900_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times_1900">New York Times 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsflyleaf-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsflyleaf_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins">Nevins</a>, p. flyleaf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton429-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton429_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton">Burton</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sar.org/sar-missions-and-goals/">"About – National Society Sons of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>www.sar.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sar.org&rft.atitle=About+%E2%80%93+National+Society+Sons+of+the+American+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sar.org%2Fsar-missions-and-goals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books and dissertations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bridges, Roger Dean. "The Constitutional World of Senator John Sherman, 1861-1869" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1970. 7105057).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">Burton, Theodore E.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsherman01burtgoog"><i>John Sherman</i></a>. American Statesmen. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2693291">2693291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Sherman&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=American+Statesmen&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2693291&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Theodore+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnsherman01burtgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavison" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofruth00davi"><i>The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</i></a></span>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-6275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6275-1&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofruth00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen"><i>The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur</i></a>. American Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+James+A.+Garfield+and+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0208-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofja00doen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2002) [1988]. <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</i>. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4"><bdi>978-0-06-093716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+1863%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093716-4&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreehling_1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Freehling" title="William W. Freehling">Freehling, William W.</a> (1990). <i>The Road to Disunion: Volume 1 Sessionists at Bay 1776–1854</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505814-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505814-3"><bdi>0-19-505814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Disunion%3A+Volume+1+Sessionists+at+Bay+1776%E2%80%931854&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-505814-3&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreehling_2007" class="citation book cs1">Freehling, William W. (2007). <i>The Road to Disunion: Volume 2 Secessionists Triumphant 1854–1861</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505815-4"><bdi>978-0-19-505815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Disunion%3A+Volume+2+Secessionists+Triumphant+1854%E2%80%931861&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505815-4&rft.aulast=Freehling&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGienapp" class="citation book cs1">Gienapp, William E. (1987). <i>The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505501-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505501-2"><bdi>0-19-505501-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Republican+Party%2C+1852%E2%80%931856&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-505501-2&rft.aulast=Gienapp&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwill0000goul"><i>The Presidency of William McKinley</i></a></span>. American Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0206-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0206-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-0206-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+William+McKinley&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0206-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofwill0000goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). <i>Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerr" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Kerr" title="Winfield S. Kerr">Kerr, Winfield S.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIwZAAAAYAAJ"><i>John Sherman: His Life and Public Services</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boston, Massachusetts: Sherman, French & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823261">823261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Sherman%3A+His+Life+and+Public+Services&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Sherman%2C+French+%26+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823261&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Winfield+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIwZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Lewis, Ernest Gilmore. "Some Contributions of John Sherman to Public and Private Finance, 1855-1881" (PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1932. 31631129).</li> <li>Matthews, John Herbert. "John Sherman and American Foreign Relations, 1883-1898" (PhD dissertation, Emory University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1976. 7700975).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuzzey" class="citation book cs1">Muzzey, David Saville (1934). <i>James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days</i>. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656771">656771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+G.+Blaine%3A+A+Political+Idol+of+Other+Days&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656771&rft.aulast=Muzzey&rft.aufirst=David+Saville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNevins" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1932). <i>Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage</i>. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1373564">1373564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grover+Cleveland%3A+A+Study+in+Courage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1373564&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Patrick, John Joseph. "John Sherman: The Early Years, 1823-1865" (PhD dissertation, Kent State University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1982. 8216949).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeves" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Reeves, Thomas C.</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev"><i>Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6"><bdi>978-0-394-46095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Boss%3A+The+Life+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46095-6&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlemanbosslif00reev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Sherman" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, John (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnshermansrec00shergoog"><i>Recollections of Forty years in the House, Senate and Cabinet</i></a>. Chicago: The Werner Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5438111">5438111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Forty+years+in+the+House%2C+Senate+and+Cabinet&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Werner+Company&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5438111&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnshermansrec00shergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._Sherman" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, William T. (1990) [1875]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofgeneral00sher_0"><i>Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman</i></a>. New York: Literary Classics of the United States. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940450-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-940450-65-8"><bdi>0-940450-65-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+General+W.+T.+Sherman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Literary+Classics+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-940450-65-8&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofgeneral00sher_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Richard M. "The moderate voice of John Sherman and the Republican agenda 1855-1898" (PhD dissertation, Florida International University; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2011. 3483251)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSocolofsky_&_Spetter" class="citation book cs1">Socolofsky, Homer E.; Spetter, Allan B. (1987). <i>The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison</i>. American Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0320-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-0320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Benjamin+Harrison&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0320-6&rft.aulast=Socolofsky&rft.aufirst=Homer+E.&rft.au=Spetter%2C+Allan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Trefousse, Hans L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbhayes00tref"><i>Rutherford B. Hayes</i></a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6907-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6907-5&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbhayes00tref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (1964). <a href="/wiki/The_Greenback_Era:_A_Social_and_Political_History_of_American_Finance,_1865%E2%80%931879" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879"><i>The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04517-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04517-8"><bdi>0-691-04517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenback+Era%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History+of+American+Finance%2C+1865%E2%80%931879&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-691-04517-8&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Richard E. Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofgr0000welc"><i>The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</i></a>. American Presidency. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0355-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0355-7"><bdi>0-7006-0355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+Grover+Cleveland&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7006-0355-7&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofgr0000welc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBork" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork, Robert H.</a> (October 1966). "Legislative Intent and the Policy of the Sherman Act". <i>Journal of Law and Economics</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">7–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466617">10.1086/466617</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/724991">724991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154406679">154406679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Legislative+Intent+and+the+Policy+of+the+Sherman+Act&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1966-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154406679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F724991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466617&rft.aulast=Bork&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, A. 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"The Speakership Contest of 1859–1860: John Sherman's Election a Cause of Disruption?". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1897913">10.2307/1897913</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1897913">1897913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Speakership+Contest+of+1859%E2%80%931860%3A+John+Sherman%27s+Election+a+Cause+of+Disruption%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=1942-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1897913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1897913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Ollinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDam" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Dam" title="Kenneth W. 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Todd (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econ.queensu.ca/sites/econ.queensu.ca/files/qed_wp_1255.pdf">"Greenback-Gold Returns and Expectations of Resumption, 1862–1879"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>57</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">697–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700019100">10.1017/S0022050700019100</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951196">2951196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154574399">154574399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Greenback-Gold+Returns+and+Expectations+of+Resumption%2C+1862%E2%80%931879&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154574399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2951196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700019100&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregor+W.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.queensu.ca%2Fsites%2Fecon.queensu.ca%2Ffiles%2Fqed_wp_1255.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Allen (September 1967). "Was There a 'Crime of 1873'?: The Case of the Demonetized Dollar". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1894808">10.2307/1894808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894808">1894808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+%27Crime+of+1873%27%3F%3A+The+Case+of+the+Demonetized+Dollar&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=1967-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1894808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1894808%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Newspaper</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times_1900" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/10/27/102620363.pdf">"John Sherman's Estate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 27, 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Sherman%27s+Estate&rft.date=1900-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1900%2F10%2F27%2F102620363.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sherman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>John Sherman</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sherman" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sherman">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Sherman" class="extiw" title="c:Category:John Sherman">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Sherman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Sherman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445392" class="extiw" title="d:Q445392">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000346" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000346">"John Sherman (id: S000346)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Sherman+%28id%3A+S000346%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sherman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/25051">Works by John Sherman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sherman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Sherman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sherman%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Sherman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sherman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Sherman%22%29%20OR%20%28%221823-1900%22%20AND%20Sherman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Sherman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/4234">John Sherman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445392#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/sherman-john">John Sherman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/jsherman.aspx">John Sherman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lindsley" title="William D. Lindsley">William D. Lindsley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Ohio13 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 13th congressional district">Ohio's 13th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1855–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Worcester" title="Samuel T. Worcester">Samuel T. Worcester</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">John S. Phelps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> </b><br />1860–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio"> U.S. senator (Class 3) from Ohio</a> </b><br />1861–1877 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)">Philip Allen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Senate Agriculture Committee</a> </b><br />1863–1867 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1864–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> </b><br />1867–1877 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Morrill">Justin Morrill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Ohio</a> </b><br />1881–1897 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Calvin S. Brice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">John F. Miller</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> </b><br />1886–1893 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyler Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyler Morgan">John T. Morgan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> </b><br />1895–1897 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">William P. Frye</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Henry B. Anthony</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_Chairman_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference Chairman of the United States Senate">Chair of the Senate Republican Conference</a> </b><br />1884–1885 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Conference_Chairman_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Conference Chairman of the United States Senate">Chair of the Senate Republican Conference</a> </b><br />1891–1897 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Lot M. Morrill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1877–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">William Windom</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the United States Senate</a> </b><br />1885–1887 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_James_Ingalls" class="mw-redirect" title="John James Ingalls">John James Ingalls</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1897–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li>2019</li> <li>2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Foreign affairs</a><br />1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a><br />1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Marco_Rubio_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Marco Rubio as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" title="Template:United States secretaries of the treasury"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of the treasury"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of the treasury"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretaries of the treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Bessent" title="Scott Bessent">Bessent</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Ohio91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="Template:United States senators from Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="Template talk:United States senators from Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Ohio91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">United States senators from Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Ohio_politician,_died_1824)" title="John Smith (Ohio politician, died 1824)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_J._Meigs_Jr." title="Return J. Meigs Jr.">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(governor)" title="Thomas Worthington (governor)">Worthington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kerr" title="Joseph Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ruggles" title="Benjamin Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan" title="Benjamin Tappan">Tappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick" title="Charles W. F. Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Donahey" title="Vic Donahey">Donahey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">H. Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Huffman" title="James W. Huffman">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_A._Taft" title="Kingsley A. Taft">K. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">R. Taft Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum" title="Howard Metzenbaum">Metzenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">DeWine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">S. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Moreno" title="Bernie Moreno">Moreno</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(governor)" title="Thomas Worthington (governor)">Worthington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tiffin" title="Edward Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Griswold" title="Stanley Griswold">Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (American politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Morrow" title="Jeremiah Morrow">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Trimble" title="William A. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen_Brown" title="Ethan Allen Brown">E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burnet" title="Jacob Burnet">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Pugh" title="George E. Pugh">Pugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Foraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">T. Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Locher" title="Cyrus Locher">Locher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_E._Burton" title="Theodore E. Burton">T. Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._McCulloch" title="Roscoe C. McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Bulkley" title="Robert J. Bulkley">Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. Taft Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Burke" title="Thomas A. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Bender" title="George H. Bender">Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Metzenbaum" title="Howard Metzenbaum">Metzenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Portman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Husted" title="Jon Husted">Husted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate1184" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Template talk:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_presidents_pro_tempore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate presidents pro tempore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate1184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1789)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a> (1792)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">Langdon</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izard" title="Ralph Izard">Izard</a> (1794)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a> (1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1796)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="William Bradford (Rhode Island politician)">Bradford</a> (1979)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Read" title="Jacob Read">Read</a> (1797)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Laurance" title="John Laurance">Laurance</a> (1798)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Livermore" title="Samuel Livermore">Livermore</a> (1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a> (1800)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hillhouse" title="James Hillhouse">Hillhouse</a> (1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1802–1803)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a> (1803–1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Franklin" title="Jesse Franklin">Franklin</a> (1804)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">Anderson</a> (1805)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1805–1808)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1808–1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Milledge" title="John Milledge">Milledge</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a> (1809)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1810)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a> (1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1814–1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a> (1819)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Gaillard" title="John Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (1820–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a> (1828–1831)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a> (1832)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a> (1832–1833)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Poindexter" title="George Poindexter">Poindexter</a> (1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a> (1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a> (1841–1842)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a> (1842–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a> (1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1846–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. R. King</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a> (1852–1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a> (1854)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">Stuart</a> (1856)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a> (1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1857–1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a> (1860)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Clark_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)">Clark</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a> (1867–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_H._Carpenter" title="Matthew H. Carpenter">Carpenter</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a> (1879–1880)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a> (1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1883–1885)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">Ingalls</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Manderson" title="Charles F. Manderson">Manderson</a> (1891–1893)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Matt_W._Ransom" title="Matt W. Ransom">Ransom</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a> (1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1896–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a>/ <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_P._Clarke" title="James P. Clarke">Clarke</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Saulsbury_Jr." title="Willard Saulsbury Jr.">Saulsbury</a> (1916–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a> (1925–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_H._King" title="William H. King">W. H. King</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a> (1941)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hayden" title="Carl Hayden">Hayden</a> (1957–1969)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Russell</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Eastland" title="James Eastland">Eastland</a> (1972–1978)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Young" title="Milton Young">Young</a> (1980)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Magnuson" title="Warren Magnuson">Magnuson</a> (1980–1981)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">Stennis</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (1995–2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a> (2001)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2012–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (2023–2025)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate President Pro Tempore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/120px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg/250px-President_Pro_Tempore_US_Senate_Seal.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span> Independent</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference chairs of the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Chas. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Cotton" title="Norris Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Curtis" title="Carl Curtis">C. T. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Mack_III" title="Connie Mack III">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Agriculture_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Agriculture chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture<br />(1829–1857; 1863–1881)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_(Vermont_politician)" title="Horatio Seymour (Vermont politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Brown" title="Bedford Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="John Page (New Hampshire politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mouton" title="Alexandre Mouton">Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Upham" title="William Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Soulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Allen_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Philip Allen (Rhode Island politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><i>(abolished 1857–1863)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Theodore_Frelinghuysen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Paddock" title="Algernon Paddock">Paddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Forestry<br />(1884–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Miller" title="Warner Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Palmer" title="Thomas W. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Paddock" title="Algernon Paddock">Paddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Z._George" title="James Z. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Hansbrough" title="Henry C. Hansbrough">Hansbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_P._Dolliver" title="Jonathan P. Dolliver">Dolliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Burnham" title="Henry E. Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gore" title="Thomas Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asle_Gronna" title="Asle Gronna">Gronna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith" title="Ellison D. Smith">E. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capper" title="Arthur Capper">Capper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Ellender" title="Allen J. Ellender">Ellender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Talmadge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry<br />(1977–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Talmadge" title="Herman Talmadge">Talmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thad_Cochran" title="Thad Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Harkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Lincoln" title="Blanche Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Roberts" title="Pat Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Finance_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Finance chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">United States Senate Committee on Finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._M._Simmons" title="F. M. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_J._McCumber" title="Porter J. McCumber">McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Millikin" title="Eugene Millikin">Millikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Packwood" title="Bob Packwood">Packwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roth" title="William Roth">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Foreign Relations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">R. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)" title="William Allen (governor)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Hundley_Sevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Hundley Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">W. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Foote" title="Henry S. Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Morgan" title="John T. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushman_K._Davis" title="Cushman K. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_O._Bacon" title="Augustus O. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Pittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wiley" title="Alexander Wiley">Wiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_F._Green" title="Theodore F. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">Fulbright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Percy" title="Charles H. Percy">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Pell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Menendez" title="Bob Menendez">Menendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Template:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Loughton_Smith" title="William Loughton Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper" title="Robert Goodloe Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griswold" title="Roger Griswold">Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clay" title="Joseph Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">G. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_(congressman)" title="William Lowndes (congressman)">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_C._Verplanck" title="Gulian C. Verplanck">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Cambreleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McKay" title="James I. McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._Vinton" title="Samuel F. Vinton">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly" title="Thomas H. Bayly">Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Campbell" title="Lewis D. Campbell">L. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Glancy_Jones" title="J. Glancy Jones">J. G. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" title="J. Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">R. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Green" title="William R. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collier_(politician)" title="James Collier (politician)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Cooper" title="Jere Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">W. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ullman" title="Al Ullman">Ullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Rostenkowski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Rangel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson" title="Sam Johnson">Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Jason Smith (American politician)">J. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates acting chairman</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hayes_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hayes cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Rutherford_B._Hayes_(1877–1881)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/100px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/150px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/200px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> (1879–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">David M. Key</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Horace Maynard</a> (1880–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">Richard W. Thompson</a> (1877–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Goff_Jr." title="Nathan Goff Jr.">Nathan Goff Jr.</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> (1877–1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_William_McKinley_(1897–1901)601" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:McKinley_cabinet" title="Template:McKinley cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:McKinley_cabinet" title="Template talk:McKinley cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:McKinley_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:McKinley cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_William_McKinley_(1897–1901)601" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a> (1897–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (1898–1901)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/120px-Mckinley.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/250px-Mckinley.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="2812" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1899–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a> (1897–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">John W. Griggs</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_Gary" title="James Albert Gary">James Albert Gary</a> (1897–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Charles Emory Smith</a> (1898–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Newton_Bliss" title="Cornelius Newton Bliss">Cornelius Newton Bliss</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> (1899–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1897–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_13th_congressional_district88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives13" title="Template:OhioRepresentatives13"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives13" title="Template talk:OhioRepresentatives13"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives13" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives13"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_13th_congressional_district88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 13th congressional district">Ohio's 13th congressional district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Whittlesey" title="Elisha Whittlesey">E. Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spangler_(congressman)" title="David Spangler (congressman)">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parkhurst_Leadbetter" title="Daniel Parkhurst Leadbetter">Leadbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mathews_(American_politician)" title="James Mathews (American politician)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perley_B._Johnson" title="Perley B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parrish" title="Isaac Parrish">Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ritchey" title="Thomas Ritchey">Ritchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Whittlesey" title="William A. Whittlesey">W. Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Gaylord" title="James M. Gaylord">Gaylord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lindsley" title="William D. Lindsley">Lindsley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Worcester" title="Samuel T. Worcester">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(congressman)" title="John O'Neill (congressman)">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Delano" title="Columbus Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Morgan" title="George W. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Delano" title="Columbus Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Morgan" title="George W. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_I._Southard" title="Milton I. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_J._Warner" title="Adoniram J. Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Atherton" title="Gibson Atherton">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Converse" title="George L. Converse">Converse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite" title="Joseph H. Outhwaite">Outhwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._Dungan" title="James I. Dungan">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_D._Hare" title="Darius D. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ross_Harris" title="Stephen Ross Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Norton" title="James A. Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_H._Jackson" title="Amos H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_E._Mouser" title="Grant E. Mouser">Mouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Anderson" title="Carl C. Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Key" title="John A. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Overmyer" title="Arthur W. Overmyer">Overmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Begg" title="James T. Begg">Begg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Baird" title="Joseph E. Baird">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Fiesinger" title="William L. Fiesinger">Fiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_A._White" title="Dudley A. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_David_Baumhart_Jr." title="Albert David Baumhart Jr.">Baumhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_F._Weichel" title="Alvin F. Weichel">Weichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_David_Baumhart_Jr." title="Albert David Baumhart Jr.">Baumhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_Mosher" title="Charles Adams Mosher">Mosher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Pease" title="Don Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Sutton" title="Betty Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ryan_(Ohio_politician)" title="Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilia_Sykes" title="Emilia Sykes">Sykes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">← 1876</a>) <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom_(politician)" title="William Windom (politician)">William Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William R. Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><b><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Dillaye" title="Stephen D. Dillaye">Stephen D. Dillaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Chase" title="Solon Chase">Solon Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allis_(businessman)" title="Edward P. Allis (businessman)">Edward P. Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry A. Thompson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1880 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_and_1881_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1884 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1880)_1884_United_States_presidential_election_(1888_→)546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">← 1880</a>) <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">Joseph E. McDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Joseph R. Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert T. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Harper_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Harper (politician) (page does not exist)">Jesse Harper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_St._John_(American_politician)" title="John St. John (American politician)">John St. John</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_(Maryland_politician)" title="William Daniel (Maryland politician)">William Daniel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Marietta_Stow" title="Marietta Stow">Marietta Stow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1884 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1884 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_and_1885_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1884)_1888_United_States_presidential_election_(1892_→)547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1888 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1884)_1888_United_States_presidential_election_(1892_→)547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">← 1884</a>) <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Russell A. Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Depew" title="Chauncey Depew">Chauncey Depew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Ingalls" title="John J. Ingalls">John J. Ingalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Jeremiah M. Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walter_Phelps" title="William Walter Phelps">William W. Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Fitler" title="Edwin Henry Fitler">Edwin H. Fitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_B._Fisk" title="Clinton B. Fisk">Clinton B. Fisk</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_A._Brooks" title="John A. Brooks">John A. Brooks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6633CC;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">United Labor Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Cowdrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert H. Cowdrey (page does not exist)">Robert H. Cowdrey</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._T._Wakefield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. T. Wakefield (page does not exist)">William H. T. Wakefield</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">American Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_L._Curtis" title="James L. Curtis">James L. Curtis</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Wigginton" title="Peter D. Wigginton">Peter D. Wigginton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Love" title="Alfred H. Love">Alfred H. Love</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1888 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1888 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_and_1889_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1888)_1892_United_States_presidential_election_(1896_→)597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1892 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1888)_1892_United_States_presidential_election_(1896_→)597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">← 1888</a>) <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">James H. Kyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_L._Polk" title="Leonidas L. Polk">Leonidas L. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Walter Q. Gresham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Bidwell" title="John Bidwell">John Bidwell</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Cranfill" title="James B. Cranfill">James B. Cranfill</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_T._Stewart" title="Gideon T. Stewart">Gideon T. Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Demorest" title="William Jennings Demorest">William Jennings Demorest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Simon Wing</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1892 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1892 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892%E2%80%9393_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1892–93 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445392#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1954" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445392#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1954" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445392#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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