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Refresher Readings | CFA Institute
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<style>.ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center top; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}.ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b { -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; min-height: auto; row-gap: 2.5rem;}@media (max-width: 899px) { 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.ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 { -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-2ee129c931392ab654e81b882308c65e.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; text-align: left; width: 100%; max-width: 100%;}.border.ssa-instance-2ee129c931392ab654e81b882308c65e.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.ssa-instance-2ee129c931392ab654e81b882308c65e.coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09 { text-align: left; display: inline-block;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-87a1d2eb054d54107083b7521ea0dff9.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; min-width: 0;}.cta-eyebrow-brand.ssa-instance-87a1d2eb054d54107083b7521ea0dff9.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 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font-weight: 500; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 0.875rem; text-align: left; color: rgb(65, 67, 70);}.card-eyebrow-brand.ssa-instance-87a1d2eb054d54107083b7521ea0dff9.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255); font-weight: 500; font-family: 'Azo Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1rem; text-align: left;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { display: -webkit-box; display: -webkit-flex; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-align-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: flex-start; align-content: flex-start; padding-top: 4rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}@media (max-width: 1197px) { .ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { }}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}.image-no-overlay.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}.image-dark-overlay.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2))), none; 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background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}.border.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.border--top.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-top-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; border-top-style: solid;}.border--drop-shadow.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; }.background--bleed.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { position: relative;}.background--bleed.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { height: 100%; width: 200vw; position: absolute; top: 0; left: -100vw; z-index: -1; display: block;}.image-gradient-overlay-vertical.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 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}}.bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: none; background-position: left top; background-size: auto; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}.bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(99%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: local, scroll; width: 100vw; left: -webkit-calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2); left: calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2);}@media (max-width: 899px) { .bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07 { background-position: center top; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}.ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b { -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; min-height: auto; row-gap: 2.5rem;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b { min-height: auto; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b { min-height: auto; }}.ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 { -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; display: -webkit-box; display: -webkit-flex; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 { -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a.coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 { -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-4738ce06195afece5dd61173854aab56.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; text-align: left; margin-right: initial; margin-left: initial; width: 100%; max-width: 100%;}.border.ssa-instance-4738ce06195afece5dd61173854aab56.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.ssa-instance-4738ce06195afece5dd61173854aab56.coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09 { text-align: left; display: inline-block;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-520aeeca801f9d5b2cb8ba9afbf35aeb.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; text-align: left; margin-right: initial; margin-left: initial; width: 100%; max-width: 100%;}.border.ssa-instance-520aeeca801f9d5b2cb8ba9afbf35aeb.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.ssa-instance-520aeeca801f9d5b2cb8ba9afbf35aeb.coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09 { text-align: left; display: inline-block;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-ccfed9108db34c5f062e38bced5bd32c.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; text-align: left; width: 100%; max-width: 100%;}.border.ssa-instance-ccfed9108db34c5f062e38bced5bd32c.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.ssa-instance-ccfed9108db34c5f062e38bced5bd32c.coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09 { text-align: left; display: inline-block;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; min-width: 0;}.cta-eyebrow-brand.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255);}.dark-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(0, 0, 0);}.light-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(255, 255, 255);}.color-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255);}.align-text-left.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { text-align: left;}.align-text-center.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { text-align: center;}.align-text-right.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { text-align: right;}.certify-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255);}.learn-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(0, 187, 255);}.network-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(245, 202, 39);}.insights-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(122, 70, 255);}.underline--emphatic.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { position: relative;}.underline--emphatic.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc:after { content: ""; height: 0.425rem; width: 3.45rem; position: absolute; bottom: -1rem; left: 0;}.royal-heading.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(89, 73, 167);}.italic.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { font-style: italic;}.card-eyebrow.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { font-family: 'Azo Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-weight: 500; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 0.875rem; text-align: left; color: rgb(65, 67, 70);}.card-eyebrow-brand.ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255); font-weight: 500; font-family: 'Azo Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1rem; text-align: left;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 { background-color: rgba(6, 0, 90, 1); position: relative;}.gradient.gradient--light.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 { --cfa-bg-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80) 44.51%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00) 99.32%);}@media (max-width: 599px) { .gradient.gradient--light.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 { --cfa-bg-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.00) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80) 35%, #FFF 100%); }}.gradient.gradient--dark.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 { --cfa-bg-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, .8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%);}@media (max-width: 599px) { .gradient.gradient--dark.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 { --cfa-bg-gradient: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.00) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.80) 35%, #000 100%); }}.gradient.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-row-inner .coh-column:nth-of-type(2) { top: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; height: 100%; width: 100%; max-width: unset; -webkit-flex-basis: 100%; -ms-flex-preferred-size: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; -webkit-box-ordinal-group: 1; -webkit-order: 0; -ms-flex-order: 0; order: 0;}.gradient.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-row-inner .coh-column:nth-of-type(2):after { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; content: " "; background-image: var(--cfa-bg-gradient);}@media (max-width: 1197px) { .gradient.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-row-inner .coh-column:nth-of-type(2):after { width: 120vw; left: -10vw; }}.gradient.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-row-inner .coh-column:nth-of-type(2) .coh-image { -webkit-clip-path: none; clip-path: none; width: 100%;}.gradient.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-row-inner .coh-column:nth-of-type(1) { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: 2; -webkit-order: 1; -ms-flex-order: 1; order: 1;}.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-column:nth-of-type(2) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; overflow: clip; margin-right: -0.75rem;}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-column:nth-of-type(2) { height: 93vw; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; margin-right: 0; }}.ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-column:nth-of-type(1) { padding-right: 2rem; z-index: 9;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-column:nth-of-type(1) { padding-right: revert; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b.coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263 .coh-column:nth-of-type(1) { padding-top: 93vw; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-228dfee8 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-228dfee8 { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-228dfee8 { background-position: center top; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}.ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-8364854d { -webkit-box-pack: space-between; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; -ms-flex-pack: space-between; justify-content: space-between; min-height: 30rem; row-gap: 2.5rem;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-8364854d { min-height: auto; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-8364854d { min-height: auto; }}.ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-1f4e3db { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 0; -ms-flex-order: 0; order: 0; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -webkit-box-pack: center; -webkit-justify-content: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; display: flex;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-1f4e3db { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 0; -ms-flex-order: 0; order: 0; -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-1f4e3db { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 1; -ms-flex-order: 1; order: 1; -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; }}.ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-ecfef6d5 { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 1; -ms-flex-order: 1; order: 1; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -webkit-box-pack: center; -webkit-justify-content: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; display: flex;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-ecfef6d5 { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 1; -ms-flex-order: 1; order: 1; -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-ecfef6d5 { -webkit-box-ordinal-group: NaN; -webkit-order: 0; -ms-flex-order: 0; order: 0; -webkit-box-pack: flex-start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; }}@media (max-width: 564px) { .ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0.coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-ecfef6d5 { }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { display: -webkit-box; display: -webkit-flex; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-align-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-line-pack: flex-start; align-content: flex-start; min-height: 0px; padding-top: 4rem; padding-bottom: 4rem; position: relative; background-size: cover; background-attachment: scroll;}@media (max-width: 1197px) { .ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { }}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-size: cover; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { padding-top: 2rem; padding-bottom: 2rem; background-size: cover; background-attachment: scroll; }}.image-no-overlay.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}.image-dark-overlay.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2))), none; background-image: 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scroll;}.border.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.border--top.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-top-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; border-top-style: solid;}.border--drop-shadow.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; }.background--bleed.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { position: relative;}.background--bleed.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { height: 100%; width: 200vw; position: absolute; top: 0; left: -100vw; z-index: -1; display: block;}.image-gradient-overlay-vertical.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(73%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 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background-attachment: scroll;}.bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(99%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: local, scroll; width: 100vw; left: -webkit-calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2); left: calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2);}@media (max-width: 899px) { .bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-d6c68d38141400ac35fc661ec998b13b.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { -webkit-box-flex: 0; -webkit-flex-grow: 0; -ms-flex-positive: 0; flex-grow: 0; text-align: align-text-left; width: 100%;}.border.ssa-instance-d6c68d38141400ac35fc661ec998b13b.coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1 { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.ssa-instance-d6c68d38141400ac35fc661ec998b13b.coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09 { text-align: align-text-left; display: inline-block;}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { margin-right: initial; margin-left: initial; max-width: 100%; width: 100%; min-width: 0;}.cta-eyebrow-brand.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(51, 106, 255);}.dark-heading.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(0, 0, 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39);}.insights-heading.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(122, 70, 255);}.underline--emphatic.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { position: relative;}.underline--emphatic.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc:after { content: ""; height: 0.425rem; width: 3.45rem; position: absolute; bottom: -1rem; left: 0;}.royal-heading.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { color: rgb(89, 73, 167);}.italic.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { font-style: italic;}.card-eyebrow.ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59.coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc { font-family: 'Azo Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-weight: 500; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 0.875rem; text-align: left; color: rgb(65, 67, 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1197px) { .ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { padding-top: 1rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-left: 1.5rem; }}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { padding-top: 1rem; padding-right: 1rem; padding-bottom: 1rem; padding-left: 1rem; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}.image-no-overlay.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-position: center; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}.image-dark-overlay.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 1%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 1%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 100%), none; background-position: center, center; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}.image-light-overlay.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(1%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.294)), to(rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.294) 1%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.294) 1%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3) 100%), none; background-position: center, center; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-origin: border-box; background-clip: border-box; background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}.border.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.0625rem; border-style: solid;}.border--top.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-top-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; border-top-style: solid;}.border--drop-shadow.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { border-width: 0.125rem; border-style: solid; }.background--bleed.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { position: relative;}.background--bleed.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { height: 100%; width: 200vw; position: absolute; top: 0; left: -100vw; z-index: -1; display: block;}.image-gradient-overlay-vertical.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(73%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 73%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 73%), none; background-position: center, center; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}.bg-dark-gradient.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(42%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(70%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), color-stop(92%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 42%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 70%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 92%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 42%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 70%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 92%), none; background-size: cover, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .bg-dark-gradient.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#000), color-stop(50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #000 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, #000 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%), none; background-size: cover, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .bg-dark-gradient.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(#000), color-stop(50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #000 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, #000 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll; }}.bg-dark-gradient--listing.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .bg-dark-gradient--listing.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .bg-dark-gradient--listing.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75) 100%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll, scroll; }}.bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b { background-image: none; background-position: left top; background-size: auto; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll;}.bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), color-stop(99%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0))), none; background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 45%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 99%), none; background-size: auto, cover; background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat; background-attachment: local, scroll; width: 100vw; left: -webkit-calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2); left: calc((100vw - var(--ssa-responsive-grid-settings-boxed-width)) / -2);}@media (max-width: 899px) { .bg-dark-gradient--events.ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5.coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b:before { background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: scroll; }}</style> <style>.ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 {}@media (max-width: 899px) { .ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 { }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 { }}.coh-style-flex-grow.ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 { height: auto;}@media (max-width: 899px) { .coh-style-flex-grow.ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 { height: auto; }}@media (max-width: 599px) { .coh-style-flex-grow.ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74.coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3 { height: auto; }}</style> </head> <body class="user-is-anonymous path-node page-node-type-page"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <input class="coh-inline-element ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-ce-cpt_site_header-443cc08f" id="megamenu-toggle" type="checkbox"> <header class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 site-header masthead--megamenu e--100 coh-style-header-light-theme coh-style-elevations coh-ce-cpt_site_header-e29b1605" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-8a31fe82" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-9ac56c51 coh-container-boxed" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-3f35602d" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list coh-ce-c0b6bbc8"><li class="coh-menu-list-item" > <a href="/business" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-125352ee js-coh-menu-item-link" >Business</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item" > <a href="/universities" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-125352ee js-coh-menu-item-link" >Universities</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item" > <a href="/university-students" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-125352ee js-coh-menu-item-link" >University students</a></li></ul> <span class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-style-flex-grow ssa-instance-0e9bad08079d7f799e9ce80c55588a74 coh-ce-cpt_spacer-b3e761a3" > </span> <div class="coh-block coh-ce-cpt_site_header-e1c8b140"> <div class="coh-style-flex-container align-items--center coh-style-position-relative oidc-menu"> <div class="coh-style-flex-container align-items--center justify-content--center oidc coh-style-mobile-account-links"> <a href="/Account/Login" class="js--oidc-menu-link coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-style-label-200 piped" target="_self">Sign In</a> <a href="/Account/CreateAccount" class="js--oidc-menu-link coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-style-label-200 piped" target="_self">Create Account</a> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://store.cfainstitute.org/cart.php" class="coh-link coh-ce-cpt_site_header-b69197d" title="View my cart" target="_self" > </a> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container masthead__header coh-ce-cpt_site_header-798ae7ba coh-container-boxed" > <button class="coh-button coh-style-button coh-ce-cpt_site_header-5bc6ba39 coh-interaction" title="Menu" data-interaction-modifiers="[{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"this","modifierName":"popover--open","interactionTarget":".coh-button"},{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier-accessible-collapsed","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#megamenu","modifierName":"popover--open"}]" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"buttonAnimation":[{"animationType":"none"}]} }' type="button"> </button> <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-9a161e69" > <a class="coh-inline-element coh-ce-cpt_site_header-b900b83f" href="/" title="CFA Institute Home"> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 " > <div class="coh-block light-title coh-ce-cpt_drupal_blocks-91a01d0a"> <img src="/themes/custom/cfa_base/logo.svg" alt="Home" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> </div> </a> </div> <button class="coh-button coh-style-button coh-ce-cpt_site_header-de9fbb74 coh-interaction" title="Search" data-interaction-modifiers="[{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#header__search","modifierName":"popover--open"},{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#mobile-search-button","modifierName":"popover--open"},{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","modifierName":"popover--open","interactionTarget":"#desktop-search-button"}]" id="mobile-search-button" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"buttonAnimation":[{"animationType":"none"}]} }' type="button"> <span class="coh-inline-element popover--closed coh-style-screen-reader-only">Open Search Overlay</span> <span class="coh-inline-element popover--open coh-style-screen-reader-only">Close Search Overlay</span> </button> <search class="coh-inline-element coh-ce-cpt_site_header-7fbdd3a8" id="header__search"> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 coh-component-instance-2deda0ba-35c6-4be9-a864-fea3e44be036 match-height No ssa-instance-be5d375162e360e3a5a2faebc919a3f5 coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_container-fe57b20b coh-container-boxed" > <h2 class="coh-heading coh-style-headline-300 coh-style-headline-heavy coh-style-text-inverted coh-ce-cpt_site_header-5cf3ab20" >I'm looking for:</h2> <form class="coh-inline-element masthead__search-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-6b6b001a" id="coveo-search-form"> <style> atomic-search-box::part(wrapper) { background-color: var(--ssa-color-palette-gray-50); } </style> <atomic-search-interface id="global-search-box" search-hub="CFAI-Site-Search-Hub" pipeline=""> <atomic-search-box redirection-url=/search textarea="false" disable-search="false"> <atomic-search-box-query-suggestions maxWithQuery="" maxWithoutQuery=""> </atomic-search-box-query-suggestions> </atomic-search-box> </atomic-search-interface> </form> <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list coh-style-text-inverted coh-ce-c3377e60"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-680ae03b js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"visible"}' ></li></ul> </div> </div> </search> <a href="https://store.cfainstitute.org/cart.php" class="coh-link coh-ce-cpt_site_header-7b188ccb" title="View my cart" target="_self" > </a> <nav class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-951dd020" id="megamenu" > <div class="coh-container oidc-mobile coh-ce-cpt_site_header-b07faa38 coh-container-boxed" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-2b33d301" > <div class="coh-block coh-ce-cpt_site_header-40fd4f75"> <div class="coh-style-flex-container align-items--center coh-style-position-relative oidc-menu"> <div class="coh-style-flex-container align-items--center justify-content--center oidc coh-style-mobile-account-links"> <a href="/Account/Login" class="js--oidc-menu-link coh-link coh-style-link-button-dark coh-style-text-color-dark-background" target="_self">Sign In</a> <a href="/Account/CreateAccount" class="js--oidc-menu-link coh-link coh-style-text-link coh-style-text-color-dark-background" target="_self">Create Account</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-1 coh-ce-a757c86a"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-9f39a733 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"linear","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":0},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationDirection":"up","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDuration":300} }' class="coh-link coh-ce-2793ed5d js-coh-menu-item-link" tabindex="0">Programs</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-2-wrapper coh-ce-7509f1c" aria-role="menu" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-885d08e0 coh-container-boxed" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-2 coh-ce-4eb3061c"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >CFA庐 Program</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#overview" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Overview</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#career-paths" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Career paths</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#curriculum" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Curriculum</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#learning-experience" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Learning experience</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#fees-calendar" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Fees and calendar</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program#policies" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Policies</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program/candidate-resources" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Registered candidate resources</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cfa-program" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-header-button coh-style-link-button-neutral-secondary" >Enroll and register</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Other programs</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/cipm" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >CIPM庐 Program</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/climate-investing-cohort" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Climate Risk (Cohort)</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/climate-investing-self-paced" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Climate Risk (Self-paced)</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/data-science-certificate" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Data Science</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/esg-certification" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >ESG Investing</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/investment-foundations-certificate" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Investment Foundations</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/private-equity-certificate" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Private Equity</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/private-markets-alternative-investments-certificate" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Private Markets</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/all-programs" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-link-with-icon" >View all programs</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Learning paths</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/private-markets" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Private markets</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/sustainable-investing" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Sustainability</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/data-science" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Data science</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Program support</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/learning-compass" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Help choosing a program</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/candidate-resources" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >All candidate resources</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/Account/Login" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-header-button coh-style-link-button-neutral-secondary" >Candidate sign in</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-9f39a733 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"linear","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":0},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationDirection":"up","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDuration":300} }' class="coh-link coh-ce-2793ed5d js-coh-menu-item-link" tabindex="0">Membership</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-2-wrapper coh-ce-7509f1c" aria-role="menu" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-885d08e0 coh-container-boxed" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-2 coh-ce-4eb3061c"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Membership</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Membership overview</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership/benefits" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Membership benefits</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership/become-member" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Become a member</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://my.cfainstitute.org/" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-header-button coh-style-link-button-neutral-secondary" >Member sign in</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Network</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership/find-cfa-society" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Find a CFA Society庐</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://directory.cfainstitute.org/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Find a member</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership/volunteer-opportunities" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Career support</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://careers.cfainstitute.org/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Career center</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/membership/benefits/professional-learning-program" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Professional learning program</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/programs/candidate-resources/share-achievement" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Share your achievements</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-9f39a733 js-coh-menu-item has-children in-active-trail" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"linear","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":0},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationDirection":"up","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDuration":300} }' class="coh-link coh-ce-2793ed5d js-coh-menu-item-link" tabindex="0">Insights</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-2-wrapper coh-ce-7509f1c" aria-role="menu" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-885d08e0 coh-container-boxed" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-2 coh-ce-4eb3061c"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Research & Policy Center</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Research and thought leadership</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/research/financial-analysts-journal" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Financial Analysts Journal</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/research-foundation" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Research Foundation</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/blogs-and-podcasts" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Podcasts & blogs</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-header-button coh-style-link-button-neutral-secondary" >Research & Policy Center</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >In Brief</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles/careers-professional-development" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Career insights</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles/digital-innovation" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Digital innovation</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles/first-person" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >First person</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles/trends" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Trends</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles/esg-sustainability" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >ESG</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/articles" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-link-with-icon" >View all articles</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Events</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/events/upcoming" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Upcoming events</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/events/past" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Past events</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/events/sponsorship" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Event sponsorship</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/events/research-challenge" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Research Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children in-active-trail" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Learning resources</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/professional-learning" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Professional learning resources</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item is-active in-active-trail" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Refresher readings</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/insights/professional-learning/ethics-resources" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Ethics resources</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-9f39a733 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"linear","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":0},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationDirection":"up","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDuration":300} }' class="coh-link coh-ce-2793ed5d js-coh-menu-item-link" tabindex="0">Standards</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-2-wrapper coh-ce-7509f1c" aria-role="menu" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-885d08e0 coh-container-boxed" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-2 coh-ce-4eb3061c"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Industry standards</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://www.gipsstandards.org/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >GIPS Standards</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/codes-and-standards/diversity-equity-inclusion-codes" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Code</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/esg-standards" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >ESG Standards for Investment Products</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/policy" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Policy and Advocacy</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/en/codes-and-standards" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-header-button coh-style-link-button-neutral-secondary" >More in Research & Policy Center</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Professional standards</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/standards/professionals/code-ethics-standards" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Code of Ethics and Standards</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/standards/professionals/conduct" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Professional Conduct</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/standards/professionals/conduct/sanctions" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Disciplinary sanctions</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/standards/professionals/conduct/report-misconduct" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Report misconduct</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/standards/professionals" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-link-with-icon" >Learn more </a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-9f39a733 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"linear","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":0},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationDirection":"up","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationTarget":".menu-level-2-wrapper","animationDuration":300} }' class="coh-link coh-ce-2793ed5d js-coh-menu-item-link" tabindex="0">About</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-2-wrapper coh-ce-7509f1c" aria-role="menu" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-885d08e0 coh-container-boxed" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-2 coh-ce-4eb3061c"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >CFA Institute</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/who-we-are" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Who we are</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/history" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Our history</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/press-room" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Press room</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/careers" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Careers</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Governance</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance/leadership-team" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Leadership team</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance/board" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Board of Governors</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance/committees" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Committees and Councils</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance/annual-report" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Annual reports</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance/policies" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >CFA Institute policies</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/about/governance" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link coh-style-link-with-icon" >Learn more</a></li></ul> </div></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-7c9ea180 js-coh-menu-item has-children" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <span data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"no-interaction"},"sm":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-click","animationType":"blind","animationEasing":"easeInOutCubic","animationDirection":"up","animationDuration":300,"animationTarget":".menu-level-3-wrapper"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-fd5b21f js-coh-menu-item-link" >Customer support</span> <div class="coh-container menu-level-3-wrapper coh-ce-3c566a43" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list menu-level-3 coh-ce-27121577"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-1953dd1f js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="https://help.cfainstitute.org/s/" target="_blank" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"toggle-on-hover","animationType":"none"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-link-light coh-ce-55dec3c3 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Contact us</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div> </div></li></ul> <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_site_header-dc73e60b" > <ul class="coh-menu-list-container coh-unordered-list coh-ce-7e04b7f4"><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-33e52a0e js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/business" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-link-light coh-ce-1713e4b6 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Business</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-33e52a0e js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/universities" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-link-light coh-ce-1713e4b6 js-coh-menu-item-link" >Universities</a></li><li class="coh-menu-list-item coh-ce-33e52a0e js-coh-menu-item" data-coh-settings='{"xl":"hidden"}' > <a href="/university-students" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"link_interaction":"click-through-to-link"} }' class="coh-link coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-link-light coh-ce-1713e4b6 js-coh-menu-item-link" >University students</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </nav> <button class="coh-button coh-style-button coh-ce-cpt_site_header-5510d5fc coh-interaction" data-interaction-modifiers="[{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#header__search","modifierName":"popover--open"},{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#mobile-search-button","modifierName":"popover--open"},{"modifierType":"toggle-modifier","interactionScope":"component","interactionTarget":"#desktop-search-button","modifierName":"popover--open"}]" id="desktop-search-button" aria-label="Toggle site search overlay" data-coh-settings='{ "xl":{"buttonAnimation":[{"animationType":"none"}]} }' type="button"> </button> </div> </div> </header> <div class="coh-container coh-style-focusable-content coh-style-paragraph-100 coh-ce-bfd264e3" id="main-content" > <div class="coh-block"> <div class="coh-container breadcrumbs"> <div class="coh-container-boxed"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li class="coh-style-paragraph-300"> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li class="coh-style-paragraph-300"> <a href="/insights">Insights</a> </li> <li class="coh-style-paragraph-300"> <a href="/insights/professional-learning">Professional learning</a> </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container content-region coh-ce-6d56d4bb" > <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-cfa-base-sitewidealert" class="settings-tray-editable" data-drupal-settingstray="editable"> <div><div data-sitewide-alert></div></div> <!-- GDPR BANNER --> <div class="notice bottom-0 js-notice border-top border-warning" id="privacy-banner"> <div class="notice__banner bg-warning-lighter padding-y-sm inner-glow shadow-md"> <div class="coh-container-boxed"> <div class="flex justify-between items-center"> <p class="text-sm" style="margin-bottom: 0;">We're using cookies, but you can turn them off in your browser settings. Otherwise, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Learn more in our <a href="/about/governance/policies/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <button class="reset notice__close-btn margin-left-sm js-notice__hide-control" id="closePrivacyWarning"> <svg class="icon--ch" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <title>Accept</title> <g stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-miterlimit="10"> <line x1="13.5" y1="2.5" x2="2.5" y2="13.5"></line> <line x1="2.5" y1="2.5" x2="13.5" y2="13.5"></line> </g> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <article > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-8a31fe82" > <div> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-style-text-color-dark-background ssa-instance-4b302a1577be1a61eb5cdd88208c868b coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-e2ec4263" > <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0 coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-228dfee8" > <div class="coh-container coh-container-boxed" > <div class="coh-row coh-row-xl coh-row-visible-xl" data-coh-row-match-heights="[]"> <div class="coh-row-inner ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0 coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-8364854d"> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0 coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-1f4e3db coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-5 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-6 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f match-height No ssa-instance-e75211e4d5a5165c35190253a494fefb coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_container-fe57b20b " > <h1 class="coh-heading ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-style-headline-100 coh-style-text-color-dark-background align-text-left coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-sm ssa-instance-e43e33f0edee0753341d7d614e3a2b59 coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc" > Refresher Readings </h1> <span class="coh-inline-element ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-component-instance-9249157a-3f1e-4d77-ab43-c3f6cb0fe24f coh-style-paragraph-50 coh-style-text-color-dark-background coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-lg ssa-instance-d6c68d38141400ac35fc661ec998b13b coh-ce-cpt_text-ccc8ea09">Stay informed about changes in the investment industry with readings taken directly from the CFA庐 Program curriculum, available exclusively to CFA Institute members. </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-46b0422ff4e7b025fa0ca43008caaaf0 coh-ce-cpt_2_column_layout-ecfef6d5 coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-7 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-6 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_hero_banner-f2668b67" > <picture> <source data-srcset="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/c3893921-5a08-42aa-ad23-8b3ac45d339a/web/membership-1460342076.jpg?w=2048&itok=wElRpAwN" media="(min-width: 900px)" type=""> <source data-srcset="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/c3893921-5a08-42aa-ad23-8b3ac45d339a/web/membership-1460342076.jpg?w=768&itok=oyhsEcH6" media="(min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 899px)" type=""> <source data-srcset="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/c3893921-5a08-42aa-ad23-8b3ac45d339a/web/membership-1460342076.jpg?w=568&itok=3B3G6_Il" media="(max-width: 599px)" type=""> <img class="coh-image ssa-component coh-component coh-image-responsive-xl coh-image-responsive-sm coh-image-responsive-ps coh-style-object-fit " loading="eager" src="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/c3893921-5a08-42aa-ad23-8b3ac45d339a/web/membership-1460342076.jpg?w=568&itok=3B3G6_Il" alt="Reading on laptop" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-c208185e-cd65-4032-9afc-0078f22caac4 coh-component-instance-c208185e-cd65-4032-9afc-0078f22caac4 match-height ssa-instance-b1e9ce520e3f2e261865c934ff04b82e coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_container-fe57b20b coh-container-boxed" > <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-610339eb-f321-4849-970c-49661a43b758 coh-component-instance-610339eb-f321-4849-970c-49661a43b758 ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07" > <div class="coh-container " > <div class="coh-row coh-row-xl coh-row-visible-xl" data-coh-row-match-heights="[]"> <div class="coh-row-inner ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b"> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-6941ee84c08c3f05c1eebf4a131cb55a coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-12 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-8 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <h2 class="coh-heading ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-fc38f29a-9bdb-420e-a049-2fb0b72d05dc coh-component-instance-fc38f29a-9bdb-420e-a049-2fb0b72d05dc dark-heading align-text-left coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-lg ssa-instance-3b1a6899f127a0ac8ffb2323d33f94c1 coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc" > Member-exclusive Refresher Readings </h2> <div class="coh-wysiwyg ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-9efb93dd-69bd-463b-b80f-b66259673bda coh-component-instance-9efb93dd-69bd-463b-b80f-b66259673bda coh-style-text-color-light-background coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-md ssa-instance-ccfed9108db34c5f062e38bced5bd32c coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1" > <p>Keep up to date with the evolving investment industry through select readings from the CFA Program curriculum. Whether you're a current member or considering membership, these insights provide a glimpse into the exclusive content CFA Institute members have access to.</p> </div> <div class="coh-wysiwyg ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-14a8f1a6-ee32-4790-9365-603286918df1 coh-component-instance-14a8f1a6-ee32-4790-9365-603286918df1 coh-style-text-color-light-background coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-md ssa-instance-520aeeca801f9d5b2cb8ba9afbf35aeb coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1" > <p><strong>Already a member?</strong> <a href="https://my.cfainstitute.org/Refresher-Readings-Collection">Sign in to access full Refresher Readings</a></p> </div> <div class="coh-wysiwyg ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-99bddd63-31d6-4f7b-9fc2-57381004440b coh-component-instance-99bddd63-31d6-4f7b-9fc2-57381004440b coh-style-text-color-light-background coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-md ssa-instance-4738ce06195afece5dd61173854aab56 coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1" > <p><strong>Not yet a member? </strong><a href="/membership" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9a411fbf-cf19-45e2-969f-66f8613587f5" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Explore membership</a> to unlock these readings and more.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-4497d787-4e67-4e5a-987e-788c4a909692 coh-component-instance-4497d787-4e67-4e5a-987e-788c4a909692 match-height No ssa-instance-9162ff7d5f49987c86fa20fa13445617 coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_container-fe57b20b coh-container-boxed" > <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-52f8918f-5268-4a63-8b12-6332f3edc175 coh-component-instance-52f8918f-5268-4a63-8b12-6332f3edc175 ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-5d838e07" > <div class="coh-container " > <div class="coh-row coh-row-xl coh-row-visible-xl" data-coh-row-match-heights="[]"> <div class="coh-row-inner ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-9e55245b"> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-c0cc23dc429835288d00f4362bcf037e coh-ce-cpt_1_column_layout-979786f7 coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-12 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-8 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <h2 class="coh-heading ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-1847942d-cb0e-4838-bf2c-77a326af0567 coh-component-instance-1847942d-cb0e-4838-bf2c-77a326af0567 dark-heading align-text-left coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-lg ssa-instance-87a1d2eb054d54107083b7521ea0dff9 coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc" > Featured readings </h2> <div class="coh-wysiwyg ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-a441c2cf-c116-4201-974d-c4705df78bfb coh-component-instance-a441c2cf-c116-4201-974d-c4705df78bfb coh-style-text-color-light-background coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-md ssa-instance-2ee129c931392ab654e81b882308c65e coh-ce-cpt_text-e4a5f5e1" > <p>We鈥檝e highlighted these readings to showcase the latest trends shaping the industry.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-443a7cfe-a645-4805-a1b1-9da5db249d4b coh-component-instance-443a7cfe-a645-4805-a1b1-9da5db249d4b ssa-instance-61d2b1f5ec5ffc82fd0480aaa63372ba coh-ce-cpt_3_column_layout-9c402b21" > <div class="coh-container " > <div class="coh-row coh-row-xl coh-row-visible-xl" data-coh-row-match-heights="[]"> <div class="coh-row-inner ssa-instance-61d2b1f5ec5ffc82fd0480aaa63372ba coh-ce-cpt_3_column_layout-a702800b"> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-61d2b1f5ec5ffc82fd0480aaa63372ba coh-ce-cpt_3_column_layout-869620fb coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-12 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-4 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <article class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-c7a798a2-202f-4f07-8097-10f20f16c886 coh-component-instance-c7a798a2-202f-4f07-8097-10f20f16c886 left-align coh-style-margin-bottom-small coh-style-card-text-light-background ssa-instance-8146b382ca9ede4d074f0796889587e3 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-59d33cb" > <div class="coh-container card-contents coh-style-padding-small-24 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-ac37ef06" > <h3 class="coh-heading coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-headline-heavy coh-ce-cpt_content_card-db949cb9" > <a href="/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings/2024/private-company-valuation" class="coh-link card-link coh-ce-cpt_content_card-bc57a7f9" target="_self" aria-label="View reading" > Private Company Valuation </a> </h3> <p class="coh-paragraph coh-style-paragraph-100 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-274b01ef" >This new reading contrasts public and private company features for valuation and describes how and why they differ. It highlights key factors relevant to the selection of each valuation approach.</p> <span class="coh-inline-element fake-link coh-style-display-none coh-ce-cpt_content_card-92be551f" aria-hidden="true">View reading</span> </div> <div class="coh-container card-media coh-ce-cpt_content_card-da9a3f30" > <img class="coh-image card-image coh-image-responsive-xl" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/1408327e-4787-4192-928f-864b065fdb97/web/private-equity-1073724268.jpg?crop=yes&w=768&h=512&itok=u0x_9AJq" alt="" /> </div> </article> </div> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-61d2b1f5ec5ffc82fd0480aaa63372ba coh-ce-cpt_3_column_layout-3c85b07e coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-12 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-4 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <article class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-641b8cad-e9ab-41fc-a0b1-8d4838d06c40 coh-component-instance-641b8cad-e9ab-41fc-a0b1-8d4838d06c40 left-align coh-style-margin-bottom-small coh-style-card-text-light-background ssa-instance-004b8a4134c378f7c7c4fc827640cea3 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-59d33cb" > <div class="coh-container card-contents coh-style-padding-small-24 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-ac37ef06" > <h3 class="coh-heading coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-headline-heavy coh-ce-cpt_content_card-db949cb9" > <a href="/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings/2024/credit-risk" class="coh-link card-link coh-ce-cpt_content_card-bc57a7f9" target="_self" aria-label="View reading" > Credit Risk </a> </h3> <p class="coh-paragraph coh-style-paragraph-100 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-274b01ef" >Newly revised for 2024, the module describes the use of credit ratings and credit migration, as well as the pitfalls of sole reliance on ratings based upon the case Wirecard AG's insolvency.</p> <span class="coh-inline-element fake-link coh-style-display-none coh-ce-cpt_content_card-92be551f" aria-hidden="true">View reading</span> </div> <div class="coh-container card-media coh-ce-cpt_content_card-da9a3f30" > <img class="coh-image card-image coh-image-responsive-xl" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/2076fe6a-2702-41b1-add8-18207d5288ff/web/cfa-program-1348138407.jpg?crop=yes&w=768&h=512&itok=wVzOYV0E" alt="" /> </div> </article> </div> <div class="coh-column ssa-instance-61d2b1f5ec5ffc82fd0480aaa63372ba coh-ce-cpt_3_column_layout-591ded97 coh-visible-ps coh-col-ps-12 coh-col-ps-push-0 coh-col-ps-pull-0 coh-visible-sm coh-col-sm-12 coh-col-sm-push-0 coh-col-sm-pull-0 coh-visible-xl coh-col-xl-4 coh-col-xl-push-0 coh-col-xl-pull-0" > <article class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-407ab72f-6650-4800-9cc7-47fcf4616700 coh-component-instance-407ab72f-6650-4800-9cc7-47fcf4616700 left-align coh-style-margin-bottom-small coh-style-card-text-light-background ssa-instance-ec3895aabfefd6c5d9eeba257cc99812 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-59d33cb" > <div class="coh-container card-contents coh-style-padding-small-24 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-ac37ef06" > <h3 class="coh-heading coh-style-headline-500 coh-style-headline-heavy coh-ce-cpt_content_card-db949cb9" > <a href="/insights/professional-learning/refresher-readings/2024/introduction-to-digital-assets" class="coh-link card-link coh-ce-cpt_content_card-bc57a7f9" target="_self" aria-label="View reading" > Introduction to Digital Assets </a> </h3> <p class="coh-paragraph coh-style-paragraph-100 coh-ce-cpt_content_card-274b01ef" >Learn about the investment features of digital assets, the investment forms and vehicles used in digital asset investments.</p> <span class="coh-inline-element fake-link coh-style-display-none coh-ce-cpt_content_card-92be551f" aria-hidden="true">View reading</span> </div> <div class="coh-container card-media coh-ce-cpt_content_card-da9a3f30" > <img class="coh-image card-image coh-image-responsive-xl" loading="lazy" data-src="https://cfainstitute.widen.net/content/f12eada5-036b-4c9a-bb26-e6baad92ba7e/web/data-science-1182097829.jpg?crop=yes&w=768&h=512&itok=_ZEI2cd4" alt="" /> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="coh-container ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-5c81f785-6a71-4793-975b-c25f42c26402 coh-component-instance-5c81f785-6a71-4793-975b-c25f42c26402 match-height ssa-instance-40869572dc601e75ba24ccd4877c87d3 coh-ce-cpt_container-ba3cd04b" > <div class="coh-container coh-ce-cpt_container-fe57b20b coh-container-boxed" > <h2 class="coh-heading ssa-component coh-component ssa-component-instance-d7032d65-00b4-4d4c-b659-eb632d58d0cb coh-component-instance-d7032d65-00b4-4d4c-b659-eb632d58d0cb dark-heading align-text-left coh-style-cfa-margin-bottom-lg ssa-instance-177f0c499a6f4f7476f53009d5491bb7 coh-ce-cpt_heading-b45c50fc" > Browse all refresher readings </h2> <style> :root { --atomic-primary: 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visibility: visible; } atomic-sort-dropdown { display: none !important; } @media screen and (min-width: 37.5rem) { atomic-result-list[display=grid]::part(result-list) { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: var(--cfa--spacing--md); } } @media (min-width: 56.1875rem) { atomic-search-layout atomic-layout-section[section="search"] { width: 100% !important; } atomic-result-list[display=grid]::part(result-list) { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: var(--cfa--spacing--lg); } atomic-result-list[display=list]::part(result-list) { row-gap: 0px; } } </style> <atomic-search-interface class="cfa-coveo-atomic-ui-search-interface" search-hub='CFA-Site-RefresherReadings-Hub' fields-to-include='["clickableuri","title","titlebasic","field_pl_credits","field_curriculum_topics_names","field_curriculum_year","field_exam_levels_names","field_learning_product_name","field_ser_credits", "field_short_description", "field_topics_names","field_pl_credits","field_ser_credits","field_official_date","officialz32xdate","field_official_date"]' localization-compatibility-version="v4"> <atomic-search-layout mobile-breakpoint="56.1875rem"> <atomic-layout-section section="search"> <atomic-search-box textarea="false"></atomic-search-box> </atomic-layout-section> <atomic-layout-section section="facets" max-width="16.75rem"> <atomic-facet field="field_curriculum_topics_names" label="Curriculum Topic" sort-criteria=occurrences ></atomic-facet> <atomic-facet field="field_curriculum_year" label="Curriculum Year" sort-criteria=occurrences ></atomic-facet> <atomic-facet field="field_exam_levels_names" label="CFA Program Exam Level" sort-criteria=occurrences ></atomic-facet> </atomic-layout-section> <atomic-layout-section section="main"> <atomic-layout-section section="status"> <atomic-query-summary></atomic-query-summary> <atomic-sort-dropdown> <atomic-sort-expression label="Curriculum Year" expression="field_curriculum_year descending"></atomic-sort-expression> </atomic-sort-dropdown> <atomic-refine-toggle></atomic-refine-toggle> <atomic-breadbox></atomic-breadbox> <atomic-did-you-mean></atomic-did-you-mean> </atomic-layout-section> <atomic-layout-section section="results"> <atomic-no-results> <slot> <style> .no-results { display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; align-items: center; width: 100%; } .no-results__image { margin-top: var(--cfa--spacing--xxxl); margin-bottom: var(--cfa--spacing--lg); } .no-results__tips { width: 100%; } .no-results__tips-header { font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: .75rem; } .no-results__tips ul { margin-left: .5rem; } .no-results__tips li { margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; } </style> <div class="no-results"> <img src="/themes/custom/cfa_base/images/search/no-results.svg" alt="" class="no-results__image" /> <div class="no-results__tips"> <span class="no-results__tips-header">SEARCH 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