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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mabamba_makuu_ya_dunia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mabamba_makuu_ya_dunia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mabamba makuu ya dunia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mabamba_makuu_ya_dunia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mwendo_wa_mabamba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mwendo_wa_mabamba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mwendo wa mabamba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mwendo_wa_mabamba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bamba la gandunia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 21 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 21</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قائمة الصفائح التكتونية – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الصفائح التكتونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ভূত্বকীয় পাতের তালিকা – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূত্বকীয় পাতের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_tektonick%C3%BDch_desek" title="Seznam tektonických desek – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam tektonických desek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_tektonischen_Platten" title="Liste der tektonischen Platten – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der tektonischen Platten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="List of tectonic plates" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Placas_tect%C3%B3nicas" title="Anexo:Placas tectónicas – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Placas tectónicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Plaka_tektonikoak" title="Zerrenda:Plaka tektonikoak – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Plaka tektonikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_plaques_tectoniques" title="Liste de plaques tectoniques – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste de plaques tectoniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentaalplaad" title="Kontinentaalplaad – Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kontinentaalplaad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Kaskazini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liosta_na_bpl%C3%A1ta%C3%AD_teicteonacha" title="Liosta na bplátaí teicteonacha – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Liosta na bplátaí teicteonacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_lempeng_tektonik" title="Daftar lempeng tektonik – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar lempeng tektonik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_plat_tektonik" title="Senarai plat tektonik – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai plat tektonik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_tektoniske_plater" title="Liste over tektoniske plater – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over tektoniske plater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoqodama_Tectonic_Plate" title="Qoqodama Tectonic Plate – Kioromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qoqodama Tectonic Plate" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Kioromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_placas_tect%C3%B3nicas" title="Lista de placas tectónicas – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de placas tectónicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of tectonic plates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_tektonick%C3%BDch_platn%C3%AD" title="Zoznam tektonických platní – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam tektonických platní" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலத் தட்டுகளின் பட்டியல் – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலத் தட்டுகளின் பட்டியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tektonik_levhalar_listesi" title="Tektonik levhalar listesi – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tektonik levhalar listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A3ng_ki%E1%BA%BFn_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Danh sách mảng kiến tạo – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh sách mảng kiến tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="板塊列表 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="板塊列表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1583739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_gandunia" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Bamba_la_gandunia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_gandunia"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Zana</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vitendo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_gandunia"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li 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hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1583739" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata kifungu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mandhari</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ficha</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Mabamba_gandunia_(tectonic_plates).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sw/thumb/1/1e/Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png/350px-Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sw/thumb/1/1e/Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png/525px-Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sw/thumb/1/1e/Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png/700px-Mabamba_gandunia_%28tectonic_plates%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Mabamba gandunia ya dunia yetu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bamba gandunia</b> ni <a href="/wiki/Jina" title="Jina">jina</a> lililobuniwa hivi karibuni<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kwa mapande yanayounda sehemu ya nje ya <a href="/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia">dunia</a> yetu. Sehemu hiyo ya nje huitwa <a href="/wiki/Ganda_la_dunia" title="Ganda la dunia">ganda la dunia</a> na chini yake kuna sehemu ya dunia ambayo ni ya <a href="/wiki/Joto" title="Joto">joto</a> kiasi ya kwamba <a href="/wiki/Miamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Miamba">miamba</a> na <a href="/wiki/Elementi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementi">elementi</a> zote zinapatikana katika hali ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giligili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giligili (bado haujaandikwa)">giligili</a> yaani kuyeyushwa. Hiyo sehemu ya nje ya dunia si pande moja bali kuna mapande mbalimbali kandokando yanayoelea juu ya <a href="/wiki/Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata">mata</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Moto" title="Moto">moto</a> ndani yake. Unaweza kusoma zaidi katika makala kuhusu <a href="/wiki/Muundo_wa_dunia" title="Muundo wa dunia">muundo wa dunia</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gandunia" title="Gandunia">Gandunia</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Elimu" title="Elimu">elimu</a> kuhusu <a href="/wiki/Ganda" title="Ganda">ganda</a> la dunia. <a href="/wiki/Hoja" title="Hoja">Hoja</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Sayansi" title="Sayansi">sayansi</a> kuhusu gandunia ni kwamba ganda la dunia limevunjika mapandemapande yanayoitwa <a href="/wiki/Bamba" title="Bamba">mabamba</a>. Kila bamba linapakana na mabamba mengine. Mabamba yasukumwa na mikondo ya moto chini yake kama <a href="/wiki/Majani" class="mw-redirect" title="Majani">majani</a> yanayokaa usoni mwa maji yanayoanza kuchemka katika <a href="/wiki/Sufuria" title="Sufuria">sufuria</a>. Hivyo kila bamba lina mwendo wake wa pekee pamoja na au dhidi ya mabamba mengine. <a href="/wiki/Tetemeko_la_ardhi" title="Tetemeko la ardhi">Tetemeko la ardhi</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Dalili" title="Dalili">dalili</a> ya kwamba mabamba yamesuguana na hivyo kusababisha mishtuko tunayojua kama tetemeko la ardhi. </p><p>Mabamba hayo ni sehemu ya nje ya <a href="/wiki/Tabakamwamba" title="Tabakamwamba">tabakamwamba</a> (lithosferi). <a href="/wiki/Tabaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaka">Tabaka</a> hilo limevunjika katika mapande makubwa 7 na vingine vidogo vinavyoelea juu ya tabaka lenye hali ya <a href="/wiki/Kiowevu" title="Kiowevu">kiowevu</a> chenye mnato mzito. </p><p>Mabamba hayo yote yameonekana kuwa na mwendo wa <a href="/wiki/Sentimita" title="Sentimita">sentimita</a> kadhaa (<a href="/wiki/Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cm">cm</a> 2 - 20 zimepimwa) kwa <a href="/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka">mwaka</a>. Mwendo huo husababishwa na <a href="/wiki/Nguvu" title="Nguvu">nguvu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> (mwamba moto wa kiowevu) inayopanda juu na kusukuma mabamba hayo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mabamba_makuu_ya_dunia">Mabamba makuu ya dunia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Mabamba makuu ya dunia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Mabamba makuu ya dunia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mabamba makubwa ya ganda la nje ya dunia ni: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Afrika" title="Bamba la Afrika">Bamba la Afrika</a> - bara la <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Tako_la_bara" title="Tako la bara">tako la bara</a> baharini - ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_kibara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamba la kibara (bado haujaandikwa)">bamba la kibara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Antaktiki" title="Bamba la Antaktiki">Bamba la Antaktiki</a> - bara la <a href="/wiki/Antaktiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Antaktiki">Antaktiki</a> pamoja na tako la bara baharini - ni bamba la kibara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Australia" title="Bamba la Australia">Bamba la Australia</a> - bara la <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> pamoja na tako la bara baharini - ni bamba la kibara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Ulaya-Asia" title="Bamba la Ulaya-Asia">Bamba la Ulaya-Asia</a> - mabara ya <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a> na <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> pamoja na tako la bara baharini - ni bamba la kibara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Amerika_ya_Kaskazini" title="Bamba la Amerika ya Kaskazini">Bamba la Amerika ya Kaskazini</a> - bara la <a href="/wiki/Amerika_ya_Kaskazini" title="Amerika ya Kaskazini">Amerika ya Kaskazini</a> na <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> ya kaskazini-magharibi pamoja na tako la bara baharini - ni bamba la kibara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Amerika_ya_Kusini" title="Bamba la Amerika ya Kusini">Bamba la Amerika ya Kusini</a> - bara la <a href="/wiki/Amerika_ya_Kusini" title="Amerika ya Kusini">Amerika ya Kusini</a> pamoja na tako la bara baharini - ni bamba la kibara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Pasifiki" title="Bamba la Pasifiki">Bamba la Pasifiki</a> - bahari ya <a href="/wiki/Pasifiki" title="Pasifiki">Pasifiki</a> - ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_kibahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamba la kibahari (bado haujaandikwa)">bamba la kibahari</a></li></ul> <p>Kati ya mabamba madogo kuna: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Uhindi" title="Bamba la Uhindi">Bamba la Uhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Uarabuni" title="Bamba la Uarabuni">Bamba la Uarabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamba_la_Karibi" title="Bamba la Karibi">Bamba la Karibi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_Juan_de_Fuca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamba la Juan de Fuca (bado haujaandikwa)">Bamba la Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_Skotia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamba la Skotia (bado haujaandikwa)">Bamba la Skotia</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Pangea_animation_03.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Mwendo wa mabamba: jinsi <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> ilivyosambaratika na kutokea kwa mabara ya leo.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mwendo_wa_mabamba">Mwendo wa mabamba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Mwendo wa mabamba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mwendo wa mabamba"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mwendo wa mabamba hayo umesababisha kutokea na kuvunjika kwa <a href="/wiki/Mabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabara">mabara</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> ya dunia yetu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wataalamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wataalamu">Wataalamu</a> hufikiri ya kwamba dunia ilikuwa na bara kubwa moja tu (<a href="/wiki/Pangaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>) miaka <a href="/wiki/Milioni" title="Milioni">milioni</a> 300 - 150 iliyopita iliyovunjika katika mapande au mabamba mbalimbali. </p><p>Hata mabamba yaliyopo kwa sasa yanatarajiwa kuendelea kuhamahama, kuvunjika au kupotea kabisa. </p><p>Kwa mfano Afrika iko katika mwenendo wa kupasuliwa kwenye mstari wa <a href="/wiki/Bonde_la_Ufa" title="Bonde la Ufa">Bonde la Ufa</a> yaani <a href="/wiki/Afrika_ya_Mashariki" title="Afrika ya Mashariki">Afrika ya Mashariki</a> inaelekea kujitenga na sehemu nyingine ya bara ikiwa bamba la pekee. Penye <a href="/wiki/Bonde_la_Ufa_la_Afrika_ya_Mashariki" title="Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki">Bonde la Ufa la sasa</a> bahari itatanda baada ya miaka milioni 20. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bara_Hindi" title="Bara Hindi">Bara Hindi</a> au bamba la Uhindi inaendelea kugonga bamba la Asia na kujisukuma chini ya <a href="/wiki/Milima" class="mw-redirect" title="Milima">milima</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> - kuna uwezekano ya kwamba itaingia kabisa na kutoweka. </p> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Sciences_de_la_terre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sciences_de_la_terre.svg/28px-Sciences_de_la_terre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sciences_de_la_terre.svg/42px-Sciences_de_la_terre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sciences_de_la_terre.svg/56px-Sciences_de_la_terre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lango:Jiografia" title="Lango:Jiografia">Jiografia portal</a></b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <table style="font-size:90%; width: 65%; padding: 3px; margin: 0 auto;" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:WikiLettreMini.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WikiLettreMini.svg/36px-WikiLettreMini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WikiLettreMini.svg/54px-WikiLettreMini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WikiLettreMini.svg/72px-WikiLettreMini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="26" /></a></span> </td> <td>Makala hii kuhusu <b>"Bamba la gandunia"</b> inatumia neno au maneno ambayo si ya kawaida; matumizi yake ni jaribio kwa jambo linalotajwa. <br /> Wasomaji wanaombwa kuchangia mawazo yao. <br /> <p><i>Kamusi za Kiswahili ama zinatofautiana kuhusu matumizi ya neno hili au hazieleweki au hazina neno kwa jambo linalojadiliwa.</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neno gandunia si kawaida bado, tunafuata hapo <a href="/wiki/Kamusi" title="Kamusi">kamusi</a> ya <a href="/wiki/KAST" class="mw-redirect" title="KAST">KAST</a>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&oldid=1093513">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamba_la_gandunia&oldid=1093513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Jaribio" title="Jamii:Jaribio">Jaribio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Jiografia" title="Jamii:Jiografia">Jiografia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Jiolojia" title="Jamii:Jiolojia">Jiolojia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Gandunia" title="Jamii:Gandunia">Gandunia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 24 Novemba 2019, saa 05:23.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. 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