CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of the Jews in China - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"38a4125c-5aee-40db-9122-1e5d78da6a73","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_the_Jews_in_China","wgTitle":"History of the Jews in China","wgCurRevisionId":1256857200,"wgRevisionId":1256857200,"wgArticleId":481834,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: requires URL","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Use dmy dates from October 2024", "Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from January 2016","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles with excerpts","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia","Chinese Jews","Ethnic groups in China", "Jewish Chinese history","Jews and Judaism in China"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_the_Jews_in_China","wgRelevantArticleId":481834,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3137454","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of the Jews in China - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_the_Jews_in_China rootpage-History_of_the_Jews_in_China skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Jews+in+China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Jews+in+China" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Jews+in+China" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Jews+in+China" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Russian Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epitomes_of_Chinese-born_people_having_Jewish_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epitomes_of_Chinese-born_people_having_Jewish_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Epitomes of Chinese-born people having Jewish ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epitomes_of_Chinese-born_people_having_Jewish_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historiography and Memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاريخ اليهود في الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليهود في الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judentum_in_China" title="Judentum in China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judentum in China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_jud%C3%ADos_en_China" title="Historia de los judíos en China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de los judíos en China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریخ یهودیان در چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ یهودیان در چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Chine" title="Histoire des Juifs en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Juifs en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi%E2%80%93Tiongkok" title="Yahudi–Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi–Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_della_Cina" title="Ebrei della Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei della Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יהדות סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodendom_in_China" title="Jodendom in China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jodendom in China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoyda_yahudiylik_dini" title="Xitoyda yahudiylik dini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoyda yahudiylik dini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_w_Chinach" title="Historia Żydów w Chinach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Żydów w Chinach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_dos_judeus_na_China" title="História dos judeus na China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História dos judeus na China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judendom_i_Kina" title="Judendom i Kina – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judendom i Kina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%27deki_Yahudilerin_tarihi" title="Çin'deki Yahudilerin tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin'deki Yahudilerin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="אידנטום אין כינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אידנטום אין כינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="中國猶太人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中國猶太人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="中國猶太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國猶太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3137454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Jews_in_China" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&oldid=1256857200" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&id=1256857200&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Jews_in_China"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Jews_in_China"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_China" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3137454" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chinese Jews</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>中国犹太人 / 中國猶太人<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יהודים סיניים</span>‎</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> (liturgical), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a> (formerly), <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> (historic)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a><br />Other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the Jews in China</b> goes back to ancient times. Modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in China are predominantly composed of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> and their descendants. Other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a> are also represented, including <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> and a number of converts. </p><p>The Jewish Chinese community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and it also encompasses the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though a small minority, Chinese Jews have had an open presence in the country since the arrival of the first Jewish immigrants during the 8th century CE. Relatively isolated communities of Jews developed through the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties (7th to 13th centuries CE) all the way through the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (19th century), most notably the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a> (the term "Chinese Jews" is often used in a restricted sense in order to refer to these communities). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, which was for a time a British colony; <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">International Settlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Concession" class="mw-redirect" title="French Concession">French Concession</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. Since 2015, descendants of the Kaifeng Jews have come under government pressure and suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of a community of Jewish immigrants in China arguably began sometime in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, though a number of scholars have argued for their presence there in earlier Tang dynasty times. In the 9th century, the Persian geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> noted the travels of Jewish merchants called <i><a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanites</a></i>, whose trade took them to China via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> through Central Asia and India. He mentioned the presence of Jewish merchants in a number of Chinese cities, and the important economic role they played transporting merchandise as well as transmitting scientific and technological expertise by land and sea all the way from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> via the Middle East to China.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Ancona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob of Ancona">Jacob of Ancona</a>, the supposed author of a book of travels, was a scholarly Jewish merchant who wrote in vernacular Italian, and reached China in 1271,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some authors question its veracity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> Dynasty closed off Silk Road by land, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> became an important trading port for the Maritime Silk Road. The 1489 stone tablet mentioned that the Jewish communities of Ningbo and Kaifeng had a very good relationship with each other and that when the Kaifeng Jews lost their holy texts to the flood, the Ningbo Jews presented their brethren in Kaifeng with two Torah scrolls in 1461. The tablet detailed, "When the synagogue was rebuilt, Shi Bin, Li Rong, and Gao Jian, and Zhang Xuan went to Ningbo and brought back a scroll of the Scriptures. Zhao Ying of Ningbo brought another scroll to Kaifeng and respectfully presented it to our synagogue". It is believed the Ningbo Jewish community was fairly sizable for a smaller one would not be able to spare two Torah scrolls. The availability of these scrolls could also mean the Ningbo Jewish community was vibrant and observant.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendant of Ningbo Jewish community moved out of Ningbo to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in the early 20th century due to war and to seek better economic opportunities, they have built a reputation for achieving immense success in the business, science and media industries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of China's opening to the West and British quasi-colonialism, the first group to settle in China were Jews who arrived in China under British protection following the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. Many of these Jews were of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Jews">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Iraqi origin</a>, due to significant British colonialism in these regions. The second community came in the first decades of the 20th century when many Jews <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">arrived in Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> during those cities' periods of economic expansion. Many more Jews arrived as refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>. A surge of Jews and Jewish families was to arrive in the late 1930s and 1940s, for the purpose of seeking refuge from the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> in Europe and were predominantly of European origin. Shanghai was notable for its <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">special area assigned to Jewish refugees</a>, most of whom left after the war, the rest relocating prior to or immediately after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. </p><p>Some Jews in China converted to Islam and became Hui Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (October 2024)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A manuscripts shows that they prayed in both Hebrew and Chinese.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://huc.edu/libraries/special-collections/rare-book-and-manuscript-collection/">[1]</a> Ancient Jewish communities in China adapted well to the Han Chinese customs, including <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">patrilineal descent</a> and intermarriage with Han Chinese, while maintaining their Jewish identities. Over the centuries, most of the Jewish community came to be virtually indistinguishable from the Han and Hui Chinese population. Due to the fact that Chinese Jews have historically hold strong Chinese identity, the current government does not recognize them as one of the 56 <a href="/wiki/Minorities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities of China">ethnic minorities</a>. </p><p>Since their religious practices are considered to be functionally extinct, they are not eligible for expedited immigration to Israel under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> unless they undergo Kosher conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Interfaithfamily.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interfaithfamily.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some international Jewish communities are beginning to search for these descendants to help them revive their interest in their Jewish roots.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the expansion of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham_Ningbo_China" title="University of Nottingham Ningbo China">University of Nottingham in Ningbo</a> in Zhejiang province, more Jewish scholars have since moved there to uncover the Jewish Communities of Zhejiang, including prominent tribe in Ningbo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrary to popular belief in the Western world, the Kaifeng Jews are in fact not the only Chinese Jewish tribe. The Kaifeng Jews are recognized for being more observant in modern days, but they are one of many ancient Jewish communities in China. The <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> Jews are also known for their contribution to their Jewish Heritage, although they are <a href="/wiki/Non-practicing_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-practicing Jews">non-practicing Jews</a> nowadays. The term "Kaifeng Jews" is not interchangeable with "Chinese Jews". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been asserted by some that the Jews who have historically resided in various places in China originated with the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Ten_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Ten Tribes">Lost Ten Tribes</a> of the exiled ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> who relocated to the areas of present-day China. Traces of some ancient <a href="/wiki/613_mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 mitzvot">Jewish rituals</a> have been observed in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One well-known group was the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a>, who are purported to have traveled from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and later migrated from the Muslim-inhabited regions of northwestern China (modern day <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province) to <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province during the early <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> (960–1127).<sup id="cite_ref-stone_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_of_Kai-Fung-Foo,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Jews_of_Kai-Fung-Foo%2C_China.jpg/200px-Jews_of_Kai-Fung-Foo%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Jews_of_Kai-Fung-Foo%2C_China.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Jews of Kaifeng, late 19th or early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>There is an oral tradition that the first Jews immigrated to China through Persia following the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>'s capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE. A large number of Jews emigrated from Persia during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming of Han</a> (58–75 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1900, Father Joseph Brucker hypothesized that Jews came to China from India by a sea route since ancient times. </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> with inscriptions found at Kaifeng bear some historical suggestions. The oldest, dating from 1489, commemorates the construction of a synagogue (1163) (bearing the name <i>Qīngzhēn Sì</i>, a term often used for mosque in Chinese), states the Jews entered China from India in the Later <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (25–220 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), the Jews' 70 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese surnames">Chinese surnames</a>, their audience with an "un-named" <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song-dynasty</a> emperor, and finally lists the transmission of their religion from <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> down to the prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>. The second tablet, dated 1512 (found in the synagogue <i>Xuanzhang Daojing Si</i>) details the Jews' religious practices. The third is dated 1663 and commemorates the re-rebuilding of the <i>Qingzhen si</i> synagogue and recaps the information from the other two steles.<sup id="cite_ref-stone_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stone-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father Joseph Brucker believed <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s manuscripts indicate there were only approximately ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and that they had reportedly resided there for five or six hundred years. It was also stated in the manuscripts that there was a greater number of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>. This could be taken to suggest that loyal Jews fled south along with the soon-to-be crowned <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song China">Emperor Gaozong</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>. In fact, the 1489 stele mentions how the Jews "abandoned Bianliang" (<a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingkang Incident">Jingkang Incident</a>. </p><p>Many Jewish communities were established in China in the Middle Ages. However, not all left evidence of their existence. The following are those known today: <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contemporary term for Jews in use among Chinese today is <i>Youtairen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">猶太人</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yóutài Rén</span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> Chinese and "yau tai yan" in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. The terms have a similar pronunciation to <i>יהודאי</i> (<i>Yehudai</i>)—the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word for Jew—and to <i>Ἰουδαῖος</i> (<i>iudaios</i>), the Greek word. </p><p>It has been recorded that the Chinese historically called the Jews <i>Tiao jin jiao</i> (挑筋教), loosely, "the religion which removes the sinew,"<sup id="cite_ref-Broomhall1910_2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broomhall1910_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably referring to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">dietary prohibition</a> against eating the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></i> 32:32).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish dietary law (<i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>), which forbids the eating of, among other foods, non-<a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> mammals, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, would have most likely caused Jewish communities to stand out from the surrounding mainstream Chinese population,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> as Chinese culture is typically very free in the range of items it deems suitable for food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jews have also been called the Blue-Hat <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">藍帽回</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lánmào Húi</span></i>), in contrast to other populations of Hui people, who have identified with hats of other colors.<sup id="cite_ref-Broomhall1910_2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broomhall1910_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between Muslim and Jewish Hui is not, and historically has not been, well recognised by the dominant Han population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A modern translation of the "Kaifeng Steles" has shown the Jews referred to their <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> as "The Pure and Truth", which is essentially the same as the term used in modern China to refer to Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> (清真寺). lǐbàisì 禮拜寺 and qīngzhēnsì 清真寺 were used as names of both synagogues and mosques by Jews and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Broomhall1910_3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broomhall1910_3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an oral tradition dictated by <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xin_(Judaic_scholar)" title="Xu Xin (Judaic scholar)">Xu Xin</a>, Director of the Centre for Judaic Studies at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>, in his book <i>Legends of the Chinese Jews of Kaifeng</i>, the Kaifeng Jews called Judaism <i>Yīcìlèyè jiào</i> (一賜樂業教), lit. the religion of Israel. <i>Yīcìlèyè</i> is a transliteration and partial translation of "<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>". Xu Xin translates this phrase as "Chosen people, endowed by God, and contented with their lives and work".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_record">Early record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/300px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/450px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/600px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Bird's eye view of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> of Kaifeng.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence showing the presence of Jews in China is from the beginning of the 8th century: a business letter written in the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> language, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Aurel_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Aurel Stein">Marc Aurel Stein</a>. The letter (now housed in the British Museum) was found in <a href="/wiki/Dandan_Oilik" title="Dandan Oilik">Dandan Uiliq</a>, an important post along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> in northwest China during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907). The text is thirty-seven lines in length and was written on paper, a product then manufactured only in China. It was identified, by <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">David Samuel Margoliouth</a>, as dating from 718 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Zeyd al Hassan of Siraf, a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> traveler, reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a> besieged Canton (<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>) and killed a large number of foreign merchants, Arabs, Persians, Christians and Jews, resident there.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China was a destination for <a href="/wiki/Radhanite#Text_of_Ibn_Khordadbeh's_account" title="Radhanite">Radhanite Jews</a> who brought <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China#European_merchants_in_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">boys, female slaves from Europe</a> to sell to any local according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(ibn_Khordadbeh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">ibn Khordadbeh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HirschmanYates2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HirschmanYates2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Dandan_Oilik" title="Dandan Oilik">Dandan Oilik</a> an 8th-century document written in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> was found and translated by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SteinStein1907_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SteinStein1907-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources indicate that Jews in China were often mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslims</a> by other Chinese. The first plausible recorded written Chinese mention of Jews uses the term <i>Zhuhu</i> (竹忽) or <i>Zhuhudu</i> (朱乎得) (perhaps from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>Yehoud</i> or from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i>Yehudim</i>, "Jews") found in the <i>Annals of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a></i> in 1329 and 1354. The text spoke of the reinforcement of a tax levied on "dissenters" and of a government decree that the Jews come en-masse to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>. </p><p>Famous <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> traveler <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, who visited China, then under the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, in the late 13th century, described the prominence of Jewish traders in Beijing. Similar references can be found in the notes of the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a>, first archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Beijing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing</a> in the early 14th century, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Batuta">Ibn Batuta</a>, an Arabian envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the middle of the 14th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> called both Jews and Muslims <i><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Huihui</a></i> when he forbade Jews and Muslims from practicing <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> preparation of their food, calling both of them "slaves" and forcing them to eat <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongol food</a>, and banned them from practicing <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa'an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect ... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), a Ming emperor conferred seven surnames upon the Jews, by which they are identifiable today: Ai (艾), Shi (石), Gao (高), Jin (金), Li (李), Zhang (張), and Zhao (趙).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of these, Jin and Shi, are the equivalent of common Jewish names in the west: Gold and Stone.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first modern <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> record of Jews residing in China is found in the records of the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The prominent Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, received a visit from a young Jewish Chinese man in 1605. Ricci mentioned this man's name as Ngai, who has since been identified by the French sinologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> as a Jew named Ai T'ien, who explained that the community he belonged to was <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>, or believing in only one God. It is recorded that when he saw a Christian <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">image of Mary with the child Jesus</a>, he took it to be a picture of <a href="/wiki/Rebekah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebekah">Rebecca</a> with <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, figures from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scripture">Hebrew Scripture</a>. Ngai (Ai Tian, Ai T'ien) declared that he had come from <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, and stated that this was the site of a large Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-ricci_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricci-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricci sent an ethnic Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother to visit Kaifeng;<sup id="cite_ref-ricci_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricci-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later, other Jesuits (mostly European) also visited the city. It was later discovered that the Jewish community had a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> (<i>Libai si</i>), which was constructed facing the west, and housed a number of written materials and books. </p><p>The Jews who managed the synagogue were called "<a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullahs</a>". Floods and fire repeatedly destroyed the books of the Kaifeng synagogue. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them. Another Hebrew roll of law was bought from a Muslim in Ning-keang-chow in Shen-se (Shanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese called Muslims, Jews, and Christians in ancient times by the same name, "Hui Hui" (Hwuy-hwuy). Crossworshipers (Christians) were called the "Huay who abstain from animals without the cloven foot", Muslims were called "Hwuy who abstain from pork", Jews were called "Hwuy who extract the sinews (removes the <a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">sciatic nerve</a>)". Hwuy-tsze (Hui zi) or Hwuy-hwuy (Hui Hui) is presently used almost exclusively for Muslims, but Jews were still called Lan Maou Hwuy tsze (Lan mao Hui zi) which means "Blue cap Hui zi". At Kaifeng, Jews were called "Teaou kin keaou "extract sinew religion". Jews and Muslims in China shared the same name for synagogue and mosque, which were both called "Tsing-chin sze" (Qingzhen si) "Temple of Purity and Truth", the name dated to the 13th century. The synagogue and mosques were also known as Le-pae sze (Libai si). A tablet indicated that Judaism was once known as "Yih-tsze-lo-nee-keaou" (israelitish religion) and synagogues known as Yih-tsze lo nee leen (Israelitish Temple), but it faded out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Muslim in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> told Semedo that four families of Jews converted to Islam since they were the last Jews in Nanjing, their numbers diminishing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various Jewish Chinese individuals worked in government service and owned big properties in China in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>'s first wave of Jews came in the second half of the 19th century, many being Mizrahi Jews from Iraq. The first Jew who arrived there was <a href="/wiki/Elias_David_Sassoon" title="Elias David Sassoon">Elias David Sassoon</a>, who, about the year 1850, opened a branch in connection with his father's Bombay house. Since that period Jews gradually migrated from India to Shanghai, most of them being engaged from Bombay as clerks by the firm of <a href="/wiki/David_Sassoon_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sassoon & Co">David Sassoon & Co</a>. The community was composed mainly of "Asian", (Sephardi) German, and Russian Jews, though there were a few of Austrian, French, and Italian origin among them. Jews took a considerable part in developing trade in China, and several served on the municipal councils, among them being <a href="/wiki/Silas_Aaron_Hardoon" title="Silas Aaron Hardoon">Silas Aaron Hardoon</a>, partner in the firm of <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._D._Sassoon_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. D. Sassoon & Co (page does not exist)">E. D. Sassoon & Co</a>., who served on the French and English councils at the same time. During the early days of Jewish settlement in Shanghai, Jews were involved in the trade in opium and Bombay cotton yarn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Middle_School_sign,_Harbin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg/220px-Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg/330px-Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg/440px-Jewish_Middle_School_sign%2C_Harbin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A plaque commemorates the former Jewish Middle School in Harbin, now the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_No._2_Korean_Middle_School" title="Harbin No. 2 Korean Middle School">No. 2 Korean Middle School</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporaneous sources estimated the Jewish population in China in 1940—including <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>—at 36,000 (source: Catholic Encyclopedia). </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish merchants from around the world began to trade in Chinese ports, particularly in the commercial centres of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, which was for a time a British colony; <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">International Settlement</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Concession" class="mw-redirect" title="French Concession">French Concession</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>). In the first half of the 20th century, thousands of Jewish refugees escaping from <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms in the Russian Empire</a> arrived in China. By the time of the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, only a few Jews were known to have maintained the practice of their religion and culture. China's Jewish communities have been ethnically diverse, ranging from the Jews of Kaifeng and all other ports throughout China. Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims, such as during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) found out about her Jewish ancestry and wrote about it in an article, "China's Jews" (中国的犹太人) published in "Points East" in 1981. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish converts to Islam who became Hui Muslims in 16th-century China were called the blue hat Hui (藍帽回回) since they converted to Islam due to similarities in their traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the seven prominent Hui Muslim clans of Kaifeng, the Zhang Jewish clan, became Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zhang family, among several Hui Muslims with Kaifeng Jewish ancestry call themselves "fake Muslims" since they are openly proud of their ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that they came to be more or less totally <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Hui_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui Muslim">Hui Muslim</a> populace, due to widespread intermarriage; especially during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walgrove_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walgrove-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eikenburg_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eikenburg-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, however, some international Jewish groups, most notably Shavei Israel, have helped Chinese Jews rediscover their Jewish heritage and reconnect with their Jewish roots.<sup id="cite_ref-Jpost.com_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jpost.com-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanghai">Shanghai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_(Shanghai).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg/220px-Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg/330px-Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg/440px-Paris_-_mahJ_-_Ornement_pour_Torah_%28Shanghai%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torah_finials" title="Torah finials">Torah finial</a> in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> from 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish life in Shanghai had really taken off with the arrival of the British. <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrahi Jew">Mizrahi Jews</a> from the Middle East came as traders via India and Hong Kong and established some of the leading trading companies in the second half of the 19th century. Later, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> came from Europe. <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> Meir Ashkenazi (<a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>) was the Chief Rabbi of Shanghai (1926–1949). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Jews">Russian Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, many Russian Jews fleeing pogroms in several towns in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> decided to move to northeast China for permanent settlement (<a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Moshe_Kiselev" title="Aharon Moshe Kiselev">Aharon Moshe Kiselev</a> served in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> from 1913 until his death in 1949). After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, many <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russians</a>, fled to Harbin (former <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>). These included, among others, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kaufman" title="Abraham Kaufman">Abraham Kaufman</a>, who played a leading role in the Harbin Jewish community after 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the parents of future <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>. According to estimates, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin and played a key role in the shaping of local politics, economy and international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet Russian Jew <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Voitinsky" title="Grigori Voitinsky">Grigori Voitinsky</a> played an important role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in 1921 through the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, admired the Jewish people and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, and he also saw parallels between the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution of Jews</a> and the domination of China by the Western powers. He stated, "Though their country was destroyed, the Jewish nation has existed to this day ... [Zionism] is one of the greatest movements of the present time. All lovers of democracy cannot help but support wholeheartedly and welcome with enthusiasm the movement to restore your wonderful and historic nation, which has contributed so much to the civilization of the world and which rightfully deserve [<i>sic</i>] an honorable place in the family of nations."<sup id="cite_ref-Berton_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berton-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> in 1931 and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in 1932 had a negative impact on the Harbin Jewish community (13,000 in 1929). Most of those Jews left Harbin for <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>. Until 1939, the Russian Jews were about 5,000 in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai Ghetto</a></div> <p>Another wave of 18,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in the late 1930s and early 1940s to escape the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shanghai was an open city at the time and it did not have restrictions on immigration, and some Chinese diplomats such as <a href="/wiki/Ho_Feng_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Feng Shan">Ho Feng Shan</a> issued "protective" passports and the Japanese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Chiune_Sugihara" title="Chiune Sugihara">Chiune Sugihara</a> issued transit visas with which refugees could go to Shanghai after a short stay in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. In 1943, the occupying Japanese army required these 18,000 Jews, formally known as "stateless refugees," to relocate to an area of 0.75 square miles (1.9 km<sup>2</sup>) in Shanghai's Hongkew district (today known as the <a href="/wiki/Hongkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkou District">Hongkou District</a>) where many lived in group homes called "Heime".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of Jews who entered Shanghai during this period equaled the total number of Jews who fled to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> combined. Many of the Jews in China later moved to found the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>Shanghai was an important safe-haven for Jewish refugees during the Holocaust, since it was one of the few places in the world where one didn't need a visa. However, it was not easy to get there. The Japanese, who controlled the city, preferred to look the other way. However, some corrupt officials also exploited the plight of the Jews. By 1941, nearly 20,000 European Jews had found shelter there. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg/220px-Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg/330px-Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg/440px-Jacob_Rosenfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Rosenfeld" title="Jakob Rosenfeld">Jakob Rosenfeld</a>, a doctor for the <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(communist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Yi (communist)">Chen Yi</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> include Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Rosenfeld" title="Jakob Rosenfeld">Jakob Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Flato" title="Stanisław Flato">Stanisław Flato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Weiss_(Austrian-Chinese_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Weiss (Austrian-Chinese journalist)">Ruth Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Sandberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Sandberg">Eva Sandberg</a> (photographer and wife of Communist leader <a href="/wiki/Xiao_San" title="Xiao San">Xiao San</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Cohen (adventurer)">Morris Abraham Cohen</a>. </p><p>Late in the war, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> representatives pressured the Japanese army to devise a plan to exterminate Shanghai's Jewish population, and this pressure eventually became known to the Jewish community's leadership. However, the Japanese had no intention of further provoking the anger of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> after their already notorious invasion of China and their additional invasion of a number of other Asian nations, so they delayed the German request until the War ended. With the intercession of the Amshenower Rebbe and the translation skills of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Hanin" title="Leo Hanin">Leo (Ariyeh) Hanin</a>, the Japanese ultimately kept the Jews of Shanghai safe.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, in the period from 1845 to 1945, more than 40,000 Jews came to China to do business or in search of a safe haven.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the establishment of the PRC in 1949, most of these Jews emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, although a few remained. Three prominent non-Chinese lived in China from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> to the contemporary period: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Shapiro" title="Sidney Shapiro">Sidney Shapiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Epstein" title="Israel Epstein">Israel Epstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Weiss_(Austrian-Chinese_journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Weiss (Austrian-Chinese journalist)">Ruth Weiss</a>, one <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> and one Austrian emigre, were of Jewish descent. Another Jewish American, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rittenberg" title="Sidney Rittenberg">Sidney Rittenberg</a>, served as interpreter to many top Chinese officials. <a href="/wiki/Klara_Blum" title="Klara Blum">Klara Blum</a> established herself as one of the few Jewish women writers in post-1949 China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structured Jewish life returned to Beijing in 1979 with the founding of Kehillat Beijing, an egalitarian lay-led community serving ex-patriate Jews from all over the world. </p><p>Sara Imas, the Shanghai-born daughter of Shanghai's Jewish Club president, Leiwi Imas, became the first Chinese Jewish immigrant to Israel after the two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1992. Leiwi Imas, who had to leave Germany for Poland in 1939, arrived in Shanghai the same year. He spent his final years in Shanghai until 1962, prior to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. Although Sara Imas's non-Chinese appearance and family background brought her much trouble during the Cultural Revolution when she was accused of being a foreign capitalist and spy, today Sara Imas has returned to Shanghai, working as the Chinese representative of an Israeli diamond company.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On June 27, 1985, an international group of scholars and activists gathered in Palo Alto, California to establish the Sino-Judaic Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi Anson Laytner serves as the incumbent president.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jewish_Studies_(Nanjing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Jewish Studies (Nanjing)">Institute of Jewish Studies</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, the Shanghai municipal government has taken the initiative to preserve historical Western architectures that were constructed during Shanghai's colonial past. Many formerly Jewish-owned hotels and private residence have been included in the preservation project. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Kadoorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadoorie">Kadoorie</a>-residence-turned Shanghai Children's Palace, had their spacious front garden largely removed in order to make room for the city's overpass system under construction. A One Day Tour of the history of Jewish presence in Shanghai can be arranged through the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_Jewish_Studies_Shanghai" title="Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai">Center of Jewish Studies Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi Shalom Greenberg from <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> in New York City arrived in Shanghai to serve this community in August 1998. Rabbi Arthur Schneier, president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation of New York, donated a Torah to the community that same year. On the first day of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, in September 1999, a Jewish New Year service was held at the <a href="/wiki/Ohel_Rachel_Synagogue" title="Ohel Rachel Synagogue">Ohel Rachel Synagogue</a> for the first time since 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010, it is estimated that 2,000 to 3,000 Jews lived in Shanghai.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In May 2010, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai was temporarily reopened to the local Jewish community for weekend services.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synagogues are found in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, serving both native Chinese Jews, Israelis and diaspora Jewish communities across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Rabbi Shimon Freundlich from the <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a> movement came and settled in Beijing with the mission of building and leading the Chabad-Lubavitch Centre of Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kehillat Beijing continues its practice of conducting weekly lay-led Shabbat services, regular holiday observance, and community activities including retreats and celebrations. In 2007, the Sephardic community of Shanghai opened a synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Bet_midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet midrash">study hall</a>, kosher kitchen, and educational classes for children and adults. The community has its own <a href="/wiki/Hacham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacham">hacham</a>, who functions as a teacher and <a href="/wiki/Chazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazan">chazan</a>, in addition to Rabbi Ephraim Bezalel, who manages local community affairs and <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> needs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since a significant amount of Chinese food products and food ingredients are exported to the American market, a number of <a href="/wiki/Kosher_certification_agency" title="Kosher certification agency">kosher certification agencies</a> send rabbis to China to serve as kosher inspectors (<a href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">mashgichim</a>). As of 2009, over 50 mashgichim have been stationed in China, seven of them from the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, Harbin could claim a single Jewish inhabitant, professor Dan Ben-Canaan, who helped advise the local government on restoring the city's synagogues and other Jewish-related buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>'s Jewish community has reported increasing suppression by the authorities since 2015, reversing the modest revival it experienced in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observance of public religious services and the celebration of religious festivals like <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> have been prohibited, and Jewish community groups have been shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs have been removed from the Kaifeng Synagogue, a historical site located on Teaching the Torah Lane that is now under strict surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of Chinese Jews have succeeded in making <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> and immigrating to Israel with the help of private organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Shavei_Israel" title="Shavei Israel">Shavei Israel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Antisemitism in China</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_China&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> is a mostly 21st-century phenomenon and is complicated by the fact that there is little ground for antisemitism in China in historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2020s, antisemitic conspiracy theories in China began to spread and intensify.<sup id="cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Chinese people believe in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic tropes</a> that <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">Jews secretly rule the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_WSJ2014_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_WSJ2014-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:4_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:4-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epitomes_of_Chinese-born_people_having_Jewish_ancestry">Epitomes of Chinese-born people having Jewish ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epitomes of Chinese-born people having Jewish ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Note:</b> </p> <ol><li>There is a large number of people unaware of their Jewish background.</li> <li>Some of them do not accord with the definition of "Jew" in <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel"><i>Ḥukey HaYesod</i></a>.</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Dandan" title="Song Dandan">Song Dandan</a>, an actress who often appears in the Chinese New Year's Gala on CCTV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a>, a malariologist and pharmaceutical chemist from Ningbo, recipient of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="She may not be a Jew, at least most of the Chinese introductions do not mention this. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Run_Run_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Run Run Shaw">Sir Run Run Shaw</a> GBM CBE, also known as Shao Yifu and Siu Yat-fu, was a Hong Kong businessman, filmmaker, and philanthropist, a member of the Ningbo Jewish community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow" title="Stephen Chow">Stephen Chow</a>, a Hong Kong filmmaker, former actor and comedian, member of the Ningbo community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hotung" title="Robert Hotung">Robert Hotung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a>'s grandfather</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ho" title="Stanley Ho">Stanley Ho</a>, founder and Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Sociedade_de_Turismo_e_Divers%C3%B5es_de_Macau" title="Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau">SJM Holdings</a> which owns nineteen casinos in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lisboa" title="Grand Lisboa">Grand Lisboa</a>, nicknamed variously <i>Godfather</i> and <i>King of Gambling</i>, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Government-granted_monopoly" title="Government-granted monopoly">government-granted monopoly</a> he held on the Macau gambling industry for 75 years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ho" title="Lawrence Ho">Lawrence Ho</a>, Stanley Ho's son, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. CEO and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Melco_International_Development" title="Melco International Development">Melco International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Ho" title="Daisy Ho">Daisy Ho</a>, Stanley Ho's daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Chairman and executive director of <a href="/wiki/SJM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="SJM Holdings">SJM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josie_Ho" title="Josie Ho">Josie Ho</a>, Stanley Ho's daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Hong Kong-based actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansy_Ho" title="Pansy Ho">Pansy Ho</a>, Stanley Ho's daughter, who is of Dutch Jewish ancestry. Managing director of <a href="/wiki/Shun_Tak_Holdings" title="Shun Tak Holdings">Shun Tak Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a>, an American professor of constitutional law born to European Jewish parents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klinger" title="Ron Klinger">Ron Klinger</a>, an Australian leading English-language <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> writer, born in Shanghai to European Jewish parents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Medavoy" title="Mike Medavoy">Mike Medavoy</a>, an American film producer of Ukrainian Jewish descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yingcheng" title="Zhao Yingcheng">Zhao Yingcheng</a>, a high-ranking Ming-dynasty government official from the 17th century, member of the Kaifeng Jewish community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue-Kong_Pao" title="Yue-Kong Pao">Sir Yue-Kong Pao</a> <a href="/wiki/CBE" class="mw-redirect" title="CBE">CBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">JP</a>, a Hong Kong shipping magnate, philanthropist, member of the Ningbo Jewish community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kadoorie" title="Michael Kadoorie">Sir Michael David Kadoorie</a>, a Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaire</a> businessman, and the chairman and 18% owner of <a href="/wiki/CLP_Group" title="CLP Group">CLP Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Triguboff" title="Harry Triguboff">Harry Triguboff</a>, Australian property tycoon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Antisemitism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Chinese people in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Jews in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Jews in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">China–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai Ghetto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2016" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris (24 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/25/world/asia/china-kaifeng-jews.html">"Chinese Jews of Ancient Lineage Huddle Under Pressure"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804213826/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/25/world/asia/china-kaifeng-jews.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Jews+of+Ancient+Lineage+Huddle+Under+Pressure&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-kaifeng-jews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2004" class="citation book cs1">Wald, Shalom Salomon (2004). <i>China and the Jewish People</i>. Jerusalem: The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute / GefenPublishing House. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-229-347-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-229-347-4"><bdi>965-229-347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Jewish+People&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=The+Jewish+People+Planning+Policy+Institute+%2F+GefenPublishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=965-229-347-4&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Shalom+Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Selbourne. The City of Light. Abacus, London 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10895-7">978-0-349-10895-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1997" class="citation web cs1">Spence, Jonathan (19 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/reviews/971019.19spencet.html">"Leaky Boat to China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaky+Boat+to+China&rft.date=1997-10-19&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F10%2F19%2Freviews%2F971019.19spencet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199710/ai_n8778325/">Mark Honigsbaum. Chinese fake away? The Spectator, October 25, 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1pcTl11iawC&dq=%22jacob+of+ancona%22+chiona&pg=PA289">J.R.S. Philips. The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1998, p.289.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820740-5">978-0-19-820740-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805183811/http://www.uwyo.edu/sward/DavidLGold/Selbourne-4.pdf">"David L. Gold. A Fresh Essay on Duty and Responsibility. 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwyo.edu/sward/DavidLGold/Selbourne-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+L.+Gold.+A+Fresh+Essay+on+Duty+and+Responsibility.+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwyo.edu%2Fsward%2FDavidLGold%2FSelbourne-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinesejews.com/other-ancient-communities#:~:text=Ningbo%20(%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2)&text=The%201489%20stone%20tablet%20mentioned,two%20Torah%20scrolls%20in%201461.">"Other Ancient Communities"</a>. <i>Chinese Jewish Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Jewish+Institute&rft.atitle=Other+Ancient+Communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinesejews.com%2Fother-ancient-communities%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNingbo%2520%28%25E5%25AE%2581%25E6%25B3%25A2%29%26text%3DThe%25201489%2520stone%2520tablet%2520mentioned%2Ctwo%2520Torah%2520scrolls%2520in%25201461.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsina_mobile2008" class="citation web cs1">sina_mobile (23 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sina.cn/sa/2008-07-23/detail-ikftpnny4041491.d.html">"宁波和宁波人：蓝色的向往"</a>. <i>news.sina.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sina.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%9A%E8%93%9D%E8%89%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%91%E5%BE%80&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft.au=sina_mobile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.cn%2Fsa%2F2008-07-23%2Fdetail-ikftpnny4041491.d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cctv.com/world/20070830/109342.shtml">"CCTV.com-闲谈"中国犹太人"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>news.cctv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.cctv.com&rft.atitle=CCTV.com-%E9%97%B2%E8%B0%88%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2Fworld%2F20070830%2F109342.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newnbb.com/article/20180226/13024.html">"这就是被誉为"中国的犹太人"的宁波人"</a>. <i>寧波幫頭條 newnbb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%AF%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B9%AB%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D+newnbb.com&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%99%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E8%A2%AB%E8%AA%89%E4%B8%BA%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%22%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E4%BA%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewnbb.com%2Farticle%2F20180226%2F13024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2021" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Phillip I., ed. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxU_EAAAQBAJ&dq=convert+islam+kaifeng+jews&pg=PT401"><i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009038591" title="Special:BookSources/9781009038591"><bdi>9781009038591</bdi></a>. <q>... the Jewish presence in the city predates this year.242 According to the 1489 inscription, the founders of the Kaifeng ... while others state that the Jews of Beijing and Nanjing converted to Islam.249 The same Ricci was the first to ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+5%2C+Jews+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781009038591&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxU_EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconvert%2Bislam%2Bkaifeng%2Bjews%26pg%3DPT401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichLiang2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, M. Avrum; Liang, Pingan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfUl2vKpo2wC&dq=convert+islam+kaifeng+jews&pg=PA194">"Part V KAIFENG JEWISH DESCENDANTS 14 THE CONTEMPORARY CONDITION OF THE JEWISH DESCENDANTS OF KAIFENG"</a>. In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.). <i>The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations</i>. Routledge Jewish Studies Series (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134105533" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134105533"><bdi>978-1134105533</bdi></a>. <q>Out of the seven original clans of Kaifeng Jews, the Zhang clan was said to have converted to Islam in the beginning of the twentieth century with the decline of the community and the problems in that period of China's history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V+KAIFENG+JEWISH+DESCENDANTS+14+THE+CONTEMPORARY+CONDITION+OF+THE+JEWISH+DESCENDANTS+OF+KAIFENG&rft.btitle=The+Jewish-Chinese+Nexus%3A+A+Meeting+of+Civilizations&rft.series=Routledge+Jewish+Studies+Series&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1134105533&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=M.+Avrum&rft.au=Liang%2C+Pingan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfUl2vKpo2wC%26dq%3Dconvert%2Bislam%2Bkaifeng%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubov" class="citation book cs1">Dubov, Kalman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5VREAAAQBAJ&dq=convert+islam+kaifeng+jews&pg=PT128"><i>Journey to the People's Republic of China; Review & Analysis</i></a>. Kalman Dubov. <q>Most of the Zhang converted to Islam. Jews who managed the synagogues were called mullahs. A high number of Kaifeng Jews passed the difficult Chinese Civil Service examination during the Ming Dynasty. Four inscriptions from 1489, 1512, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%3B+Review+%26+Analysis&rft.pub=Kalman+Dubov&rft.aulast=Dubov&rft.aufirst=Kalman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5VREAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconvert%2Bislam%2Bkaifeng%2Bjews%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1998" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Jonathan, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC&dq=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng&pg=PA119"><i>The Jews of China</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/076563631X" title="Special:BookSources/076563631X"><bdi>076563631X</bdi></a>. <q>A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : " If an Israelite or a ger [ apparently, a convert from outside Cochin ] marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+China&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=076563631X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z6DlzyT2vwC%26dq%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinSchwartz2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Jonathan; Schwartz, Benjamin I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8rKBgAAQBAJ&dq=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng&pg=PT182"><i>The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317456049" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317456049"><bdi>978-1317456049</bdi></a>. <q>Some ancestor rituals may still be carried out by Kaifeng Jewish descent groups today; it is hoped that ongoing ... a convert from outside Cochin] marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+China%3A+v.+1%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317456049&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Benjamin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8rKBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1952" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Czbvp49IFaQC&dq=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng&pg=PA617"><i>A Social and Religious History of the Jews: Late Middle Ages and the era of European expansion, 1200-1650</i></a>. Vol. 18. Columbia University Press. p. 617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231088558" title="Special:BookSources/0231088558"><bdi>0231088558</bdi></a>. <q>Characteristically, however, the Jewish people did not observe special memorial days for most of its ancient and ... No one seems to have seriously questioned the permissibility of the Kaifeng Jews marrying more than one wife.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+and+Religious+History+of+the+Jews%3A+Late+Middle+Ages+and+the+era+of+European+expansion%2C+1200-1650&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=0231088558&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Salo+Wittmayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCzbvp49IFaQC%26dq%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng%26pg%3DPA617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2017" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Donald Daniel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj0rDwAAQBAJ&dq=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng&pg=PA68">"INTEGRATION, ASSIMILATION, AND SURVIVAL OF MINORITIES IN CHINA: THE CASE OF THE KAIFENG JEWS"</a>. In Malek, Roman (ed.). <i>From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China</i>. Routledge. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351566292" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351566292"><bdi>978-1351566292</bdi></a>. <q>In any case, the Kaifeng Jews did not stand out as an exotic community, for there were a large number of Muslims there, ... and they did not intermarry.93 According to most authorities, many Jews finally assimilated to Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=INTEGRATION%2C+ASSIMILATION%2C+AND+SURVIVAL+OF+MINORITIES+IN+CHINA%3A+THE+CASE+OF+THE+KAIFENG+JEWS&rft.btitle=From+Kaifeng+to+Shanghai%3A+Jews+in+China&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351566292&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Donald+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTj0rDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2001" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Sidney (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dd8-AQAAIAAJ&q=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng"><i>Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781808332" title="Special:BookSources/0781808332"><bdi>0781808332</bdi></a>. <q>Muslim religious strictures required anyone, whether man or woman, who married a Muslim to convert to Islam . ... An San, a Kaifeng Jew, was awarded a rank of Third Grade, because of services he had rendered to the court ... -followers were not assimilated into the Han population. Jews who married Muslims had to embrace Islam. This is one of the reasons the Jews were assimilated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Old+China%3A+Studies+by+Chinese+Scholars&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0781808332&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddd8-AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Isadore_SchwartzFrank_Joseph_Shulman1999" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Isadore Schwartz; Frank Joseph Shulman (1999). Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbhtAAAAMAAJ&q=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng"><i>The Jews of China: Historical and comparative perspectives</i></a>. East Gate book. Vol. 1. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765601036" title="Special:BookSources/0765601036"><bdi>0765601036</bdi></a>. <q>A 1757 regulation in the Paradesi record book stated : " If an Israelite or a ger (apparently, a convert from outside Cochin) marries a woman from the daughters ... of the mshuchrarim, the sons who are born to them go after the ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+China%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.series=East+Gate+book&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0765601036&rft.au=Benjamin+Isadore+Schwartz&rft.au=Frank+Joseph+Shulman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbhtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laQwAQAAIAAJ&q=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng"><i>Points East, Volumes 1-7</i></a>. Sino-Judaic Institute. 1986. p. 8. <q>Even the first generation of a mixed marriage will often find the offspring only too happy to escape into the non ... Though the Jews converted to Islam, they apparently retained a Jewish coloration, much like Jews to convert to ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Points+East%2C+Volumes+1-7&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Sino-Judaic+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaQwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_PollakBet_ha-tefutsot1984" class="citation book cs1">Michael Pollak; Bet ha-tefutsot (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLhtAAAAMAAJ&q=jewish+women+converting+mohammedanism+marry+kaifeng"><i>קהילת קאפינג: Chinese Jews on the Banks of the Yellow River</i></a> [<i>The Jews of Kaifeng</i>]. Tel Aviv, Israel: Bet Hatefutsoth, The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. <q>The community was also weakened by repeated natural, military and economic catastrophes that Kaifeng experienced over the centuries. Fire and flood took their toll,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%3A+Chinese+Jews+on+the+Banks+of+the+Yellow+River&rft.place=Tel+Aviv%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Bet+Hatefutsoth%2C+The+Nahum+Goldman+Museum+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Michael+Pollak&rft.au=Bet+ha-tefutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLhtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djewish%2Bwomen%2Bconverting%2Bmohammedanism%2Bmarry%2Bkaifeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interfaithfamily.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interfaithfamily.com_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithfamily.com/news_and_opinion/synagogues_and_the_jewish_community/The_Truth_About_Matrilineal_Descent.shtml">"The Truth About Matrilineal Descent"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2011" class="citation web cs1">Haas, Benjamin (16 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-oct-16-la-fg-china-jews-20111016-story.html">"Chinese Jews feel more at home in Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Jews+feel+more+at+home+in+Israel&rft.date=2011-10-16&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fla-xpm-2011-oct-16-la-fg-china-jews-20111016-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isgap.org/fellows/">"Research Fellows » ISGAP"</a>. <i>isgap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isgap.org&rft.atitle=Research+Fellows+%C2%BB+ISGAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisgap.org%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/israel/losttribes3.html">"NOVA Online | Lost Tribes of Israel | Where are the Ten Lost Tribes? (3)"</a>. Pbs.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOVA+Online+%26%23124%3B+Lost+Tribes+of+Israel+%26%23124%3B+Where+are+the+Ten+Lost+Tribes%3F+%283%29&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fisrael%2Flosttribes3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisz, Tiberiu. <i>The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China</i>. New York: iUniverse, 2006 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-37340-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-37340-2">0-595-37340-2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4cTxL3MF3YC&dq=jerusalem+titus+china+jews&pg=PA70">Alfred Edelsheim. History of the Jewish Nation after the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus. Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 71.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-1234-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-1234-0">1-4179-1234-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan2005" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Guang (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAERhwKL9xsC&pg=PT11"><i>The Jews in China</i></a>. 五洲传播出版社. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787508507507" title="Special:BookSources/9787508507507"><bdi>9787508507507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+China&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9787508507507&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Guang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAERhwKL9xsC%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broomhall1910_2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broomhall1910_2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broomhall1910_2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Broomhall1910" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Broomhall (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ"><i>Islam in China: A Neglected Problem</i></a>. Morgan & Scott, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ/page/n206">176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China%3A+A+Neglected+Problem&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Scott%2C+Limited&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Marshall+Broomhall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Encyclopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broomhall1910_3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broomhall1910_3_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Broomhall1910" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Broomhall (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ"><i>Islam in China: A Neglected Problem</i></a>. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ/page/n206">176</a>–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China%3A+A+Neglected+Problem&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Scott%2C+Limited&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Marshall+Broomhall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAAWkYBNu5sC&dq=china+jewish+orientalist&pg=PA153">Xu Xin, <i>The Jews of Kaifeng, China. History, Culture, and Religion</i>. p.153, Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 2003.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-791-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-791-5">0-88125-791-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-791-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-791-5">978-0-88125-791-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.153, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1">0-306-48321-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Ferrand1922" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Ferrand, ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagedumarchand00sirauoft"><i>Voyage du marchand arabe Sulaymân en Inde et en Chine, rédigé en 851, suivi de remarques par Abû Zayd Hasan (vers 916)</i></a>. Paris Éditions Bossard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagedumarchand00sirauoft/page/76">76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+du+marchand+arabe+Sulaym%C3%A2n+en+Inde+et+en+Chine%2C+r%C3%A9dig%C3%A9+en+851%2C+suivi+de+remarques+par+Ab%C3%BB+Zayd+Hasan+%28vers+916%29&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Paris+%C3%89ditions+Bossard&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagedumarchand00sirauoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HirschmanYates2014-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HirschmanYates2014_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Caldwell_HirschmanDonald_N._Yates2014" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman; Donald N. Yates (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zq9iAwAAQBAJ&q=There+they+embark+on+the+Euphrates+and+reach+Baghdad%2C+whence+they+sail+down+the+Tigris%2C+to+al-Obolla.+From+al-Obolla+they+sail+for+Oman%2C+Sindh%2C+Hind%2C+and+China.&pg=PA51"><i>The Early Jews and Muslims of England and Wales: A Genetic and Genealogical History</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7684-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-7684-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Jews+and+Muslims+of+England+and+Wales%3A+A+Genetic+and+Genealogical+History&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7684-8&rft.au=Elizabeth+Caldwell+Hirschman&rft.au=Donald+N.+Yates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzq9iAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThere%2Bthey%2Bembark%2Bon%2Bthe%2BEuphrates%2Band%2Breach%2BBaghdad%252C%2Bwhence%2Bthey%2Bsail%2Bdown%2Bthe%2BTigris%252C%2Bto%2Bal-Obolla.%2BFrom%2Bal-Obolla%2Bthey%2Bsail%2Bfor%2BOman%252C%2BSindh%252C%2BHind%252C%2Band%2BChina.%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SteinStein1907-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SteinStein1907_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Aurel_SteinSir_Aurel_Stein1907" class="citation book cs1">Mark Aurel Stein; Sir Aurel Stein (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181484"><i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181484/page/n668">572</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Khotan%3A+Detailed+Report+of+Archaeological+Explorations+in+Chinese+Turkestan&rft.pages=572-&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Mark+Aurel+Stein&rft.au=Sir+Aurel+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.181484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=chinggis+khan+forbidden+halal&pg=PA24"><i>China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</i></a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26q%3Dchinggis%2Bkhan%2Bforbidden%2Bhalal%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2010" class="citation book cs1">Johan Elverskog (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4237-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-4237-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>. <q>halal chinggis khan you are our slaves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4237-9&rft.au=Johan+Elverskog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismislamons0000elve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Daniel_Leslie1998" class="citation web cs1">Donald Daniel Leslie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124011615/http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf">"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Integration+of+Religious+Minorities+in+China%3A+The+Case+of+Chinese+Muslims&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+Fifty-ninth+George+Ernest+Morrison+Lecture+in+Ethnology&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Donald+Daniel+Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicpopulation.com%2Fasia%2FChina%2FChina_integration%2520of%2520religious%2520minority.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkGnssTpGu4C&dq=%22zhao+xiangru%22+kaifeng&pg=PR20">M. Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.). The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations. Routledge, UK, 2008.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45715-6">978-0-415-45715-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1945" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Hsiang Wen (1945). "An Early Chinese Source on the Kaifeng Jewish Community". <i>Folklore Studies</i>. <b>4</b>: 327–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3182906">10.2307/3182906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3182906">3182906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Early+Chinese+Source+on+the+Kaifeng+Jewish+Community&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=327-331&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3182906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3182906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Hsiang+Wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haruth.com/AsiaKaifeng.html">A Visit to Kaifeng by Beverly Friend Ph.D.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029124140/http://www.kulanu.org/china/kaifeng_learns.php">"Kaifeng Jewish Descendants"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulanu.org/china/kaifeng_learns.php">the original</a> on 29 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaifeng+Jewish+Descendants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulanu.org%2Fchina%2Fkaifeng_learns.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricci-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ricci_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ricci_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Christiana_expeditione_apud_Sinas" title="De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas">De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas</a></i>, Book One, Chapter 11. Pages 107-111 in the English translation: Gallagher (1953). "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci", Random House, New York, 1953. The Latin original text, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ">De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu</a> can be found on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. The corresponding text is on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLsWAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA123">pages 131 and onward</a> of Book One of the Latin text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04kdAAAAMAAJ&q=mohammedan+roll+law+purchase"><i>Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1</i></a>. s.n. 1863. p. 48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Japanese+repository+of+facts+and+events+in+science%2C+history+and+art%2C+relating+to+Eastern+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04kdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmohammedan%2Broll%2Blaw%2Bpurchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04kdAAAAMAAJ&q=mohammedans+and+jews+fraternal+link"><i>Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1</i></a>. s.n. 1863. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Japanese+repository+of+facts+and+events+in+science%2C+history+and+art%2C+relating+to+Eastern+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04kdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmohammedans%2Band%2Bjews%2Bfraternal%2Blink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04kdAAAAMAAJ&q=mohammedan+jews+embraced+religion+koran"><i>Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1</i></a>. s.n. 1863. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+and+Japanese+repository+of+facts+and+events+in+science%2C+history+and+art%2C+relating+to+Eastern+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04kdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmohammedan%2Bjews%2Bembraced%2Breligion%2Bkoran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Thomas_Walker_Arnold1896" class="citation book cs1">Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingislama00arnogoog"><i>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith</i></a>. A. Constable and co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preachingislama00arnogoog/page/n275">249</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>muslim community added to its numbers accession chinese jews converted islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+preaching+of+Islam%3A+a+history+of+the+propagation+of+the+Muslim+faith&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=A.+Constable+and+co.&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Sir+Thomas+Walker+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreachingislama00arnogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 47: "Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, it is likely, as suggested by many scholars, that several of the Kaifeng Jews did convert to Islam rather than simply being swallowed up in the Buddhist or Confucian multitude. Today, a number of Muslims (and possibly non-Muslims) have discovered that their ancestors were Kaifeng Jews.108... 108 Jin Xiaojing 金效靜, 1981, translated in Points East 1.1 (Jan 1986), 1, 4-5 . She discovered she was of Jewish descent when on the hajj to Mecca!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">金效静;;中国的犹太人[J];社会科学战线;1981年04期</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 196: "Islamic works translated into Chinese played a very important role in the popularization of Islam . At the same time, many Jews who did not like to abandon their tradition converted to Islam and were known as the “ Huihui with blue hats A 藍帽回回” . The missionary work of Christians from the beginning of the 17th century and the Chinese Bible did not affect them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 106: "Others said he may indeed be from the Zhang clan, but that the clan (one of the "Seven Surnames") had apparently converted to Islam over a century ago."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 18: "26 Some of those who converted to Islam, like the Zhang family, still seem to cherish this past as well and consider themselves as "fake Moslems". This has been confirmed by Zhang Qianhong and Li Jingwen in "Some Observations ...," 2000, p. 165."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 48: "This also involves a difficult study of the relations that existed between the Kaifeng Jews and Muslims there. A number of Jewish descendants converted to Islam rather than melting into the general populations. What is their attitude to Judaism now?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKupfer2008">Kupfer (2008)</a>, p. 50: "It is clear from Shi's later descriptions that many of the tombstones he saw were Muslim rather than Jewish, though one, he claimed, read "Religion of Israel" in Hebrew. In Hangzhou, according to Ricci in 1608, there had been a synagogue. We can only wonder whether the Jews there had a separate cemetery of their own or were accepted by the Muslims in their special cemetery."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walgrove-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walgrove_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalgrove2011" class="citation web cs1">Walgrove, Amanda (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentmag.com/jewish-history-in-china-boosting-sino-israeli-relations/">"Jewish History in China Boosting Sino-Israeli Relations"</a>. <i>Moment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moment&rft.atitle=Jewish+History+in+China+Boosting+Sino-Israeli+Relations&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.aulast=Walgrove&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.momentmag.com%2Fjewish-history-in-china-boosting-sino-israeli-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eikenburg-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eikenburg_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>Speaking of China</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speaking+of+China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jpost.com-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jpost.com_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/FUNDAMENTALLY-FREUND-Stop-the-crackdown-on-Chinas-Jews-467140">"Stopping the crackdown on China's Jews - Opinion - Jerusalem Post"</a>. Jpost.com. 8 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stopping+the+crackdown+on+China%27s+Jews+-+Opinion+-+Jerusalem+Post&rft.pub=Jpost.com&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FFUNDAMENTALLY-FREUND-Stop-the-crackdown-on-Chinas-Jews-467140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.159, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1">0-306-48321-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Fuliang Shan, “‘A Proud and Creative Jewish Community:’ The Harbin Diaspora, Jewish Memory and Sino-Israeli Relations,” American Review of China Studies, Fall 2008, pp.15-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik1989" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofchinese00dirl"><i>The Origins of Chinese Communism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505454-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chinese+Communism&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505454-5&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofchinese00dirl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berton-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berton_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berton, Peter. The Evolution of Sino-Israeli Relations. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. IV, No. 3. September 2010, pp. 69–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/71page18.html">Shanghai Jews as seen by Chinese</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Minter2006" class="citation news cs1">Adam Minter (15 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Reln270/Shanghai%20Jew%20returns.htm">"Return of a Shanghai Jew"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Return+of+a+Shanghai+Jew&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft.au=Adam+Minter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kenyon.edu%2FDepts%2FReligion%2FFac%2FAdler%2FReln270%2FShanghai%2520Jew%2520returns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200511/11/eng20051111_220515.html">"Former Jewish refugees revisit Shanghai Ark"</a>. <i>People's Daily / Xinhua</i>. 11 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+%2F+Xinhua&rft.atitle=Former+Jewish+refugees+revisit+Shanghai+Ark&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200511%2F11%2Feng20051111_220515.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTokayerSwartz2004" class="citation book cs1">Tokayer, Marvin; Swartz, Mary (31 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5dCY1mp2R2gC&q=fugu+plan+hanin"><i>The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story of the Japanese and the Jews During World War II</i></a>. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652293299" title="Special:BookSources/9789652293299"><bdi>9789652293299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fugu+Plan%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Japanese+and+the+Jews+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House+Ltd&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft.isbn=9789652293299&rft.aulast=Tokayer&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5dCY1mp2R2gC%26q%3Dfugu%2Bplan%2Bhanin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.155, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1">0-306-48321-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Messmer, Matthias (26 June 2008). "China's Realities from the Viewpoints of "Foreign Experts"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfUl2vKpo2wC"><i>The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10553-3"><bdi>978-1-134-10553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Realities+from+the+Viewpoints+of+%22Foreign+Experts%22&rft.btitle=The+Jewish-Chinese+Nexus%3A+A+Meeting+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10553-3&rft.aulast=Messmer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfUl2vKpo2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-07/27/content_463688.htm">A Chinese Jew's tale of adversity and triumph</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629190905/http://www.sino-judaic.org/index.php?page=about_us">"The Sino-Judaic Institute"</a>. <i>sino-judaic.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-judaic.org/index.php?page=about_us">the original</a> on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sino-judaic.org&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Judaic+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-judaic.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dabout_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629190954/http://www.sino-judaic.org/index.php?page=contact_us">"The Sino-Judaic Institute"</a>. <i>sino-judaic.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-judaic.org/index.php?page=contact_us">the original</a> on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sino-judaic.org&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Judaic+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-judaic.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dcontact_us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Religion Journal; A Professor in Nanjing Takes Up Jewish Studies" by Gustav Niebuhr <i>New York Times,</i> March 13, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00EEDA153EF930A25750C0A96F958260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">full text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebeijingguide.com/tour_pdf/Shanghai_1_day_Jewish_tour.pdf">One Day Private Shanghai Jewish Culture Tour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119214632/http://www.thebeijingguide.com/tour_pdf/Shanghai_1_day_Jewish_tour.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.pl-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&dq=kaifeng+jin+seven+names+chinese&pg=PA517">Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Vol. I, Jewish Diaspora in China by Xu Xin, p.162, Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (Eds.), Springer 2004</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-48321-1">0-306-48321-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100908053245/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/visit/re-open-shanghais-jewish-history-friday-nights-038520">"Shanghai's Jews celebrate historic synagogue reopening"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/visit/re-open-shanghais-jewish-history-friday-nights-038520">the original</a> on 8 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shanghai%27s+Jews+celebrate+historic+synagogue+reopening&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnngo.com%2Fshanghai%2Fvisit%2Fre-open-shanghais-jewish-history-friday-nights-038520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maven.co.il/synagogues/synagogues-search.asp?C=369">Synagogues in China</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishcentershanghai.com">Jewish Community Shanghai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2009" class="citation cs2">Marx, Patricia (5 January 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/01/05/kosher-takeout">"Kosher Takeout: Supervising a food-production boom"</a>, <i>The New Yorker</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Kosher+Takeout%3A+Supervising+a+food-production+boom&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2009%2F01%2F05%2Fkosher-takeout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/283410/cities-of-ice">"Dara Horn's 'Cities of Ice': A Dispatch From Frozen Harbin, Where Jews Once Flourished, and Melted Away"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dara+Horn%27s+%27Cities+of+Ice%27%3A+A+Dispatch+From+Frozen+Harbin%2C+Where+Jews+Once+Flourished%2C+and+Melted+Away&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-arts-and-culture%2F283410%2Fcities-of-ice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Dr Yvette Alt (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/jw/s/Chinas-Crackdown-on-the-Jewish-Community-of-Kaifeng.html">"China's Crackdown on the Jewish Community of Kaifeng"</a>. <i>aishcom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aishcom&rft.atitle=China%27s+Crackdown+on+the+Jewish+Community+of+Kaifeng&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Dr+Yvette+Alt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjw%2Fs%2FChinas-Crackdown-on-the-Jewish-Community-of-Kaifeng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrekke2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brekke, Torkel (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjrv202142689">"Islamophobia and Antisemitism are Different in Their Potential for Globalization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_and_Violence" title="Journal of Religion and Violence">Journal of Religion and Violence</a></i>. <b>9</b>: 80–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjrv202142689">10.5840/jrv202142689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236624482">236624482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Violence&rft.atitle=Islamophobia+and+Antisemitism+are+Different+in+Their+Potential+for+Globalization&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=80-100&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjrv202142689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236624482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brekke&rft.aufirst=Torkel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5840%252Fjrv202142689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedzini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Medzini, Meron (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2013.11446543">"China, the Holocaust, and the Birth of the Jewish State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Journal_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs">Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2013.11446543">10.1080/23739770.2013.11446543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9770">2373-9770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141756296">141756296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Jewish+State&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-145&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141756296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-9770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2013.11446543&rft.aulast=Medzini&rft.aufirst=Meron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23739770.2013.11446543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/events/china-a-land-without-anti-semitism/">"China: A Land Without Anti-Semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewish_Heritage" title="Museum of Jewish Heritage">Museum of Jewish Heritage</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114144613/https://mjhnyc.org/events/china-a-land-without-anti-semitism/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage&rft.atitle=China%3A+A+Land+Without+Anti-Semitism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjhnyc.org%2Fevents%2Fchina-a-land-without-anti-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinslie2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ainslie, Mary J. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741020000302">"Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft: Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>. <b>245</b>: 208–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741020000302">10.1017/S0305741020000302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218827042">218827042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Chinese+Philosemitism+and+Historical+Statecraft%3A+Incorporating+Jews+and+Israel+into+Contemporary+Chinese+Civilizationism&rft.volume=245&rft.pages=208-226&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218827042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-7410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741020000302&rft.aulast=Ainslie&rft.aufirst=Mary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741020000302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/politics-current-affairs/2023/03/the-chinese-thinker-who-claims-that-the-jews-are-his-countrys-number-one-enemy/">"The Chinese Thinker Who Claims That the Jews Are His Country's Number-One Enemy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a></i>. 31 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015033/https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/politics-current-affairs/2023/03/the-chinese-thinker-who-claims-that-the-jews-are-his-countrys-number-one-enemy/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Thinker+Who+Claims+That+the+Jews+Are+His+Country%27s+Number-One+Enemy&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fpicks%2Fpolitics-current-affairs%2F2023%2F03%2Fthe-chinese-thinker-who-claims-that-the-jews-are-his-countrys-number-one-enemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:2_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaime2023" class="citation news cs1">Haime, Jordyn (18 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/07/18/jewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china/">"Jewish Conspiracy Theories are Finding an Audience in China"</a>. <i>China Media Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718081641/https://chinamediaproject.org/2023/07/18/jewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Media+Project&rft.atitle=Jewish+Conspiracy+Theories+are+Finding+an+Audience+in+China&rft.date=2023-07-18&rft.aulast=Haime&rft.aufirst=Jordyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinamediaproject.org%2F2023%2F07%2F18%2Fjewish-conspiracy-theories-find-an-audience-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_WSJ2014-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_WSJ2014_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2014" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Bob (14 May 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-22161">"Is China Anti-Semitic? One Jew's Reflections"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109170744/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-22161">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+China+Anti-Semitic%3F+One+Jew%27s+Reflections&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-CJB-22161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antisemitism_in_China_:4-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antisemitism_in_China_:4_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXun2019" class="citation cs2">Xun, Zhou (31 December 2019), Ross, James R.; Lihong, Song (eds.), "Perceiving Jews in Modern China", <i>The Image of Jews in Contemporary China</i>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Studies_Press" title="Academic Studies Press">Academic Studies Press</a>, pp. 5–23, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781618114211-003">10.1515/9781618114211-003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-421-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61811-421-1"><bdi>978-1-61811-421-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Image+of+Jews+in+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Perceiving+Jews+in+Modern+China&rft.pages=5-23&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781618114211-003&rft.isbn=978-1-61811-421-1&rft.aulast=Xun&rft.aufirst=Zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Works cited</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupfer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kupfer, Peter, ed. (2008). <i>Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China</i>. FASK, Publikationen des Fachbereichs Angewandte Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz in Germersheim: Abhandlungen und Sammelbände. Vol. 47. Universität Mainz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631575338" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631575338"><bdi>978-3631575338</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0941-9543">0941-9543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youtai+-+Presence+and+Perception+of+Jews+and+Judaism+in+China&rft.series=FASK%2C+Publikationen+des+Fachbereichs+Angewandte+Sprach-+und+Kulturwissenschaft+der+Johannes+Gutenberg-Universit%C3%A4t+Mainz+in+Germersheim%3A+Abhandlungen+und+Sammelb%C3%A4nde&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Mainz&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0941-9543&rft.isbn=978-3631575338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a> (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>30</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779835">29779835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Presence+in+Imperial+China&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29779835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=461&letter=C">"China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D461%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>Chinese and Japanese repository of facts and events in science, history and art, relating to Eastern Asia, Volume 1<i>, a publication from 1863, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith<i>, by Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, a publication from 1896, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adler, Marcus N. "Chinese Jews." <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i> 13.1 (1900): 18-41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450663.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Eber, Irene, and Kathryn Hellerstein, eds. <i>Jews in China: Cultural Conversations, Changing Perceptions</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jews-China-Conversations-Perceptions-Imagination/dp/0271092149/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Ehrlich, M. Avrum. <i>Jews and Judaism in modern China</i> (Routledge, 2009).</li> <li>Finn, James. <i>The Jews in China: Their Synagogue, Their Scriptures, Their History</i> (1843) very old guide <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neS7Q5Imp4MC&dq=jews+in+China&pg=PA1">online</a>.</li> <li>Katz, Yossi. "The Jews of China and their Contribution to the Establishment of the Jewish National Home in Palestine in the First Half of the Twentieth Century." <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> 46.4 (2010): 543-554.</li> <li>Kaufman, Jonathan. <i>The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern China</i> (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Kings-Shanghai-Jewish-Dynasties/dp/0735224439/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Laytner, Anson, and Jordan Paper, <i>The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance</i> (Lexington Books, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a> (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>30</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779835">29779835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Presence+in+Imperial+China&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29779835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Loewenthal, Rudolf. "The nomenclature of Jews in China." <i>Monumenta Serica</i> 12.1 (1947): 97-126.</li> <li>Malek, Roman. <i>From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China</i> (Routledge, 2017).</li> <li>Neubauer, Adolf. "Jews in China." <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i> 8.1 (1895): 123-139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1450031.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Paper, Jordan. <i>The Theology of the Kaifeng Jews, 1000–1850</i> (Wilfrid Laurier UP, 2012)</li> <li>Perlmann, S. M. <i>The History of the Jews in China</i> (R. Mazin, 1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ7Dj2-JanAC&dq=jews+in+China&pg=PA5">online</a>.</li> <li>Pollack, Michael. <i>Mandarins, Jews, and Missionaries: the Jewish experience in the Chinese Empire</i>, (New York: Weatherhill, 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0419-7">978-0-8348-0419-7</a>.</li> <li>Wald, Shalom Salomon. <i>China and the Jewish People</i> (2004)</li> <li>White, William Charles. <i>Chinese Jews</i>, (2nd ed, Paragon, 1966).</li> <li>Xu, Xin. <i>The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion</i> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofkaifengchi0000xuxi">online</a></li> <li>Xun, Zhou. <i>Chinese Perceptions of the Jews' and Judaism: A History of the Youtai</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Zane, Nicholas. <i>Jews in China: A History of Struggle</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jews-China-Struggle-Nicholas-Zhang/dp/1916103707/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_Memory">Historiography and Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historiography and Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goldstein, Jonathan, and Benjamin I. Schwartz. <i>The Jews of China: v. 1: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i> (Routledge, 2015).</li> <li>Goldstein, Jonathan. <i>The Jews of China: v. 2: A Sourcebook and Research Guide</i> (Routledge, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsofchina0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Raiskin, Shlomy. "A Bibliography on Chinese Jewry", <i>Moreshet Israel</i> (Journal of Judaism, Zionism and Eretz-Israel), No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 60–85.</li> <li>Ross, James R. et al. eds. <i>The Image of Jews in Contemporary China</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Jewish-Identities-Post-Modern-Society/dp/1618117688/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Shapiro, Sidney. <i>Jews in Old China, Studies by Chinese Scholars</i>, (Hippocrene Books, 1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsinoldchinast0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Shulman, Frank Joseph. "The Chinese Jews and the Jewish Diasporas in China from the Tang Period (CE 618-906) through the Mid-1990s: A Selected Bibliography." <i>The Jews of China</i> (Routledge, 2018) pp. 157–183.</li> <li>Song, Lihong. "From 'Jews in China' to 'Jews and China'." <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i> 17.4 (2018): 487-495.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the Jews in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bangladesh" title="History of the Jews in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Taiwan" title="History of the Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hong_Kong" title="History of the Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><u>Underlined</u>: the 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China#Ethnic_groups_recognized_by_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">recognized ethnic groups</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people" title="Chuanqing people">Chuanqing</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_people" title="Longjia people">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_people" title="Waxiang people">Waxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jino</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong" title="Kucong">Kucong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixingmin_people" title="Qixingmin people">Qixingmin</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_people" title="Baima people">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishmi_people" title="Mishmi people">Deng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lhoba_people" title="Lhoba people">Lhoba</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu" title="Bolyu">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Kunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mang people">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Pakan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Ta'ang</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Vietnamese</a>(<a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Jingzu</a>)</u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_China" title="Filipinos in China">Filipino</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Gaoshan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_people" title="Gejia people">Gejia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_Mongols" title="Abaga Mongols">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaganar" title="Abaganar">Abaganar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aohans" title="Aohans">Aohans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaids">Jalaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khishigten" title="Khishigten">Khishigten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_people" title="Gin people">Khuuchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muumyangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muumyangan">Muumyangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onnigud" class="mw-redirect" title="Onnigud">Onnigud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_people" title="Buyang people">Buyang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kam_people" title="Kam people">Dong</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Gelao_people" title="Gelao people">Gelao</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maonan_people" title="Maonan people">Maonan</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Mulao_people" title="Mulao people">Mulao</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_people" title="Qabiao people">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_people" title="Yang people">Yang</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solon_people" title="Solon people">Solon</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nanai_people" title="Nanai people">Nanai</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_people" title="Oroqen people">Oroqen</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibes</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolan_people" title="Dolan people">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk People">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakh</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatar</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></u> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_China" title="Nepalis in China">Nepalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daman_people" title="Daman people">Daman</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">Russians</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Tajiks (Pamiris)</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">African Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoxianzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoxianzu">Chaoxianzu</a>)</u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_China" title="Pakistanis in China">Pakistanis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">Unrecognized ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_China" title="Immigration to China">Immigrant ethnic groups in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Historic ethnic groups</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Religion_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_China" title="Template:Religion in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_China" title="Template talk:Religion in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Religion_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Major religions in China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk ritual ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in China">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/106px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_China" title="Baháʼí Faith in China">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian folk religion">Mongolian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northeast_China" title="Religion in Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Religion in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Religious_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Religious System">Regional Religious System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_Persecution_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichang Persecution of Buddhism">Huichang Persecution of Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3137454#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009127829">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559563905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&oldid=1256857200">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&oldid=1256857200</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Jews" title="Category:Chinese Jews">Chinese Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Category:Ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Chinese_history" title="Category:Jewish Chinese history">Jewish Chinese history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_China" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in China">Jews and Judaism in China</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_requires_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: requires URL">CS1 errors: requires URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2016">Articles that may contain original research from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1906_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 22:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_China&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bxzm6","wgBackendResponseTime":120,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.262","walltime":"1.479","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23502,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":354854,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20287,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":380051,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1241.070 1 -total"," 36.22% 449.458 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.17% 175.878 1 Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar"," 13.96% 173.286 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.73% 157.949 4 Template:Navbox"," 11.71% 145.276 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 11.20% 138.970 6 Template:Sidebar"," 8.74% 108.446 28 Template:Cite_book"," 8.12% 100.753 56 Template:Iso2country"," 6.93% 86.003 6 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.702","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19014296,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Minter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaron1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin_Isadore_SchwartzFrank_Joseph_Shulman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Daniel_Leslie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrlichLiang2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_Caldwell_HirschmanDonald_N._Yates2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel_Ferrand1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinSchwartz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKupfer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe1988\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Aurel_SteinSir_Aurel_Stein1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Broomhall1910\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarx2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessmer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_PollakBet_ha-tefutsot1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Thomas_Walker_Arnold1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokayerSwartz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalgrove2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsina_mobile2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Jews In China\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in China\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Excessive citations inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"JewishEncyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-old-text\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion in China\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n [\"•\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-lxzkk","timestamp":"20241124160833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of the Jews in China","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Jews_in_China","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3137454","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3137454","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-22T10:31:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T22:28:12Z","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>