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Science from the mission’s 10 NASA payloads could help guide future Moon missions. </div> <div class="entry-subhead"> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="80" height="80" src="https://eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k-80x80.jpg" class="avatar avatar-80 photo wp-post-image" alt="Kimberly M. S. Cartier, News Writing and Production Intern for Eos.org" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=80%2C80&ssl=1 80w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=32%2C32&ssl=1 32w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=50%2C50&ssl=1 50w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=64%2C64&ssl=1 64w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=96%2C96&ssl=1 96w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=128%2C128&ssl=1 128w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k-80x80.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k-80x80.jpg?w=400&ssl=1 400w" /></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://eos.org/author/k-m-s-cartier">Kimberly M. 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Cartier</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-14T08:08:07-05:00">14 January 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-14T08:08:11-05:00">14 January 2025</time></span> </div> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://eos.org/articles/latest-moon-mission-is-old-new-borrowed-and-blue#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Latest%20Moon%20Mission%20Is%20Old%2C%20New%2C%20Borrowed%2C%20and%20Blue&body=https%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Farticles%2Flatest-moon-mission-is-old-new-borrowed-and-blue&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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Credit: <a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/spacecraft-launching-into-orbit-during-sundown-586045/" target="_blank">SpaceX</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/public-domain/cc0/" target="_blank">CC0</a></span></figcaption> </figure> <article id="post-231772" class="post-231772 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-articles tag-business-industry tag-moon tag-nasa tag-space-planets tag-spacecraft tag-united-states entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <p>On 15 January, Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Mission One will launch from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission, which the team named Ghost Riders in the Sky, will carry 10 science and technology payloads to the Moon on the <a href="https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blue Ghost</a> lander as part of NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative</a>.</p> <p>This is the largest number of NASA payloads on board a CLPS mission to date, said <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ryancleggwatkins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ryan Watkins</a>, a NASA program scientist for the Exploration Science Strategy and Integration Office, during a 17 December press briefing.</p> <p>“The NASA payloads on Firefly Blue Ghost Mission One will help advance lunar research and conduct several first of their kind demonstrations, strengthening our understanding of the Moon’s environment, as well as helping prepare for human missions to the lunar surface,” Watkins said.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Old Borrowed Instrument, New Science</strong></h3> <p>Blue Ghost aims to land near a volcanic feature named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Latreille" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mons Latreille</a> in Mare Crisium, a 556-meter-wide (345-mile-wide) basin on the Moon’s nearside. The site is ideal for studying lunar regolith and the Moon’s internal properties.</p> <aside> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#082344;color:#fff" id="id_185112" data-segments="" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" > <h2 class="has-text-align-center wp-block-heading" id="this-newsletter-rocks">This newsletter rocks.</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center has-normal-font-size">Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button aligncenter"><a class="wp-block-button__link" href="https://eos.org/newsletters/eos-buzz-2">Sign up now</a></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignleft size-large"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="780" height="780" src="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=780%2C780&ssl=1" alt="The nearside of the Moon as seen from Earth with a small red circle around a dark spot on the right edge just north of the equator." class="wp-image-231771" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=480%2C480&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=80%2C80&ssl=1 80w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=768%2C768&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=600%2C600&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=400%2C400&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mare-crisium-1024x1024.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">When viewed from Earth, Mare Crisium (circled in red) is visible as a small dark spot on the right edge of the Moon’s nearside. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Location_of_Mare_Crisium.jpg" target="_blank">Silvercat/Wikimdia Commons</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode.en" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> </figcaption></figure></div> <p>“With 10 NASA instruments on this flight, we are looking at scientific investigations ranging from characterizing Earth’s magnetosphere to understanding the structure, composition, and thermal properties of the Moon’s interior,” Watkins said. The landing site avoids large magnetic anomalies on the lunar surface, which could complicate magnetosphere observations, she added.</p> <p>The instrument responsible for those observations, the Lunar Environment Heliospheric X-ray Imager, or LEXI, has been to space before.</p> <p>In 2012, the instrument, then called <a href="https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8859/1/The-DXL-and-STORM-sounding-rocket-mission/10.1117/12.2024438.short" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">STORM</a> (Sheath Transport Observer for the Redistribution of Mass), launched on a sounding rocket and collected X-ray images of the solar wind interacting with the terrestrial magnetosphere. After falling back to Earth, the instrument sat in a display case at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.</p> <p>The NASA team <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/heliophysics/nasas-lexi-will-provide-x-ray-vision-of-earths-magnetosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saw an opportunity</a> to restore and refurbish the instrument, giving it new purpose to observe Earth’s ever-shifting magnetosphere from a more expansive vantage point on the lunar surface.</p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignright"><blockquote><p>“Lunar dust can affect mechanical components, Earth-based materials degradation, and human health, so we need to know how to account for its effects.”</p></blockquote></figure> <p>The lander will also test lunar navigation systems and radiation-resistant computing technologies that could aid future lunar astronauts, demonstrate a new technique for collecting regolith samples (that there are no plans to retrieve and return to Earth), and investigate the <a href="https://eos.org/articles/human-activities-might-create-temporary-atmospheres-on-the-moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">properties of lunar dust</a>.</p> <p>“Lunar dust can affect mechanical components, Earth-based materials degradation, and human health, so we need to know how to account for its effects,” Watkins said. “Several payloads on board will help us study how lunar dust adheres to various materials, as well as test the usage of electromagnetism to mitigate or prevent dust buildup.”</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Long Flight with Glowing Finish</strong></h3> <p>The Blue Ghost lander will take 45 days to reach the Moon. After spending 25 days in Earth’s orbit to calibrate and test its systems, it will spend 4 days flying to the Moon and another 16 days in lunar orbit before attempting to land.</p> <p>Watkins said that some of the onboard instruments, in particular those studying navigation and radiation-tolerant computing, will operate during the transit phases and a stereo camera will be studying the effect of rocket plumes on lunar regolith during landing. The team expects to receive images from the surface approximately 30 minutes after landing. The lander will operate for a full lunar day, or 14 Earth days.</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="perfmatters-lazy-youtube" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfeZJSKs_9A" data-id="tfeZJSKs_9A" data-query="feature=oembed" onclick="perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(this);"><div><img src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tfeZJSKs_9A/hqdefault.jpg" alt="YouTube video" width="480" height="360" data-pin-nopin="true" nopin="nopin"><div class="play"></div></div></div><noscript><iframe title="Blue Ghost's Journey to the Moon" width="780" height="439" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfeZJSKs_9A?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></noscript> </div></figure> <p>“We’ll then wrap up the mission by capturing a solar eclipse and a lunar sunset in high-definition video, before operating several hours into the lunar night,” <a href="https://fireflyspace.com/company/#team" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jason Kim</a>, CEO of Firefly Aerospace, said during the briefing. “We expect to capture a phenomenon seen and documented by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/eugene-a-cernan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eugene Cernan</a> during his final steps on Apollo 17, where he observed a <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_17_twilight_ray_sketch.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horizon glow</a> as the lunar dust levitated on the surface.”</p> <p>Also unseen since Apollo 17: nominal (successful) Moon landings by U.S.-based missions.</p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“The CLPS initiative has become the bedrock of commercial lunar innovation.”</p></blockquote></figure> <p>“As a nation, we haven’t successfully stuck a landing on the Moon in over 52 years,” Kim said. Missions from China (with Chang’e-3 and Chang’e-4) and India (with Chandrayaan-3) have recently made nominal soft landings on the Moon. Though a CLPS mission by <a href="https://eos.org/articles/commercial-lander-touches-down-on-moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intuitive Machines landed softly</a> on the Moon in 2024, it was tipped at an unplanned 30° angle, which <a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/us-moon-lander-odysseus-nears-shutdown-week-after-sideways-landing-2024-02-29/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hindered its operations</a> and scientific output.</p> <p>Blue Ghost’s chosen landing site is expected to be relatively flat and free of debris. The team is hoping for that elusive perfect landing.</p> <p>“The CLPS initiative has become the bedrock of commercial lunar innovation,” Kim said. “It just shows that the private industry, the commercial world, has a lot of affordable, responsive technology and systems that could provide NASA a frequent means to go to the Moon and carry out all these high stakes, critical science missions for lower costs, as well as do it sustainably,” he added.</p> <p>—Kimberly M. S. Cartier (<a href="https://twitter.com/@AstroKimCartier" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@AstroKimCartier</a>), Staff Writer</p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Citation:</strong> Cartier, K. M. S. (2025), Latest Moon mission is old, new, borrowed, and blue, <em>Eos, 106, </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO250021" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO250021</a>. Published on 14 January 2025.</h5> <h6 class="wp-block-heading">Text © 2025. 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