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S. Cartier, News Writing and Production Intern for Eos.org" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=80%2C80&ssl=1 80w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=32%2C32&ssl=1 32w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=50%2C50&ssl=1 50w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=64%2C64&ssl=1 64w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=96%2C96&ssl=1 96w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k.jpg?resize=128%2C128&ssl=1 128w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k-80x80.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cartier-k-80x80.jpg?w=400&ssl=1 400w" /></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://eos.org/author/k-m-s-cartier">Kimberly M. S. Cartier</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-22T19:42:49-05:00">22 February 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-03-04T07:37:34-05:00">4 March 2024</time></span> </div> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://eos.org/articles/commercial-lander-touches-down-on-moon#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Commercial%20Lander%20Touches%20Down%20on%20Moon&body=https%3A%2F%2Feos.org%2Farticles%2Fcommercial-lander-touches-down-on-moon&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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Credit: <a href="https://www.intuitivemachines.com/gallery" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intuitive Machines</a></span></figcaption> </figure> <article id="post-220670" class="post-220670 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-articles tag-artemis tag-business-industry tag-moon tag-nasa tag-space-planets tag-spacecraft tag-united-states entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <p>At 6:23 p.m. EST on 22 February, the Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C lander Odysseus landed on the Moon. Though the status of the lander is unclear after an extended communications outage, it is transmitting a faint signal, and the company’s chief technology officer, Tim Crain, confirmed it is on the ground. </p> <p>This was the first soft landing of an American spacecraft on the lunar surface in 52 years, the first commercial lunar landing, and the closest landing yet to the Moon’s south pole. The mission <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-artemis-science-first-intuitive-machines-flight-head-to-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">launched</a> in partnership with NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative on 15 February at 1:05 a.m. EST from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.</p> <p>The first lunar mission from Intuitive Machines (IM-1) landed<mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#f30404" class="has-inline-color"> </mark>near Malapert A crater in the Moon’s south pole region. It carries six scientific payloads from NASA and six <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/15/arts/design/jeff-koons-spacex-moon-rocket.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-NASA payloads</a> and is expected to contribute to the Artemis program to return humans to the Moon.</p> <aside> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden newspack-inline-popup " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#082344;color:#fff" id="id_185112" data-segments="" data-frequency="0,0,1,day" > <h2 class="has-text-align-center wp-block-heading" id="this-newsletter-rocks">This newsletter rocks.</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center has-normal-font-size">Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button aligncenter"><a class="wp-block-button__link" href="https://eos.org/newsletters/eos-buzz-2">Sign up now</a></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="780" height="439" src="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?resize=780%2C439&ssl=1" alt="A rocket launching at night" class="wp-image-220667" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?resize=480%2C270&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?resize=400%2C225&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-launch-1024x576.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Intuitive Machines’ Odysseus moon lander launched on a SpaceX Falcon-9 rocket on 15 February in the early morning. Credit: <a href="https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-20240215-PH-KLS01_0020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA/Kim Shiflett</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Domain</a></figcaption></figure></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Scouting the South Pole</strong></h3> <p>Malapert A is a 24-kilometer-diameter crater in the Malapert region, roughly 10° north and 3° west of the lunar south pole (about 300 kilometers, or 186 miles). Its location means that the surface is illuminated at low angles and some areas experience little or no sunlight. Landing and operating a spacecraft in such a cold and low-light area will be key for future missions to the Moon’s south pole, a primary target of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_south_pole#Exploration" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">upcoming lunar exploration</a>.</p> <p>IM-1 “will give us an opportunity to test our instruments in this very harsh environment where the Sun is always low on the horizon,” said astronomer <a href="https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/people/bios/susan-m-lederer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Susan Lederer</a>, CLPS project scientist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, during a 12 February press briefing. “The temperature gets quite cold and will help us [learn] what challenges face us in communicating with the Earth when it’s also rather low on the horizon.”</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="780" height="439" src="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?resize=780%2C439&ssl=1" alt="A rainbow-colored elevation map of the Moon’s cratered surface near the south pole, seen from above at an oblique angle." class="wp-image-220669" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?resize=480%2C270&ssl=1 480w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?resize=400%2C225&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/moon-south-pole-1024x576.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This elevation map of the lunar south pole was developed using data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Malapert crater, near the IM-1 Odysseus target landing site, is very near the Moon’s south pole. Shackleton crater, near the center of this image, lies almost exactly at the south pole. Credit: <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5127" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Domain</a></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Odysseus carries six NASA payloads. Three of those payloads were designed to aid in <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/nasa-to-demonstrate-autonomous-navigation-system-on-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/how-nasa-uses-simple-technology-to-track-lunar-missions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ranging</a>, and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/langley/nasas-laser-navigation-tech-enables-commercial-lunar-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">measuring distances</a> and velocities on the Moon and aim to demonstrate technologies that could aid future <a href="https://eos.org/features/heres-how-artemis-astronauts-will-navigate-on-the-moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> or a Moon base, Lederer said.</p> <p>Another payload will learn how to gauge <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/glenn/nasa-tests-new-spacecraft-propellant-gauge-on-lunar-lander/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fuel levels</a> in a low-gravity environment, one will seek to understand how the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-to-study-effects-of-radio-noise-on-lunar-science/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio environment on the lunar surface</a> might affect scientific experiments, and one will observe how <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/tiny-nasa-cameras-to-picture-interaction-between-lander-moons-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">engine plumes</a> change the lunar surface during and after descent.</p> <p>Odysseus was designed to deploy a camera-equipped CubeSat called EagleCam about 100 meters above the surface before the landing attempt. EagleCam may have captured the first external video of a lunar landing.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Landing More for Less</strong></h3> <p>Mission team members noted that Malapert A is a relatively flat area in which to land at the south pole, and so they did not anticipate any issues with a tilted or upside-down landing, like what happened with Japan’s <a href="https://eos.org/articles/japans-slim-spacecraft-lands-on-the-moon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon) mission</a> a few weeks prior.</p> <p>“I feel fairly confident that we’re going to be successful softly touching down on the Moon,” Stephen Altemus, president and chief executive of Intuitive Machines, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/14/science/spacex-launch-moon-lander-intuitive.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">told</a> the <em>New York Times</em> ahead of the launch. That confidence proved well founded with the successful landing.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-large"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="780" height="816" src="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?resize=780%2C816&ssl=1" alt="Photograph of a lunar lander in a dimly lit hanger in front of an American flag" class="wp-image-220668" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?resize=979%2C1024&ssl=1 979w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?resize=459%2C480&ssl=1 459w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?resize=768%2C803&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?resize=400%2C418&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/eos.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/im1-odysseus-979x1024.jpg?w=370&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Intuitive Machines Odysseus lander waits at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Intuitive_Machines%E2%80%99_Nova-C_lunar_lander_(IM_00309)_(cropped).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA Marshall Space Flight Center/Intuitive Machines</a>, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Domain</a></figcaption></figure></div> <p>IM-1 is the first American-launched craft to land softly on the Moon’s surface since Apollo 17 in 1972. It also is the first privately built craft to land on the Moon, after <a href="https://eos.org/articles/a-lunar-mission-spots-its-failed-brethren" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attempts</a> by a <a href="https://www.astrobotic.com/final-update-for-peregrine-mission-one/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different American company</a> as part of CLPS, <a href="https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=4691" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a Japanese company</a>, and <a href="https://eos.org/articles/israeli-spacecraft-will-land-on-moon-today" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">an Israeli nonprofit</a> failed. The mission’s landing success bodes well for the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CLPS initiative</a>, which encourages private companies to develop missions that can deliver NASA science to the Moon at low cost.</p> <p>“Instead of one mission in a decade, it allows for more like 10 commercial missions to the Moon in a decade,” Lederer said. “Instead of four or five instruments in that one decade, it’s more like 4–5 dozen instruments.”</p> <p>IM-1 is anticipated to operate on the Moon for 7 days. Intuitive Machines plans to launch two more CLPS missions to the lunar south pole region later this year.</p> <p>—Kimberly M. S. Cartier (<a href="https://twitter.com/@AstroKimCartier" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@AstroKimCartier</a>), Staff Writer</p> <h5 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Citation:</strong> Cartier, K. M. S. (2024), Commercial lander touches down on Moon, <em>Eos, 105, </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EO240082" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EO240082</a>. Published on 22 February 2024.</h5> <h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Text © 2025. The authors. <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CC BY-NC-ND 3.0</a></strong><br><strong>Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. 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