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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Mogontiacum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Mogontiacum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roman Mogontiacum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Mogontiacum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_Mainz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_Mainz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Frankish Mainz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_Mainz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Mainz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Mainz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Christian Mainz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Mainz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early Jewish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Mainz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Mainz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Republic of Mainz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Mainz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhenish_Hesse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhenish_Hesse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rhenish Hesse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhenish_Hesse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Industrial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Foreign populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-USC_Mainz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USC_Mainz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>USC Mainz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USC_Mainz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainz_Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainz_Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Mainz Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainz_Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wine_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Wine centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Other industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.1</span> <span>Operational usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Public transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Air transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mainz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BD" title="ማይንጽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማይንጽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ماينتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماينتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganza" title="Maganza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maganza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayns" title="Mayns – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mayns" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ماینتس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماینتس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meguncia" title="Meguncia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Meguncia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%BAncia" title="Magúncia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magúncia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_(kapital_sa_estado_pederal)" title="Mainz (kapital sa estado pederal) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mainz (kapital sa estado pederal)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohu%C4%8D" title="Mohuč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mohuč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenz" title="Meenz – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Meenz" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Μάιντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάιντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguncia" title="Maguncia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maguncia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majenco" title="Majenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ماینتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماینتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayence" title="Mayence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mayence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguncia" title="Maguncia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Maguncia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌼𐌰𐌾𐌽𐍄𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌾𐌽𐍄𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%B8%A0" title="마인츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마인츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Մայնց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայնց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="मैन्ज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैन्ज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohu%C4%8D" title="Mohuč – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mohuč" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonza" title="Magonza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magonza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="מיינץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיינץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="მაინცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაინცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moguntiacum" title="Moguntiacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moguntiacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainca" title="Mainca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mainca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maincas" title="Maincas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maincas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magunza" title="Magunza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magunza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Мајнц – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајнц" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="माइंत्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माइंत्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ماينتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماينتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84" title="マインツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マインツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maian%C3%A7a" title="Maiança – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maiança" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B2" title="مائنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%85" title="ماینڅ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماینڅ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonsa" title="Magonsa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Magonsa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moguncja" title="Moguncja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moguncja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonza" title="Magonza – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Magonza" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majnci" title="Majnci – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Majnci" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magonza" title="Magonza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magonza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ماینتس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماینتس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Мајнц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајнц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguncia" title="Maguncia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maguncia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ไมนทซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไมนทซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Майнц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майнц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="مینز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainc" title="Mainc – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mainc" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8" title="美因茨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美因茨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="מיינץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיינץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" title="緬恩斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="緬恩斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mainz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%A0%E8%8C%A8" title="美因茨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美因茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1720#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mainz&params=49_59_58_N_08_16_25_E_type:city(220552)_region:DE-RP"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°59′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°16′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.99944°N 8.27361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.99944; 8.27361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Germany. For the light cruiser, see <a href="/wiki/SMS_Mainz" title="SMS Mainz">SMS <i>Mainz</i></a>. For the Mainz sword, see <a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius"><i>Gladius</i></a>. For the school, see <a href="/wiki/Music_and_Audio_Institute_of_New_Zealand" title="Music and Audio Institute of New Zealand">Music and Audio Institute of New Zealand</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Mainz </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small> <i>Määnz</i> / <i>Meenz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a>) </small><br /> <small><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mayence</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_(37539430014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg/268px-Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg/402px-Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg/536px-Mainzer_Dom_Blaue_Stunde_%2837539430014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View of <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG/164px-Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG/246px-Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG/328px-Mainz_Markt_BW_2012-08-18_16-11-28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Houses on Market Square</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG/100px-Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG/150px-Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG/200px-Mainz_Kaiserdom_St._Martin_bei_Nacht_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Old Town</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:51px;max-width:51px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG/49px-Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG" decoding="async" width="49" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG/74px-Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG/98px-Mainz_St._Peter_BW_2012-08-18_13-38-32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="3173" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Mainz" title="St. Peter's Church, Mainz">St. Peter</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG/102px-Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG/153px-Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG/204px-Mainz_Osteiner_Hof_BW_2012-08-18_16-32-08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3514" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Osteiner_Hof" title="Osteiner Hof">Osteiner Hof</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg/109px-Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg/164px-Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg/218px-Drususstein_Gesamt_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Drususstein" title="Drususstein">Drususstein</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco,_sube_z.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG/174px-Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG/261px-Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG/348px-Historia_juda_tombejo_de_Majenco%2C_sube_z.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judensand" class="extiw" title="de:Judensand">Judensand</a> (Jews' Sand) cemetery</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg/90px-Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg/135px-Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg/180px-Mainz_-_Christuskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4051" data-file-height="5897" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Christuskirche,_Mainz" title="Christuskirche, Mainz">Christuskirche</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg/268px-Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg/402px-Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg/536px-Alte-Uni%2BMainzer-Dom%2BStaatstheater-vom-Bonifaziusturm-A-741-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1099" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine" title="Upper Rhine">Upper Rhine</a>)</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mainz"><img alt="Flag of Mainz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg/100px-Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg/150px-Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg/200px-Mainz_Flagge_Hissformat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mainz"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mainz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg/99px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg/132px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="606" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Mainz">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Mainz</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_b80add99e8562e32eb8acb1e6974094c8587b052"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mainz&revid=1258436896&groups=_b80add99e8562e32eb8acb1e6974094c8587b052" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mainz&revid=1258436896&groups=_b80add99e8562e32eb8acb1e6974094c8587b052 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainz is located in Germany"><img alt="Mainz is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.564%;left:27.736%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mainz"><img alt="Mainz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Mainz </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainz is located in Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Mainz is located in Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg/250px-Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg/375px-Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg/500px-Rhineland-Palatinate_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1234" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.774%;left:87.641%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mainz"><img alt="Mainz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Mainz </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Rhineland-Palatinate</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mainz&params=49_59_58_N_08_16_25_E_type:city(220552)_region:DE-RP"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°59′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">08°16′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.99944°N 8.27361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.99944; 8.27361</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">Urban district</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">13/12 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">15 boroughs</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2023–31) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nino Haase<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">97.75 km<sup>2</sup> (37.74 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">285 m (935 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">85 m (279 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">220,552</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,300/km<sup>2</sup> (5,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">55116–55131</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">06131, 06136</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">MZ</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/en/">www.mainz.de</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">(ii)(iii)(vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2021</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mainz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[maɪnts]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/De-Mainz.ogg\/De-Mainz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Mainz.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/De-Mainz.ogg/De-Mainz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Mainz.ogg" title="File:De-Mainz.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="#Alternative_names">see below</a>) is the capital and largest city of the German state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, and with around 223,000 inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-pop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Germany's 35th-largest city</a>. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region</a>—Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a>—which also encompasses the cities of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a>. </p><p>Mainz is located at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain" title="Upper Rhine Plain">Upper Rhine Plain</a>, on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, opposite the <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="River Main">River Main</a> into the Rhine. It is the largest city of <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a>, a region of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> that was historically part of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a>, and is <a href="/wiki/Rheinhessen_(wine_region)" title="Rheinhessen (wine region)">one of Germany's most important wine regions</a> because of its mild climate. Mainz is connected to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Main_S-Bahn" title="Rhine-Main S-Bahn">Rhine-Main S-Bahn</a> rapid transit system. Before 1945, Mainz had six boroughs on the other side of the Rhine (see: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsrheinische_Stadtteile_von_Mainz" class="extiw" title="de:Rechtsrheinische Stadtteile von Mainz">de:Rechtsrheinische Stadtteile von Mainz</a>). Three have been incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> (see: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKK-Konflikt" class="extiw" title="de:AKK-Konflikt">de:AKK-Konflikt</a>), and three are now independent. </p><p>Mainz was founded as <a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">Castrum</a> <i>Mogontiacum</i> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> in the 1st century BC on the northern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>. The city was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> from 459 on, and in the 8th century it became an important city within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, as capital of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Electorate of Mainz</a> and seat of the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Archbishop-Elector of Mainz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of Germany. <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral</a> is one of the three Rhenish <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Cathedrals">Imperial Cathedrals</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Speyer_Cathedral" title="Speyer Cathedral">Speyer Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worms_Cathedral" title="Worms Cathedral">Worms Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Since the 12th century, Mainz was one of the <a href="/wiki/ShUM-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="ShUM-cities">ShUM-cities</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchUM-St%C3%A4dte" class="extiw" title="de:SchUM-Städte">de</a>]</span>—a league formed by the cities of <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and Mainz—which are referred to as the cradle of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> life and as the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. The Jewish heritage of these cities is one of a kind, and has been declared the UNESCO World Heritage Site of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=ShUM_Sites_of_Speyer,_Worms_and_Mainz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz (page does not exist)">ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz</a>"<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchUM-St%C3%A4tten_von_Speyer,_Worms_und_Mainz" class="extiw" title="de:SchUM-Stätten von Speyer, Worms und Mainz">de</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Centre_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judensand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judensand (page does not exist)">Judensand</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judensand" class="extiw" title="de:Judensand">de</a>]</span> (Jews' Sand), the second-oldest Jewish cemetery in Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cemetery,_Worms" title="Jewish Cemetery, Worms">Heiliger Sand</a> in Worms. </p><p>Mainz is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, who introduced letterpress <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> to Europe with his <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">starting the global spread of the printing press</a>, and in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bibles</a>, two of which are kept at the city's <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Museum" title="Gutenberg Museum">Gutenberg Museum</a>. Mainz was heavily damaged in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; more than <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">30 air raids</a> destroyed around half of the old town in the city centre, but many buildings were rebuilt post-war. </p><p>Like most cities in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, Mainz holds <a href="/wiki/Mainz_carnival" title="Mainz carnival">extensive carnival celebrations</a>, that are known as the second-most important in Germany, after the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Carnival" title="Cologne Carnival">celebrations in Cologne</a>. The borough of Lerchenberg is the seat of <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Second German Television"), the second-most important German public service television broadcaster, as well as of <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a>, another television broadcaster, that is jointly operated by public broadcasters from Germany (<a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>), Austria (<a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a>), and Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/SRG_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="SRG SSR">SRG SSR</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alternative names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz has a number of <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages">different names</a> in other languages and dialects. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> it is known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mogontiacum</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[mɔɡɔnˈti.akũː]</a></span>) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Moguntiacum</i></span> and, in the local <a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> dialect, it is <i>Määnz</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[mɛːnt͡s]</a></span> or <i>Meenz</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[meːnt͡s]</a></span>. It is known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mayence</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[majɑ̃s]</a></span> in French, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Magonza</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[maˈɡontsa]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italian, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Maguncia</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[maˈɣunθja]</a></span> in Spanish, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Mogúncia</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[muˈɣũsjɐ]</a></span> in Portuguese, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Moguncja</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[mɔˈɡunt͡sja]</a></span> in Polish, <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Magentza</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">מגנצא</span></span>) in Yiddish, and <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Mohuč</i></span> in Czech and Slovak (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Czech pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cs-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈmoɦutʃ]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EKI.ee_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKI.ee-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 20th century, Mainz was commonly known in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> either as <i>Mentz</i>, its English version, or by its French version <i>Mayence</i>. It is the namesake of two American cities named <a href="/wiki/Mentz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mentz (disambiguation)">Mentz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lokale_Nachrichten_aus_Mainz_und_Rheinhessen-2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lokale_Nachrichten_aus_Mainz_und_Rheinhessen-2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz is on the 50th latitude north, on the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">left bank of the Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-www.pfalz-info.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.pfalz-info.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The east of the city is opposite where the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> falls into it.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the population was 217,272.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is part of the FrankfurtRheinMain area of 5.9 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-IHK_Frankfurt_am_Main-2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHK_Frankfurt_am_Main-2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainz can easily be reached from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt International Airport">Frankfurt International Airport</a> in 30 minutes by commuter railway <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S8_(Rhine-Main_S-Bahn)" title="S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Frankfurt_S8.svg/24px-Frankfurt_S8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Frankfurt_S8.svg/37px-Frankfurt_S8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Frankfurt_S8.svg/48px-Frankfurt_S8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="304" /></a></span> or regional trains <span title="Regionalexpress" style="font-weight:bold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:85%; padding:0px .4em; display:inline-block; margin: 1px;background-color: #E2001A; border-radius: 1ex; color:white;">RE 2</span> <span title="Regionalexpress" style="font-weight:bold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:85%; padding:0px .4em; display:inline-block; margin: 1px;background-color: #E2001A; border-radius: 1ex; color:white;">RE 3</span> <span title="Regionalbahn" style="font-weight:bold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:85%; padding:0px .4em; display:inline-block; margin: 1px;background-color: #00519E; border-radius: 1ex; color:white;">RB 31</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-RMV.DE-2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMV.DE-2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a> of Mainz is located on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and thus on one of the most important waterways in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mainz" title="Port of Mainz">container port hub</a> is north of the town centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Sand_Dunes" title="Mainz Sand Dunes">Mainz Sand Dunes</a> area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare <i>steppe</i> vegetation for this area.<sup id="cite_ref-mainzer-sand_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainzer-sand-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associated <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canabae" class="mw-redirect" title="Canabae">canabae</a> (civilian settlements) were erected towards the Rhine. Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width:400px;max-width:408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north"><img alt="View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg/400px-Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg/600px-Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg/800px-Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_aerial_photograph.jpg" title="File:Mainz aerial photograph.jpg"> </a></div>View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg/256px-Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg/384px-Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg/512px-Sattelite_Wiesbaden_Mainz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg/128px-50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg/192px-50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg/256px-50._Breitengrad_in_Mainz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Cfb</i>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Mainz </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(66) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(46) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">550<br />(21.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <i>Intellicast</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mainz" title="Timeline of Mainz">Timeline of Mainz</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Mogontiacum">Roman Mogontiacum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman Mogontiacum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadttor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stadttor1.jpg/220px-Stadttor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stadttor1.jpg/330px-Stadttor1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stadttor1.jpg/440px-Stadttor1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman stronghold or <i><a href="/wiki/Castrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrum">castrum</a> <b>Mogontiacum</b></i>, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> perhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> the existence of <i>Mogontiacum</i> is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>). Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, the name of Mainz is not from <i>Main</i>, the similarity being perhaps reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk-etymological</a> reanalysis. <i>Main</i> is from Latin <i>Moenis</i> (also <i>Moenus</i> or <i>Menus</i>), the name the Romans used for the river. <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistic</a> analysis of the many forms that the name "Mainz" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification of <i>Mogontiacum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name appears to be <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman soldiers defending <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a> had adopted the Gallic god <a href="/wiki/Mogons" title="Mogons">Mogons</a> (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as <i>Alexander magnus</i>, "Alexander the Great" and <i>Pompeius magnus</i>, "Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cenotaph_of_Drusus_(Drususstein),_an_empty_tomb_raised_by_Roman_troops_in_9_AD_in_honour_of_the_deceased_general_Drusus,_Mogontiacum_(Mainz)_(9739245693).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Cenotaph_of_Drusus_%28Drususstein%29%2C_an_empty_tomb_raised_by_Roman_troops_in_9_AD_in_honour_of_the_deceased_general_Drusus%2C_Mogontiacum_%28Mainz%29_%289739245693%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Cenotaph_of_Drusus_%28Drususstein%29%2C_an_empty_tomb_raised_by_Roman_troops_in_9_AD_in_honour_of_the_deceased_general_Drusus%2C_Mogontiacum_%28Mainz%29_%289739245693%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Cenotaph_of_Drusus_%28Drususstein%29%2C_an_empty_tomb_raised_by_Roman_troops_in_9_AD_in_honour_of_the_deceased_general_Drusus%2C_Mogontiacum_%28Mainz%29_%289739245693%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>The Drusus monument or <a href="/wiki/Drususstein" title="Drususstein">Drususstein</a> (surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> to commemorate him</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG/220px-R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG/330px-R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG/440px-R%C3%B6mersteine_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueduct</a> of Mogontiacum</figcaption></figure> <p>Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <i>Mogontiacum</i> grew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">Legio XIV <i>Gemina</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XVI_Gallica" title="Legio XVI Gallica">XVI <i>Gallica</i></a> (AD 9–43), <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Primigenia" title="Legio XXII Primigenia">XXII <i>Primigenia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Macedonica" title="Legio IV Macedonica">IV <i>Macedonica</i></a> (43–70), <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Adiutrix" title="Legio I Adiutrix">I <i>Adiutrix</i></a> (70–88), <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXI_Rapax" title="Legio XXI Rapax">XXI <i>Rapax</i></a> (70–89), and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">XIV <i>Gemina</i></a> (70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Classis_Germanica" title="Classis Germanica">Classis Germanica</a>. Remains of Roman troop ships (<a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">navis lusoria</a>) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in the <i>Museum für Antike Schifffahrt</i>. A temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis Panthea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Magna Mater</a> was discovered in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. Among the famous buildings were the largest <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_(Mainz)" title="Roman Theatre (Mainz)">theatre</a> north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperor <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> in 235. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> forces under <a href="/wiki/Rando_(king)" title="Rando (king)">Rando</a> sacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 406, the Siling and Asding <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, and other Germanic tribes <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed the Rhine</a>, possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, <a href="/wiki/Aureus_of_Mainz" title="Aureus of Mainz">Aureus</a>, was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Answers-2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Answers-2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> raised by legionaries to commemorate their general, <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus_Germanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus">Drusus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_Mainz">Frankish Mainz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frankish Mainz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.<sup id="cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 357, the city was liberated by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on his <i>Magister militum per Gallias</i>, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_A%C3%ABtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Aëtius">Flavius Aëtius</a>. In 451, <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> sacked the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livius-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnze_Gold_Solidus_Theudebert_I_um_534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Gold solidus of the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a>, Mainz mint, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 534</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> from the middle and upper Rhine area took Mainz shortly before 460.<sup id="cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> gained control over western Europe by the year 496.<sup id="cite_ref-Grube_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grube-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis, son of <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric</a>, became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsche_Biographie_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Biographie-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He converted from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">paganism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutsche_Biographie_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_Biographie-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500–547 or 548) had installed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidonius_(bishop_of_Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidonius (bishop of Mainz) (page does not exist)">Sidonius</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidonius" class="extiw" title="de:Sidonius">de</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Mellone_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellone-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as bishop of Mainz.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> (605/603–639) reinforced the walls of Mainz.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Gruyter-1897_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Gruyter-1897-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser2020-2021_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser2020-2021-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks. After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann-2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldenbourg_Wissenschaftsverlag-1927_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldenbourg_Wissenschaftsverlag-1927-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> with their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned to <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gengler-1849_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gengler-1849-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Mainz">Christian Mainz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian Mainz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Mainz" title="Free City of Mainz">Free City of Mainz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Free City of Mainz</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Freie Stadt Mainz</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1244–1462</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial city</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Mainz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• City established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 13 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">City charter</a> granted<br /><span class="nowrap">   </span>by <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_III_(Archbishop_of_Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried III (Archbishop of Mainz)">Abp Siegfried III</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1244</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Rival archbishops </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1461</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Charter revoked by<br /><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Adolph_II_of_Nassau" title="Adolph II of Nassau">Abp Adolph II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1462</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• German Mediatisation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1803</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/20px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/30px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/40px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/20px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/30px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/40px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Mainz played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Peoples">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>. The first archbishop in Mainz, <a href="/wiki/Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface">Boniface</a>, was killed in 754 while attempting to convert the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> to Christianity and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sankt_Bonifatius-2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sankt_Bonifatius-2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> of Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successor <a href="/wiki/Lullus" title="Lullus">Lullus</a> was granted the pallium by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landesgeschichtliches_Informationssystem_Hessen_(LAGIS)_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landesgeschichtliches_Informationssystem_Hessen_(LAGIS)-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called a <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (sancta sedes). </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Yaqub" title="Ibrahim ibn Yaqub">Ibrahim ibn Yaqub</a>, a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> traveler, writes the following about the city: </p><blockquote><p><i>"Mainz [Maghānja] is a very large city, partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields. It is in the land of the Franks, on a river called the Rhine [Rīn]. Wheat, barley, rye, grapevines and fruit are plentiful."</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>In 1244, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_III_(Archbishop_of_Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried III (Archbishop of Mainz)">Siegfried III</a> granted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.<sup id="cite_ref-Institut_für_Mainzer_Kirchengeschichte_Bistum_Mainz_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institut_für_Mainzer_Kirchengeschichte_Bistum_Mainz-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1461, a feud between two archbishops, <a href="/wiki/Diether_von_Isenburg" title="Diether von Isenburg">Diether von Isenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_II_von_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf II von Nassau">Adolf II von Nassau</a>, caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, including <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainz Cathedral, western main tower"><img alt="Mainz Cathedral, western main tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg/225px-Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg/337px-Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg/450px-Mainzer_Dom_vom_Kreuzgang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral</a>, western main tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonifazius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to St. Boniface before Mainz Cathedral"><img alt="Monument to St. Boniface before Mainz Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bonifazius.jpg/200px-Bonifazius.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bonifazius.jpg/300px-Bonifazius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bonifazius.jpg/400px-Bonifazius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to <a href="/wiki/St._Boniface" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Boniface">St. Boniface</a> before Mainz Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 336.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 334.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenzel_Hollar_Mainzer_Dom_1632.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Martin's Cathedral in Mainz, by Wenzel Hollar; pen-and-ink drawing 1632"><img alt="St. Martin's Cathedral in Mainz, by Wenzel Hollar; pen-and-ink drawing 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wenzel_Hollar_Mainzer_Dom_1632.jpg/502px-Wenzel_Hollar_Mainzer_Dom_1632.jpg" decoding="async" width="335" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Wenzel_Hollar_Mainzer_Dom_1632.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Martin's Cathedral in Mainz, by <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenzel Hollar">Wenzel Hollar</a>; pen-and-ink drawing 1632</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Jewish_community">Early Jewish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Mainz">Jewish community of Mainz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg/220px-Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg/330px-Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg/440px-Gebetsraum_Synagoge_Weisenau_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (960–1040) taught there, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concentrated on the study of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Amnon_of_Mainz" title="Amnon of Mainz">Amnon of Mainz</a>, composer of the <a href="/wiki/Unetanneh_Tokef" title="Unetanneh Tokef">Unetanneh Tokef</a> prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-SchUM_Städte_e.V._45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchUM_Städte_e.V.-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres of 1096</a> and by mobs in 1283.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outbreaks of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuchman-2011_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuchman-2011-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and a <a href="/wiki/New_synagogue_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="New synagogue Mainz">new synagogue</a> by the architect <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Herz" title="Manuel Herz">Manuel Herz</a> was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis on <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Rheinhessen.de-2023_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rheinhessen.de-2023-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BauNetz-2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BauNetz-2010-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-German-Architects_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German-Architects-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Zentralrat_der_Juden-2017_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zentralrat_der_Juden-2017-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Mainz">Republic of Mainz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Republic of Mainz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mainz" title="Republic of Mainz">Republic of Mainz</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Josef_von_Erthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal">Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal</a>, had already fled to <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a> by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a> of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatinate region">Rhenish Palatinate</a>, proclaimed the '<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mainz" title="Republic of Mainz">Republic of Mainz</a>'. Led by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a>, representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">siege</a> of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mainz" title="Battle of Mainz">Battle of Mainz</a> in 1795 between <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> and France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumont-2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumont-2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanbon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jeanbon2.jpg/220px-Jeanbon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jeanbon2.jpg/330px-Jeanbon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jeanbon2.jpg/440px-Jeanbon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jeanbon Baron de St. André</a>, Prefect of Napoleonic Mainz</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1797, the French returned. The army of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> occupied the German territory to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> awarded France this entire area, initially as the <a href="/wiki/Cisrhenian_Republic" title="Cisrhenian Republic">Cisrhenian Republic</a>. On 17 February 1800, the French <i><a href="/wiki/Mont-Tonnerre" title="Mont-Tonnerre">Département du Mont-Tonnerre</a></i> was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a>, the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhenish_Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rhenish Hesse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a> (German: <i lang="de">Rheinhessen</i>) was awarded to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, Mainz being the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessian</a> province of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a>, Prussian and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavarian</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumont-2018_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumont-2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, the <i>Pulverturm</i>, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the <i>Powder Tower Explosion</i> or <i>Powder Explosion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathieux-1857_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathieux-1857-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brockhaus-1857_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockhaus-1857-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gondlach-1932_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gondlach-1932-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bockenheimer-1907_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bockenheimer-1907-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> France had lost the territory of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> to Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Büllesbach_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Büllesbach-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_expansion">Industrial expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industrial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg/220px-Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg/330px-Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg/440px-Mainz_BlickzumRhein_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption>Mainz towards the Rhine (around 1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>For centuries the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Mainz">fortress of Mainz</a> had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 Mayor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wallau" title="Carl Wallau">Carl Wallau</a> and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the <i>Gartenfeld</i>, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to the north of the rampart.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> which had previously avoided the city for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Krey%C3%9Fig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Kreyßig (page does not exist)">Eduard Kreyßig</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Krey%C3%9Fig" class="extiw" title="de:Eduard Kreyßig">de</a>]</span> was the man who made this happen.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, the <i>Neustadt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Hauptbahnhof" title="Mainz Hauptbahnhof">The main station</a> was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Johann_Berdell%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Johann Berdellé (page does not exist)">Philipp Johann Berdellé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Johann_Berdell%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="de:Philipp Johann Berdellé">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-5_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-5-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg/350px-Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg/525px-Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg/700px-Mainz-Stadtplan1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,<sup id="cite_ref-Architekturinstitut_der_Hochschule_Mainz-2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architekturinstitut_der_Hochschule_Mainz-2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Schug-2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schug-2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kreyßig's last work was <a href="/wiki/Christuskirche,_Mainz" title="Christuskirche, Mainz">Christ Church</a> (<i>Christuskirche</i>), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-Objektansicht_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Objektansicht-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rheingauwall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rheingauwall (page does not exist)">Rheingauwall</a> was taken in hand, according to the imperial order of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Büllesbach-2014_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Büllesbach-2014-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918">German Revolution of 1918</a> the <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council">Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council</a> was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">occupation of the Rhineland</a> agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a>. The French occupation was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> which went into effect 28 June 1919. The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the <i><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a></i>, was to stay until reparations were paid.<sup id="cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Republic" title="Rhenish Republic">Rhenish Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainz_1918–1930-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It collapsed in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainz_1918–1930-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainz_1918–1930-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a>, were either incarcerated or murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Machtergreifung_1933_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machtergreifung_1933-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Machtergreifung_1933_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machtergreifung_1933-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One was the political organizer for the SPD, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kellner" title="Friedrich Kellner">Friedrich Kellner</a>, who went to Laubach, where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page <a href="/wiki/My_Opposition" title="My Opposition">diary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lölhöffel-2011_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lölhöffel-2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kellner-2018_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellner-2018-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1933, a detachment from the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialist Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazis <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarized the Rhineland</a> with great fanfare, the first move of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.<sup id="cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the <a href="/wiki/Oflag_XII-B" title="Oflag XII-B">Oflag XII-B</a> prisoner of war camp.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-2006_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-2006-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was also the location of four subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert concentration camp</a>, mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Allied_air_attacks"></span>During World War II, several <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">air raids</a> destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-6_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-6-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-6_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-6-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the <a href="/wiki/90th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="90th Infantry Division (United States)">90th Infantry Division</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_A._McNulty" title="William A. McNulty">William A. McNulty</a>, a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French zone of occupation</a>. When the state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone <a href="/wiki/Marie_Pierre_K%C5%93nig" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Pierre Kœnig">Marie Pierre Kœnig</a>, Mainz became the capital of the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, the diarist, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kellner" title="Friedrich Kellner">Friedrich Kellner</a>, returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his <a href="/wiki/My_Opposition" title="My Opposition">writings</a>, is the subject of the Canadian documentary <i><a href="/wiki/My_Opposition:_The_Diaries_of_Friedrich_Kellner" title="My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner">My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levitt-2006_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levitt-2006-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">United States Army Europe</a> occupied the military bases in Mainz. Today <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe_and_Africa" title="United States Army Europe and Africa">United States Army Europe and Africa</a> only occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and the <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Sand_Dunes" title="Mainz Sand Dunes">Mainz Sand Dunes</a> for the training areas. Mainz is home to the headquarters of the <i>Bundeswehr</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landeskommando_Rhineland-Palatinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate (page does not exist)">Landeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeskommando_Rheinland-Pfalz" class="extiw" title="de:Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz">de</a>]</span></i> and other units.<sup id="cite_ref-Bundeswehr-2022_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundeswehr-2022-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:825px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainz skyline May 2007, from South Railway bridge over the Rhine looking north"><img alt="Mainz skyline May 2007, from South Railway bridge over the Rhine looking north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg/817px-Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="817" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg/1226px-Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg/1634px-Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_May2007_cropped.jpg" title="File:Mainz May2007 cropped.jpg"> </a></div>Mainz skyline May 2007, from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdbr%C3%BCcke,_Mainz" title="Südbrücke, Mainz">South Railway bridge</a> over the Rhine looking north</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1003px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast"><img alt="Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg/995px-Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="995" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg/1493px-Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg/1990px-Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12632" data-file-height="1904" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Panorama_1.jpg" title="File:Mainz Panorama 1.jpg"> </a></div>Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:806px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market square and cathedral"><img alt="Market square and cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg/798px-Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="798" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg/1197px-Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg/1596px-Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20013" data-file-height="3764" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_Panorama_2.jpg" title="File:Mainz Panorama 2.jpg"> </a></div>Market square and cathedral</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destruction caused by the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Bombing of Mainz in World War II</a> led to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town. During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then. The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely levelled.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly. While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz. The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and become a model city. Mainz lay within the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">French-controlled sector of Germany</a> and it was a French architect and town-planner, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Lods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Lods (page does not exist)">Marcel Lods</a>, who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas. Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes Gutenberg <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a>, elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of the <a href="/wiki/Mainz_carnival" title="Mainz carnival">Mainz carnival</a>) driving the city in a positive development after the war. The City Plan of 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_May" title="Ernst May">Ernst May</a> allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time. In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann. At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente (<a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">intersection of the old town</a>), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension. By 1970 there remained only a few ruins. The new town hall of Mainz had been designed by <a href="/wiki/Arne_Jacobsen" title="Arne Jacobsen">Arne Jacobsen</a> and finished by <a href="/wiki/Dissing%2BWeitling" title="Dissing+Weitling">Dissing+Weitling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BAUWELT-2022_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAUWELT-2022-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town used Jacobsens activity for the Danish <a href="/wiki/Novo_Nordisk" title="Novo Nordisk">Novo</a> company<sup id="cite_ref-Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft_–_Nachrichten-2008_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft_–_Nachrichten-2008-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him. The <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> of the old town changed the inner city. In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium, <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a> were developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten. The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich. During the 1990s the Kisselberg<sup id="cite_ref-Studierendenwerk_Mainz_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studierendenwerk_Mainz-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "Fort Malakoff Center" at the site of the old police barracks<sup id="cite_ref-Architektur-Bildarchiv_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architektur-Bildarchiv-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were built. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:474px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Town Hall by Jacobsen"><img alt="Town Hall by Jacobsen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg/466px-Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="466" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg/699px-Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg/932px-Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9204" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_Mainz_Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg" title="File:Rathaus Mainz Jockel-Fuchs-Platz.jpg"> </a></div>Town Hall by Jacobsen</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg/220px-Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg/330px-Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg/440px-Landtagsgeb%C3%A4ude_Rheinland-Pfalz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Deutschhaus_Mainz" title="Deutschhaus Mainz">Deutschhaus</a>, the House of Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg/220px-Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg/330px-Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg/440px-Christuskirche_in_Mainz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>Kaiserstraße ("Emperor Street") with boulevard and <a href="/wiki/Christuskirche_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christuskirche (Mainz)">Christuskirche</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg/220px-Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg/330px-Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg/440px-Mainz-Theodor-Heuss-Bruecke-2005-05-16a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss_Bridge_(Mainz-Wiesbaden)" title="Theodor Heuss Bridge (Mainz-Wiesbaden)">Theodor Heuss Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-Nave_and_main_altar_-_Augustinerkirche_-_Mainz_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="5112" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinerkirche,_Mainz" title="Augustinerkirche, Mainz">Augustinian Church</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_Central_Museum_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Germanic Central Museum (Mainz)">Romano-Germanic Central Museum</a> (<i>Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum</i>). It is home to Roman, Medieval, and earlier artifacts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a> (<i>Museum für Antike Schifffahrt</i>). It houses the remains of five Roman boats from the late 4th century, discovered in the 1980s.</li> <li>Roman remains, including Jupiter's column, Drusus' mausoleum, the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral" title="Mainz Cathedral">Mainz Cathedral of St. Martin</a> (<i>Mainzer Dom</i>), over 1,000 years old.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Mainz" title="St. John's Church, Mainz">St. John's Church</a>, 7th-century church building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Mainz" title="Staatstheater Mainz">Staatstheater Mainz</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Tower" title="Iron Tower">Iron Tower</a> (<i>Eisenturm</i>, tower at the former iron market), a 13th-century gate-tower.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wood_Tower" title="Wood Tower">Wood Tower</a> (<i>Holzturm</i>, tower at the former wood market), a 15th-century gate tower.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Museum" title="Gutenberg Museum">Gutenberg Museum</a> – exhibits an original Gutenberg Bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later.</li> <li>The Mainz Old Town – what's left of it, the half south of the cathedral survived World War II.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arsenal,_Mainz" title="Arsenal, Mainz">old arsenal</a>, the central arsenal of the fortress Mainz during the 17th and 18th century</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palace_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Palace Mainz">Electoral Palace</a> (<i>Kurfürstliches Schloss</i>), residence of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marktbrunnen_(Mainz)" title="Marktbrunnen (Mainz)">Marktbrunnen</a>, one of the largest Renaissance fountains in Germany.</li> <li><i>Domus Universitatis</i> (1615), for centuries the tallest edifice in Mainz.</li> <li>Christ Church (<i><a href="/wiki/Christuskirche_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christuskirche (Mainz)">Christuskirche</a></i>), built 1898–1903, bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948–1954.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Church,_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Church, Mainz">Church of St. Stephan</a>, with post-war windows by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitadelle_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zitadelle Mainz">Citadel</a>.</li> <li>The ruins of the church <a href="/wiki/St._Christoph,_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Christoph, Mainz">St. Christoph</a>, a World War II memorial</li> <li><i>Schönborner Hof</i> (1668).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> churches of St. Augustin (the <a href="/wiki/Augustinerkirche,_Mainz" title="Augustinerkirche, Mainz">Augustinerkirche, Mainz</a>) and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Church,_Mainz" title="St. Peter's Church, Mainz">St. Peter</a> (the Peterskirche, Mainz).</li> <li>Churches of St. Ignatius (1763) and <a href="/wiki/St._Quintin%27s_Church,_Mainz" title="St. Quintin's Church, Mainz">St. Quintin</a>.</li> <li>Erthaler Hof (1743)</li> <li>The Baroque <a href="/wiki/Bassenheimer_Hof" title="Bassenheimer Hof">Bassenheimer Hof</a> (1750)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Johannes_Gutenberg-Universit%C3%A4t_Mainz" title="Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz">Botanischer Garten der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> maintained by the university</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landesmuseum_Mainz" title="Landesmuseum Mainz">Landesmuseum Mainz</a>, state museum with archaeology and art.</li> <li>Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (<a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>) – one of the largest public German TV-Broadcaster.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_synagogue_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="New synagogue Mainz">New synagogue in Mainz</a></li> <li>Old Jewish Cemetery Mainz (<i>Judensand</i>) – <a href="/wiki/ShUM-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="ShUM-cities">ShUM city</a> of Mainz, UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a><sup id="cite_ref-Centre_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centre-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kunsthalle Mainz – museum for contemporary art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbrechthof" title="Humbrechthof">Humbrechthof</a>, later called Schöfferhof, the building in which Johannes Gutenberg developed his technique of printing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz-flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mainz-flags.jpg/220px-Mainz-flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mainz-flags.jpg/330px-Mainz-flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mainz-flags.jpg/440px-Mainz-flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mainz Rad and FSV Mainz 05 flags on the Domplatz</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz. Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration. This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by Mainz's municipal council.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Districts of the town are:<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-5_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altstadt_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altstadt (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Altstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretzenheim_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bretzenheim (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Bretzenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drais" title="Drais">Drais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebersheim_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebersheim (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Ebersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finthen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finthen (page does not exist)">Finthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonsenheim" title="Gonsenheim">Gonsenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartenberg-M%C3%BCnchfeld" title="Hartenberg-Münchfeld">Hartenberg-Münchfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechtsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hechtsheim">Hechtsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laubenheim_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laubenheim (Mainz)">Laubenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz-Lerchenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainz-Lerchenberg">Lerchenberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz-Lerchenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Mainz-Lerchenberg">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienborn_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienborn (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Marienborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombach" title="Mombach">Mombach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_(Mainz)" title="Neustadt (Mainz)">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberstadt(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberstadt(Mainz) (page does not exist)">Oberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weisenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weisenau (page does not exist)">Weisenau</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Until 1945, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Bischofsheim_(Mainspitze)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bischofsheim (Mainspitze)">Bischofsheim</a> (now an independent town), <a href="/wiki/Ginsheim-Gustavsburg" title="Ginsheim-Gustavsburg">Ginsheim-Gustavsburg</a> (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former districts <a href="/wiki/Mainz-Am%C3%B6neburg" title="Mainz-Amöneburg">Amöneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz-Kastel" title="Mainz-Kastel">Kastel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainz-Kostheim" title="Mainz-Kostheim">Kostheim</a> – (in short, <i>AKK</i>) are now administered by the city of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> (on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>) and the U.S. occupation zone (<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>) in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Focus-2016_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Focus-2016-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Wiesbaden_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Wiesbaden-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Mainz" title="Wheel of Mainz">Wheel of Mainz</a></div> <p>The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishops of Mainz</a> and features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-6_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-6-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">50</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">750</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−68.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1300</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+380.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1545</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−58.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">20,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1816</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,251</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,902</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+113.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,251</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+56.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">108,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1933</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">142,627</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">158,333</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−74.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">96,005</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+140.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">115,812</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">135,192</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">149,387</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">178,639</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">187,564</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">182,867</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">185,293</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">196,425</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,957</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">213,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">218,578</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">223,318</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mainz has a population of about 220,000 and is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. Mainz passed 100,000 in 1908. In 1945, After WWII, right side of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river, which were a part of Mainz, became a part of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> and other part of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> due to its occupation zone where Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate were <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French occupation zone</a> and Wiesbaden and Hesse were <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">American occupation zone</a> where both cities became its state capital in 1946. Mainz lost 21.1% of population at this time. Mainz and Wiesbaden has rivalries who the better city on the Rhine river are even today. Mainz became an attractive city, especially for young people due to its radio and television broadcasters, Universities and good workplaces. Mainz's population grow normally and Mainz passed 200,000 in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_populations">Foreign populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list shows the largest foreign populations in Mainz as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Rank </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nationality </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Population (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>5,424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>3,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>3,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>2,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>2,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>2,126 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>1,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>1,612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>1,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>1,106 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>942 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/350px-2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/525px-2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/700px-2019_Mainz_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The mayor of Mainz was Michael Ebling of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) until he was promoted State Minister of the Interior in the government of Rhineland-Palatinate in October 2022. The new mayoral election was held on 12 February 2023, with a runoff after <a href="/wiki/Mainz_carnival" title="Mainz carnival">Mainz carnival</a>. The final election took place 5 March 2023. The new elected mayor is Nino Haase, independent.<sup id="cite_ref-swr.online-2023_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swr.online-2023-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Election 2019 of the council:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Michael Ebling </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>30,278 </td> <td>41.0 </td> <td>35,752 </td> <td>55.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC"> </td> <td align="left">Nino Haase </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">FW</a>) </td> <td>23,968 </td> <td>32.4 </td> <td>29,029 </td> <td>44.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tabea_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fner" title="Tabea Rößner">Tabea Rößner</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>16,621 </td> <td>22.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Martin Malcherek </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>2,063 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Martin Ehrhardt </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>999 </td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>73,929 </th> <th>99.6 </th> <th>64,781 </th> <th>99.4 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>289 </th> <th>0.4 </th> <th>372 </th> <th>0.6 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>74,218 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>65,153 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>161,967 </th> <th>45.8 </th> <th>162,030 </th> <th>40.2 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Mainz (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/bw2019haupt.html">1st round</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/bw2019stich.html">2nd round</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg/350px-2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg/525px-2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg/700px-2019_Mainz_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 2019 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mainz city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>1,582,459 </td> <td>27.7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.5 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>1,339,561 </td> <td>23.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9 </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>1,151,572 </td> <td>20.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.2 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>340,501 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>335,459 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>302,604 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF6400"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> (ÖDP) </td> <td>238,727 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>127,581 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FW) </td> <td>108,701 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>78,595 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#502379"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt Germany</a> (Volt) </td> <td>67,376 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>New </td> <td>1 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ED803F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Innovation_and_Justice" title="Alliance for Innovation and Justice">Alliance for Innovation and Justice</a> (BIG) </td> <td>31,419 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total votes </th> <th>5,704,555 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total ballots </th> <th>100,522 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>60 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>162,321 </th> <th>61.9 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.0 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wahl.mainz.de/wahlapp/gw2019pers.html">City of Mainz</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz is home to a <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>, the <i>Mainzer Fassenacht</i> or <i>Fastnacht</i>, which has developed since the early 19th century. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells. Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The height of the carnival season is on <a href="/wiki/Rosenmontag" title="Rosenmontag">Rosenmontag</a> ("rose Monday"), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirschstein-2018_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirschstein-2018-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frankfurter_Rundschau-2020_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frankfurter_Rundschau-2020-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first-ever <a href="/wiki/Katholikentag" title="Katholikentag">Katholikentag</a>, a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-Arning-2016_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arning-2016-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg/220px-Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg/330px-Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg/440px-Uni-Mainz-Forum-Januar_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Forum of the <i>Johannes Gutenberg University</i> of Mainz</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, credited with the invention of a modern <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> with movable type, was born here and died here.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1968 the <a href="/wiki/Johannisnacht,_Mainz" title="Johannisnacht, Mainz">Mainzer Johannisnacht</a> commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">Mainz University</a>, which was refounded in 1946, is named after <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-7_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-7-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mainz was one of three important centres of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages. Known collectively as <i>Shum</i>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-2021_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-2021-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mainz-2022_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainz-2022-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, "Second German Television", <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. The <a href="/wiki/Mainzer_Stadtschreiber" title="Mainzer Stadtschreiber">Mainzer Stadtschreiber</a> (City clerk in Mainz) is an annual German literature award.<sup id="cite_ref-ZDFmediathek-2023_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDFmediathek-2023-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cultural aspects of the city include: </p> <ul><li>As city in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Region">Greater Region</a>, Mainz participated in the program of the year of <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> 2007.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Fame_of_Cabaret" title="Walk of Fame of Cabaret">Walk of Fame of Cabaret</a> may be found nearby the Schillerplatz.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">music publisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott Music</a> is located in Mainz.</li> <li>One of the oldest brass instrument manufacturers in the world, <a href="/wiki/Gebr._Alexander" title="Gebr. Alexander">Gebr. Alexander</a> is located in Mainz.</li> <li>Fans of Gospel music enjoy the yearly performances of <a href="/wiki/Colours_of_Gospel" title="Colours of Gospel">Colours of Gospel</a>.</li> <li>Every one or two years a festival for improvised music between jazz, avant-garde and rock with a line-up of international renowned musicians takes place, the <a href="/wiki/Akut-Festival" title="Akut-Festival">Akut-Festival</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Applied_Sciences_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Applied Sciences Mainz">University of Applied Sciences Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Applied_Sciences_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz">Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local football club <a href="/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05" title="1. FSV Mainz 05">1. FSV Mainz 05</a> has a long history in the German football leagues. Since 2004 it has competed in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> (First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season. Mainz is closely associated with renowned coach <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klopp" title="Jürgen Klopp">Jürgen Klopp</a>, who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time. After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching a <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a> final with <a href="/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund" title="Borussia Dortmund">Borussia Dortmund</a>. In the summer of 2011, the club opened its new stadium called <a href="/wiki/Coface_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Coface Arena">Coface Arena</a>, which was later renamed Opel Arena. Further relevant football clubs are <a href="/wiki/TSV_Schott_Mainz" title="TSV Schott Mainz">TSV Schott Mainz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TSV_SCHOTT_Mainz-2022_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSV_SCHOTT_Mainz-2022-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SV_Gonsenheim" title="SV Gonsenheim">SV Gonsenheim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SV_1919_Gonsenheim_e.V.-2022_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SV_1919_Gonsenheim_e.V.-2022-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fontana Finthen,<sup id="cite_ref-Fontana_Finthen_eV_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontana_Finthen_eV-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FC Fortuna Mombach<sup id="cite_ref-FC_Fortuna_Mombach_1975_e.V.-1970_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_Fortuna_Mombach_1975_e.V.-1970-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and FVgg Mombach 03.<sup id="cite_ref-FVgg._1903_Mainz-Mombach_e.V._109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FVgg._1903_Mainz-Mombach_e.V.-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:417px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coface-Arena_(8208664309).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mewa Arena"><img alt="Mewa Arena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg/409px-Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="409" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg/614px-Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg/818px-Coface-Arena_%288208664309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1126" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Coface-Arena_(8208664309).jpg" title="File:Coface-Arena (8208664309).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Opel_Arena_(stadium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opel Arena (stadium)">Mewa Arena</a></div></div></div> <p>The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(wrestling)" title="Bundesliga (wrestling)">Bundesliga</a>. In 1973, 1977, 2012 and 2023 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasel_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasel-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Athletics" title="Mainz Athletics">Mainz Athletics</a> won the <a href="/wiki/German_champions_(baseball)#German_Men's_Champions" title="German champions (baseball)">German Men's Championship in baseball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainz_Athletics-1989_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainz_Athletics-1989-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2015_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2015-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.<sup id="cite_ref-Meuren-2008_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuren-2008-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz. Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.DBBL.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USC_Mainz">USC Mainz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: USC Mainz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz</b> (University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz (Germany). It was founded on 9 September 1959<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz. It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany. 50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships. In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966, Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals. In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points). The most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump). The most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.<sup id="cite_ref-Universitäts_Sportclub_Mainz_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universitäts_Sportclub_Mainz-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz. For the discus thrower, Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001). Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB). As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the <a href="/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_FIBA_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup">1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup</a> against the Italian Cup winners of <a href="/wiki/Fides_Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fides Napoli">Fides Napoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainz_Athletics">Mainz Athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mainz Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Athletics" title="Mainz Athletics">Mainz Athletics</a></div> <p>The <b>Baseball and Softball Club Mainz Athletics</b> is a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga_(baseball)" title="Bundesliga (baseball)">Baseball-Bundesliga Süd</a> in terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players. The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg/220px-Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg/330px-Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg/440px-Mz-bonifaziustuerme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Bonifatius center building</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine_centre">Wine centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Wine centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz is documented to be a wine-growing region since <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">bishop Boniface</a> acquired a vineyard boardering the city wall and further vine platations in Bretzenheim in 752<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is one of the centres of the <a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">German wine</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2008, the city is a member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many wine traders work in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> producer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim and <a href="/wiki/Henkell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henkell">Henkell</a> – now located on the other side of the river Rhine – were once founded in Mainz. The famous <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nun" title="Blue Nun">Blue Nun</a>, one of the first branded wines, was marketed by the Sichel family. The <i>Haus des Deutschen Weines</i> (House of German Wine), is located in the city. The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainzer_Weinmarkt-2022_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainzer_Weinmarkt-2022-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industries">Other industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>, one of the world's largest glass manufactures,<sup id="cite_ref-SCHOTT_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHOTT-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Werner_%26_Mertz" title="Werner & Mertz">Werner & Mertz</a>, a large chemical factory,<sup id="cite_ref-Das_Unternehmen_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_Unternehmen-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are based in Mainz. Other companies such as <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/QUINN_group#QUINN_Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="QUINN group">QUINN Plastics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Novo_Nordisk" title="Novo Nordisk">Novo Nordisk</a> have their German administration in Mainz as well. <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> company developing <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapies</a> including a vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">coronavirus disease 2019</a> (COVID-19) was founded in 2008 in Mainz by scientists <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a>, with the Austrian oncologist Christoph Huber.<sup id="cite_ref-Biontech_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biontech-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann-Joseph_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann-Joseph Krug (page does not exist)">Johann-Joseph Krug</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann-Joseph_Krug" class="extiw" title="de:Johann-Joseph Krug">de</a>]</span>, founder of France's famous <a href="/wiki/Champagne_Krug" title="Champagne Krug">Krug</a> champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-geschichte-des-weines.de_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geschichte-des-weines.de-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:731px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010"><img alt="View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg/723px-Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="723" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg/1085px-Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg/1446px-Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10186" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg" title="File:Blick-auf-mainz-aus-richtung-der-schiersteiner-bruecke.jpg"> </a></div>View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010</div></div></div> <p>Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany. It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mainz" title="Port of Mainz">Port of Mainz</a>, now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine. In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Schug-2009_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schug-2009-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg/220px-Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg/330px-Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg/440px-Mainz_-_Luftaufnahme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of Mainz</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainz Central Station">Mainz Central Station</a> or <i>Mainz Hauptbahnhof</i>, is frequented by 80,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore one of the busiest 21 stations in Germany. It is a stop for the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Rhein-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Rhein-Main">S-Bahn</a> line <a href="/wiki/S8_(Rhine-Main_S-Bahn)" title="S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)">S8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund" title="Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund">Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Mainbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainbahn">Mainbahn</a> line to <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Main)_Hauptbahnhof" title="Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof">Frankfurt Hbf</a> starts at the station. It is served by 440 daily local and regional trains (<a href="/wiki/StadtExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="StadtExpress">StadtExpress</a>, <a href="/wiki/RegionalExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="RegionalExpress">RE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regionalbahn" title="Regionalbahn">RB</a>) and 78 long-distance trains (<a href="/wiki/InterCity" title="InterCity">IC</a>, <a href="/wiki/EuroCity" title="EuroCity">EC</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">ICE</a>). Intercity-Express lines connect Mainz with Frankfurt (Main), <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Hbf" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsruhe Hbf">Karlsruhe Hbf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms_Hauptbahnhof" title="Worms Hauptbahnhof">Worms Hauptbahnhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koblenz_Hauptbahnhof" title="Koblenz Hauptbahnhof">Koblenz Hauptbahnhof</a>. It is a terminus of the <a href="/wiki/West_Rhine_Railway" title="West Rhine Railway">West Rhine Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mainz%E2%80%93Ludwigshafen_railway" title="Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway">Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway</a>, as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzey%E2%80%93Mainz_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alzey–Mainz Railway (page does not exist)">Alzey–Mainz Railway</a> erected by the <a href="/wiki/Hessische_Ludwigsbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessische Ludwigsbahn">Hessische Ludwigsbahn</a> in 1871. Access to the <a href="/wiki/East_Rhine_Railway" title="East Rhine Railway">East Rhine Railway</a> is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Kaiserbr%C3%BCcke_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserbrücke (Mainz)">Kaiserbrücke</a>, a railway bridge across the Rhine at the north end of Mainz.<sup id="cite_ref-van_den_Ende_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_den_Ende-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operational_usage">Operational usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Operational usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float:left; margin-right:1em; background:#f3f3f3;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">In brief </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>Number of passenger tracks<br />above ground: </td> <td>7 <a href="/wiki/Rail_terminology#M" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail terminology">main line</a>,<br />1 branch,<br />1 tramway station,<br />2 tracks each </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fff;"> <td>Trains<br />(daily): </td> <td>78 long-distance<br />440 regional<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Public transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mainz Central Station is an interchange point for the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Mainz" title="Trams in Mainz">Mainz tramway network</a>, and an important bus junction for the city and region (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund (page does not exist)">RNN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnibusverkehr_Rhein-Nahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe (page does not exist)">ORN</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainzer_Verkehrsgesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft (page does not exist)">MVG</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mainzer_Mobilität_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainzer_Mobilität-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes. The <a href="/wiki/EV15_The_Rhine_Cycle_Route" title="EV15 The Rhine Cycle Route">Rheinradweg</a> (Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of 1,300 km (810 mi). Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Rhine" title="Middle Rhine">Middle Rhine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transportation">Air transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Air transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainz is served by <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009. Located about 10 miles (16 kilometres) east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by an <a href="/wiki/S8_(Rhine-Main_S-Bahn)" title="S8 (Rhine-Main S-Bahn)">S-Bahn line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Finthen_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainz Finthen Airport">Mainz Finthen Airport</a>, located just 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Mainz, is used by <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> only. Another airport, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-Hahn_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-Hahn Airport">Frankfurt-Hahn Airport</a> located about 50 miles (80 km) west of Mainz, is served by a few <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_related_to_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people related to Mainz">List of people related to Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Archbishops of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mainz" title="List of mayors of Mainz">List of mayors of Mainz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Mainz is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, United Kingdom (1956)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France (1957)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia (1967)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain (1978)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel (1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Germany (1988)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, United States (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Longchamp,_C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Longchamp, Côte-d'Or">Longchamp</a>, France (1966, with <a href="/wiki/Mainz-Laubenheim" title="Mainz-Laubenheim">Mainz-Laubenheim</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rodeneck" title="Rodeneck">Rodeneck</a>, Italy (1977, with Mainz-Finthen)</li></ul> <p>Mainz has friendly relations with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, Rwanda (1982)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan (1984)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Fust" title="Johann Fust">Johann Fust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%B6ffer" title="Peter Schöffer">Peter Schöffer</a>, apprentice of Gutenberg and early printer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/direktwahlen/wahl-der-buergermeister-kreisfreier-staedte/">Wahl der Oberbürgermeister der kreisfreien Städte</a>, Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/RPHeft_derivate_00008227/A1033_202222_hj_G.pdf">"Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Rheinland-Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz">Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz</a>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand+2022%2C+Kreise%2C+Gemeinden%2C+Verbandsgemeinden&rft.pub=Statistisches+Landesamt+Rheinland-Pfalz&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistischebibliothek.de%2Fmir%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2FRPHeft_derivate_00008227%2FA1033_202222_hj_G.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pop_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/statistik/Einwohner_nach_Stadtteilen_am_31_12_2023.pdf">"Einwohner der Landeshauptstadt Mainz laut Melderegister am 31.12.2023 (zum Stichtag erstellt am 15.02.2024)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Landeshauptstadt Mainz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einwohner+der+Landeshauptstadt+Mainz+laut+Melderegister+am+31.12.2023+%28zum+Stichtag+erstellt+am+15.02.2024%29&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fmedien%2Finternet%2Fdownloads%2Fstatistik%2FEinwohner_nach_Stadtteilen_am_31_12_2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centre-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centre_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/">"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822022640/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=ShUM+Sites+of+Speyer%2C+Worms+and+Mainz&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dizionario.rai.it/p.aspx?nID=lemma&lID=1051515">"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana"</a>. <i>www.dizionario.rai.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055315/https://www.dizionario.rai.it/p.aspx?nID=lemma&lID=1051515">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dizionario.rai.it&rft.atitle=DOP%3A+Dizionario+di+Ortografia+e+Pronunzia+della+lingua+italiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it%2Fp.aspx%3FnID%3Dlemma%26lID%3D1051515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKI.ee-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EKI.ee_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=mm&lang=en&kohanimi=96046353&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb">"Query in the KNAB database. Foreign names"</a>. <i>EKI.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKI.ee&rft.atitle=Query+in+the+KNAB+database.+Foreign+names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmkn8.cgi%3Fform%3Dmm%26lang%3Den%26kohanimi%3D96046353%26f2v%3DY%26f3v%3DY%26nimeliik%3D%26maakond%3D%26vald%3D%26kihelkond%3D%26asum%3D%26f10v%3DY%26f14v%3DY%26of%3Dtb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lokale_Nachrichten_aus_Mainz_und_Rheinhessen-2022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lokale_Nachrichten_aus_Mainz_und_Rheinhessen-2022_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lokalezeitung.de/2022/05/14/neue-heimat-amerika/">"Neue Heimat Amerika"</a>. <i>Lokale Nachrichten aus Mainz und Rheinhessen</i> (in German). 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lokale+Nachrichten+aus+Mainz+und+Rheinhessen&rft.atitle=Neue+Heimat+Amerika&rft.date=2022-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lokalezeitung.de%2F2022%2F05%2F14%2Fneue-heimat-amerika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/tourismus/stadtportraet/mainz-in-zahlen.php">"Landeshauptstadt Mainz"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 19 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Ftourismus%2Fstadtportraet%2Fmainz-in-zahlen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.pfalz-info.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www.pfalz-info.com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pfalz-info.com/mainz/">"Mainz"</a>. <i>www.pfalz-info.com</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pfalz-info.com&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfalz-info.com%2Fmainz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHK_Frankfurt_am_Main-2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHK_Frankfurt_am_Main-2022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frankfurt-main.ihk.de/standortpolitik/metropolregion-frankfurtrheinmain">"Metropolregion FrankfurtRheinMain"</a>. <i>IHK Frankfurt am Main</i> (in German). 28 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130212011/https://www.frankfurt-main.ihk.de/standortpolitik/metropolregion-frankfurtrheinmain">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IHK+Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.atitle=Metropolregion+FrankfurtRheinMain&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankfurt-main.ihk.de%2Fstandortpolitik%2Fmetropolregion-frankfurtrheinmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMV.DE-2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RMV.DE-2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmv.de/auskunft/bin/jp/query.exe/en?ld=14.205&protocol=https:&seqnr=4&ident=36.024961205.1675177656&CMS_AppId=FahrplanauskunftErgebnis&&application=PRINTVIEW&">"RMV-Fahrplanauskunft"</a>. <i>RMV.DE</i>. 16 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131150939/https://www.rmv.de/auskunft/bin/jp/query.exe/en?ld=14.205&protocol=https:&seqnr=4&ident=36.024961205.1675177656&CMS_AppId=FahrplanauskunftErgebnis&&application=PRINTVIEW&">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RMV.DE&rft.atitle=RMV-Fahrplanauskunft&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmv.de%2Fauskunft%2Fbin%2Fjp%2Fquery.exe%2Fen%3Fld%3D14.205%26protocol%3Dhttps%3A%26seqnr%3D4%26ident%3D36.024961205.1675177656%26CMS_AppId%3DFahrplanauskunftErgebnis%26%26application%3DPRINTVIEW%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/wirtschaft/standort-mainz/logistik.php">"Logistik und Transport"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130213945/https://www.mainz.de/wirtschaft/standort-mainz/logistik.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Logistik+und+Transport&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fstandort-mainz%2Flogistik.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainzer-sand-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mainzer-sand_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainzer-sand.de/">"Der Mainzer Sand"</a>. <i>mainzer-sand</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214557/https://www.mainzer-sand.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mainzer-sand&rft.atitle=Der+Mainzer+Sand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainzer-sand.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/im-gruenen/mainzer-sand.php">"Mainzer Sand"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 23 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214554/https://www.mainz.de/freizeit-und-sport/im-gruenen/mainzer-sand.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Mainzer+Sand&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Ffreizeit-und-sport%2Fim-gruenen%2Fmainzer-sand.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaf Höckmann: <i>Mainz als römische Hafenstadt</i>. p. 87–106. in: Michael J. Klein (editor): <i>Die Römer und ihr Erbe. Fortschritt durch Innovation und Integration</i>. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2948-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-2948-2">3-8053-2948-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=GMXX0080">"Mainz historic weather averages"</a>. Intellicast. June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061441/http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=GMXX0080">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainz+historic+weather+averages&rft.pub=Intellicast&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intellicast.com%2FLocal%2FHistory.aspx%3Flocation%3DGMXX0080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Elbe1975" class="citation book cs1">von Elbe, Joachim (1975). <i>Roman Germany: a guide to sites and museums</i>. Mainz: P. von Zabern. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Germany%3A+a+guide+to+sites+and+museums&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=P.+von+Zabern&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=von+Elbe&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spektrum_der_Wissenschaft-2011_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/news/den-kelten-auf-der-spur/1060167">"Namenskunde: Den Kelten auf der Spur"</a>. <i>Spektrum der Wissenschaft</i> (in German). 13 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222451/https://www.spektrum.de/news/den-kelten-auf-der-spur/1060167">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spektrum+der+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=Namenskunde%3A+Den+Kelten+auf+der+Spur&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spektrum.de%2Fnews%2Fden-kelten-auf-der-spur%2F1060167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A second hypothesis suggests that Moguns was a wealthy Celt whose estate was taken for the fort and that a tax district was formed on the area parallel to other tax districts with a -iacum suffix (Arenacum, Mannaricium). There is no evidence for this supposedly wealthy man or his estate, but there is plenty for the god. According to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Darling_Buck" title="Carl Darling Buck">Carl Darling Buck</a> in <i>Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin</i>, -yo- and -k- are general Indo-European formative suffices and are not related to taxes. As the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a> was unquestioned and Drusus was campaigning over the Rhine, it is unlikely Mogontiacum would have been built to collect taxes from the Vangiones, who were not a Roman <i>municipium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html">"Mogontiacum"</a>. <i>Mainz als römische Militärbasis</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222835/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/roemer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainz+als+r%C3%B6mische+Milit%C3%A4rbasis&rft.atitle=Mogontiacum&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-mainz.de%2Fgeschichte%2Froemer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/">"Mainz, Temple of Isis – Livius"</a>. <i>www.livius.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126094326/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/mogontiacum-mainz-photos/mainz-temple-of-isis/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Mainz%2C+Temple+of+Isis+%E2%80%93+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fmogontiacum-mainz%2Fmogontiacum-mainz-photos%2Fmainz-temple-of-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kulikowski, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain" <i>Britannia</i> <b>31</b> (2000:325–345).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Answers-2018-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Answers-2018_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz">"Mainz"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. 19 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130224352/https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/mainz">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fmainz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html">"Drususstein"</a>. <i>Festung Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222834/http://www.festung-mainz.de/zitadelle/rundgang/drususstein.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festung+Mainz&rft.atitle=Drususstein&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-mainz.de%2Fzitadelle%2Frundgang%2Fdrususstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livius-2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livius-2020_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/">"Mogontiacum (Mainz)"</a>. <i>Livius</i>. 13 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031126/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/mogontiacum-mainz/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Mogontiacum+%28Mainz%29&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fmogontiacum-mainz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102">"500 bis 785"</a>. <i>Portal Rheinische Geschichte</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-/DE-2086/lido/57ab21f57328c2.42556102">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+Rheinische+Geschichte&rft.atitle=500+bis+785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de%2FEpochen-und-Themen%2FEpochen%2F500-bis-785---die-rheinlande-im-fruehmittelalter-%2FDE-2086%2Flido%2F57ab21f57328c2.42556102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grube-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grube_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrube" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grube, August Wilhelm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html">"Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage. Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter"</a>. <i>Projekt Gutenberg-DE</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131035620/https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/grube/sageges2/chap016.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Projekt+Gutenberg-DE&rft.atitle=Charakterbilder+aus+der+Geschichte+und+Sage.+Zweiter+Theil%3A+Das+Mittelalter&rft.aulast=Grube&rft.aufirst=August+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.projekt-gutenberg.org%2Fgrube%2Fsageges2%2Fchap016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsche_Biographie-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsche_Biographie_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deutsche_Biographie_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html">"Chlodwig I."</a> <i>Deutsche Biographie</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221814/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz60857.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Biographie&rft.atitle=Chlodwig+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fsfz60857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellone-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mellone_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellone" class="citation web cs1">Mellone, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html">"regionalgeschichte.net"</a>. <i>Die Baugeschichte des Mainzer Doms</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106005930/https://www.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de/geschichte/baugeschichte.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Baugeschichte+des+Mainzer+Doms&rft.atitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.aulast=Mellone&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1000-jahre-mainzer-dom.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fbaugeschichte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf">"Broschuere Blick auf Mainzer Frauen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171617/https://www.mainz.de/medien/internet/downloads/Broschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broschuere+Blick+auf+Mainzer+Frauen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fmedien%2Finternet%2Fdownloads%2FBroschuere_Blick_auf_Mainzer_Frauen_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html">"Neumann: Militärbauverwaltungen"</a>. <i>Festung Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131050101/http://www.festung-mainz.de/fr/bibliothek/aufsaetze/festungsgeschichte/verwaltungen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festung+Mainz&rft.atitle=Neumann%3A+Milit%C3%A4rbauverwaltungen&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-mainz.de%2Ffr%2Fbibliothek%2Faufsaetze%2Ffestungsgeschichte%2Fverwaltungen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Gruyter-1897-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Gruyter-1897_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"II. Zeitalter der Merowinger und Karolinger. (486–911.)". <i>Hessische Geschichte im Anschlusse an die deutsche und unter Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte</i>. De Gruyter. 31 December 1897. pp. 8–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111654201-005">10.1515/9783111654201-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-165420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-165420-1"><bdi>978-3-11-165420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Zeitalter+der+Merowinger+und+Karolinger.+%28486%E2%80%93911.%29&rft.btitle=Hessische+Geschichte+im+Anschlusse+an+die+deutsche+und+unter+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Kulturgeschichte&rft.pages=8-17&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1897-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111654201-005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-165420-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser2020-2021-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser2020-2021_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/">"Sektion 1"</a>. <i>Kaiser2020</i> (in German). 11 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131051538/https://www.kaiser2020online.de/de/sektion-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaiser2020&rft.atitle=Sektion+1&rft.date=2021-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaiser2020online.de%2Fde%2Fsektion-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann-2015-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann-2015_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaufmann, Sabine (2 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html">"Mittelalter: Karl der Große"</a>. <i>Planet Wissen</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131052911/https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/karl_der_grosse/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planet+Wissen&rft.atitle=Mittelalter%3A+Karl+der+Gro%C3%9Fe&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planet-wissen.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fmittelalter%2Fkarl_der_grosse%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldenbourg_Wissenschaftsverlag-1927-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldenbourg_Wissenschaftsverlag-1927_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Fünftes Kapitel. Der Wettstreit Zwischen Ostfranken Und Westfranken. (872–880.)". <i>Die Zeit der Reichsgründungen (382–911)</i>. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. 31 December 1927. pp. 316–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783486752670-035">10.1515/9783486752670-035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-75267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-75267-0"><bdi>978-3-486-75267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C3%BCnftes+Kapitel.+Der+Wettstreit+Zwischen+Ostfranken+Und+Westfranken.+%28872%E2%80%93880.%29&rft.btitle=Die+Zeit+der+Reichsgr%C3%BCndungen+%28382%E2%80%93911%29&rft.pages=316-327&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1927-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783486752670-035&rft.isbn=978-3-486-75267-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gengler-1849-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gengler-1849_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenglerde_Wall1849" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gengler, H.G.P.; de Wall, J. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1"><i>Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte im Grundrisse</i></a> (in German). Palm. p. 95-IA1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZJRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95-IA1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Rechtsgeschichte+im+Grundrisse&rft.pages=95-IA1&rft.pub=Palm&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Gengler&rft.aufirst=H.G.P.&rft.au=de+Wall%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZJRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA95-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sankt_Bonifatius-2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sankt_Bonifatius-2012_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169">"Mainz"</a>. <i>Sankt Bonifatius</i>. 1 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131055437/https://statues.vanderkrogt.net/object.php?webpage=ST&record=derp169">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sankt+Bonifatius&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatues.vanderkrogt.net%2Fobject.php%3Fwebpage%3DST%26record%3Dderp169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landesgeschichtliches_Informationssystem_Hessen_(LAGIS)-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landesgeschichtliches_Informationssystem_Hessen_(LAGIS)_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260">"Lullus"</a>. <i>Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131060600/https://www.lagis-hessen.de/pnd/118575260">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landesgeschichtliches+Informationssystem+Hessen+%28LAGIS%29&rft.atitle=Lullus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagis-hessen.de%2Fpnd%2F118575260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Faḍlān2012" class="citation book cs1">Ibn Faḍlān, Aḥmad (2012). <i>Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North</i>. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin Classics. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140455078" title="Special:BookSources/0140455078"><bdi>0140455078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Fadlan+and+the+Land+of+Darkness%3A+Arab+Travellers+in+the+Far+North&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=0140455078&rft.aulast=Ibn+Fa%E1%B8%8Dl%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institut_für_Mainzer_Kirchengeschichte_Bistum_Mainz-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Institut_für_Mainzer_Kirchengeschichte_Bistum_Mainz_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/">"50 1230–1249 Siegfried III. von Eppstein"</a>. <i>Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061935/https://bistummainz.de/kunst-gebaeude-geschichte/kirchengeschichte/forschung/viten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe/mainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381/50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Mainzer+Kirchengeschichte+Bistum+Mainz&rft.atitle=50+1230%E2%80%931249+Siegfried+III.+von+Eppstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbistummainz.de%2Fkunst-gebaeude-geschichte%2Fkirchengeschichte%2Fforschung%2Fviten-mainzer-erz-bischoefe%2Fmainzer-erzbischoefe-1198-bis-1381%2F50-12301249-siegfried-iii.-von-eppstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html">"Diether von Isenburg"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061757/https://www.alte-uni-mainz.de/biographien-erzbischoefe/diether-von-isenburg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Diether+von+Isenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alte-uni-mainz.de%2Fbiographien-erzbischoefe%2Fdiether-von-isenburg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ministry_for_Science,_Further_Education_and_Culture_Rhineland-Palatinate-2020_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057">"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz: Nomination Dossier"</a>. Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143508/https://whc.unesco.org/document/181057">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ShUM+Sites+of+Speyer%2C+Worms%2C+and+Mainz%3A+Nomination+Dossier&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Science%2C+Further+Education+and+Culture+Rhineland-Palatinate&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fdocument%2F181057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger-2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berger-2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berger, Michelle (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/">"Untaneh Tokef"</a>. <i>Jüdische Allgemeine</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131062850/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/religion/untaneh-tokef/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C3%BCdische+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Untaneh+Tokef&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juedische-allgemeine.de%2Freligion%2Funtaneh-tokef%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html">"Magenza"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131063701/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/einzelaspekte/magenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Magenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalgeschichte.net%2Frheinhessen%2Fmainz%2Feinzelaspekte%2Fmagenza-die-geschichte-des-juedischen-mainz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchUM_Städte_e.V.-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchUM_Städte_e.V._45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/">"Mainz"</a>. <i>SchUM Städte e.V.</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064416/https://schumstaedte.de/schum/mainz/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SchUM+St%C3%A4dte+e.V.&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschumstaedte.de%2Fschum%2Fmainz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-3_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html">"Mainz-Magenza"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064413/https://www.schum-staedte.info/die-schum-gemeinden/mainz-magenza.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Mainz-Magenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schum-staedte.info%2Fdie-schum-gemeinden%2Fmainz-magenza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuchman-2011-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuchman-2011_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman2011" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (3 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113"><i>A distant mirror</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-29160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-29160-8"><bdi>978-0-307-29160-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BmRoOIwLWhsC&pg=PT113">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+distant+mirror&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-307-29160-8&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Wertheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmRoOIwLWhsC%26pg%3DPT113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rheinhessen.de-2023-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rheinhessen.de-2023_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue">"Neue Synagoge"</a>. <i>Rheinhessen.de</i> (in German). 2 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065019/https://www.rheinhessen.de/en/a-new-synagogue">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rheinhessen.de&rft.atitle=Neue+Synagoge&rft.date=2023-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinhessen.de%2Fen%2Fa-new-synagogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BauNetz-2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BauNetz-2010_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html">"Licht der Diaspora – Synagoge von Manuel Herz in Mainz eingeweiht"</a>. <i>BauNetz</i> (in German). 3 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064904/https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BauNetz&rft.atitle=Licht+der+Diaspora+%E2%80%93+Synagoge+von+Manuel+Herz+in+Mainz+eingeweiht&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baunetz.de%2Fmeldungen%2FMeldungen-Synagoge_von_Manuel_Herz_in_Mainz_eingeweiht_1297777.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-German-Architects-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-German-Architects_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz">"Synagogue Mainz Manuel Herz Architekten"</a>. <i>German-Architects</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131064804/https://www.german-architects.com/de/manuel-herz-architekten-basel/project/synagogue-mainz">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German-Architects&rft.atitle=Synagogue+Mainz+Manuel+Herz+Architekten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-architects.com%2Fde%2Fmanuel-herz-architekten-basel%2Fproject%2Fsynagogue-mainz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zentralrat_der_Juden-2017-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zentralrat_der_Juden-2017_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/">"Gemeinden"</a>. <i>Zentralrat der Juden</i> (in German). 13 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131065545/https://www.zentralratderjuden.de/vor-ort/gemeinden/projekt/juedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zentralrat+der+Juden&rft.atitle=Gemeinden&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zentralratderjuden.de%2Fvor-ort%2Fgemeinden%2Fprojekt%2Fjuedische-gemeinde-mainz-kdoer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumont-2013-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumont-2013_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumontDumont2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Franz; Dumont, Stefan (2013). <i>Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch</i> (in German). Mainz. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9811001-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9811001-3-6"><bdi>978-3-9811001-3-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846966137">846966137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Mainzer+Republik+1792%2F93+franz%C3%B6sischer+Revolutionsexport+und+deutscher+Demokratieversuch&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846966137&rft.isbn=978-3-9811001-3-6&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft.au=Dumont%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Denis_G.G._Lepage2009" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244"><i>French Fortifications, 1715–1815: An Illustrated History</i></a>. McFarland. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5807-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-5807-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055343/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeVAPShsbTMC&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Fortifications%2C+1715%E2%80%931815%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5807-3&rft.au=Jean-Denis+G.G.+Lepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeVAPShsbTMC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumont-2018-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumont-2018_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Stefan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437">"Soldaten und Mainzerinnen in der Festung Mainz 1816‒1866"</a>. <i>Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25358%2FOPENSCIENCE-4435">10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-4435</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131070854/https://openscience.ub.uni-mainz.de/handle/20.500.12030/4437">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johannes+Gutenberg-Universit%C3%A4t+Mainz&rft.atitle=Soldaten+und+Mainzerinnen+in+der+Festung+Mainz+1816%E2%80%921866&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25358%2FOPENSCIENCE-4435&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscience.ub.uni-mainz.de%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12030%2F4437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathieux-1857-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathieux-1857_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieux1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mathieux, J.P. (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ"><i>Schilderung der Pulverexplosion zu Mainz am 18 November 1857, und die Verpflichtung Deutschlands diesem Unglücke gegenüber</i></a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HZlWAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schilderung+der+Pulverexplosion+zu+Mainz+am+18+November+1857%2C+und+die+Verpflichtung+Deutschlands+diesem+Ungl%C3%BCcke+gegen%C3%BCber&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Mathieux&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZlWAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockhaus-1857-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brockhaus-1857_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ"><i>Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz</i></a>. Illustrirte Depeschen (in German). Brockhaus. 1857. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9uswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Pulver-Explosion+in+Mainz&rft.series=Illustrirte+Depeschen&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEl9uswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gondlach-1932-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gondlach-1932_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGondlach1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gondlach, C. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ"><i>Zu den Erinnerungen an die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz</i></a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5Z7tAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zu+den+Erinnerungen+an+die+Pulver-Explosion+in+Mainz&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Gondlach&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5Z7tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dumont, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html">"Mainz als Reichsfestung 1870/71-1918"</a>. <i>Festung Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130222836/http://www.festung-mainz.de/geschichte/reichsfestung.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festung+Mainz&rft.atitle=Mainz+als+Reichsfestung+1870%2F71-1918&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-mainz.de%2Fgeschichte%2Freichsfestung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bockenheimer-1907-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bockenheimer-1907_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockenheimer1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bockenheimer, K.G. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ"><i>Mainz im Jahre 1866: von K. G. Bockenheimer</i></a> (in German). P. von Zabern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTMwAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mainz+im+Jahre+1866%3A+von+K.+G.+Bockenheimer&rft.pub=P.+von+Zabern&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Bockenheimer&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTMwAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Büllesbach-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Büllesbach_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüllesbach" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Büllesbach, Rudolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html">"Festung Mainz- Fort Muhl bei Ebersheim"</a>. <i>Festung Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131071948/http://www.festung-mainz.de/festung/stuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festung+Mainz&rft.atitle=Festung+Mainz-+Fort+Muhl+bei+Ebersheim&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCllesbach&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festung-mainz.de%2Ffestung%2Fstuetzpunkt-auf-der-muhl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-4-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-4_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html">"Mainz im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts – eine einzige Baustelle"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112350/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/bibliothek/aufsaetze/stumme-mainz-baustelle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Mainz+im+letzten+Viertel+des+19.+Jahrhunderts+%E2%80%93+eine+einzige+Baustelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalgeschichte.net%2Fbibliothek%2Faufsaetze%2Fstumme-mainz-baustelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-5-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-5_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html">"Hauptbahnhof"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112837/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/hauptbahnhof.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Hauptbahnhof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalgeschichte.net%2Frheinhessen%2Fmainz%2Fkulturdenkmaeler%2Fhauptbahnhof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architekturinstitut_der_Hochschule_Mainz-2018-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Architekturinstitut_der_Hochschule_Mainz-2018_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/">"Das jüdische Mainz"</a>. <i>Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz</i> (in German). 13 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130122804/https://architekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de/das-juedische-mainz/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architekturinstitut+der+Hochschule+Mainz&rft.atitle=Das+j%C3%BCdische+Mainz&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchitekturinstitut.hs-mainz.de%2Fdas-juedische-mainz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schug-2022-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schug-2022_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchug2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schug, Markus (23 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html">"150 Jahre Mainzer Neustadt: Warteschlange gehört zum Lebensgefühl"</a>. <i>FAZ.NET</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131114652/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=150+Jahre+Mainzer+Neustadt%3A+Warteschlange+geh%C3%B6rt+zum+Lebensgef%C3%BChl&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft.aulast=Schug&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Frhein-main%2Fregion-und-hessen%2F150-jahre-alte-mainzer-neustadt-ist-das-beliebteste-wohnquartier-18336018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Objektansicht-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Objektansicht_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3">"Evangelische Christuskirche in Mainz-Neustadt"</a>. <i>Objektansicht</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131120155/https://www.kuladig.de/Objektansicht/O-118738-20150320-3">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Objektansicht&rft.atitle=Evangelische+Christuskirche+in+Mainz-Neustadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuladig.de%2FObjektansicht%2FO-118738-20150320-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Büllesbach-2014-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Büllesbach-2014_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüllesbachHollichTautenhahn2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Büllesbach, Rudolf; Hollich, Hiltrud; Tautenhahn, Elke (2014). <i>Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen</i> (in German). München: morisel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-943915-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-943915-04-4"><bdi>978-3-943915-04-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889297859">889297859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bollwerk+Mainz+die+Selzstellung+in+Rheinhessen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=morisel&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889297859&rft.isbn=978-3-943915-04-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCllesbach&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Hollich%2C+Hiltrud&rft.au=Tautenhahn%2C+Elke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861">"Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930)"</a>. <i>Portal Rheinische Geschichte</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122935/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+Rheinische+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Die+Rheinlandbesetzung+%281918%E2%80%931930%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de%2FEpochen-und-Themen%2FThemen%2Fdie-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930%2FDE-2086%2Flido%2F57d133f17e43d1.98845861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainz_1918–1930-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mainz_1918–1930_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134">"regionalgeschichte.net"</a>. <i>Mainz 1918–1930</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainz+1918%E2%80%931930&rft.atitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1914-1930-rlp.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D21134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machtergreifung_1933-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Machtergreifung_1933_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machtergreifung_1933_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html">"regionalgeschichte.net"</a>. <i>Machtergreifung 1933</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Machtergreifung+1933&rft.atitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz1933-1945.de%2Fmachtergreifung-1933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lölhöffel-2011-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lölhöffel-2011_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLölhöffel2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lölhöffel, Helmut (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170">"Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche.de" class="mw-redirect" title="Süddeutsche.de">Süddeutsche.de</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122815/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Neue+Dokumente+%C3%BCber+die+NS-Zeit+%E2%80%93+Was+die+Deutschen+%C3%BCber+die+Verbrechen+wissen+konnten+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6lh%C3%B6ffel&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fkultur%2Fns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellner-2018-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellner-2018_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2018" class="citation book cs1">Kellner, Friedrich (25 January 2018). Kellner, Robert Scott (ed.). <i>My Opposition</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108289696">10.1017/9781108289696</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-28969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-28969-6"><bdi>978-1-108-28969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Opposition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108289696&rft.isbn=978-1-108-28969-6&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-3-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portal_Rheinische_Geschichte-3_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976">"1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg"</a>. <i>Portal Rheinische Geschichte</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122933/https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+Rheinische+Geschichte&rft.atitle=1933+bis+1945+%E2%80%93+Nationalsozialismus+und+Zweiter+Weltkrieg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frheinische-geschichte.lvr.de%2FEpochen-und-Themen%2FEpochen%2F1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-%2FDE-2086%2Flido%2F57ab25d840b824.40615976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-2006-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-2006_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html">"Mainzer Zitadelle"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). 5 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122705/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Mainzer+Zitadelle&rft.date=2006-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalgeschichte.net%2Frheinhessen%2Fmainz%2Fkulturdenkmaeler%2Fzitadelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2009" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I</i>. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 834–837. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+I&rft.pages=834-837&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-6-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-6_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-6_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688">"Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131124922/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Zerst%C3%B6rung+und+Aufbau+in+Mainz+1945%E2%80%931948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regionalgeschichte.net%2F%3Fid%3D7688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i>, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg">original text of Kœnig's order No. 57</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025606/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; as can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329">Landeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083053/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levitt-2006-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levitt-2006_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevittZipurskyAbella_EntertainmentChip_Taylor_Communications2006" class="citation cs2">Levitt, Fern; Zipursky, Arnie; Abella Entertainment; Chip Taylor Communications (2006), <i>Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner</i>, Derry, NH: Chip Taylor Communications, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186469537">186469537</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Nazi+%3A+my+opposition%2C+the+diaries+of+Friedrich+Kellner&rft.place=Derry%2C+NH&rft.pub=Chip+Taylor+Communications&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186469537&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Fern&rft.au=Zipursky%2C+Arnie&rft.au=Abella+Entertainment&rft.au=Chip+Taylor+Communications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bundeswehr-2022-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bundeswehr-2022_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz">"Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz"</a>. <i>Bundeswehr</i> (in German). 22 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202183308/https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/organisation/weitere-bmvg-dienststellen/territoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr/organisation/landeskommando-rheinland-pfalz">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundeswehr&rft.atitle=Landeskommando+Rheinland-Pfalz&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fde%2Forganisation%2Fweitere-bmvg-dienststellen%2Fterritoriales-fuehrungskommando-der-bundeswehr%2Forganisation%2Flandeskommando-rheinland-pfalz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214113133/http://sacred-destinations.com/germany/mainz-cathedral.htm">"Mainz Cathedral (Mainzer Dom)"</a>. <i>www.sacred-destinations.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-destinations.com/germany/mainz-cathedral.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sacred-destinations.com&rft.atitle=Mainz+Cathedral+%28Mainzer+Dom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacred-destinations.com%2Fgermany%2Fmainz-cathedral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an aerial view of the total destruction from the repeated US & RAF bombing raids on the city by photographer <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.google.com/hosted/life/a1fa68d50b8bc299.html">"Bombing Of Mainz, Germany – Hosted by Google"</a>. <i>images.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308155830/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/a1fa68d50b8bc299.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.google.com&rft.atitle=Bombing+Of+Mainz%2C+Germany+%E2%80%93+Hosted+by+Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.google.com%2Fhosted%2Flife%2Fa1fa68d50b8bc299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an aerial view of bomb-damaged theater, St. Quintins church, St. Johannis church and old university after an Allied air attack, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.google.com/hosted/life/9efa86295e2009bb.html">"LIFE – Hosted by Google"</a>. <i>images.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517040041/http://images.google.com/hosted/life/9efa86295e2009bb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=images.google.com&rft.atitle=LIFE+%E2%80%93+Hosted+by+Google&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.google.com%2Fhosted%2Flife%2F9efa86295e2009bb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/50a4e3fc4a6f3db8_large">Aerial view</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809105524/http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/50a4e3fc4a6f3db8_large">Archived</a> 9 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Mainz-Neustadt and the port of Mainz for <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Paul Mumford: <i><a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_International_d%27Architecture_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne">CIAM</a> Discourse on Urbanism 1928–1960</i> p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffry M. Diefendorf: <i>In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities After World War 2</i> p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the plan for the reconstruction of the German city of Mainz by Marcel Lods, 1947, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFingerhuth2004" class="citation book cs1">Fingerhuth, Carl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuE7lB92BIcC&q=Marcel%2520Lods%2C%2520Mainz&pg=PA59"><i>Learning from China: The Tao Of The City</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-6943-9"><bdi>978-3-7643-6943-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuE7lB92BIcC&q=Marcel%20Lods,%20Mainz&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+from+China%3A+The+Tao+Of+The+City&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-6943-9&rft.aulast=Fingerhuth&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuE7lB92BIcC%26q%3DMarcel%252520Lods%252C%252520Mainz%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAUWELT-2022-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAUWELT-2022_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bauwelt.de/themen/bauten/Mainz-Das-moderne-Monument-2153247.html">"Mainz – Das moderne Monument"</a>. <i>BAUWELT</i> (in German). 21 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131539/https://www.bauwelt.de/themen/bauten/Mainz-Das-moderne-Monument-2153247.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BAUWELT&rft.atitle=Mainz+%E2%80%93+Das+moderne+Monument&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bauwelt.de%2Fthemen%2Fbauten%2FMainz-Das-moderne-Monument-2153247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft_–_Nachrichten-2008-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft_–_Nachrichten-2008_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idw-online.de/de/news245871">"Novo Nordisk feiert 50-jähriges Jubiläum in Deutschland – Dänisches Pharmaunternehmen ist nicht nur mit Insulinen erfolgreich"</a>. <i>Informationsdienst Wissenschaft – Nachrichten</i> (in German). 6 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131958/https://idw-online.de/de/news245871">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informationsdienst+Wissenschaft+%E2%80%93+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Novo+Nordisk+feiert+50-j%C3%A4hriges+Jubil%C3%A4um+in+Deutschland+%E2%80%93+D%C3%A4nisches+Pharmaunternehmen+ist+nicht+nur+mit+Insulinen+erfolgreich&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidw-online.de%2Fde%2Fnews245871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studierendenwerk_Mainz-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Studierendenwerk_Mainz_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studierendenwerk-mainz.de/wohnen/wohnheime/kisselberg">"Studierendenwerk Mainz: Kisselberg"</a>. <i>Studierendenwerk Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131344/https://www.studierendenwerk-mainz.de/wohnen/wohnheime/kisselberg">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studierendenwerk+Mainz&rft.atitle=Studierendenwerk+Mainz%3A+Kisselberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studierendenwerk-mainz.de%2Fwohnen%2Fwohnheime%2Fkisselberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architektur-Bildarchiv-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Architektur-Bildarchiv_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architektur-bildarchiv.de/image/Gesch%C3%A4ftszentrum-Fort-Malakoff-Park-Mainz-18240.html">"Geschäftszentrum Fort-Malakoff-Park Mainz"</a>. <i>Architektur-Bildarchiv</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131131344/https://www.architektur-bildarchiv.de/image/Gesch%C3%A4ftszentrum-Fort-Malakoff-Park-Mainz-18240.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architektur-Bildarchiv&rft.atitle=Gesch%C3%A4ftszentrum+Fort-Malakoff-Park+Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architektur-bildarchiv.de%2Fimage%2FGesch%25C3%25A4ftszentrum-Fort-Malakoff-Park-Mainz-18240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-4_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/stadtrat-ratsinfo/stadtratsfraktionen-ratsinformation.php">"Stadtratsfraktionen und Ratsinformationssystem"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 19 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133214/https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/stadtrat-ratsinfo/stadtratsfraktionen-ratsinformation.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Stadtratsfraktionen+und+Ratsinformationssystem&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fverwaltung-und-politik%2Fstadtrat-ratsinfo%2Fstadtratsfraktionen-ratsinformation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-5-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-5_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/leben-und-arbeit/stadtteile/stadtteile.php">"Landeshauptstadt Mainz"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 22 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133135/https://www.mainz.de/leben-und-arbeit/stadtteile/stadtteile.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fleben-und-arbeit%2Fstadtteile%2Fstadtteile.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Focus-2016-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Focus-2016_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.de/regional/mainz/amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim-der-laecherliche-kampf-um-amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim_id_5838587.html">"Mainz oder Wiesbaden? Der lächerliche Kampf um Amöneburg, Kastel, Kostheim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Focus_(German_magazine)" title="Focus (German magazine)">Focus</a></i> (in German). 23 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133610/https://www.focus.de/regional/mainz/amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim-der-laecherliche-kampf-um-amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim_id_5838587.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus&rft.atitle=Mainz+oder+Wiesbaden%3F+Der+l%C3%A4cherliche+Kampf+um+Am%C3%B6neburg%2C+Kastel%2C+Kostheim&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fregional%2Fmainz%2Famoeneburg-kastel-kostheim-der-laecherliche-kampf-um-amoeneburg-kastel-kostheim_id_5838587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Wiesbaden-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Wiesbaden_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiesbaden.de/leben-in-wiesbaden/stadtteile/amoeneburg/geschichte.php">"Geschichte"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131133839/https://www.wiesbaden.de/leben-in-wiesbaden/stadtteile/amoeneburg/geschichte.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Wiesbaden&rft.atitle=Geschichte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesbaden.de%2Fleben-in-wiesbaden%2Fstadtteile%2Famoeneburg%2Fgeschichte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-6-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-2014-6_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/kultur-und-wissenschaft/stadtgeschichte/stadtwappen.php">"Landeshauptstadt Mainz"</a>. <i>Landeshauptstadt Mainz</i> (in German). 19 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131112201/https://mainz.de/kultur-und-wissenschaft/stadtgeschichte/stadtwappen.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.atitle=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fkultur-und-wissenschaft%2Fstadtgeschichte%2Fstadtwappen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swr.online-2023-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swr.online-2023_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/mainz/ob-stichwahl-mainz-haase-viering-100.html">"Nino Haase wird neuer OB von Mainz"</a>. <i>swr.online</i> (in German). 5 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305185416/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/mainz/ob-stichwahl-mainz-haase-viering-100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swr.online&rft.atitle=Nino+Haase+wird+neuer+OB+von+Mainz&rft.date=2023-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swr.de%2Fswraktuell%2Frheinland-pfalz%2Fmainz%2Fob-stichwahl-mainz-haase-viering-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirschstein-2018-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirschstein-2018_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschstein2018" class="citation web cs1">Kirschstein, Gisela (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainzund.de/phantastischer-rosenmontag-in-mainz-mehr-als-500-000-feiern-friedlich-grosse-narrenparty-rosenmontagszug-rollt-stoerungsfrei/">"Phantastischer Rosenmontag in Mainz – Mehr als 500.000 feiern friedlich große Narrenparty, Rosenmontagszug rollt störungsfrei"</a>. <i>Mainz&</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134431/https://mainzund.de/phantastischer-rosenmontag-in-mainz-mehr-als-500-000-feiern-friedlich-grosse-narrenparty-rosenmontagszug-rollt-stoerungsfrei/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainz%26&rft.atitle=Phantastischer+Rosenmontag+in+Mainz+%E2%80%93+Mehr+als+500.000+feiern+friedlich+gro%C3%9Fe+Narrenparty%2C+Rosenmontagszug+rollt+st%C3%B6rungsfrei&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Kirschstein&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainzund.de%2Fphantastischer-rosenmontag-in-mainz-mehr-als-500-000-feiern-friedlich-grosse-narrenparty-rosenmontagszug-rollt-stoerungsfrei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankfurter_Rundschau-2020-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frankfurter_Rundschau-2020_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/hochtaunus/nahezu-500000-zuschauer-13557187.html">"Nahezu 500.000 Zuschauer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rundschau" title="Frankfurter Rundschau">Frankfurter Rundschau</a></i> (in German). 24 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134438/https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/hochtaunus/nahezu-500000-zuschauer-13557187.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Rundschau&rft.atitle=Nahezu+500.000+Zuschauer&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fr.de%2Frhein-main%2Fhochtaunus%2Fnahezu-500000-zuschauer-13557187.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arning-2016-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arning-2016_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArningWolfWissenschaftliche_BuchgesellschaftDeutscher_Katholikentag_2016_Leipzig2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arning, Holger; Wolf, Hubert; Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; Deutscher Katholikentag 2016 Leipzig (2016). <i>Hundert Katholikentage von Mainz 1848 bis Leipzig 2016 : das Buch zum 100. Deutschen Katholikentag</i> (in German). Darmstadt: WBG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-26772-9"><bdi>978-3-534-26772-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932021369">932021369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hundert+Katholikentage+von+Mainz+1848+bis+Leipzig+2016+%3A+das+Buch+zum+100.+Deutschen+Katholikentag&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=WBG&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932021369&rft.isbn=978-3-534-26772-9&rft.aulast=Arning&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.au=Deutscher+Katholikentag+2016+Leipzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessels1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hessels, John Henry (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gutenberg, Johann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gutenberg,_Johann">"Gutenberg, Johann" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–741, (1) see page 739, first line and (2) page 741. <q>...(1) is supposed to have been born c. 1398–1399 at Mainz & (2) Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gutenberg%2C+Johann&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=739-741%2C+%281%29+see+page+739%2C+first+line+and+%282%29+page+741&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hessels&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalgeschichte.net-7-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regionalgeschichte.net-7_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regionalgeschichte.net/link/urn/urn:nbn:de:0291-rzd-016327-20201210-5">"Die Gründung der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität"</a>. <i>regionalgeschichte.net</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131134942/https://regionalgeschichte.net/link/urn/urn:nbn:de:0291-rzd-016327-20201210-5">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regionalgeschichte.net&rft.atitle=Die+Gr%C3%BCndung+der+Johannes+Gutenberg-Universit%C3%A4t&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregionalgeschichte.net%2Flink%2Furn%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0291-rzd-016327-20201210-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-2021-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-2021_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/">"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. 27 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135124/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1636/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=ShUM+Sites+of+Speyer%2C+Worms+and+Mainz&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainz-2022-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mainz-2022_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainz2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Unversität (1 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magazin.uni-mainz.de/schum-staetten-zum-unesco-welterbe-ernannt/">"SchUM-Stätten zum UNESCO-Welterbe ernannt"</a>. <i>JGU Magazin</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135333/https://www.magazin.uni-mainz.de/schum-staetten-zum-unesco-welterbe-ernannt/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SV+1919+Gonsenheim+e.V.&rft.atitle=SV+1919+Gonsenheim+e.V.&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsv-gonsenheim.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontana_Finthen_eV-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontana_Finthen_eV_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fontana-finthen.de/">"Fontana Finthen eV"</a>. <i>Fontana Finthen eV</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130034927/http://www.fontana-finthen.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fontana+Finthen+eV&rft.atitle=Fontana+Finthen+eV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fontana-finthen.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC_Fortuna_Mombach_1975_e.V.-1970-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FC_Fortuna_Mombach_1975_e.V.-1970_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortuna-mombach.de/">"Startseite"</a>. <i>FC Fortuna Mombach 1975 e.V.</i> (in German). 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221205/http://www.fortuna-mombach.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FC+Fortuna+Mombach+1975+e.V.&rft.atitle=Startseite&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortuna-mombach.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FVgg._1903_Mainz-Mombach_e.V.-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FVgg._1903_Mainz-Mombach_e.V._109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mombach03.de/">"Fußball aus Leidenschaft"</a>. <i>FVgg. 1903 Mainz-Mombach e.V.</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221206/https://www.mombach03.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FVgg.+1903+Mainz-Mombach+e.V.&rft.atitle=Fu%C3%9Fball+aus+Leidenschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mombach03.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasel-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fasel_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFasel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fasel, Torben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz88.de/verein/erfolge/index.html">"ASV Mainz 88"</a>. <i>ASV Mainz 88</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221503/https://www.mainz88.de/verein/erfolge/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASV+Mainz+88&rft.atitle=ASV+Mainz+88&rft.aulast=Fasel&rft.aufirst=Torben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz88.de%2Fverein%2Ferfolge%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainz_Athletics-1989-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mainz_Athletics-1989_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz-athletics.de/">"Home page"</a>. <i>Mainz Athletics</i> (in German). 31 December 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130221603/https://www.mainz-athletics.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Asc-theresianum-mainz.de. 13 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203939/http://www.asc-theresianum-mainz.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASC+Theresianum+Mainz+Basketball+%26%23124%3B&rft.pub=Asc-theresianum-mainz.de&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-theresianum-mainz.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usc-mainz.de/">"Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: USC Mainz"</a>. <i>www.usc-mainz.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131161535/https://www.usc-mainz.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usc-mainz.de&rft.atitle=Universit%C3%A4ts+Sportclub+Mainz%3A+USC+Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc-mainz.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universitäts_Sportclub_Mainz-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Universitäts_Sportclub_Mainz_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usc-mainz.de/der-club/historie/olympiateilnehmer.html">"Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: Olympiateilnehmer"</a>. <i>Universitäts Sportclub Mainz</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135622/https://www.usc-mainz.de/der-club/historie/olympiateilnehmer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4ts+Sportclub+Mainz&rft.atitle=Universit%C3%A4ts+Sportclub+Mainz%3A+Olympiateilnehmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc-mainz.de%2Fder-club%2Fhistorie%2Folympiateilnehmer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter H. Eisenhuth in der Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung 9 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c2/C2_72.htm">"Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72"</a>. <i>Linguasport</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228154153/http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c2/C2_72.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguasport&rft.atitle=Cup+Winners%27+Cup+1971%E2%80%9372&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasport.com%2Fbaloncesto%2Finternacional%2Fclubes%2Fc2%2FC2_72.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Matheus: 'The Wine City of Mainz' In: Hedwig Brüchert, Ute Engelen (editor Mainz 2019, p. 13–20.): Mainz and Wine. History of a Close Relationship</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322193703/https://www.mainz.de/en/culture-museums-science/index.php">"Culture, Museums, Science"</a>. <i>Mainz city council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/en/culture-museums-science/index.php">the original</a> on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainz+city+council&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Museums%2C+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fen%2Fculture-museums-science%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatwinecapitals.com/">"Great Wine Capitals – Global Network – A world of Excellence"</a>. <i>Great Wine Capitals</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204183755/https://www.greatwinecapitals.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Wine+Capitals&rft.atitle=Great+Wine+Capitals+%E2%80%93+Global+Network+%E2%80%93+A+world+of+Excellence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatwinecapitals.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainzer_Weinmarkt-2022-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mainzer_Weinmarkt-2022_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainzer-weinmarkt.de/">"Mainzer Weinmarkt"</a>. <i>Mainzer Weinmarkt</i> (in German). 14 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131135700/https://www.mainzer-weinmarkt.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mainzer+Weinmarkt&rft.atitle=Mainzer+Weinmarkt&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainzer-weinmarkt.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHOTT-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCHOTT_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schott.com/de-de/ueber-uns/unternehmen/regionen-und-standorte/mainz">"SCHOTT Mainz"</a>. <i>SCHOTT</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140243/https://www.schott.com/de-de/ueber-uns/unternehmen/regionen-und-standorte/mainz">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCHOTT&rft.atitle=SCHOTT+Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schott.com%2Fde-de%2Fueber-uns%2Funternehmen%2Fregionen-und-standorte%2Fmainz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das_Unternehmen-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das_Unternehmen_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.werner-mertz.de/">"werner-mertz.de"</a>. <i>Das Unternehmen</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117083900/https://werner-mertz.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Das+Unternehmen&rft.atitle=werner-mertz.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.werner-mertz.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biontech-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biontech_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biontech.com/de/de/home.html">"Home"</a>. <i>Biontech</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140058/https://www.biontech.com/de/de/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biontech&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biontech.com%2Fde%2Fde%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geschichte-des-weines.de-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geschichte-des-weines.de_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/persoenlichkeiten-der-weinkultur/persoenlichkeiten-von-a-z/328-krug-johann-joseph-1800-1866.html">"Krug, Johann Joseph (1800–1866)"</a>. <i>geschichte-des-weines.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140336/https://www.geschichte-des-weines.de/persoenlichkeiten-der-weinkultur/persoenlichkeiten-von-a-z/328-krug-johann-joseph-1800-1866.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geschichte-des-weines.de&rft.atitle=Krug%2C+Johann+Joseph+%281800%E2%80%931866%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschichte-des-weines.de%2Fpersoenlichkeiten-der-weinkultur%2Fpersoenlichkeiten-von-a-z%2F328-krug-johann-joseph-1800-1866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schug-2009-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schug-2009_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchug2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schug, Markus (7 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/ingelheimer-aue-im-hafen-kommt-fast-alles-in-die-kiste-1800165.html">"Ingelheimer Aue: Im Hafen kommt fast alles in die Kiste"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FAZ.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="FAZ.NET">FAZ.NET</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131140850/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/ingelheimer-aue-im-hafen-kommt-fast-alles-in-die-kiste-1800165.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ.NET&rft.atitle=Ingelheimer+Aue%3A+Im+Hafen+kommt+fast+alles+in+die+Kiste&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.aulast=Schug&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Frhein-main%2Fregion-und-hessen%2Fingelheimer-aue-im-hafen-kommt-fast-alles-in-die-kiste-1800165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_den_Ende-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_den_Ende_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Ende" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van den Ende, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinmodellbahn.de/pages/st.-goar/rechte-rheinstrecke.php">"Rechte Rheinstrecke"</a>. <i>Rheinmodellbahn</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131141106/https://www.rheinmodellbahn.de/pages/st.-goar/rechte-rheinstrecke.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rheinmodellbahn&rft.atitle=Rechte+Rheinstrecke&rft.aulast=van+den+Ende&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinmodellbahn.de%2Fpages%2Fst.-goar%2Frechte-rheinstrecke.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainzer_Mobilität-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mainzer_Mobilität_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainzer-mobilitaet.de/">"Mainzer Mobilität – Ihre Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055823/https://www.mainzer-mobilitaet.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mainzer+Mobilit%C3%A4t+%E2%80%93+Ihre+Mainzer+Verkehrsgesellschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainzer-mobilitaet.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rheinradweg.eu/en/">"Rhine Cycle Route"</a>. Euregio Rhine-Waal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055824/https://de.eurovelo.com/ev15">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhine+Cycle+Route&rft.pub=Euregio+Rhine-Waal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinradweg.eu%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landeshauptstadt_Mainz_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218011313/http://mainz.de/WGAPublisher/online/html/default/HTHN-5V9K2H.EN.0">"How to get to Mainz"</a>. Landeshauptstadt Mainz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainz.de/WGAPublisher/online/html/default/HTHN-5V9K2H.EN.0">the original</a> on 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+get+to+Mainz&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Mainz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2FWGAPublisher%2Fonline%2Fhtml%2Fdefault%2FHTHN-5V9K2H.EN.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/partnerstaedte/partnerstaedte.php">"Partnerstädte"</a>. <i>mainz.de</i> (in German). Mainz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823055851/https://www.mainz.de/verwaltung-und-politik/partnerstaedte/partnerstaedte.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mainz.de&rft.atitle=Partnerst%C3%A4dte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainz.de%2Fverwaltung-und-politik%2Fpartnerstaedte%2Fpartnerstaedte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mainz#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Mainz">Bibliography of the history of Mainz</a></div> <ul><li>Hope, Valerie. <i>Constructing Identity: The Roman Funerary Monuments of Aquelia, Mainz and Nîmes</i>; British Archaeological Reports (16 July 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-180-5">978-1-84171-180-5</a></li> <li>Imhof, Michael and Simone Kestin: <i>Mainz City and Cathedral Guide.</i> Petersberg: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Imhof_Verlag" title="Michael Imhof Verlag">Michael Imhof Verlag</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-937251-93-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-937251-93-6">978-3-937251-93-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz_(journal)" title="Mainz (journal)"><i>Mainz</i> ("Vierteljahreshefte für Kultur, Politik, Wirtschaft, Geschichte")</a>, since 1981</li> <li>Saddington, Denis. <i>The stationing of auxiliary regiments in Germania Superior in the Julio-Claudian period</i></li> <li>Stanton, Shelby, <i>World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946</i> (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0157-0">978-0-8117-0157-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2023/02/230201-Welterbe-SchUM-Staetten.html">"Rede: UNESCO-Welterbe-Urkunde für die SchUM-Stätten"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Bundespräsident">Der Bundespräsident</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Bundespr%C3%A4sident&rft.atitle=Rede%3A+UNESCO-Welterbe-Urkunde+f%C3%BCr+die+SchUM-St%C3%A4tten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2FSharedDocs%2FReden%2FDE%2FFrank-Walter-Steinmeier%2FReden%2F2023%2F02%2F230201-Welterbe-SchUM-Staetten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainz&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mainz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mainz">Mainz</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mainz#Q1720" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainz.de/en/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mainz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mainz">"Mainz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mainz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mainz">"Mainz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 444–445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=444-445&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mainz"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Mainz">"Mainz" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mainz&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/shum-sites-of-speyer-worms-and-mainz-germany/RQXxI7t9n8C-IQ">"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, Germany"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=ShUM+Sites+of+Speyer%2C+Worms+and+Mainz%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2Fshum-sites-of-speyer-worms-and-mainz-germany%2FRQXxI7t9n8C-IQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMainz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchhardt2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duchhardt, Heinz (31 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perspectivia.net/publikationen/qfiab/94-2014/292-310">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Römer" in Mainz: Ein Doppelporträt aus der Frühgeschichte der "neuen" Mainzer Universität"</a>. <i>Qfiab 94 (2014)</i> (in German). <b>94</b>: 292–310<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Mainz</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rüsselsheim">Rüsselsheim</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bad_Kreuznach" title="Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boroughs_of_Mainz_(Stadtteile)_of_Mainz" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boroughs_of_Mainz" title="Template:Boroughs of Mainz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boroughs_of_Mainz" title="Template talk:Boroughs of Mainz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs_of_Mainz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boroughs of Mainz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boroughs_of_Mainz_(Stadtteile)_of_Mainz" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Boroughs of Mainz <i>(Stadtteile)</i> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainz</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altstadt_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altstadt (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Altstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretzenheim_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bretzenheim (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Bretzenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drais" title="Drais">Drais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebersheim_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebersheim (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Ebersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finthen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finthen (page does not exist)">Finthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonsenheim" title="Gonsenheim">Gonsenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartenberg-M%C3%BCnchfeld" title="Hartenberg-Münchfeld">Hartenberg-Münchfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechtsheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hechtsheim">Hechtsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laubenheim_(Mainz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laubenheim (Mainz)">Laubenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz-Lerchenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainz-Lerchenberg">Lerchenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marienborn(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marienborn(Mainz) (page does not exist)">Marienborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombach" title="Mombach">Mombach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_(Mainz)" title="Neustadt (Mainz)">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberstadt_(Mainz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberstadt (Mainz) (page does not exist)">Oberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weisenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weisenau (page does not exist)">Weisenau</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mainz-2008_new.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mainz"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mainz" 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aria-labelledby="border&#124;20px&#124;Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_State_of_Rhineland-Palatinate_in_Germany_border&#124;20px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template talk:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;20px&#124;Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_State_of_Rhineland-Palatinate_in_Germany_border&#124;20px&#124;Flag_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Flag of Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenthal" title="Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirmasens" title="Pirmasens">Pirmasens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Zweibrücken">Zweibrücken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahrweiler_(district)" title="Ahrweiler (district)">Ahrweiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altenkirchen_(district)" title="Altenkirchen (district)"> Altenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzey-Worms" title="Alzey-Worms">Alzey-Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim_(district)" title="Bad Dürkheim (district)">Bad Dürkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Kreuznach_(district)" title="Bad Kreuznach (district)">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernkastel-Wittlich" title="Bernkastel-Wittlich">Bernkastel-Wittlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkenfeld_(district)" title="Birkenfeld (district)">Birkenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitburg-Pr%C3%BCm" title="Bitburg-Prüm">Bitburg-Prüm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochem-Zell" title="Cochem-Zell">Cochem-Zell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnersbergkreis" title="Donnersbergkreis">Donnersbergkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germersheim_(district)" title="Germersheim (district)">Germersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern_(district)" title="Kaiserslautern (district)">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusel_(district)" title="Kusel (district)">Kusel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz-Bingen" title="Mainz-Bingen">Mainz-Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayen-Koblenz" title="Mayen-Koblenz">Mayen-Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwied_(district)" title="Neuwied (district)">Neuwied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Hunsr%C3%BCck-Kreis" title="Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis">Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Lahn-Kreis" title="Rhein-Lahn-Kreis">Rhein-Lahn-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis" title="Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis">Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdliche_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Südliche Weinstraße">Südliche Weinstraße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestpfalz" title="Südwestpfalz">Südwestpfalz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier-Saarburg" title="Trier-Saarburg">Trier-Saarburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkaneifel" title="Vulkaneifel">Vulkaneifel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerwaldkreis" title="Westerwaldkreis">Westerwaldkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1720#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123646857">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/155482669">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1312353/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJh4d63WYFMXBB87pVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037124-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091241">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864862n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864862n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36561339">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mohuč (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130057&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456615">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/61988">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550346805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060172659706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b654bbfe-4c42-48c1-8c4f-6e66df7c520a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/109169">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026392445">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006633">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044981">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046305">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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