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<span>Boosters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boosters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Attitude markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hedging_in_science_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedging_in_science_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hedging in science writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedging_in_science_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boosting_in_science_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boosting_in_science_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boosting in science writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boosting_in_science_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_marking_in_science_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_marking_in_science_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Attitude marking in science writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_marking_in_science_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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Add: bibcode, pmc, pmid, doi-access, pages, doi, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Formatted <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENDASH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENDASH">dashes</a>. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UCB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UCB">Use this bot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DBUG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DBUG">Report bugs</a>. | Suggested by Neko-chan | #UCB_webform 109/440)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 22:28, 1 July 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Citation bot" data-mw-revid="1232092636"><bdi>Citation bot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Citation bot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Citation_bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Citation bot">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Alter: pages, journal. Add: bibcode, pmc, pmid, doi-access, pages, doi, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Formatted <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENDASH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENDASH">dashes</a>. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UCB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UCB">Use this bot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DBUG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DBUG">Report bugs</a>. | Suggested by Neko-chan | #UCB_webform 109/440)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&diff=prev&oldid=1232092636" title="Metadiscourse">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&direction=prev&oldid=1232092636" title="Metadiscourse">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in philosophy of language</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, <b>metadiscourse</b> is the discussion about a discussion, as opposed to a simple discussion about a given topic. The study of metadiscourse helps us recognize and understand how we situate our ideas within writing and speech.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subject is especially prevalent in science writing, where it presents itself in many different forms such as hedges, boosters, and attitude markers. Metadiscourse contained within a written work can be any phrase that is included within a clause or sentence that goes beyond the subject itself, often to examine the purpose of the sentence or a response from the author, usually as an introductory <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clause</a>. Metadiscourse often includes phrases such as "frankly," "after all," "on the other hand," "to our surprise," and so on. </p><p>Below are some examples of metadiscourse in writing, denoting: </p> <ul><li>the writer's intentions: <i>"to sum up," "candidly," "I believe"</i></li> <li>the writer's confidence: <i>"may," "perhaps," "certainly," "must"</i></li> <li>directions to the reader: <i>"note that," "finally," "therefore," "however"</i></li> <li>the structure of the text: <i>"first," "second," "finally," "therefore," "however"</i></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hedges">Hedges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hedges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hedges are words and phrases that communicate caution to the claim being made within a sentence. Hedge words are removed from the actual subject and rather function as a marker of metadiscourse. These words and phrases ensure that an audience is aware of the writer's distance from the subject they are reporting on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique allows writers to maintain the reliability of their work by establishing that their assertions are made to their best knowledge, but could potentially be rebutted.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of metadiscursive hedges are "could," "unlikely," "perhaps," "occasionally," "evidently," "generally," and "many." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boosters">Boosters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boosters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In writing, a booster is a word or phrase that enhances a point the writer makes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boosters can be identified by examples such as "certainly," "absolutely," "obviously," "always," and "demonstrate." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_markers">Attitude markers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attitude markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attitude markers appear when writers signal their feelings towards a subject with certain words or phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of metadiscourse may show up in writing in the use of words like "unfortunately," "admirably," and "agree." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hedging_in_science_writing">Hedging in science writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hedging in science writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In science writing specifically, hedging allows writers to publish scientific information without it coming across as absolute or hypercritical in nature. Therefore, science writers use hedging to communicate knowledge in a way that avoids making non-expert audiences entirely confident in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hedging in science writing may look like this: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hedge </th> <th>Example Sentence </th></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Inhaling the gas produced by the experiment <i>may</i> cause hypoxia. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appear </td> <td>The data collected <i>appears</i> to support the hypothesis. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Possible </td> <td>It is <i>possible</i> that the species will be extinct within the next decade. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Usually </td> <td>The trial results <i>usually</i> remain consistent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tend </td> <td>Scientists in this area of study <i>tend</i> to rely on clinical trials to conduct their research. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Probably </td> <td>The symptoms were <i>probably</i> a result of the patient's exposure to cigarette smoke. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some cases, using hedges in science writing can disrupt the way scientific information is processed by the reader by making the statement seem slightly uncertain. This is purposeful and allows science writers to establish their distance from the topic of study, while still reporting the relevant findings of the experts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boosting_in_science_writing">Boosting in science writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boosting in science writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boosters appear in science writing to strengthen a statement that is being made. These words and phrases allow non-expert readers to grasp the certainty of a claim.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Booster </th> <th>Example Sentence </th></tr> <tr> <td>Certainly </td> <td>Early trials of the new gene therapy reveal <i>certainly</i> promising results. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Always </td> <td>This chemical reaction will <i>always</i> result in combustion. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Demonstrate </td> <td>These findings <i>demonstrate</i> the accuracy of the original hypothesis. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_marking_in_science_writing">Attitude marking in science writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attitude marking in science writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In science writing, attitude marking is a valuable technique that is used to bring humanity into a body of text. To a non-expert audience, scientific information can seem dry and difficult to consume, and attitude marking allows readers to gauge the way they might feel inclined to react to the information they are taking in. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Attitude Marker </th> <th>Example Sentence </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unfortunately </td> <td>The prognosis was, <i>unfortunately</i>, very poor for each of the research patients. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agree </td> <td>After conducting two separate studies, both the neuroscientists and psychiatrists <i>agree</i> on the diagnosis. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ken Hyland: <i>Metadiscourse. Exploring Interaction in Writing</i>. Continuum, London 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7610-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7610-4">0-8264-7610-4</a>.</li> <li>Annelie Ädel: <i>Metadiscourse in L1 and L2 English</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Philadelphia/Amsterdam, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027222978" title="Special:BookSources/9789027222978">9789027222978</a>.</li> <li>Ciler Hatipoglu, Erdem Akbas, Yasemin Bayyurt: <i>Metadiscourse in Written Genres: Uncovering Textual and Interactional Aspects of Texts</i>. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-72062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-72062-2">978-3-631-72062-2</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/30px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/45px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg/60px-Greek_uc_phi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philo-stub" title="Template:Philo-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="external text" href="http://www.kenhyland.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Metadiscourse_What-is-it-and-where-is-it-going.pdf">"Metadiscourse: What is it and where is it going?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Pragmatics</i>. <b>113</b>: 16–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2017.03.007">10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.007</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Metadiscourse%3A+What+is+it+and+where+is+it+going%3F&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=16-29&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pragma.2017.03.007&rft.aulast=Hyland&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenhyland.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F05%2FMetadiscourse_What-is-it-and-where-is-it-going.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadiscourse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenTao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Qian; Tao, Yating (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7939291">"Stance markers in English medical research articles and newspaper opinion columns: A comparative corpus-based study"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>16</b> (3): e0247981. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1647981S">2021PLoSO..1647981S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0247981">10.1371/journal.pone.0247981</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7939291">7939291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33684148">33684148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Stance+markers+in+English+medical+research+articles+and+newspaper+opinion+columns%3A+A+comparative+corpus-based+study&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0247981&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7939291%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33684148&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0247981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1647981S&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft.au=Tao%2C+Yating&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7939291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadiscourse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/research-based-writing/hedges-softening-claims-in-academic-writing">"Hedges: Softening Claims in Academic Writing"</a>. <i>George Mason University The Writing Center</i>. 17 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Mason+University+The+Writing+Center&rft.atitle=Hedges%3A+Softening+Claims+in+Academic+Writing&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritingcenter.gmu.edu%2Fwriting-resources%2Fresearch-based-writing%2Fhedges-softening-claims-in-academic-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadiscourse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ott, Douglas E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6311890">"Hedging, Weasel Words, and Truthiness in Scientific Writing"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons</i>. <b>22</b> (4): e2018.00063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4293%2FJSLS.2018.00063">10.4293/JSLS.2018.00063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6311890">6311890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30607107">30607107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Laparoendoscopic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Hedging%2C+Weasel+Words%2C+and+Truthiness+in+Scientific+Writing&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e2018.00063&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6311890%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30607107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4293%2FJSLS.2018.00063&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6311890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadiscourse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&oldid=1232092636">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metadiscourse&oldid=1232092636</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Philosophy stubs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphilosophy" title="Category:Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles" title="Category:All stub articles">All stub articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 July 2024, at 22:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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