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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Norman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Norman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Norman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th–13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th–13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>11th–13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th–13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th–18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th–18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>16th–18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th–18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor_and_sheriff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_and_sheriff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mayor and sheriff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor_and_sheriff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_crier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_crier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Town crier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_crier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twinned_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twinned_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Twinned towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twinned_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Areas_and_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_and_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Areas and suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_and_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture,_media_and_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture,_media_and_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture, media and sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture,_media_and_sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture, media and sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture,_media_and_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shortlisted_bid_for_UK_City_of_Culture_2025" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortlisted_bid_for_UK_City_of_Culture_2025"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Shortlisted bid for UK City of Culture 2025</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortlisted_bid_for_UK_City_of_Culture_2025-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Emergency services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_and_cruise_shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_and_cruise_shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Ocean and cruise shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_and_cruise_shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Freedom of the City</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Freedom of the City subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Military units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southampton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساوثهامبتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساوثهامبتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauthempton" title="Sauthempton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sauthempton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساوت‌همپتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساوت‌همپتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="সাউদাম্পটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাউদাম্পটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саўтгемптан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саўтгемптан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саўтгэмптан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саўтгэмптан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Саутхамптън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саутхамптън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Southampton (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Southampton (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Σαουθάμπτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαουθάμπτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساوت‌همپتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساوت‌همپتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%83%98%ED%94%84%ED%84%B4" title="사우샘프턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우샘프턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Սաութհեմփթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաութհեմփթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="साउथैम्प्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साउथैम्प्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סאות'המפטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאות'המפטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="საუთჰემპტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საუთჰემპტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantonia" title="Hantonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hantonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauthemptona" title="Sauthemptona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sauthemptona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_(borough)" title="Southampton (borough) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Southampton (borough)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautamptonas" title="Sautamptonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sautamptonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутхемптон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Саутхемптон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="साउथहँप्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साउथहँप्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساوثهامبتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساوثهامبتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساوت‌همپتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساوت‌همپتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯥꯎꯊꯑꯦꯝꯞꯇꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯎꯊꯑꯦꯝꯞꯇꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဆောက်သမ္ပတန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆောက်သမ္ပတန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Southampton (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Southampton (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="サウサンプトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウサンプトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantonne" title="Hantonne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hantonne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਾਊਥਹੈਂਪਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਊਥਹੈਂਪਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ساؤتھمپٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساؤتھمپٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_(mesto)" title="Southampton (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Southampton (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ساوتھامپتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساوتھامپتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутемптон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саутемптон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சவுத்தாம்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவுத்தாம்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутһәмптон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саутһәмптон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เซาแทมป์ตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซาแทมป์ตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Саутгемптон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саутгемптон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ساؤتھمپٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساؤتھمپٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%89%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="南安普顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南安普顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%92%B8%E9%A0%93" title="修咸頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修咸頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Southampton" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%89%E6%99%AE%E6%95%A6" title="南安普敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南安普敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southampton&params=50_54_09_N_01_24_15_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°54′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°24′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.90250°N 1.40417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.90250; -1.40417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Hampshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Hampshire, England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Southampton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Southampton (disambiguation)">Southampton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and unitary authority area in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southampton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority area</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_(geograph_5432669).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a harbour with tall buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg/248px-View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg/372px-View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg/496px-View_across_Ocean_Village_Marina_%28geograph_5432669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village</a> skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bargate_2021.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bargate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bargate_2021.JPG/120px-Bargate_2021.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bargate_2021.JPG/180px-Bargate_2021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bargate_2021.JPG/240px-Bargate_2021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2830" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bargate" title="Bargate">Bargate</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Guildhall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg/124px-Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg/186px-Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg/248px-Southampton_Guildhall_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Guildhall" title="Southampton Guildhall">Guildhall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Town walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg/112px-Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg/168px-Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg/224px-Arcades_and_western_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Southampton_town_walls" title="Southampton town walls">Town walls</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Western_House_(geograph_5432663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South Western House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg/132px-South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg/198px-South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg/264px-South_Western_House_%28geograph_5432663%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div>South Western House</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Southampton.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Southampton"><img alt="Flag of Southampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Southampton.png/150px-Flag_of_Southampton.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Southampton.png/225px-Flag_of_Southampton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Southampton.png/300px-Flag_of_Southampton.png 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="784" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Southampton"><img alt="Official logo of Southampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Southampton_City_Council.svg/110px-Southampton_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Southampton_City_Council.svg/165px-Southampton_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Southampton_City_Council.svg/220px-Southampton_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="298" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo of the City Council</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Gateway to the World</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shown within Hampshire"><img alt="Shown within Hampshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg/280px-Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg/420px-Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg/560px-Southampton_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1213" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Shown within Hampshire</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southampton&params=50_54_09_N_01_24_15_W_region:GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°54′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">01°24′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.90250°N 1.40417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.90250; -1.40417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sovereign state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">c. AD 43</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th><td class="infobox-data">1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unitary authority</th><td class="infobox-data">1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">Unitary authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Councillors_and_mayors" title="Local government in England">Leadership</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leader & cabinet</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Council control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">Members of Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Nokes" title="Caroline Nokes">Caroline Nokes</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">(C)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Paffey" title="Darren Paffey">Darren Paffey</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satvir_Kaur" title="Satvir Kaur">Satvir Kaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">28.1 sq mi (72.8 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCC_2016_pop_est_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC_2016_pop_est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">269,781</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2017)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">252,400 (Council area)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">13,120/sq mi (5,066/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">855,569</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,547,000 (<a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-espon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sotonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 80.7% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 10.6% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.3% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 43.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 40.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.6% not stated </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.6% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UK_postcodes" class="mw-redirect" title="UK postcodes">Postcode span</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/SO_postcode_area" title="SO postcode area">SO</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">023 8</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">GB-STH</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="American dollar">US$</a> 51.6 billion<sup id="cite_ref-brookingsgdp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">US$ 37,832<sup id="cite_ref-brookingsgdp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_Value_Added" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Value Added">GVA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2013</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>9.7 bn ($15.7 bn) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_cities_by_GVA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK cities by GVA">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Growth</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">£21,400 ($34,300) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_cities_by_GVA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK cities by GVA">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Growth</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British national grid reference system">Grid ref.</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southampton&params=50.896959_N_1.404157_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=SU+42+11">SU 42 11</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">00MS (ONS)<br />E06000045 (GSS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Police</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Constabulary" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary">Hampshire and Isle of Wight</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ambulance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Ambulance_Service" title="South Central Ambulance Service">South Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fire</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Fire and Rescue Service">Hampshire and Isle of Wight</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southampton.gov.uk">southampton<wbr />.gov<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Southampton</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, England. It is located approximately 80 miles (130 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 20 miles (32 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, and 20 miles (32 km) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton had a population of 253,651 at the 2011 census, making it one of the most populous cities in southern England.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton forms part of the larger <a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a> <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> which includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> and the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>. A major port,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and close to the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, Southampton lies at the northernmost point of <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a>, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/River_Test" title="River Test">River Test</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire" title="River Itchen, Hampshire">Itchen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/River_Hamble" title="River Hamble">River Hamble</a> joining to the south. Southampton is classified as a Medium-Port City.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton was the departure point for the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and home to 500 of the people who perished on board.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> was built in the city<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Southampton has a strong association with the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i>, being the departure point before the vessel was forced to return to <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>. In the past century the city was one of Europe's main ports for <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a>. More recently, Southampton is known as the home port of some of the largest cruise ships in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a> maintains a regular transatlantic service to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> from the city. Southampton is also one of the largest retail destinations in the South of England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton was heavily bombed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> during what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton Blitz</a>. It was one of the major embarkation points for <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> Southampton was where troops left England for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>. It was itself raided by French pirates, leading to the construction of the fortified <a href="/wiki/Southampton_town_walls" title="Southampton town walls">town walls</a>, many of which still stand today. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> also lived in Southampton for a number of years. In 1964, the town of Southampton acquired <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, becoming the City of Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable employers in the city include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_South" title="BBC South">BBC South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Ports" title="Associated British Ports">Associated British Ports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carnival_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival UK">Carnival UK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southampton" title="History of Southampton">History of Southampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Southampton" title="Timeline of Southampton">Timeline of Southampton</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Norman">Pre-Norman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Norman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MusArch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusArch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman invasion</a> of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in AD 70 the fortress settlement of <i><a href="/wiki/Clausentum" title="Clausentum">Clausentum</a></i> was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, at the site of modern <a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Manor" title="Bitterne Manor">Bitterne Manor</a>. <i>Clausentum</i> was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Clausentum</i> was not <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">abandoned</a> until around 410.<sup id="cite_ref-MusArch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusArch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> formed a new, larger, settlement across the <a href="/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire" title="River Itchen, Hampshire">Itchen</a> centred on what is now the <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Southampton" title="St Mary's, Southampton">St Mary's</a> area of the city. The settlement was known as <i>Hamwic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MusArch_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusArch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which evolved into <i>Hamtun</i> and then <i>Hampton</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-MusArch_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MusArch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.<sup id="cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotongovmedieval-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th–13th_centuries"><span id="11th.E2.80.9313th_centuries"></span>11th–13th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 11th–13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Castle" title="Southampton Castle">Southampton Castle</a> was built in the 12th century<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surviving remains of 12th-century merchants' houses such as <i>King John's House</i> and <i>Canute's Palace</i> are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP34_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine<sup id="cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotongovmedieval-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in exchange for English cloth and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_friary_in_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan friary in Southampton">Franciscan friary in Southampton</a> was founded circa 1233.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruddock_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddock-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friars constructed a water supply system in 1290, which carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, <a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Southampton" title="Shirley, Southampton">Shirley</a>) some 1.1 mi (1.7 km) to the site of the friary inside the town walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2016)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1327 and 1330, the King and Council received a petition from the people of Southampton. The community of Southampton claimed that Robert Batail of Winchelsea and other men of the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a> came to Southampton under the pretence that they were a part of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Lancaster">Thomas of Lancaster</a>'s rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a>. The community thought that they were in conspiracy with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_le_Despenser_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh le Despenser the Younger">Hugh le Despenser the Younger</a>. The petition states that, the supposed rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Despenser_War" title="Despenser War">Despenser War</a> 'came to Southampton harbour, and burnt their ships, and their goods, chattels and merchandise which was in them, and carried off other goods, chattels and merchandise of theirs found there, and took some of the ships with them, to a loss to them of £8000 and more.'<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their petition to the King somewhere after 1321 and before 1327 earned some of the people of Southampton a prison sentence at <a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a>, possibly for insinuating the king's advisor Hugh le Despenser the Younger acted in conspiracy with the Cinque Port men to damage Southampton, a flourishing port in the fourteenth century. When King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> came to the throne, this petition was given to the king and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Queen Isabella</a>, who was in charge of the town, and the country at this stage likely organised the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_trespass" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of trespass">writ of trespass</a> that took any guilt away from the community at Southampton. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG/220px-Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG/330px-Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG/440px-Southampton_-_mur_medieval_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Part of Southampton's Town Walls</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">The town was sacked in 1338</a> by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles I, Lord of Monaco">Charles Grimaldi</a>, who used the plunder to help found the <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-internetarchive_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internetarchive-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On visiting Southampton in 1339, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> ordered that <a href="/wiki/Southampton_town_walls" title="Southampton town walls">walls</a> be built to "close the town". The extensive rebuilding — part of the walls dates from 1175 — culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sotongovtower_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotongovtower-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1348, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP45_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP45-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to King Henry's departure for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> in 1415, the ringleaders of the "<a href="/wiki/Southampton_Plot" title="Southampton Plot">Southampton Plot</a>"—<a href="/wiki/Richard,_Earl_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Earl of Cambridge">Richard, Earl of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Scrope,_3rd_Baron_Scrope_of_Masham" title="Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham">Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey_(1384-1415)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Grey (1384-1415)">Thomas Grey of Heton</a>—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the <a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Inn,_Southampton" title="Red Lion Inn, Southampton">Red Lion</a> public house in the High Street.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Southampton#Dubious" title="Talk:Southampton">discuss</a></i>]</sup> They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the <a href="/wiki/Bargate" title="Bargate">Bargate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP48_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP48-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city walls include <a href="/wiki/God%27s_House_Tower" title="God's House Tower">God's House Tower</a>, built in 1417, the first purpose-built artillery fortification in England.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years it has been used as home to the city's gunner, the Town Gaol and even as storage for the Southampton Harbour Board.<sup id="cite_ref-sotongovtower_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotongovtower-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until September 2011, it housed the Museum of Archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls were completed in the 15th century,<sup id="cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotongovmedieval-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later development of several new fortifications along Southampton Water and <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">the Solent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> meant that Southampton was no longer dependent upon its own fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP59_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP59-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> had become an important industry for the town. <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>'s famous warship <a href="/wiki/Grace_Dieu_(ship)" title="Grace Dieu (ship)"><i>Grace Dieu</i></a> was built in Southampton and launched in 1418.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The friars passed on ownership of the water supply system itself to the town in 1420.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1447 <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a> granted Southampton a charter which made it a county of itself, separate for most purposes from the county of Hampshire. The town was granted its own <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>, which it retains to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th–18th_centuries"><span id="16th.E2.80.9318th_centuries"></span>16th–18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 16th–18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The friary was dissolved in 1538 but its ruins remained until they were swept away in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruddock_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruddock-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The port was the point of departure for the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a> aboard <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i> in 1620.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1642, during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP71_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP71-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royalists advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Southampton" title="Redbridge, Southampton">Redbridge</a> in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP71_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP71-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton became a spa town in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP78_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP78_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP78_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP78-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton engineer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Taylor_(Southampton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Taylor (Southampton)">Walter Taylor</a>'s 18th-century mechanisation of the <a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">block</a>-making process was a significant step in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP95_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP95-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port was used for military embarkation, including during 18th-century wars with the French.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP92_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP92-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town experienced major expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first dock opened in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton subsequently became known as <i>The Gateway to the Empire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1854 book <i>The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star</i> John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and colour, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean." </p><p>The port was used for military embarkation, including the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a><sup id="cite_ref-RancePP120_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP120-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP138_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP138-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new pier, with ten landing stages, was opened by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught</a> on 2 June 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Southampton" title="Grand Theatre, Southampton">Grand Theatre</a> opened in 1898. It was demolished in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial,_Southampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/220px-Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/330px-Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg/440px-Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial%2C_Southampton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanic Engineers' Memorial, Southampton">memorial</a> to the engineers of the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1904 to 2004, the <a href="/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company" title="John I. Thornycroft & Company">Thornycroft</a> shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton,<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> sailed from Southampton. 497 men (four in five of the crew on board the vessel) were Sotonians,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, visitors can see the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Engineers%27_Memorial,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanic Engineers' Memorial, Southampton">Titanic Engineers' Memorial</a> in East Park, built in 1914, dedicated to the ship's engineers who died on board. Nearby is another Titanic memorial, commemorating the ship's musicians. </p><p>Southampton subsequently became the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> liner <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">RMS <i>Queen Mary</i></a> and her running mate <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth" title="RMS Queen Elizabeth">RMS <i>Queen Elizabeth</i></a>. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Container_Terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton Container Terminals">Southampton Container Terminals</a> first opened in 1968<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has continued to expand. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Raid_Precautions,_1940_HU104527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg/220px-Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg/330px-Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg/440px-Air_Raid_Precautions%2C_1940_HU104527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">John Anderson</a> with members of the Auxiliary Fire Service in Southampton in February 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg/220px-The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg/330px-The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg/440px-The_Civilian_Evacuation_Scheme_during_the_Second_World_War_HU36233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Evacuee children returning to Southampton from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> aboard the troop ship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Andes_(1939)" title="RMS Andes (1939)"><i>Andes</i></a> in September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton was designated No. 1 Military Embarkation port during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a major centre for treating the returning wounded and <a href="/wiki/POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="POWs">POWs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also central to the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Europe">Invasion of Europe</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> was designed and developed in Southampton, evolving from the <a href="/wiki/Schneider_trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneider trophy">Schneider trophy</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Seaplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplanes">seaplanes</a> of the 1920s and 1930s. Its designer, R J Mitchell, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood</a> area of Southampton, and his house is today marked with a blue plaque.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy bombing of the <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston</a> factory in September 1940 destroyed it as well as homes in the vicinity, killing civilians and workers. World War II hit Southampton particularly hard because of its strategic importance as a major commercial port and industrial area. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Europe">Invasion of Europe</a>, components for a <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a> were built here.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, Southampton docks handled military cargo to help keep the Allied forces supplied,<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it a key target of Luftwaffe bombing raids until late 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-RancePP169_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RancePP169-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton docks was featured in the television show 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 630 people died as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">air raids on Southampton</a> and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a large portion of those walls remain. </p><p>A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 Southampton acquired <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, becoming the City of Southampton,<sup id="cite_ref-Rance_17-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> was turned into a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> within Hampshire in 1973. </p><p>Southampton City Council took over most of the functions of Hampshire County Council within the city in April 1997 (including education and social services, but not the fire service), and thus became a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2010s several developments to the inner-city of Southampton were completed. In 2016 the south section of West Quay, or West Quay South, originally known as West Quay Watermark, was opened to the public. Its public plaza has been used for several annual events, such as an ice skating rink during the winter season,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a public broadcast of <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">the Wimbledon tennis championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two new buildings, the <a href="/wiki/John_Hansard_Gallery" title="John Hansard Gallery">John Hansard Gallery</a> with City Eye and a secondary site for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton#Arts" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton's Nuffield Theatre</a>, in addition to several flats, were built in the "cultural quarter" adjacent to Guildhall Square in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg/220px-Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg/330px-Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg/440px-Southampton-CivicCentre-West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Civic_Centre" title="Southampton Civic Centre">Southampton Civic Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act" title="Local Government Act">1888 Local Government Act</a>, Southampton became a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">county</a> of Hampshire, which meant that the Corporation in Southampton had the combined powers of a lower-tier (borough) and an upper-tier (county) council within the city boundaries, while the new county council was responsible for upper-tier functions outside the city of Southampton. The ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the <i>County of Southampton</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Southamptonshire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was officially changed to <i>Hampshire</i> in 1959, although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire (and previously Hantescire – the origin of the abbreviation "Hants.") for centuries. In the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">reorganisation of English and Welsh local government that took effect on 1 April 1974</a>, Southampton lost its county borough when it became a <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan district</a> (i.e. with lower-tier local government functions only) within a modified <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan county</a> of Hampshire (Bournemouth and Christchurch were transferred to the neighbouring non-metropolitan county of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>). From this date, Hampshire County Council became responsible for all upper-tier functions within its boundaries, including Southampton, until local government was once again reorganised in the late 1990s. </p><p>Southampton as a port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth;<sup id="cite_ref-Edwin_Welch_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwin_Welch-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between <a href="/wiki/Lymington" title="Lymington">Lymington</a> and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-British_History_Online_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_History_Online-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a charter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 52), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire. The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county. The formal title of the town became "The Town and County of the Town of Southampton".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the "constitution" of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period when the Local Government Act 1888 set up County Councils and County Borough Councils across England and Wales, including Southampton County Borough Council. Under this regime, "The Town and County of the Town of Southampton" became a county borough with responsibility for all aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 Elizabeth II, by Letters Patent, granted the County Borough of Southampton the title of "City", so creating "The City and County of the City of Southampton".<sup id="cite_ref-Soton,County_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soton,County-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This did not, however, affect its composition or powers. </p><p>The city has undergone many changes to its governance over the centuries and once again became administratively independent from Hampshire County as it was made into a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> in a local government reorganisation on 1 April 1997, a result of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Act 1992">1992 Local Government Act</a>. The district remains part of the Hampshire <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton City Council</a> consists of 51 councillors, 3 for each of the 17 wards. <a href="/wiki/Southampton_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton local elections">Council elections</a> are held in early May for one third of the seats (one councillor for each ward), elected for a four-year term, so there are elections three years out of four. The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> has held overall control since 2022; after the <a href="/wiki/2023_Southampton_City_Council_election" title="2023 Southampton City Council election">2023 council elections</a> the composition of the council is: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;">Party </th> <th style="vertical-align:bottom;">Members </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E4003B; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0087DC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FAA61A; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#02A95B; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Total</b> </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><b>51</b><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three members of Parliament for the city: <a href="/wiki/Darren_Paffey" title="Darren Paffey">Darren Paffey</a> (Labour) for <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Itchen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southampton Itchen (UK Parliament constituency)">Southampton Itchen</a>, the constituency covering the east of the city; <a href="/wiki/Satvir_Kaur" title="Satvir Kaur">Satvir Kaur</a> (Labour) for <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Test_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southampton Test (UK Parliament constituency)">Southampton Test</a>, which covers the west of the city; and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Nokes" title="Caroline Nokes">Caroline Nokes</a> (Conservative) for <a href="/wiki/Romsey_and_Southampton_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Romsey and Southampton North (UK Parliament constituency)">Romsey and Southampton North</a>, which includes a northern portion of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor_and_sheriff">Mayor and sheriff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mayor and sheriff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first mayor of Southampton served in 1222 meaning 2022 was the 800th anniversary of the office. </p><p>Early mayors of Southampton include: </p> <ul><li>1386–89, 1390–91, and 1396–97: <a href="/wiki/William_Maple" title="William Maple">William Maple</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1393–94, 1407–08, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lange_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Lange (MP)">Walter Lange</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The first female mayor was <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Foster_Welch" title="Lucia Foster Welch">Lucia Foster Welch</a>, elected in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 the city elected its sixth female mayor, Rosina Marie Stonehouse, mother to <a href="/wiki/John_Stonehouse" title="John Stonehouse">John Stonehouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current mayor of Southampton is Councillor David Shields<sup id="cite_ref-MayorandSheriff_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayorandSheriff-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton is one of 16 cities and towns in England and Wales to have a ceremonial sheriff who acts as a deputy for the mayor. Traditionally the sheriff serves for one year after, which they will become the mayor of Southampton. </p><p>Southampton's submission of an application for Lord Mayor status, as part of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_Civic_Honours" title="Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours">Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours</a> Competition 2022, was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Letters Patent were published, the current Mayor (Councillor Jaqui Rayment) became the first Lord Mayor of Southampton. The <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a> presented the Lord Mayor with the Letters Patent in February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_crier">Town crier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Town crier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town crier from 2004 until his death in 2014 was John Melody, who acted as master of ceremonies in the city and who possessed a cry of 104 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton's current Town Crier is Alan Spencer<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twinned_towns">Twinned towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Twinned towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southampton City Council has developed <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> links with <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in France (since 1973),<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Havre_twinnings_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Havre_twinnings-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archant_twinning_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwinTowns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hampshire_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampshire-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rems-Murr-Kreis" title="Rems-Murr-Kreis">Rems-Murr-Kreis</a> in Germany (since 1991),<sup id="cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwinTowns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> in Italy (since 2002), <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>, in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-SisterCities_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SisterCities-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HamptonCity_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamptonCity-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a> in China (since 1998),<sup id="cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwinTowns-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> in South Korea (since 1978),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a>, also in the US (since 14 June 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a>, a deep water estuary, which is a <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">ria</a> formed at the end of the last Ice Age and which opens into <a href="/wiki/The_Solent" title="The Solent">The Solent</a>. At the head of Southampton Water the rivers Test and Itchen converge.<sup id="cite_ref-southampton260_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southampton260-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Test — which has a salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers. </p><p>Town Quay is the original public quay, and dates from the 13th century. Today's Eastern Docks were created in the 1830s by land reclamation of the mud flats between the Itchen and Test estuaries. The Western Docks date from the 1930s when the Southern Railway Company commissioned a major land reclamation and dredging programme.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the material used for reclamation came from dredging of Southampton Water,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to ensure that the port can continue to handle large ships. </p><p>Southampton Water has the benefit of a double high tide, with two high tide peaks,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the movement of large ships easier.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not caused as popularly supposed by the presence of the Isle of Wight, but is a function of the shape and depth of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. In this area the general water flow is distorted by more local conditions reaching across to France.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city lies in the <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Basin" title="Hampshire Basin">Hampshire Basin</a>, which sits atop chalk beds.<sup id="cite_ref-southampton260_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southampton260-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/River_Test" title="River Test">River Test</a> runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at <a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbridge, Hampshire">Redbridge</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/M27_motorway" title="M27 motorway">M27 motorway</a> to the north. The <a href="/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire" title="River Itchen, Hampshire">River Itchen</a> runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is at <a href="/wiki/Mansbridge" title="Mansbridge">Mansbridge</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/A27_road" title="A27 road">A27 road</a> crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at <a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a>, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is <a href="/wiki/Cobden_Bridge" title="Cobden Bridge">Cobden Bridge</a> which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a <a href="/wiki/Toll_bridge" title="Toll bridge">toll bridge</a>. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the <a href="/wiki/Northam_Bridge" title="Northam Bridge">Northam Road Bridge</a>, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the <a href="/wiki/Itchen_Bridge" title="Itchen Bridge">Itchen Bridge</a>, which is a toll bridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_and_suburbs">Areas and suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Areas and suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:462px"><div style="position:relative;width:460px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Southampton is located in Southampton"><img alt="Southampton is located in Southampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="394" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.274%;left:48.642%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="City Centre"><img alt="City Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Centre" title="Southampton City Centre">City Centre</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.179%;left:41.756%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bassett"><img alt="Bassett" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bassett,_Southampton" title="Bassett, Southampton">Bassett</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.632%;left:57.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bassett Green"><img alt="Bassett Green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bassett_Green" title="Bassett Green">Bassett Green</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.795%;left:55.527%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bevois Valley"><img alt="Bevois Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bevois_Valley" title="Bevois Valley">Bevois Valley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.074%;left:75.49%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne"><img alt="Bitterne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne" title="Bitterne">Bitterne</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.544%;left:69.046%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne Park"><img alt="Bitterne Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Park" title="Bitterne Park">Bitterne Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.107%;left:62.476%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne Manor"><img alt="Bitterne Manor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Manor" title="Bitterne Manor">Bitterne Manor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.983%;left:34.491%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freemantle"><img alt="Freemantle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Freemantle" title="Freemantle">Freemantle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.511%;left:87.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harefield"><img alt="Harefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Harefield,_Southampton" title="Harefield, Southampton">Harefield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.146%;left:51.232%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Highfield"><img alt="Highfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Southampton" title="Highfield, Southampton">Highfield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.592%;left:19.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lordshill"><img alt="Lordshill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lordshill" title="Lordshill">Lordshill</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.632%;left:31.017%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lordswood"><img alt="Lordswood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lordswood,_Southampton" title="Lordswood, Southampton">Lordswood</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.554%;left:73.658%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mansbridge"><img alt="Mansbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mansbridge" title="Mansbridge">Mansbridge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.952%;left:19.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maybush"><img alt="Maybush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maybush" title="Maybush">Maybush</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.919%;left:73.594%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Midanbury"><img alt="Midanbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Midanbury" title="Midanbury">Midanbury</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.21%;left:19.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Millbrook"><img alt="Millbrook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_Southampton" title="Millbrook, Southampton">Millbrook</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.425%;left:54.068%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nicholstown"><img alt="Nicholstown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nicholstown,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholstown, Southampton">Nicholstown</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.148%;left:56.917%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Northam"><img alt="Northam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Southampton" title="Northam, Southampton">Northam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.912%;left:57.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ocean Village"><img alt="Ocean Village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.172%;left:65.761%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Peartree Green"><img alt="Peartree Green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Peartree_Green" title="Peartree Green">Peartree Green</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.251%;left:45.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Polygon"><img alt="Polygon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Polygon,_Southampton" title="The Polygon, Southampton">Polygon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.8%;left:55.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portswood"><img alt="Portswood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.353%;left:4.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Redbridge"><img alt="Redbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Southampton" title="Redbridge, Southampton">Redbridge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.42%;left:26.658%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Regents Park"><img alt="Regents Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Regents_Park,_Southampton" title="Regents Park, Southampton">Regents Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.931%;left:30.828%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shirley"><img alt="Shirley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Southampton" title="Shirley, Southampton">Shirley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.544%;left:60.076%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Denys"><img alt="St Denys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/St_Denys" title="St Denys">St Denys</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.263%;left:53.443%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Mary's"><img alt="St Mary's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Southampton" title="St Mary's, Southampton">St Mary's</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.826%;left:79.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sholing"><img alt="Sholing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sholing" title="Sholing">Sholing</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.554%;left:63.866%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Swaythling"><img alt="Swaythling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.012%;left:89.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thornhill"><img alt="Thornhill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Thornhill,_Southampton" title="Thornhill, Southampton">Thornhill</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.191%;left:77.827%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Townhill Park"><img alt="Townhill Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Townhill_Park" title="Townhill Park">Townhill Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.179%;left:66.077%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Woolston"><img alt="Woolston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.532%;left:70.246%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Weston"><img alt="Weston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Southampton" title="Weston, Southampton">Weston</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" title="File:Southampton from OpenStreetMap.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Suburbs of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a> within the city boundary</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Areas_of_Southampton" title="Category:Areas of Southampton">Category:Areas of Southampton</a></div> <p>Southampton is divided into council wards, suburbs, constituencies, ecclesiastical parishes, and other less formal areas. It has a number of parks and green spaces, the largest being the 148-hectare <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Common" title="Southampton Common">Southampton Common</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parts of which are used to host the annual summer festivals, circuses and fun fairs. The Common includes Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the former site of Southampton Zoo, a paddling pool and several lakes and ponds. The common also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Parkrun" title="Parkrun">Parkrun</a> event every Saturday.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Council estates are in the <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Southampton" title="Weston, Southampton">Weston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thornhill,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornhill, Hampshire">Thornhill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Townhill_Park" title="Townhill Park">Townhill Park</a> districts. The city is ranked 96th most deprived out of all 354 Local Authorities in England.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006–2007, 1,267 residential dwellings were built in the city — the highest number for 15 years. Over 94 per cent of these were flats.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 16 <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United Kingdom">Electoral Wards</a> in Southampton, each consisting of longer-established neighbourhoods (see below). </p><p>Settlements outside the city are sometimes considered suburbs of Southampton, including <a href="/wiki/Chartwell_Green" title="Chartwell Green">Chartwell Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilworth,_Hampshire" title="Chilworth, Hampshire">Chilworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursling" title="Nursling">Nursling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rownhams" title="Rownhams">Rownhams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totton" title="Totton">Totton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Hampshire" title="West End, Hampshire">West End</a>. The villages of <a href="/wiki/Marchwood" title="Marchwood">Marchwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashurst,_Hampshire" title="Ashurst, Hampshire">Ashurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedge_End" title="Hedge End">Hedge End</a> may be considered <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a> of Southampton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>). Its southerly, low-lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Southampton (Mayflower Park), elevation: 19 m (62 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1853–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.6<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1<br />(12.0) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7<br />(16.3) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.6<br />(2.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7<br />(3.53) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0<br />(2.20) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4<br />(1.87) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9<br />(2.24) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0<br />(1.73) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5<br />(2.38) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.6<br />(3.65) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.9<br />(3.93) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.9<br />(3.81) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">818.6<br />(32.23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7 </td> <td style="background: #B8B851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.5 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">211.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.0 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.7 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.3 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,705.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><sup id="cite_ref-Met_Averages_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Average sea temperature<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>9.5 °C (49.1 °F) </td> <td>9.0 °C (48.2 °F) </td> <td>8.6 °C (47.5 °F) </td> <td>9.8 °C (49.6 °F) </td> <td>11.4 °C (52.5 °F) </td> <td>13.5 °C (56.3 °F) </td> <td>15.3 °C (59.5 °F) </td> <td>16.8 °C (62.2 °F) </td> <td>17.3 °C (63.1 °F) </td> <td>16.2 °C (61.2 °F) </td> <td>14.4 °C (57.9 °F) </td> <td>11.8 °C (53.2 °F) </td> <td>12.8 °C (55.0 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geothermal_plant.jpg/220px-Geothermal_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geothermal_plant.jpg/330px-Geothermal_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Geothermal_plant.jpg/440px-Geothermal_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Southampton's geothermal power station</figcaption></figure> <p>The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a> power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal power station</a> in the UK. The plant provides electricity for the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Southampton" title="Port of Southampton">Port of Southampton</a> and hot water to the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_District_Energy_Scheme" title="Southampton District Energy Scheme">Southampton District Energy Scheme</a> used by many buildings including the <a href="/wiki/Westquay" title="Westquay">Westquay</a> shopping centre. In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon-emitting</a> cities in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg/220px-Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg/330px-Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg/440px-Southampton_population_pyramid_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Southampton (unitary authority) in 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>2016 mid-year population estimates suggests there are 254,275 people within the Southampton area.<sup id="cite_ref-SCC_2016_pop_est_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCC_2016_pop_est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 Census</a>, the Southampton built-up area (which is a little larger than the area controlled by the city council) had a population of 253,651.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 127,630 males and 126,021 females.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30–44 age range is the most populous, with 51,989 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 45–59 range with 42,317 people and then 20–24 years with 30,290.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic mix is 86.4% white, 8.1% were Asian or British Asian, 2.0% black, 1.1% other ethnic groups, and 2.3% were multi-ethnic.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent — the tenth-biggest increase in England.<sup id="cite_ref-ippr.org_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ippr.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age of a Sotonian was 37.6 years in 2016, ranking Southampton as one of the twenty most youthful cities in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas; however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged apolitically to become the sixth-largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> This built-up area is part of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> known as <a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a>, which is also sometimes referred to as <i>Solent City</i>, particularly in the media when discussing development issues and local governance organisational changes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-espon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-espon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-:412_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:412-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-:36_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:36-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>190,563 </th> <th>95.7% </th> <th>187,170 </th> <th>95.1% </th> <th>200,859 </th> <th>92.4% </th> <th>203,528 </th> <th>85.9% </th> <th>200,829 </th> <th>80.7% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>192,970 </td> <td>88.7% </td> <td>183,980 </td> <td>77.7% </td> <td>169,481 </td> <td>68.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,298 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,746 </td> <td> </td> <td>1643 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>341 </td> <td> </td> <td>340 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>578 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,591 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>17,461 </td> <td> </td> <td>28,787 </td> <td>11.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>6,724 </th> <th>3.4% </th> <th>9,887 </th> <th>4.5% </th> <th>19,892 </th> <th>8.4% </th> <th>26,414 </th> <th>10.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,863 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,717 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,742 </td> <td> </td> <td>9,169 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>993 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,743 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,019 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,248 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>515 </td> <td> </td> <td>961 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,401 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,064 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>698 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,633 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,449 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,149 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: Other Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>655 </td> <td> </td> <td>833 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,281 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,784 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,741 </th> <th>0.9% </th> <th>2,245 </th> <th>1% </th> <th>5,067 </th> <th>2.1% </th> <th>7,539 </th> <th>3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>830 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,034 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,132 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,627 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>331 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,054 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,508 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,103 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Black</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>580 </td> <td> </td> <td>157 </td> <td> </td> <td>427 </td> <td> </td> <td>809 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed or British Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>3,267 </th> <th>1.5% </th> <th>5,678 </th> <th>2.4% </th> <th>8,309 </th> <th>3.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black Caribbean </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,010 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,678 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,173 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Black African </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>480 </td> <td> </td> <td>941 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,535 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: White and Asian </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,061 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,796 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,444 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: Other Mixed </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>716 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,263 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,157 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>1,229 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>1,187 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>2,717 </th> <th>1.1% </th> <th>5,829 </th> <th>2.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,312 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,311 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,229 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,187 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,405 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,518 </td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-White: Total </th> <th>8,566 </th> <th>4.3% </th> <th>9,694 </th> <th>4.9% </th> <th>16,586 </th> <th>7.6% </th> <th>33,354 </th> <th>14.1% </th> <th>48,091 </th> <th>19.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>199,129 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>196,864 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>217,445 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>236,882 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>248,920 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Holds religious beliefs </th> <th>153,014 </th> <th>70.2 </th> <th>140,793 </th> <th>59.4 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/20px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/30px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg/40px-Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">142,531 </td> <td align="right">65.5 </td> <td align="right">122,018 </td> <td align="right">51.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/20px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/40px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">712 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">1,331 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/20px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/31px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/40px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">1,535 </td> <td align="right">0.7 </td> <td align="right">2,482 </td> <td align="right">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/40px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">293 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">254 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">4,185 </td> <td align="right">1.9 </td> <td align="right">9,903 </td> <td align="right">4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/19px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/29px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/39px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> </td> <td align="right">2,799 </td> <td align="right">1.3 </td> <td align="right">3,476 </td> <td align="right">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td align="right">959 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">1,329 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>(No religion and Religion not stated)</i> </th> <th align="right">64,431 </th> <th align="right">29.6 </th> <th align="right">96,089 </th> <th align="right">40.6 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td align="right">47,004 </td> <td align="right">21.6 </td> <td align="right">79,379 </td> <td align="right">33.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Religion not stated </td> <td align="right">17,427 </td> <td align="right">8.0 </td> <td align="right">16,710 </td> <td align="right">7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th align="right">217,445 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th> <th align="right">236,882 </th> <th align="right">100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Industry breakdown of Southampton (In millions) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Agriculture<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>£1m </td> <td>£3m </td> <td>£1m </td> <td>£1m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Business<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>£532m </td> <td>£685m </td> <td>£736m </td> <td>£638m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Construction<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>£205m </td> <td>£269m </td> <td>£253m </td> <td>£257m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distribution<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>£1,088m </td> <td>£1,049m </td> <td>£1,021m </td> <td>£849m </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finance<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>£342m </td> <td>£397m </td> <td>£548m </td> <td>£459m </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In 2016–17, 169,700 residents of Southampton aged 16–64 were in employment, representing a rate of 71.4% – lower than the national rate of 74.4%. 6,600 were unemployed, representing 5% of the economically active population.<sup id="cite_ref-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016–17, 24.8% of the city's resident population aged 16–64 were classed as economically inactive, higher than the national rate of 21.8%, although for over 40% of this group the reason was that they were students.<sup id="cite_ref-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third-largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-southampton4_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southampton4-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-ippr.org_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ippr.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ships">cruise ships</a>; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth-largest UK port by tonnage,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with several <a href="/wiki/Container_(cargo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (cargo)">container</a> terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, London, and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still-active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village</a> development, which included a local <a href="/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">marina</a> and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Accident_Investigation_Branch" title="Marine Accident Investigation Branch">Marine Accident Investigation Branch</a> of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator <a href="/wiki/Carnival_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival UK">Carnival UK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacturing, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These developed alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling and tobacco processing.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later changes saw the loss of <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli General</a> cables and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rank" title="Joseph Rank">Joseph Rank</a>'s Solent Flour Mills.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg/220px-Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg/330px-Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg/440px-Arundel_Circus_entrance_to_the_WestQuay_shopping_centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_210260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Westquay Shopping Centre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westquay_South_(previously_Watermark).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg/220px-Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg/330px-Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg/440px-Westquay_South_%28previously_Watermark%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Westquay South</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Southampton_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust">University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust</a> is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages <a href="/wiki/Southampton_General_Hospital" title="Southampton General Hospital">Southampton General Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_Hospital" title="Princess Anne Hospital">Princess Anne Hospital</a> and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the <a href="/wiki/Moorgreen_Hospital" title="Moorgreen Hospital">Moorgreen Hospital</a> site in the village of <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Hampshire" title="West End, Hampshire">West End</a>, just outside the city. </p><p>Other major employers in the city include <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register">Lloyd's Register Group</a> has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton's largest retail centre, and 27th-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_shopping_centres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK shopping centres">in the UK</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Westquay" title="Westquay">Westquay Shopping Centre</a>, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis (department store)">John Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marks and Spencer">Marks and Spencer</a>. The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a> undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase, Watermark Westquay, was put on hold due to the recession. Work resumed in 2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton has also been granted a licence for a large casino.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12 February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marlands_Shopping_Centre" title="Marlands Shopping Centre">Marlands</a> is a smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s on the site of the former bus station and located close to the northern side of <a href="/wiki/Westquay" title="Westquay">Westquay</a>. In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">city council</a> approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. Construction by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_McAlpine" title="Sir Robert McAlpine">Sir Robert McAlpine</a> commenced in January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened in 2016–2017, it has been renamed <a href="/wiki/Westquay#Westquay_South" title="Westquay">Westquay South</a>. </p><p>In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton currently has three major city centre regeneration schemes under way. Construction on the £132m Bargate Quarter scheme, which is being built on the site of the former Bargate Centre, started in February 2022 and will provide over 500 new homes, new retail and hospitality venues and a new linear park running alongside the medieval town walls which is hoped to be completed by late 2024. A £200m redevelopment scheme opposite <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central Railway Station</a> is also planned and will replace the former Toys R Us store which is situated off Western Esplanade. The 4.8-acre (1.9 ha) Maritime Gateway scheme will have a new pedestrian-led public area with 600 new homes and new commercial space. Located close to the waterfront, Leisure World is Southampton's largest redevelopment project covering 13 acres (5.3 ha) and replacing the original Leisure World development which first opened in 1997. The £280m scheme will deliver 650 new homes, two hotels, a cinema, casino and catering outlets, with the first phase expected to complete by 2024/25.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>PwC's Good Growth for Cities 2020 index places Southampton in the top three cities in England in terms of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strength has enabled the city to establish a reputation as a place to do business and has attracted nationally and internationally significant businesses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to the pandemic, Southampton's economy was valued at £8.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> and in 2021 £7.84 billion. In 2022 GVA is forecast to recover to £8.2 billion. GVA growth was 10.6% in 2021 as the economy rebounded and growth returned. In 2022 GVA growth is forecast to be just over 5%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture,_media_and_sport"><span id="Culture.2C_media_and_sport"></span>Culture, media and sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture, media and sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG/220px-Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG/330px-Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG/440px-Southampton_-_Maison_Tudor_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>Tudor House, City Centre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeaCity_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SeaCity_Museum.jpg/220px-SeaCity_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SeaCity_Museum.jpg/330px-SeaCity_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SeaCity_Museum.jpg/440px-SeaCity_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>SeaCity Museum, Civic Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a number of museums such as <a href="/wiki/Tudor_House_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor House Museum">Tudor House Museum</a>, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Maritime_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton Maritime Museum">Southampton Maritime Museum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Merchant%27s_House" title="Medieval Merchant's House">Medieval Merchant's House</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Solent_Sky" title="Solent Sky">Solent Sky</a>, which focuses on aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SeaCity_Museum" title="SeaCity Museum">SeaCity Museum</a> is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a>. The museum received half a million pounds from the <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a> in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at £28 million. </p><p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Boat_Show" title="Southampton Boat Show">Southampton Boat Show</a> is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300-capacity <a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Theatre" title="Mayflower Theatre">Mayflower Theatre</a> (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> outside London, has hosted West End shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Misérables</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(musical)" title="Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)">Chitty Chitty Bang Bang</a></i>, as well as regular visits from <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Ballet" title="English National Ballet">English National Ballet</a>. There is also the Nuffield Theatre<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players). </p><p>There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Art_Gallery" title="Southampton City Art Gallery">Southampton City Art Gallery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Centre,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Centre, Southampton">Civic Centre</a> is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important <a href="/wiki/Designated_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated Collection">Designated Collection</a>, houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions. The Solent Showcase at <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Solent_University" title="Southampton Solent University">Southampton Solent University</a>, the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="organisation's own website (October 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Above Bar Street provide a different view.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's <a href="/wiki/Bargate" title="Bargate">Bargate</a> contains an art gallery run by the arts organisation "a space" who also run the Art Vaults project. This uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, chambers, halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg/220px-John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg/330px-John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg/440px-John_Hansard_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>John Hansard Gallery and City Eye</figcaption></figure><p>In the heart of Southampton's city centre, you will find the Cultural Quarter, which has developed over recent years to become a rich and bustling arts space complete with a fusion of galleries, museums, theatres restaurants, bars, and cafés. The Cultural Quarter is home to the Southampton O2 Guildhall, MAST (Mayflower Studies), the John Hansard Gallery (Studio 144) and City Eye, the much-anticipated new arts centre for Southampton. It is also home to Southampton Art Gallery which first opened its doors in 1939 and offers the opportunity to enjoy national and international quality exhibitions ranging from painting, sculpture, and drawing, to photography and film, as well as permanent collection and displays. The gallery has a unique partnership with the National Gallery in London which, in 2021, was celebrated with an exhibition entitled “Creating a National Collection: The Partnership Between Southampton City Art Gallery and the National Gallery.”<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cultural Quarter's Guildhall Square often plays host to events and promotions such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton_Pride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southampton Pride (page does not exist)">Southampton Pride</a>, Chinese New Year festivities, Seaside in the Square, Oktoberfest, Music in the city, Re:claim Street festival, the Southampton Slamma Skateboarding festival and it is also a start and finish area for the ABP Southampton Marathon, as well as it being the Southampton Remembrance Parade start and finish point. </p><p>Events in Southampton are generally promoted via the Visit Southampton website. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shortlisted_bid_for_UK_City_of_Culture_2025">Shortlisted bid for UK City of Culture 2025</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shortlisted bid for UK City of Culture 2025"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2021, Southampton was longlisted for the <a href="/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture" title="UK City of Culture">UK City of Culture</a> 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-UKGOV_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKGOV-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final bid, submitted on 2 February 2022 was marked by lighting The Bargate red with #MakeItSO projected across it. The city's bid includes plans to celebrate Southampton's people and places, its rich heritage and diversity, the world-class sports and venues, the parks and green spaces and food and drink. On 19 March 2022 it was announced that Southampton had made the short-list of four, alongside <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a>. In May 2022, it lost its bid, with the winner announced to be <a href="/wiki/Bradford_UK_City_of_Culture_2025" title="Bradford UK City of Culture 2025">Bradford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKGOV_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKGOV-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MayflowerTheatre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MayflowerTheatre.JPG/220px-MayflowerTheatre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MayflowerTheatre.JPG/330px-MayflowerTheatre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MayflowerTheatre.JPG/440px-MayflowerTheatre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Mayflower Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Guildhall" title="Southampton Guildhall">Guildhall</a>. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists, including <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Delirious%3F" title="Delirious?">Delirious?</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Killers" title="The Killers">The Killers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Kaiser_Chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kaiser Chiefs">The Kaiser Chiefs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Winehouse" title="Amy Winehouse">Amy Winehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also hosts classical concerts presented by the <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra">Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City of Southampton Orchestra,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton Concert Orchestra,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Philharmonic_Choir" title="Southampton Philharmonic Choir">Southampton Philharmonic Choir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southampton Choral Society,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the City of Southampton (Albion) Band.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, Engine Rooms,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Joiners" title="The Joiners">The Joiners</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Turner Sims,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a>, <a href="/wiki/PJ_Harvey" title="PJ Harvey">PJ Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Manic_Street_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manic Street Preachers">the Manic Street Preachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Verve" title="The Verve">the Verve</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Libertines" title="The Libertines">the Libertines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_(band)" title="Franz Ferdinand (band)">Franz Ferdinand</a>, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Nash" title="Kate Nash">Kate Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scouting_for_Girls" title="Scouting for Girls">Scouting for Girls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Skulls" title="Band of Skulls">Band of Skulls</a>. </p><p>The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as popstar <a href="/wiki/Craig_David" title="Craig David">Craig David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Will_Champion" title="Will Champion">Will Champion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alt-J" title="Alt-J">Alt-J</a> singer Joe Newman, singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Aqualung_(musician)" title="Aqualung (musician)">Aqualung</a>, former <a href="/wiki/The_Holloways" title="The Holloways">Holloways</a> singer Rob Skipper, 1980s popstar <a href="/wiki/Howard_Jones_(British_musician)" title="Howard Jones (British musician)">Howard Jones</a>, as well as Grammy Award-winning popstar <a href="/wiki/Foxes_(singer)" title="Foxes (singer)">Foxes</a>. Several active rock and metal bands were formed in Southampton, including <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Skulls" title="Band of Skulls">Band of Skulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bury_Tomorrow" title="Bury Tomorrow">Bury Tomorrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creeper_(band)" title="Creeper (band)">Creeper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Delays" class="mw-redirect" title="The Delays">The Delays</a>. Southampton had a prominent <a href="/wiki/UK_Garage" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Garage">UK Garage</a> scene, championed by the duo <a href="/wiki/Artful_Dodger_(UK_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artful Dodger (UK band)">Artful Dodger</a>, who formed in the city in the late 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the UKG, grime and bassline producer, <a href="/wiki/Royal-T" title="Royal-T">Royal-T</a>, part of the TQD group formed with <a href="/wiki/DJ_Q" title="DJ Q">DJ Q</a> and Flava D.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable bands who are now defunct include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tantrum" title="Thomas Tantrum">Thomas Tantrum</a> (disbanded 2011), <a href="/wiki/Kids_Can%27t_Fly" title="Kids Can't Fly">Kids Can't Fly</a> (disbanded 2014), and <a href="/wiki/Heart_in_Hand_(band)" title="Heart in Hand (band)">Heart in Hand</a> (disbanded 2015). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local media include the <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daily_Echo" title="Southern Daily Echo">Southern Daily Echo</a></i> newspaper based in <a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbridge, Hampshire">Redbridge</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_South" title="BBC South">BBC South</a></i>, which has its regional headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Centre" title="Southampton City Centre">city centre</a> opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_South_Today" title="BBC South Today">South Today</a></i>, the local television news bulletin and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Solent" title="BBC Radio Solent">BBC Radio Solent</a>. The local ITV franchise is <a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">Meridian</a>, which has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Whiteley" title="Whiteley">Whiteley</a>, around 9 mi (14 km) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the <a href="/wiki/Northam,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Northam, Hampshire">Northam</a> area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. <a href="/wiki/That%27s_Solent" title="That's Solent">That's Solent</a> is a local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth. </p><p>Southampton also has four community FM radio stations, the Queens Award-winning Unity 101 Community Radio,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcasting full-time on 101.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz since 2006 to the Asian and ethnic communities, and <a href="/wiki/Voice_FM_103.9" title="Voice FM 103.9">Voice FM</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in St Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz since September 2011. A third station, Awaaz FM,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcasts on DAB digital to South Hampshire and on FM to Southampton. It caters for the Asian and ethnic community. The fourth community station is Fiesta FM and broadcasts on 95<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz. </p><p>As of March 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the most popular commercial radio station is the <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary</a> regional radio station <a href="/wiki/Wave_105" title="Wave 105">Wave 105</a> (13.7%), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio" title="Contemporary hit radio">hit music</a> station <a href="/wiki/Capital_South" title="Capital South">Capital South</a> (2.4%) a networked station from London with local breakfast and drive shows. Other stations include <a href="/wiki/Heart_South" title="Heart South">Heart South</a> (6.8%), <a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_South_Coast" title="Nation Radio South Coast">Nation Radio South Coast</a> (2.0%) and <a href="/wiki/Easy_Radio_South_Coast" title="Easy Radio South Coast">Easy Radio South Coast</a> (0.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called <a href="/wiki/SURGE_1287AM" class="mw-redirect" title="SURGE 1287AM">SURGE</a>, broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg/220px-StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg/330px-StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg/440px-StMary%27sStadium-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>St Mary's Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton is home to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_F.C." title="Southampton F.C.">Southampton Football Club</a>, nicknamed "The Saints" since 1885; the club currently plays in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Stadium" title="St Mary's Stadium">St Mary's Stadium</a>, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "<a href="/wiki/The_Dell_(Southampton)" title="The Dell (Southampton)">The Dell</a>". They reached the top flight of English football (<a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">First Division</a>) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> with a shock victory over <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Koeman" title="Ronald Koeman">Ronald Koeman</a>. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Cup">Football League Cup</a> final and 2003 <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup_final" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Cup final">FA Cup final</a>. Notable former managers include <a href="/wiki/Ted_Bates_(footballer)" title="Ted Bates (footballer)">Ted Bates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrie_McMenemy" title="Lawrie McMenemy">Lawrie McMenemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Nicholl" title="Chris Nicholl">Chris Nicholl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Branfoot" title="Ian Branfoot">Ian Branfoot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Strachan" title="Gordon Strachan">Gordon Strachan</a>. There is a strong rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Portsmouth F.C.</a> ("<a href="/wiki/South_Coast_derby" title="South Coast derby">South Coast derby</a>") which is located only about 20 mi (30 km) away. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Women%27s_F.C." title="Southampton Women's F.C.">Southampton Women's F.C.</a> won the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_FA_Cup" title="Women's FA Cup">Women's FA Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1971_WFA_Cup_final" title="1971 WFA Cup final">1971</a> when they beat <a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock_FC_Women" title="Kilmarnock FC Women">Stewarton Thistle</a> 4-1 at <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a>. In total they won the tournament eight times between 1971 and 1981. A separate club called <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Saints_Girls_%26_Ladies_F.C." title="Southampton Saints Girls & Ladies F.C.">Red Star Southampton</a> reached the final in <a href="/wiki/1992_WFA_Cup_final" title="1992 WFA Cup final">1992</a>, losing 4-0 to <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Belles" class="mw-redirect" title="Doncaster Belles">Doncaster Belles</a>, and their successors Southampton Saints lost the <a href="/wiki/1999_FA_Women%27s_Cup_final" title="1999 FA Women's Cup final">1999</a> final to <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C." title="Arsenal W.F.C.">Arsenal</a> before dissolving in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current team <a href="/wiki/Southampton_F.C._Women" title="Southampton F.C. Women">Southampton F.C. Women</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Championship_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Championship (England)">Women's Championship</a> as of the 2024-25 season.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg/310px-England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg/465px-England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg/620px-England_vs_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5071" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>The Ageas Bowl hosting a <a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20 International</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Hampshire County Cricket Club">Hampshire County Cricket Club</a> play close to the city, at the <a href="/wiki/Ageas_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ageas Bowl">Ageas Bowl</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Hampshire" title="West End, Hampshire">West End</a>, after previously playing at the <a href="/wiki/County_Ground,_Southampton" title="County Ground, Southampton">County Cricket Ground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Ground" title="Antelope Ground">Antelope Ground</a>, both near the city centre. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Brave" title="Southern Brave">Southern Brave</a> team of <a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_(cricket)" title="The Hundred (cricket)">The Hundred</a> also play at the Ageas Bowl, being the inaugural winners in the men's competition, and two time finalists in the women's. </p><p>The city also has a semi-professional basketball club, the <a href="/wiki/Solent_Kestrels" title="Solent Kestrels">Solent Kestrels</a>. Founded in 1998 the team currently plays at the Solent Sports Complex, on the Solent University campus. They currently play in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(England)" title="National Basketball League (England)">NBL Division 1</a>. </p><p>The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior women's teams on a weekly basis along with boys' and girls' teams from 6 upwards. </p><p>The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former player is <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Allen_(rugby_union)" title="Anthony Allen (rugby union)">Anthony Allen</a>, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls. </p><p>The city provides for <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a> and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, now the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Ocean_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo Ocean Race">Volvo Ocean Race</a>, was based in Southampton's <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village marina</a>. </p><p>Southampton Sports Centre is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an alpine centre with a dry ski slope, a theme park, and an athletics centre which is used by professional athletes Along with 11 other leisure venues which were formerly operated by the council leisure services, the operating rights have been sold to Park Wood Leisure.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by <i><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Fitness" title="Men's Fitness">Men's Fitness</a></i> magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Thousands enter and run the Southampton Marathon in April every year.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speedway and racing took place at <a href="/wiki/Banister_Court_Stadium" title="Banister Court Stadium">Banister Court Stadium</a> in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area. <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom">Greyhound racing</a> was also held at the stadium from 1928 to 1963. </p><p>Southampton is also home to two <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> teams, the Solent Thrashers, who play at the Test Park Sports Ground, and the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a>. </p><p>The world's oldest surviving bowling green is the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Old_Bowling_Green" title="Southampton Old Bowling Green">Southampton Old Bowling Green</a>, which was first used in 1299.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to two <a href="/wiki/Octopush" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopush">Octopush</a> (also known as underwater hockey) clubs. Bournemouth and Southampton Octopush Club <sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Totton Octopush Club.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both clubs train at Totton Leisure Centre (with Bournemouth and Southampton OC also training in <a href="/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire" title="Ringwood, Hampshire">Ringwood</a>). In the 2023 Nautilus Tournament, Bournemouth and Southampton OC finished 7th (out of 7) in Division 2 with Totton finishing 7th in Division 6.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Emergency services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg/220px-So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg/330px-So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg/440px-So%27ton_Central_Police_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Southampton Central Police Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton's police service is provided by <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_Constabulary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire Constabulary">Hampshire Constabulary</a>. The main base of the Southampton operation is a new, eight-storey purpose-built building which cost £30 million to construct. The building, located on Southern Road, opened in 2011 and is near to <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central railway station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing of the Civic Centre; however, the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move. There are additional police stations at <a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood</a> and Banister Park as well as a <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> station at <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central railway station</a>. In the year ending June 2019, the crime rate in Southampton was higher than the average crime rate across similar areas.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southampton's fire cover is provided by <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_%26_Isle_of_Wight_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampshire & Isle of Wight Fire and Rescue Service">Hampshire & Isle of Wight Fire and Rescue Service</a>. There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's, Hampshire">St Mary's</a>, Hightown and <a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbridge, Hampshire">Redbridge</a>. </p><p>The ambulance service is provided by <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Ambulance_Service" title="South Central Ambulance Service">South Central Ambulance Service</a>, who respond from stations in <a href="/wiki/Nursling" title="Nursling">Nursling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hightown,_Hampshire" title="Hightown, Hampshire">Hightown</a>, both on the outskirts of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The national headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a> is located in Commercial Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Southampton" title="List of schools in Southampton">List of schools in Southampton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg/220px-National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg/330px-National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg/440px-National_Oceanography_Centre_Southampton_UK_seen_from_waterfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building,_University_of_Southampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg/220px-George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg/330px-George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg/440px-George_Thomas_Student_Services_Building%2C_University_of_Southampton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The George Thomas building at the University of Southampton</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton has two universities, namely the University of Southampton and Solent University.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they have a student population of 40,000. Though students numbers had increased in the 80s, 90s, and up to 2011, they began to reduce due to changes in immigration rules and dropped further after 2016 due to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. Of these, 2,880 are from EU, and the rest are from UK, Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has over 22,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-southampton.ac.uk_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southampton.ac.uk-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> 2010. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/THES_-_QS_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="THES - QS World University Rankings">THES - QS World University Rankings</a> positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world. The university considers itself one of the top 5 research universities in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-southampton.ac.uk_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southampton.ac.uk-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer sciences</a>, sound and vibration research,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer science, electronics, and <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a>. It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanography_Centre,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanography Centre, Southampton">National Oceanography Centre, Southampton</a> (NOCS), the focus of <a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a>-funded <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> research. </p><p>Southampton Solent University has 17,000<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> students and its strengths are in the training, design, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for business and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries. </p><p>In addition to state school sixth forms at <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Catholic_School_(Southampton)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne's Catholic School (Southampton)">St Anne's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Park_School" title="Bitterne Park School">Bitterne Park School</a> and an independent sixth form at <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School,_Southampton" title="King Edward VI School, Southampton">King Edward's</a>, there are two sixth-form colleges: <a href="/wiki/Itchen_College" title="Itchen College">Itchen College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taunton_Sixth_Form_College" title="Richard Taunton Sixth Form College">Richard Taunton Sixth Form College</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> college, <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton City College">Southampton City College</a>. A number of Southampton pupils travel outside the city, for example to <a href="/wiki/Barton_Peveril_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Barton Peveril College">Barton Peveril College</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are 79 state-run schools in Southampton, comprising: </p> <ul><li>1 nursery school (The Hardmoor Early Years Centre in <a href="/wiki/Bassett_Green" title="Bassett Green">Bassett Green</a>)</li> <li>21 infant schools (ages 4 – 7)</li> <li>16 junior schools (ages 7 – 11)</li> <li>24 primary schools (ages 4 – 11)</li> <li>8 secondary schools (ages 11 – 16)</li> <li>2 secondary schools with sixth forms (ages 11–18)</li> <li>3 secondary academies (<a href="/wiki/Oasis_Academy_Mayfield" title="Oasis Academy Mayfield">Oasis Academy Mayfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_Academy_Lord%27s_Hill" title="Oasis Academy Lord's Hill">Oasis Academy Lord's Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_Academy_Sholing" title="Oasis Academy Sholing">Oasis Academy Sholing</a>)</li> <li>5 special schools<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are also independent schools, including <a href="/wiki/The_Gregg_School" title="The Gregg School">The Gregg School</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_School,_Southampton" title="King Edward VI School, Southampton">King Edward VI School</a>. Former independent schools included <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Independent_School,_Southampton" title="St Mary's Independent School, Southampton">St Mary's Independent School</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Atherley_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atherley School">The Atherley School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Southampton" title="Special:EditPage/Southampton">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Hampshire" title="Transport in South Hampshire">Transport in South Hampshire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country. The <a href="/wiki/M27_motorway" title="M27 motorway">M27 motorway</a>, linking places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The <a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M3 motorway (Great Britain)">M3 motorway</a> links the city to London and also with the Midlands and North, via a link to the <a href="/wiki/A34_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A34 road (England)">A34</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E05" class="mw-redirect" title="European route E05">European route E05</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M271_motorway" title="M271 motorway">M271 motorway</a> is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_Central_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Southampton_Central_Station.jpg/220px-Southampton_Central_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Southampton_Central_Station.jpg/330px-Southampton_Central_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Southampton_Central_Station.jpg/440px-Southampton_Central_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Southampton Central railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton is served by the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">rail network</a>, both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">national rail</a> system. The main station in the city is <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton Central</a>. Rail routes run:<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>East towards <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station" title="Portsmouth Harbour railway station">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichester_railway_station" title="Chichester railway station">Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worthing_railway_station" title="Worthing railway station">Worthing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton_railway_station" title="Brighton railway station">Brighton</a>;</li> <li>North to <a href="/wiki/Winchester_railway_station" title="Winchester railway station">Winchester</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London</a>;</li> <li>West to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_railway_station" title="Bournemouth railway station">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poole_railway_station" title="Poole railway station">Poole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorchester_South_railway_station" title="Dorchester South railway station">Dorchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_railway_station" title="Weymouth railway station">Weymouth</a>;</li> <li>North-west towards <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station" title="Salisbury railway station">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station" title="Cardiff Central railway station">Cardiff</a>.</li></ul> <p>The route to London was opened in 1840, by what was to become the <a href="/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway" title="London and South Western Railway">London and South Western Railway</a> Company. Both this and its successor, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)" title="Southern Railway (UK)">Southern Railway</a>, played a significant role in the creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the town's docks. </p><p>The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the <a href="/wiki/Didcot,_Newbury_and_Southampton_Railway" title="Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway">Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway</a>, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area. However an agreement was made to construct a junction with the existing LSWR main line south of Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-Sands_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sands-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Airport" title="Southampton Airport">Southampton Airport</a> is a regional airport located in the town of <a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a>, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Airport_Parkway_railway_station" title="Southampton Airport Parkway railway station">Southampton Airport Parkway railway station</a><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by bus services.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For longer flights, <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> is linked by a regular rail service and <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> is linked by <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> coach services.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_and_cruise_shipping">Ocean and cruise shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ocean and cruise shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg/220px-New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg/330px-New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg/440px-New_Ocean_Terminal_with_Queen_Mary_2_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1577263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Queen Mary 2</i> at the new Ocean Terminal, with Isle of Wight passenger ferry <i>Red Jet 3</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Southampton's tradition of luxury cruising began in the 1840s, one of the pioneers being <a href="/wiki/P%26O" title="P&O">P&O</a>, who advertised tours to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was one of Europe's main ports for ocean passenger travel to North America and elsewhere, with British, French, and US liners regularly visiting. </p><p>Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International" title="Royal Caribbean International">Royal Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Corporation_%26_plc" title="Carnival Corporation & plc">Carnival Corporation & plc</a>. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including <a href="/wiki/Princess_Cruises" title="Princess Cruises">Princess Cruises</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Cruises" title="P&O Cruises">P&O Cruises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a>. </p><p>The city has a particular historical connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008, when the Cunard liner <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2" title="Queen Elizabeth 2">Queen Elizabeth 2</a></i> departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display, after a full day of celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cunard ships are regularly christened in the city, for example <a href="/wiki/MS_Queen_Victoria" title="MS Queen Victoria"><i>Queen Victoria</i></a> was named by <a href="/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall">The Duchess of Cornwall</a> in December 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">the Queen</a> named <a href="/wiki/MS_Queen_Elizabeth" title="MS Queen Elizabeth"><i>Queen Elizabeth</i></a> in the city during October 2011. The <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Cambridge">Duchess of Cambridge</a> performed the naming ceremony of <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Princess_(2012)" title="Royal Princess (2012)">Royal Princess</a></i> on 13 June 2013. </p><p>At certain times of the year, the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a></i>, <i>Queen Elizabeth</i>, and <i>Queen Victoria</i> may all visit Southampton at the same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'. The <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard Line</a> maintains a regular transatlantic service to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> for most of the year, with its <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">RMS Queen Mary 2</a>. </p><p>The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Cruises" title="P&O Cruises">P&O Cruises</a>' 175th-anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. <i><a href="/wiki/Azamara_Pursuit" title="Azamara Pursuit">Adonia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Arcadia_(2004)" title="MV Arcadia (2004)"><i>Arcadia</i></a>, <i>Aurora</i>, <i>Azura</i>, <i>Oceana</i>, <i>Oriana</i>, and <i>Ventura</i> all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the port by cruise ships and bulk cargo ships has led to concerns over air quality.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton City Council</a> estimated that the port contributed between seven and 23 per cent of air pollution in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cruise ships had to run their engines whilst docked because, unlike other cruise ship ports, Southampton did not provide shore power.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 an environmental pressure group ranked Southampton as the fifth highest in a list of 50 European ports whose air was polluted by sulphur oxide.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cruise industry trade association <a href="/wiki/Cruise_Lines_International_Association" title="Cruise Lines International Association">Cruise Lines International Association</a> claimed that the report was inaccurate and used highly questionable methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since September 2021, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Southampton" title="Port of Southampton">Port of Southampton</a> has shore power installed at the Horizon Cruise Terminal at berth 102 and at the Mayflower Cruise Terminal at berth 106, both situated in the port's Western Docks.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shore power will eventually be available at all five of the port's cruise terminals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferry">Ferry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at <a href="/wiki/Town_Quay" title="Town Quay">Town Quay</a>. Two of these, a <a href="/wiki/RORO" class="mw-redirect" title="RORO">car ferry</a> service and a fast <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> passenger ferry service, provide links to <a href="/wiki/Cowes" title="Cowes">East Cowes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowes" title="Cowes">Cowes</a>, respectively, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and are operated by <a href="/wiki/Red_Funnel" title="Red Funnel">Red Funnel</a>. The third ferry is the <a href="/wiki/Hythe_Pier,_Railway_and_Ferry" title="Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry">Hythe Ferry</a>, providing a passenger service to <a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Hampshire" title="Hythe, Hampshire">Hythe</a> on the other side of <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a>. </p><p> Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. A ferry port was built during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any cross-channel car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg/220px-New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg/330px-New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg/440px-New_buses_for_Bluestar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bluestar buses outside the Guildhall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> operator is <a href="/wiki/Go_South_Coast" title="Go South Coast">Go South Coast</a> – part of the <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group" title="Go-Ahead Group">Go Ahead</a> group – which runs <a href="/wiki/Bluestar_(bus_company)" title="Bluestar (bus company)">Bluestar</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Unilink" title="Unilink">Unilink</a>, QuayConnect and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Reds_(bus_company)" title="Salisbury Reds (bus company)">Salisbury Reds</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Hampshire_and_Dorset" class="mw-redirect" title="First Hampshire and Dorset">First Solent</a> runs services to Portsmouth via Fareham, while <a href="/wiki/Xelabus" title="Xelabus">Xelabus</a> also runs some routes.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a door-to-door minibus service called <i>Southampton Dial-a-Ride</i>, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Corporation_Tramways" title="Southampton Corporation Tramways">Southampton Corporation Tramways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="LucyBox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg/170px-A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg/255px-A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg/340px-A_Lucy_Box_just_off_Janson_Road_in_Southampton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A "Lucy Box"</figcaption></figure> <p>There was a <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Corporation_Tramways" title="Southampton Corporation Tramways">tram system</a> from 1879 to 1949. More recent proposals to reintroduce them surfaced in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a> system was proposed in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Southampton there are a number of what are locally called Lucy Boxes, so called because they were made by <a href="/wiki/W._Lucy_%26_Co." title="W. Lucy & Co.">W. Lucy & Co.</a> for power distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They still remain along the routes even though the tram lines have been removed. Examples remain in other cities, including <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southampton City Council announced that it would adopt a new ten year 'Cycling Strategy' from 2017, which would include the construction of multiple cycling highways throughout the city and surrounding suburbs. As of March 2020, Southampton Cycle Network routes 1 (Western), 3 and 4 (Eastern), and 5 (Northern) are substantially complete, with work started on route 6 (Bevois Valley).<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Southampton" title="Category:People from Southampton">People from Southampton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_David_(at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party)_(cropped)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg/170px-Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg/255px-Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg/340px-Craig_David_%28at_The_Queen%27s_Birthday_Party%29_%28cropped%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Craig_David" title="Craig David">Craig David</a> was brought up on the Holyrood estate in the city centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>People hailing from Southampton are called Sotonians.<sup id="cite_ref-sotonian_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotonian-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has produced a large number of musicians throughout its history, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a>, who was born in Southampton in 1674<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose composition <i><a href="/wiki/O_God,_Our_Help_in_Ages_Past" class="mw-redirect" title="O God, Our Help in Ages Past">O God, Our Help in Ages Past</a></i> is played by the bells of <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Civic_Centre" title="Southampton Civic Centre">Southampton Civic Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to more recent musical acts such as singer <a href="/wiki/Jona_Lewie" title="Jona Lewie">Jona Lewie</a>, who was born in Southampton,<sup id="cite_ref-Balls_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balls-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> singer <a href="/wiki/Craig_David" title="Craig David">Craig David</a>, who grew up on the Holyrood estate,<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> drummer <a href="/wiki/Will_Champion" title="Will Champion">Will Champion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and solo popstar <a href="/wiki/Foxes_(singer)" title="Foxes (singer)">Foxes</a>. </p><p>Television personalities from Southampton include comedian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Hill" title="Benny Hill">Benny Hill</a><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Packham" title="Chris Packham">Chris Packham</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in recent years the city has also produced a number of competitive <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> winners such as <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cardle" title="Matt Cardle">Matt Cardle</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK_series_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="The X Factor (UK series 7)"><i>The X Factor</i>, 2010</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shelina_Permalloo" title="Shelina Permalloo">Shelina Permalloo</a> (<a href="/wiki/MasterChef_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterChef (UK TV series)"><i>MasterChef</i></a>, 2012), who operates a Mauritian restaurant named Lakaz Maman in Bedford Place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Radio personality <a href="/wiki/Scott_Mills" title="Scott Mills">Scott Mills</a> was also born in Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> lived in Southampton for a number of years,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city has also been home to a number of artists, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Gregory" title="Edward John Gregory">Edward John Gregory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubert von Herkomer,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffragist</a> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davies" title="Emily Davies">Emily Davies</a> was born there in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Leon_Simon_(Zionist)" title="Leon Simon (Zionist)">Leon Simon</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, was born in Southampton.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sports people born in Southampton include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> player <a href="/wiki/Mike_Brown_(rugby_union)" title="Mike Brown (rugby union)">Mike Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> player <a href="/wiki/Wally_Masur" title="Wally Masur">Wally Masur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England Football Player <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Bridge" title="Wayne Bridge">Wayne Bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland women's national football team">Republic of Ireland national football team</a> player <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Quinn" title="Lucy Quinn">Lucy Quinn</a>. </p><p>Being a port city, Southampton has been home to a number of seafarers, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fryatt" title="Charles Fryatt">Charles Fryatt</a>, who rammed a German U-boat with his merchant ship during World War I;<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">John Jellicoe</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> during the same war and later became <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last survivor of the RMS <i>Titanic</i>, <a href="/wiki/Millvina_Dean" title="Millvina Dean">Millvina Dean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aslatt_Pearce" title="Richard Aslatt Pearce">Richard Aslatt Pearce</a>, the first deaf-mute Anglican clergyman, was born in Portswood, Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-Roe_2009_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe_2009-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Governor of Buenos Aires, and ruler of Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a> went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a> in 1852. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Old_Cemetery" title="Southampton Old Cemetery">Southampton Old Cemetery</a> before his body was repatriated to <a href="/wiki/La_Recoleta_Cemetery" title="La Recoleta Cemetery">La Recoleta Cemetery</a> in Buenos Aires in 1989 by the then president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ally_Law" title="Ally Law">Ally Law</a>, youtuber and parkour practitioner, was born in Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian pacifist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edis_Fairbairn" title="Robert Edis Fairbairn">Robert Edis Fairbairn</a> (1879–1953) was born in Southampton. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>, former UK prime minister and former Chancellor of the Exchequer, was born in Southampton in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatherley_Sunak_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatherley_Sunak-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film director <a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a> was born in Southampton in 1927, and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Carmichael" title="Laura Carmichael">Laura Carmichael</a>, actress known for <a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a>, was born and grew up in Southampton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Southampton. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts</a>: 1901.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener</a>: 1902.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>: 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Bates_(footballer)" title="Ted Bates (footballer)">Ted Bates</a>: 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Le_Tissier" title="Matt Le Tissier">Matthew Le Tissier</a>: 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrie_McMenemy" title="Lawrie McMenemy">Lawrence McMenemy</a>: 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fagan" title="Mary Fagan">Dame Mary Fagan</a>: 2 February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Benali" title="Francis Benali">Francis Benali</a>: 16 November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Albert Warne: 24 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_units">Military units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Military units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Royal Hampshire Regiment</a>: 25 April 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Port_and_Maritime_Regiment_RLC" title="17 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC">17 Port and Maritime Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps" title="Royal Logistic Corps">RLC</a>: 26 January 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Southampton_(D90)" title="HMS Southampton (D90)">HMS Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">RN</a>: 26 January 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="en-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/saʊθˈ(h)æmptən/</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-espon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-espon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-espon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf">"British urban pattern: population data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions</i>. European Union – European Spatial Planning Observation Network. March 2007. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPON+project+1.4.3+Study+on+Urban+Functions&rft.atitle=British+urban+pattern%3A+population+data&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espon.eu%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2FDocuments%2FProjects%2FESPON2006Projects%2FStudiesScientificSupportProjects%2FUrbanFunctions%2Ffr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Census_Data-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Data_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2011E35001237" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2011_ks/report?compare=E35001237">"Local Area Report – Southampton BUA (E35001237)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=Local+Area+Report+%E2%80%93+Southampton+BUA+%28E35001237%29&rft.date=2011&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2011_ks%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE35001237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Enter E35001237 if requested</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCC_2016_pop_est-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCC_2016_pop_est_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCC_2016_pop_est_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/council-democracy/council-data/statistics/mye-southampton.aspx">"Mid year population estimate 2016"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718115342/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/council-democracy/council-data/statistics/mye-southampton.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid+year+population+estimate+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fcouncil-democracy%2Fcouncil-data%2Fstatistics%2Fmye-southampton.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E06000045" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E06000045">"2021 Census Area Profile – Southampton Local Authority (E06000045)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Southampton+Local+Authority+%28E06000045%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE06000045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brookingsgdp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brookingsgdp_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brookingsgdp_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">"Global city GDP 2014"</a>. Brookings Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+city+GDP+2014&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Finteractives%2Fglobal-metro-monitor-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/UK_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=London,+UK&toplace=Southampton,+UK&dt1=ChIJdd4hrwug2EcRmSrV3Vo6llI&dt2=ChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc">"Distance between London, UK and Southampton, UK (UK)"</a>. <i>distancecalculator.globefeed.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015209/https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/UK_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=London,+UK&toplace=Southampton,+UK&dt1=ChIJdd4hrwug2EcRmSrV3Vo6llI&dt2=ChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=distancecalculator.globefeed.com&rft.atitle=Distance+between+London%2C+UK+and+Southampton%2C+UK+%28UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdistancecalculator.globefeed.com%2FUK_Distance_Result.asp%3Ffromplace%3DLondon%2C%2BUK%26toplace%3DSouthampton%2C%2BUK%26dt1%3DChIJdd4hrwug2EcRmSrV3Vo6llI%26dt2%3DChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/UK_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Southampton,+UK&toplace=Portsmouth,+UK&dt1=ChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc&dt2=ChIJ6fEUGKRCdEgReTs3A-qDtkU">"Distance between Southampton, UK and Portsmouth, UK (UK)"</a>. <i>distancecalculator.globefeed.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072229/https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/UK_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Southampton,+UK&toplace=Portsmouth,+UK&dt1=ChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc&dt2=ChIJ6fEUGKRCdEgReTs3A-qDtkU">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=distancecalculator.globefeed.com&rft.atitle=Distance+between+Southampton%2C+UK+and+Portsmouth%2C+UK+%28UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdistancecalculator.globefeed.com%2FUK_Distance_Result.asp%3Ffromplace%3DSouthampton%2C%2BUK%26toplace%3DPortsmouth%2C%2BUK%26dt1%3DChIJCSkVvleJc0gR8HHaTGpajKc%26dt2%3DChIJ6fEUGKRCdEgReTs3A-qDtkU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_for_Transport2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> (22 August 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/762200/port-freight-statistics-2017.pdf"><i>UK Port Statistics: 2017</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604043341/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/762200/port-freight-statistics-2017.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+Port+Statistics%3A+2017&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft.au=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F762200%2Fport-freight-statistics-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span>, puts Southampton third (by tonnage) after <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Immingham" title="Port of Immingham">Grimsby and Immingham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Southampton-England">"Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928010328/https://www.britannica.com/place/Southampton-England">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSouthampton-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWilliamsPreston2021" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1802785">"The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification"</a>. <i>Maritime Policy & Management</i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">530–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1802785">10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225502755">225502755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maritime+Policy+%26+Management&rft.atitle=The+Southampton+system%3A+A+new+universal+standard+approach+for+port-city+classification&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03088839.2020.1802785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225502755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ian&rft.au=Preston%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03088839.2020.1802785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seacitymuseum.co.uk/titanic-story">"Southampton's Titanic Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928060224/https://seacitymuseum.co.uk/titanic-story">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton%27s+Titanic+Story&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseacitymuseum.co.uk%2Ftitanic-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/heritage/titanic/crew/">"Titanic | Crew from Southampton"</a>. <i>www.dailyecho.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721144158/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/heritage/titanic/crew/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailyecho.co.uk&rft.atitle=Titanic+%26%23124%3B+Crew+from+Southampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fheritage%2Ftitanic%2Fcrew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolent_Sky_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Solent Sky Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solentskymuseum.org">"Solent Sky | Southampton | Spitfire Legend"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928005810/http://www.solentskymuseum.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solent+Sky+%26%23124%3B+Southampton+%26%23124%3B+Spitfire+Legend&rft.au=Solent+Sky+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solentskymuseum.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Online2008" class="citation web cs1">BBC Online (8 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/hampshire/content/articles/2006/03/07/shipspotting_feature.shtml">"Solent Ship Spotting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001102620/http://www.bbc.co.uk/hampshire/content/articles/2006/03/07/shipspotting_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solent+Ship+Spotting&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.au=BBC+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhampshire%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F07%2Fshipspotting_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/805494/leading-retail-centers-by-retail-spend-potential-great-britain/">"Leading 20 retail centers in Great Britain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721143856/https://www.statista.com/statistics/805494/leading-retail-centers-by-retail-spend-potential-great-britain/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leading+20+retail+centers+in+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F805494%2Fleading-retail-centers-by-retail-spend-potential-great-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rance-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rance_17-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Gareth (18 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3986608.Key_development_completed_two_months_early/">"Carnival UK HQ completed ahead of schedule"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035034/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3986608.Key_development_completed_two_months_early/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Carnival+UK+HQ+completed+ahead+of+schedule&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F3986608.Key_development_completed_two_months_early%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MusArch-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MusArch_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusArch_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusArch_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MusArch_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Southampton Museum of Archeology. God's House Tower, Southampton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southampton Through the Ages: A Short History by Elsie M. Sandell (revised 1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Archaeology_Magazine2002" class="citation web cs1">British Archaeology Magazine (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722084011/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba66/feat3.shtml">"Great Sites: Hamwic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba66/feat3.shtml">the original</a> on 22 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>. <q>Hamwic, which is described as a commercial port (mercimonium). Hamwic (also known as Hamtun) must have possessed considerable administrative importance as by the middle of the 8th century it had given its name to the shire – Hamtunscire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Sites%3A+Hamwic&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=British+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba66%2Ffeat3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011325/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/saxon.aspx">"Saxon Southampton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/saxon.aspx">the original</a> on 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saxon+Southampton&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fghtower-museumofarchaeology%2Fsaxon.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotongovmedieval-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sotongovmedieval_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011225/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/medieval.aspx">"Medieval Southampton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/medieval.aspx">the original</a> on 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Southampton&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fghtower-museumofarchaeology%2Fmedieval.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP34-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP34_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History.&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Archaeology_Magazine2002" class="citation web cs1">British Archaeology Magazine (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722084011/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba66/feat3.shtml">"Great Sites: Hamwic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba66/feat3.shtml">the original</a> on 22 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>. <q>The economic motor driving trade [was] larger-scale trade in relatively low value commodities such as wool, timber and quernstones</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Sites%3A+Hamwic&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=British+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba66%2Ffeat3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruddock-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddock_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruddock_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alwyn A. Ruddock, The Greyfriars in Southampton, Papers & Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society, 16:2 (1946), pp. 137–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. J. Silvester Davies, A History of Southampton Partly From the Ms. Of Dr Speed In The Southampton Archives, 1883, pp. 114–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The National Archives, SC 8/17/833, Petitioners: People of Southampton. Addressees: King and council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internetarchive-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-internetarchive_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternet_Archive" class="citation web cs1">Internet Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/monacomontecarlo00smit/monacomontecarlo00smit_djvu.txt">"Monaco and Monte Carlo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914032049/http://www.archive.org/stream/monacomontecarlo00smit/monacomontecarlo00smit_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monaco+and+Monte+Carlo&rft.au=Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmonacomontecarlo00smit%2Fmonacomontecarlo00smit_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Online" class="citation web cs1">BBC Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A337141">"Southampton Town Walls and Castle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323184621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A337141">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Town+Walls+and+Castle&rft.au=BBC+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2Falabaster%2FA337141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotongovtower-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sotongovtower_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sotongovtower_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805150008/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/history.aspx">"God's House Tower: A History of the Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/history.aspx">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+House+Tower%3A+A+History+of+the+Museum&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fghtower-museumofarchaeology%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP45-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP45_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_Daily_Echo2008" class="citation web cs1">Southern Daily Echo (2 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018233536/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/features/hants_facts/2165774.Red_Lion_plot/">"Red Lion Plot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/features/hants_facts/2165774.Red_Lion_plot/">the original</a> on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Lion+Plot&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.au=Southern+Daily+Echo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fhants_facts%2F2165774.Red_Lion_plot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP48-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP48_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726033016/http://www.culture24.org.uk/se000276">"God's House Tower Museum of Archaeology, Southampton"</a>. <i>Culture24</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture24.org.uk/se000276">the original</a> on 26 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture24&rft.atitle=God%27s+House+Tower+Museum+of+Archaeology%2C+Southampton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fse000276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712182921/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/">"Museum of archaeology (God's House Tower)"</a>. Southampton City Council. 27 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+archaeology+%28God%27s+House+Tower%29&rft.pub=Southampton+City+Council&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fghtower-museumofarchaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP59-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP59_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy G. Stone, A Vanished Castle, Papers & Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society, 12:3 (1934), pp. 241–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol3/pp490-524#p210">"The borough of Southampton: General historical account Pages 490–524 A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 3. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1908"</a>. <i>British History Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616140656/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hants/vol3/pp490-524#p210">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+borough+of+Southampton%3A+General+historical+account+Pages+490%E2%80%93524+A+History+of+the+County+of+Hampshire%3A+Volume+3.+Originally+published+by+Victoria+County+History%2C+London%2C+1908.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fhants%2Fvol3%2Fpp490-524%23p210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP71-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RancePP71_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RancePP71_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP78-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RancePP78_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RancePP78_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RancePP78_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP95-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP95_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP92-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP92_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102011122/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/postmedievalsouthampton.aspx">"Post-Medieval Southampton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/ghtower-museumofarchaeology/postmedievalsouthampton.aspx">the original</a> on 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Medieval+Southampton&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fghtower-museumofarchaeology%2Fpostmedievalsouthampton.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP120-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP120_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP138-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP138_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sotonopedia.wikidot.com/page-browse:grand-theatre">Grand Theatre</a>", Sotonopedia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDane2019" class="citation web cs1">Dane, Kane (12 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanic-titanic.com/southampton.shtml">"Southampton and Titanic"</a>. <i>Titanic-Titanic.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805204138/http://www.titanic-titanic.com/southampton.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Titanic-Titanic.com&rft.atitle=Southampton+and+Titanic&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Dane&rft.aufirst=Kane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanic-titanic.com%2Fsouthampton.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Portswood, 2003, Book, P.Wilson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RancePP169-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RancePP169_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRance1986" class="citation book cs1">Rance, Adrian (1986). <i>Southampton. An Illustrated History</i>. Milestone. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903852-95-0"><bdi>0-903852-95-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton.+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Milestone&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-903852-95-0&rft.aulast=Rance&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/11251472.24_to_be_filmed_in_Southampton/">"24 to be filmed in Southampton"</a>. 3 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205204/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/11251472.24_to_be_filmed_in_Southampton/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=Princess+Anne+leaves+Lord+Mayor+in+stitches+as+she+congratulates+her+on+new+title&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Froyal%2F1730497%2Fprincess-anne-lord-mayor-southampton-letters-patent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222225038/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/council-democracy/councillors/mayor-sheriff/town-crier.aspx">"The Town Crier"</a>. Southampton City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/council-democracy/councillors/mayor-sheriff/town-crier.aspx">the original</a> on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Town+Crier&rft.pub=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fcouncil-democracy%2Fcouncillors%2Fmayor-sheriff%2Ftown-crier.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2022" class="citation web cs1">George, Maya (11 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/21275251.proclamation-king-charles-read-southampton/">"Crowds gather to watch 'once in a lifetime' reading of the proclamation"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915160444/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/21275251.proclamation-king-charles-read-southampton/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Crowds+gather+to+watch+%27once+in+a+lifetime%27+reading+of+the+proclamation&rft.date=2022-09-11&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F21275251.proclamation-king-charles-read-southampton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Havre_twinnings-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Le_Havre_twinnings_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorence" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Florence, Jeanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807181850/http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html">"Le Havre – Les villes jumelées"</a> [Le Havre – Twin towns] (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/guichet_virtuel/rubrique/article_id-1626/topic_id-707/les-villes-jumelees.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Havre+%E2%80%93+Les+villes+jumel%C3%A9es&rft.aulast=Florence&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.lehavre.fr%2Fdelia-CMS%2Fguichet_virtuel%2Frubrique%2Farticle_id-1626%2Ftopic_id-707%2Fles-villes-jumelees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archant_twinning-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archant_twinning_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">"British towns twinned with French towns"</a>. <i>Archant Community Media Ltd</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archant+Community+Media+Ltd&rft.atitle=British+towns+twinned+with+French+towns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.completefrance.com%2Flanguage-culture%2Ftwin-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwinTowns-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwinTowns_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328184139/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/thecouncil/thecity/linkedcities.asp">"Linked cities"</a>. Southampton City Council. 3 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/thecouncil/thecity/linkedcities.asp">the original</a> on 28 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linked+cities&rft.pub=Southampton+City+Council&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fthecouncil%2Fthecity%2Flinkedcities.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hampshire-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hampshire_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130120441/http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm">"Twin Towns in Hampshire"</a>. www3.hants.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hants.gov.uk/localpages/twintown.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twin+Towns+in+Hampshire&rft.pub=www3.hants.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hants.gov.uk%2Flocalpages%2Ftwintown.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SisterCities-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SisterCities_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203700/http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/USlistingsResults.cfm?selectedState=VA&submit=Search">"Sister Cities International"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/directory/USlistingsResults.cfm?selectedState=VA&submit=Search">the original</a> on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sister-cities.org%2Fdirectory%2FUSlistingsResults.cfm%3FselectedState%3DVA%26submit%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HamptonCity-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HamptonCity_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sistercities-hamptonva.org/">"Sister Cities of Hampton, Virginia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924220819/http://www.sistercities-hamptonva.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities+of+Hampton%2C+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsistercities-hamptonva.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174337/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Southampton,%20United%20Kingdom">"Interactive City Directory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Southampton,%20United%20Kingdom">the original</a> on 30 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+City+Directory&rft.pub=Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sister-cities.org%2Finteractive-map%2FSouthampton%2C%2520United%2520Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01">Port of Busan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315200104/http://www.busanport.com/service?id=en_sister_01">Archived</a> 15 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sister Ports, Busan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/article.aspx?id=tcm:63-412460">"Southampton and Miami, Florida, become sister cities at ceremonial signing event"</a>. <i>Southampton City Council</i>. 14 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210202121/https://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/article.aspx?id=tcm%3A63-412460">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southampton+City+Council&rft.atitle=Southampton+and+Miami%2C+Florida%2C+become+sister+cities+at+ceremonial+signing+event&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3Dtcm%3A63-412460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southampton260-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southampton260_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southampton260_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Port of Southampton</i>L. E. Tavener Economic Geography, Vol. 26, No. 4 (October 1950), pp. 260–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment_Agency" class="citation web cs1">Environment Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311192939/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/river_test__627604pdf">"The River Test"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/river_test__627604pdf">the original</a> on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+River+Test&rft.au=Environment+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment-agency.gov.uk%2Fcommondata%2Facrobat%2Friver_test__627604pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Solent_Forum" class="citation web cs1">The Solent Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922004912/http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/othercoast/western_solent_smp.htm#test6">"Western Solent and Southampton Water Shoreline Management Plan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solentforum.hants.org.uk/othercoast/western_solent_smp.htm#test6">the original</a> on 22 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Solent+and+Southampton+Water+Shoreline+Management+Plan&rft.au=The+Solent+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solentforum.hants.org.uk%2Fothercoast%2Fwestern_solent_smp.htm%23test6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeGovernment_Monitor2005" class="citation web cs1">eGovernment Monitor (8 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607191222/http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/1811">"Web Maps Out The Past"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/1811">the original</a> on 7 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+Maps+Out+The+Past&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.au=eGovernment+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egovmonitor.com%2Fnode%2F1811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudman_Oceanographic_Laboratory" class="citation web cs1">Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810230813/http://www.pol.ac.uk/home/insight/tidefaq.html">"Tides"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pol.ac.uk/home/insight/tidefaq.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tides&rft.au=Proudman+Oceanographic+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pol.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Finsight%2Ftidefaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_British_Ports" class="citation web cs1">Associated British Ports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southamptonvts.co.uk/">"Southampton VTS–ABP Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705005757/http://www.southamptonvts.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+VTS%E2%80%93ABP+Southampton&rft.au=Associated+British+Ports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southamptonvts.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaptain_M_J_Ridge,_FRICS_MCIT" class="citation web cs1">Captain M J Ridge, FRICS MCIT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolnomads.org.uk/stuff/double_tides.htm">"English Channel double tides"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822144340/http://www.bristolnomads.org.uk/stuff/double_tides.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Channel+double+tides&rft.au=Captain+M+J+Ridge%2C+FRICS+MCIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolnomads.org.uk%2Fstuff%2Fdouble_tides.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltAnne_Cole1992" class="citation book cs1">Holt, John; Anne Cole (February 1992). <i>A bend in the River</i>. Southampton: Bitterne Local History Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+bend+in+the+River&rft.place=Southampton&rft.pub=Bitterne+Local+History+Society&rft.date=1992-02&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Anne+Cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbdg.org.uk/bridge_history.html">"History of Concrete Bridges"</a>. www.cbdg.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075419/http://www.cbdg.org.uk/bridge_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Concrete+Bridges&rft.pub=www.cbdg.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbdg.org.uk%2Fbridge_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925221533/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20Common%20Green%20Flag%20Mgt%20Plan%20pages%201-22_tcm46-178081.pdf">"Southampton Common Green Flag Management Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20Common%20Green%20Flag%20Mgt%20Plan%20pages%201-22_tcm46-178081.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Common+Green+Flag+Management+Plan&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2FSouthampton%2520Common%2520Green%2520Flag%2520Mgt%2520Plan%2520pages%25201-22_tcm46-178081.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028074247/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/leisure/southamptonparks/thehawthorns/">"The Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/leisure/southamptonparks/thehawthorns/">the original</a> on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawthorns+Urban+Wildlife+Centre&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fleisure%2Fsouthamptonparks%2Fthehawthorns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parkrun.org.uk/southampton/course/">"Course | Southampton parkrun"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Course+%26%23124%3B+Southampton+parkrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkrun.org.uk%2Fsouthampton%2Fcourse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820102708/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/thecouncil/thecity/research/default.asp#0">"Research, Information and Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/thecouncil/thecity/research/default.asp#0">the original</a> on 20 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research%2C+Information+and+Statistics&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fthecouncil%2Fthecity%2Fresearch%2Fdefault.asp%230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809221253/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20and%20Research%20July%202007_tcm46-182704.pdf">"Southampton Statistics, July 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20and%20Research%20July%202007_tcm46-182704.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Statistics%2C+July+2007&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2FSouthampton%2520City%2520Statistics%2520and%2520Research%2520July%25202007_tcm46-182704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torro.org.uk/site/maxtemps.php">"June 1976 maximum"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117053706/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/maxtemps.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=June+1976+maximum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torro.org.uk%2Fsite%2Fmaxtemps.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028123740/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/c/f/Fact_sheet_No._9.pdf">"Extremes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fact Sheets</i>. Met Office. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheets&rft.atitle=Extremes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Fc%2Ff%2FFact_sheet_No._9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Averages-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Averages_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcp1844rg">"Southampton W.C. (Southampton) UK climate averages"</a>. Met Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+named+as+the+UK%27s+highest+CO2+hot+spot&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft.au=British+Gas+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishgasnews.co.uk%2Findex.asp%3FPageID%3D16%26Year%3D2006%26NewsID%3D686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ippr.org-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ippr.org_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ippr.org_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709202915/http://www.ippr.org/uploadedFiles/cfc/pressreleases/high_low_performers.pdf">"Two Track Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+East+Profile&rft.au=National+Statistics+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_Cities2018" class="citation news cs1">Centre for Cities (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43316697">"BBC News report"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085612/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43316697">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+%28Portsmouth%29&rft.atitle=Around+100%2C000+homes+in+the+offing+as+%27Solent+City%27+moves+closer+to+reality&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portsmouth.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Faround-100-000-homes-in-the-offing-as-solent-city-moves-closer-to-reality-1-7474548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2016" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Ian (9 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14328692.will-solent-city-be-the-death-of-hampshire/">"Will Solent City be the death of Hampshire?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daily_Echo" title="Southern Daily Echo">Southern Daily Echo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617162652/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14328692.will-solent-city-be-the-death-of-hampshire/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Will+Solent+City+be+the+death+of+Hampshire%3F&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14328692.will-solent-city-be-the-death-of-hampshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2019" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Jessica (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lgcplus.com/politics/governance-and-structure/hampshire-cc-leader-roy-perry-to-stand-down/7028088.article">"Hampshire CC leader Roy Perry to stand down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Chronicle" title="Local Government Chronicle">Local Government Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617164133/https://www.lgcplus.com/politics/governance-and-structure/hampshire-cc-leader-roy-perry-to-stand-down/7028088.article">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+Government+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hampshire+CC+leader+Roy+Perry+to+stand+down&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgcplus.com%2Fpolitics%2Fgovernance-and-structure%2Fhampshire-cc-leader-roy-perry-to-stand-down%2F7028088.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. <i>Commission for Racial Equality</i>: Table 2.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.2&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:412_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> (Table 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:36-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:36_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007">"KS007 – Religion – Nomis – 2001"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS007+%E2%80%93+Religion+%E2%80%93+Nomis+%E2%80%93+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fks007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew">"KS209EW (Religion) – Nomis – 2011"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Office of National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074442/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8uy/ragv">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Office of National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074443/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v7/ragv">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=GVA+UKJ32+Southampton+Business+Raw+total+%C2%A3m+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossvalueaddedgva%2Ftimeseries%2Fr8v7%2Fragv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v2/ragv">"GVA UKJ32 Southampton Construction Raw total £m – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. Office of National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074443/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v2/ragv">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=GVA+UKJ32+Southampton+Construction+Raw+total+%C2%A3m+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossvalueaddedgva%2Ftimeseries%2Fr8v2%2Fragv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v3/ragv">"GVA UKJ32 Southampton Distribution Raw total £m – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. Office of National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074441/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v3/ragv">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=GVA+UKJ32+Southampton+Distribution+Raw+total+%C2%A3m+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossvalueaddedgva%2Ftimeseries%2Fr8v3%2Fragv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v5/ragv">"GVA UKJ32 Southampton Finance Raw total £m – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. Office of National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074442/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/timeseries/r8v5/ragv">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=GVA+UKJ32+Southampton+Finance+Raw+total+%C2%A3m+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Feconomy%2Fgrossvalueaddedgva%2Ftimeseries%2Fr8v5%2Fragv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Southampton_Strategic_Assessment_2017_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk/images/6-labour-market-sea-sep-2017-final.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Southampton Strategic Assessment 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807074141/http://www.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk/images/6-labour-market-sea-sep-2017-final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Southampton+Strategic+Assessment+2017&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publichealth.southampton.gov.uk%2Fimages%2F6-labour-market-sea-sep-2017-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southampton4-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southampton4_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709202915/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20%26%20Research%20April%202007%20v2_tcm46-177132.pdf">"Southampton Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20%26%20Research%20April%202007%20v2_tcm46-177132.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Statistics&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2FSouthampton%2520City%2520Statistics%2520%2526%2520Research%2520April%25202007%2520v2_tcm46-177132.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809221241/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20and%20Research%20January%202007_tcm46-177131.pdf">"Southampton Statistics and Research, January 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/Southampton%20City%20Statistics%20and%20Research%20January%202007_tcm46-177131.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Statistics+and+Research%2C+January+2007&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2FSouthampton%2520City%2520Statistics%2520and%2520Research%2520January%25202007_tcm46-177131.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122054646/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2007">"(DfT) Provisional Port Statistics 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2007">the original</a> on 22 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28DfT%29+Provisional+Port+Statistics+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Fstatistics%2Fdatatablespublications%2Fmaritime%2Fports%2Fprovportstats2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2007/12/12/26148/carnival-uk-signs-for-new-southampton-cruise-terminal.html">"Carnival UK signs for new Southampton cruise terminal"</a>. TravelWeekly. 12 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203022/http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2007/12/12/26148/carnival-uk-signs-for-new-southampton-cruise-terminal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carnival+UK+signs+for+new+Southampton+cruise+terminal&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelweekly.co.uk%2FArticles%2F2007%2F12%2F12%2F26148%2Fcarnival-uk-signs-for-new-southampton-cruise-terminal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesssouthampton.com/content/default.asp?PageId=255">"Carnival UK"</a>. businesssouthampton.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214052257/http://www.businesssouthampton.com/content/default.asp?PageId=255">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carnival+UK&rft.pub=businesssouthampton.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesssouthampton.com%2Fcontent%2Fdefault.asp%3FPageId%3D255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonPinchWitt1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, C; Pinch, S; Witt, S (1991). "Industrial change in southern England: a case study of the electronics and electrical engineering industry in the Southampton city-region". <i>Environment and Planning A</i>. <b>23</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">677–</span>703. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991EnPlA..23..677M">1991EnPlA..23..677M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa230677">10.1068/a230677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153643115">153643115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+A&rft.atitle=Industrial+change+in+southern+England%3A+a+case+study+of+the+electronics+and+electrical+engineering+industry+in+the+Southampton+city-region&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E677-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153643115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fa230677&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991EnPlA..23..677M&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Pinch%2C+S&rft.au=Witt%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-53416271">"Solent Flour Mills: Art deco building demolition work begins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Solent+Flour+Mills%3A+Art+deco+building+demolition+work+begins&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-53416271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120134827/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/news/2011/09/duke-of-edinburgh-opens-os-hq.html">"Duke of Edinburgh to officially open new Ordnance Survey head office"</a>. Ordnance Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/news/2011/09/duke-of-edinburgh-opens-os-hq.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duke+of+Edinburgh+to+officially+open+new+Ordnance+Survey+head+office&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Foswebsite%2Fnews%2F2011%2F09%2Fduke-of-edinburgh-opens-os-hq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd's_Register2006" class="citation web cs1">Lloyd's Register (21 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801171302/http://www.lr.org/Industries/Marine/News/1706+Southampton.htm">"Lloyd's Register announces plans to move Marine operations to Southampton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lr.org/Industries/Marine/News/1706+Southampton.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lloyd%27s+Register+announces+plans+to+move+Marine+operations+to+Southampton&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.au=Lloyd%27s+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lr.org%2FIndustries%2FMarine%2FNews%2F1706%2BSouthampton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/latest/display.var.2413924.0.a_new_vision_for_southampton.php">"A new vision for Southampton (From Daily Echo)"</a>. Dailyecho.co.uk. 31 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080811222709/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/latest/display.var.2413924.0.a_new_vision_for_southampton.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+vision+for+Southampton+%28From+Daily+Echo%29&rft.pub=Dailyecho.co.uk&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest%2Fdisplay.var.2413924.0.a_new_vision_for_southampton.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council2007" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020542/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/casino.asp">"City Awarded large Casino Licence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/casino.asp#0">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Awarded+large+Casino+Licence&rft.date=2007-03&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fcasino.asp%230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIKEA" class="citation web cs1">IKEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/store/southampton">"IKEA Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104041718/http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/store/southampton">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IKEA+Southampton&rft.au=IKEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikea.com%2Fgb%2Fen%2Fstore%2Fsouthampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constructionnews.co.uk/buildings/contracts/sir-robert-mcalpine-wins-hammersons-70m-southampton-leisure-scheme-12-12-2014/">"McAlpine wins £70m WestQuay Watermark centre in Southampton"</a>. <i>Construction News</i>. 12 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414205936/http://www.cnplus.co.uk/news/contracts/sir-robert-mcalpine-wins-hammersons-70m-southampton-leisure-scheme/8673936.article#.VNOUofmsXzg">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Construction+News&rft.atitle=McAlpine+wins+%C2%A370m+WestQuay+Watermark+centre+in+Southampton&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constructionnews.co.uk%2Fbuildings%2Fcontracts%2Fsir-robert-mcalpine-wins-hammersons-70m-southampton-leisure-scheme-12-12-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322024642/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/City%20of%20Culture%20pages%2013-24_tcm46-220390.pdf">"4. An International City of Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/City%20of%20Culture%20pages%2013-24_tcm46-220390.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4.+An+International+City+of+Culture&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2FCity%2520of%2520Culture%2520pages%252013-24_tcm46-220390.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaily_Echo2021" class="citation web cs1">Daily Echo (22 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/19029378.good-growth-index-puts-southampton-third---pandemic-recovery-may-slower/">"Good Growth Index puts Southampton third – but pandemic recovery may be slower"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Growth+Index+puts+Southampton+third+%E2%80%93+but+pandemic+recovery+may+be+slower&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.au=Daily+Echo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F19029378.good-growth-index-puts-southampton-third---pandemic-recovery-may-slower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_County_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211032859/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/policies/6%20Introduction.pdf">"Old Town Development Strategy—Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/policies/6%20Introduction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Town+Development+Strategy%E2%80%94Final+Report&rft.au=Southampton+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fpolicies%2F6%2520Introduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_County_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425064848/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/maritimemuseum.aspx">"The Maritime Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/s-leisure/artsheritage/museums-galleries/maritimemuseum.aspx">the original</a> on 25 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maritime+Museum&rft.au=Southampton+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fs-leisure%2Fartsheritage%2Fmuseums-galleries%2Fmaritimemuseum.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324073251/http://www.spitfireonline.co.uk/">"Solent Sky"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spitfireonline.co.uk/">the original</a> on 24 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solent+Sky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spitfireonline.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council2007" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council (16 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913212952/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/leisure/events/southampton-boat-show.asp">"Southampton Boat Show"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/leisure/events/southampton-boat-show.asp">the original</a> on 13 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Boat+Show&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fleisure%2Fevents%2Fsouthampton-boat-show.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_Boat_Show_official_website" class="citation web cs1">Southampton Boat Show official website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southamptonboatshow.com/">"Southampton Boat Show"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703204631/http://www.southamptonboatshow.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Boat+Show&rft.au=Southampton+Boat+Show+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southamptonboatshow.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelebrating_Southampton's_Connection_With_The_Sea" class="citation web cs1">Celebrating Southampton's Connection With The Sea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809085236/http://www.seacity.co.uk/">"Sea City 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacity.co.uk/">the original</a> on 9 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+City+2007&rft.au=Celebrating+Southampton%27s+Connection+With+The+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seacity.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nuffield_Theatre" class="citation web cs1">The Nuffield Theatre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuffieldtheatre.co.uk/">"The Nuffield Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806073812/http://www.nuffieldtheatre.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nuffield+Southampton&rft.au=The+Nuffield+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuffieldtheatre.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Online2015" class="citation news cs1">BBC Online (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-31058983">"Stage Awards Honour Theatre Industry"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001203630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-31058983">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stage+Awards+Honour+Theatre+Industry&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.au=BBC+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-31058983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Art_House_Gallery_Cafe" class="citation web cs1">The Art House Gallery Cafe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearthousesouthampton.co.uk/">"The Art House Southampton CIC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026010257/http://www.thearthousesouthampton.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+House+Southampton+CIC&rft.au=The+Art+House+Gallery+Cafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearthousesouthampton.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedford_Place" class="citation web cs1">Bedford Place. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bedfordplace.co.uk">"Welcome to Bedford Place"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916014302/http://www.bedfordplace.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Bedford+Place&rft.au=Bedford+Place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bedfordplace.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery-QuashCraig2021" class="citation book cs1">Avery-Quash, Susanna; Craig, Jemma (2021). <i>Creating a National Collection</i>. Southampton: Southampton Art gallery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8384699-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8384699-0-0"><bdi>978-1-8384699-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+a+National+Collection&rft.place=Southampton&rft.pub=Southampton+Art+gallery&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-8384699-0-0&rft.aulast=Avery-Quash&rft.aufirst=Susanna&rft.au=Craig%2C+Jemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKGOV-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKGOV_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKGOV_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/bradford-crowned-uk-city-of-culture-2025">"Bradford crowned UK City of Culture 2025"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. 31 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Bradford+crowned+UK+City+of+Culture+2025&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fbradford-crowned-uk-city-of-culture-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guildhall_tickets-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guildhall_tickets_147-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livenation.co.uk/southampton">"Southampton Guildhall Tickets"</a>. Live Nation Worldwide, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201065524/http://www.livenation.co.uk/southampton">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Guildhall+Tickets&rft.pub=Live+Nation+Worldwide%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livenation.co.uk%2Fsouthampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delirious.org.uk/discog/ukalbums/dtour.html">"d:Tour 1997 Live @ Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104052441/http://www.delirious.org.uk/discog/ukalbums/dtour.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=d%3ATour+1997+Live+%40+Southampton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delirious.org.uk%2Fdiscog%2Fukalbums%2Fdtour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030234601/http://www.bsolive.com/concerts/venues/venuedetails.htm?venueid=69289">"Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsolive.com/concerts/venues/venuedetails.htm?venueid=69289">the original</a> on 30 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bournemouth+Symphony+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsolive.com%2Fconcerts%2Fvenues%2Fvenuedetails.htm%3Fvenueid%3D69289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csorchestra.org/">"City of Southampton Orchestra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106205621/http://www.csorchestra.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Southampton+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csorchestra.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concertorchestra.com/">"Southampton Concert Orchestra"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428010726/http://www.concertorchestra.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Concert+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concertorchestra.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southamptonphil.org">"Southampton Philharmonic Choir"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091936/http://www.southamptonphil.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Philharmonic+Choir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southamptonphil.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southamptonchoralsociety.org.uk/">"Southampton Choral Society"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002154715/http://southamptonchoralsociety.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Choral+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthamptonchoralsociety.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://engineroomssouthampton.com/">"Engine Rooms"</a>. <i>The MRJ group</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718114702/http://engineroomssouthampton.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MRJ+group&rft.atitle=Engine+Rooms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fengineroomssouthampton.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the1865.com/">"The 1865: Southampton's newest live venue"</a>. <i>Music Venue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718123030/http://www.the1865.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Venue&rft.atitle=The+1865%3A+Southampton%27s+newest+live+venue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the1865.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joinerslive.co.uk/">"The Joiners"</a>. <i>Music Venue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707182114/http://www.joinerslive.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Venue&rft.atitle=The+Joiners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joinerslive.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turnersims.co.uk/">"Turner Sims"</a>. <i>Concert Hall</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718150335/https://www.turnersims.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Concert+Hall&rft.atitle=Turner+Sims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turnersims.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.residentadvisor.net/dj/artfuldodger">"RA: Artful Dodger"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505221722/https://www.residentadvisor.net/dj/artfuldodger">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RA%3A+Artful+Dodger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.residentadvisor.net%2Fdj%2Fartfuldodger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/royaltmusic">"royaltmusic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426063938/https://soundcloud.com/royaltmusic">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=royaltmusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Froyaltmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unity101.org/">Unity 101 home page</a> accessed 20 May 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk">103.9 Voice FM home page</a> accessed 20 May 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awaazfm.co.uk">Awaaz FM 99.8 Community Radio home page</a> accessed 20 May 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rajar.co.uk/listening/quarterly_listening.php">"RAJAR"</a>. <i>www.rajar.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rajar.co.uk&rft.atitle=RAJAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajar.co.uk%2Flistening%2Fquarterly_listening.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlegg_Chris2021" class="citation book cs1">Slegg Chris, Gregory Patricia (2021). <i>A History of the Women's FA Cup</i>. the historypress. p. 242-244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750996594" title="Special:BookSources/9780750996594"><bdi>9780750996594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Women%27s+FA+Cup&rft.pages=242-244&rft.pub=the+historypress&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780750996594&rft.aulast=Slegg+Chris&rft.aufirst=Gregory+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skysports.com/womens-championship-table">"FA Women's Championship"</a>. <i>SkySports</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SkySports&rft.atitle=FA+Women%27s+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skysports.com%2Fwomens-championship-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trojansrugby.co.uk/">"Trojans RFC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603021532/http://www.trojansrugby.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trojans+RFC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trojansrugby.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tottonians.com">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807051714/http://tottonians.com/">Archived</a> 7 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southamptonrugby.co.uk./">"Southampton Rugby Club"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618051921/http://www.southamptonrugby.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Millbrook+RFC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millbrookrfc.co.uk.%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925221603/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/Images/sports%20centre_tcm46-176683.pdf">"Outdoor Sports Centre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outdoor+Sports+Centre&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2FImages%2Fsports%2520centre_tcm46-176683.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/news/0,,1699580,00.html">"Bradford named UK's fattest city"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK. 1 February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212203824/http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/news/0,,1699580,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bradford+named+UK%27s+fattest+city&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsociety.guardian.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fnews%2F0%2C%2C1699580%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705150044/http://www.jcisouthampton.co.uk/news.php?id=26">"Southampton Still Amongst The Fittest"</a>. <i>JCI Southampton</i>. 24 March 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JCI+Southampton&rft.atitle=Southampton+Still+Amongst+The+Fittest&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcisouthampton.co.uk%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Online2000" class="citation web cs1">BBC Online (14 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A311482">"Southampton Old Bowling Green, Southampton, England"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611021631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A311482">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Old+Bowling+Green%2C+Southampton%2C+England&rft.date=2000-06-14&rft.au=BBC+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA311482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbuwh.co.uk/clubs/bournemouth">"Bournemouth & Southampton – Home Page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bournemouth+%26+Southampton+%E2%80%93+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbuwh.co.uk%2Fclubs%2Fbournemouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbuwh.co.uk/clubs/totton">"Totton Octopush Club – TOC – Home Page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Totton+Octopush+Club+%E2%80%93+TOC+%E2%80%93+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbuwh.co.uk%2Fclubs%2Ftotton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pNnkrTra9ZvjJRzc0Qr2ebZZHOlKpCRXx_AGMoSCB2Q/edit#gid=1742745857">"Nautilus 2023 Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nautilus+2023+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1pNnkrTra9ZvjJRzc0Qr2ebZZHOlKpCRXx_AGMoSCB2Q%2Fedit%23gid%3D1742745857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-12659487">"Southampton's £30m police HQ opens"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426232550/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-12659487">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Southampton%27s+%C2%A330m+police+HQ+opens&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-12659487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police.uk/hampshire/2SN01/performance/compare-your-area/">"Crime comparison"</a>. <i>Police.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131144219/https://www.police.uk/hampshire/2SN01/performance/compare-your-area/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Police.uk&rft.atitle=Crime+comparison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.uk%2Fhampshire%2F2SN01%2Fperformance%2Fcompare-your-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/sep/20/2vcs-on-will-brexit-damage-uk-universities">"Will brexit damage UK universities?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 20 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112152/https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/sep/20/2vcs-on-will-brexit-damage-uk-universities">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Will+brexit+damage+UK+universities%3F&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhigher-education-network%2F2018%2Fsep%2F20%2F2vcs-on-will-brexit-damage-uk-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/uk/pdf/2017/05/brexit-and-student-accommodation.pdf?logActivity=true"><i>Brexit and student housing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1 ed.). London: KPMG. 1 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153104/https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/uk/pdf/2017/05/brexit-and-student-accommodation.pdf?logActivity=true">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brexit+and+student+housing&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=KPMG&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.kpmg.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fkpmg%2Fuk%2Fpdf%2F2017%2F05%2Fbrexit-and-student-accommodation.pdf%3FlogActivity%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-from#detailed">"Higher education students – where do they come from. A live report"</a>. <i>www.hesa.ac.uk</i>. HESA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109112001/https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-from#detailed">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hesa.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Higher+education+students+%E2%80%93+where+do+they+come+from.+A+live+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesa.ac.uk%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fstudents%2Fwhere-from%23detailed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southampton.ac.uk-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southampton.ac.uk_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southampton.ac.uk_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southampton" class="citation web cs1">University of Southampton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/index.html">"About Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805031102/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/about/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.au=University+of+Southampton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHERO" class="citation web cs1">HERO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2002/materials/work/slides/HERO%20-%20Higher%20Education%20&%20Research%20Opportunities%20in%20the%20UK%20Southampton,%20University%20of.htm">"University of Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914040144/http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/web-focus/events/workshops/webmaster-2002/materials/work/slides/HERO%20-%20Higher%20Education%20%26%20Research%20Opportunities%20in%20the%20UK%20Southampton%2C%20University%20of.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Southampton&rft.au=HERO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukoln.ac.uk%2Fweb-focus%2Fevents%2Fworkshops%2Fwebmaster-2002%2Fmaterials%2Fwork%2Fslides%2FHERO%2520-%2520Higher%2520Education%2520%26%2520Research%2520Opportunities%2520in%2520the%2520UK%2520Southampton%2C%2520University%2520of.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian_Unlimited2007" class="citation news cs1">Guardian Unlimited (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,490864,00.html">"University of Southampton"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806154613/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,490864,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=University+of+Southampton&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.au=Guardian+Unlimited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Funiversityguide%2Fprofile%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C490864%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southampton" class="citation web cs1">University of Southampton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.ac.uk/ses/">"School of Engineering Sciences"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121180950/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/ses/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+of+Engineering+Sciences&rft.au=University+of+Southampton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.ac.uk%2Fses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk">"University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research"</a>. 9 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081108030424/http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Southampton%2C+Institute+of+Sound+and+Vibration+Research&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isvr.soton.ac.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian_Unlimited2007" class="citation news cs1">Guardian Unlimited (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,491283,00.html">"Southampton Solent University"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806110343/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/profile/story/0,,491283,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Southampton+Solent+University&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.au=Guardian+Unlimited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Funiversityguide%2Fprofile%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C491283%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthampton_City_Council" class="citation web cs1">Southampton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020139/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/building-planning/planning/ldf/localplanreview/planreview-textinweb/chapter6/primary-secondary/solent-uni.asp?view=text">"Southampton Solent University"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southampton+Solent+University&rft.au=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fbuilding-planning%2Fplanning%2Fldf%2Flocalplanreview%2Fplanreview-textinweb%2Fchapter6%2Fprimary-secondary%2Fsolent-uni.asp%3Fview%3Dtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101161822/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/childrenandlearning/educationandschools/schools/schoolwebsites/default.asp">"School websites and contact details"</a>. Southampton City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southampton.gov.uk/childrenandlearning/educationandschools/schools/schoolwebsites/default.asp#0">the original</a> on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+websites+and+contact+details&rft.pub=Southampton+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fchildrenandlearning%2Feducationandschools%2Fschools%2Fschoolwebsites%2Fdefault.asp%230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalhighways.co.uk/media/m1peaahb/updated_tube-style-he-south-east-region-copy.jpg">"Our Region"</a>. <i>nationalhighways.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Western+Railway&rft.atitle=Train+Times&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwr.com%2Ftravel-information%2Ftrain-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crosscountrytrains.co.uk/travel-updates-information/train-timetables">"Train Timetables"</a>. <i>CrossCountry</i>. 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Multi-million+pound+Southampton+tram+scheme+to+undergo+feasibility+study&rft.aulast=Percival&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F15043580.multi-million-pound-southampton-tram-scheme-to-undergo-feasibility-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroombridge2014" class="citation book cs1">Groombridge, Garth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIwFBQAAQBAJ&q=southampton+trams+proposal&pg=PT5"><i>Southampton in the 1980s: Ten Years that Changed a City</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445641928" title="Special:BookSources/9781445641928"><bdi>9781445641928</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816092949/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIwFBQAAQBAJ&q=southampton+trams+proposal&pg=PT5">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southampton+in+the+1980s%3A+Ten+Years+that+Changed+a+City&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781445641928&rft.aulast=Groombridge&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIwFBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsouthampton%2Btrams%2Bproposal%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lucyzodion.com/products/feeder-pillars/">"Steel pillars and power distribution enclosures"</a>. <i>Lucy Zodion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28Wolverhampton%29+History+Website&rft.atitle=I+Spy+Lucy+Boxes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historywebsite.co.uk%2Farticles%2Flucy%2Flucyboxes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transport.southampton.gov.uk/connected-southampton-2040-local-transport-plan/southampton-cycle-network/">"Southampton Cycle Network – transforming cycling in Southampton"</a>. <i>Southampton City Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southampton+City+Council&rft.atitle=Southampton+Cycle+Network+%E2%80%93+transforming+cycling+in+Southampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransport.southampton.gov.uk%2Fconnected-southampton-2040-local-transport-plan%2Fsouthampton-cycle-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotonian-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sotonian_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisit_Southampton" class="citation web cs1">Visit Southampton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402051906/http://www.visit-southampton.co.uk/site/research-zone/famous-sotonians">"Famous Sotonians"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit-southampton.co.uk/site/research-zone/famous-sotonians">the original</a> on 2 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Sotonians&rft.au=Visit+Southampton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit-southampton.co.uk%2Fsite%2Fresearch-zone%2Ffamous-sotonians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons1780" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Thomas (1 January 1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofrevisaa00gibb"><i>Memoirs of the Rev. Isaac Watts</i></a>. Buckland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofrevisaa00gibb/page/n165">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Rev.+Isaac+Watts&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Buckland&rft.date=1780-01-01&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofrevisaa00gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriesGardnerLocke2016" class="citation book cs1">Kries, Susanne; Gardner, Nicky; Locke, Tim (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18UIDAAAQBAJ&q=Isaac+Watts+civic+centre&pg=PA44"><i>Bus-Pass Britain: 50 of the nation's favourite bus journeys</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784770198" title="Special:BookSources/9781784770198"><bdi>9781784770198</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bus-Pass+Britain%3A+50+of+the+nation%27s+favourite+bus+journeys&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.isbn=9781784770198&rft.aulast=Kries&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Nicky&rft.au=Locke%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18UIDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DIsaac%2BWatts%2Bcivic%2Bcentre%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balls-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balls_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalls2014" class="citation book cs1">Balls, Richard (2014). <i>Be Stiff. The Stiff Records Story</i>. Soundcheck Books LLP. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957570061" title="Special:BookSources/9780957570061"><bdi>9780957570061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Stiff.+The+Stiff+Records+Story&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Soundcheck+Books+LLP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780957570061&rft.aulast=Balls&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14118478.Craig_David_to_headline_Common_People_2016_in_Southampton/">"Craig David to headline Common People 2016 in Southampton"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. 3 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005075859/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14118478.Craig_David_to_headline_Common_People_2016_in_Southampton/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Craig+David+to+headline+Common+People+2016+in+Southampton&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14118478.Craig_David_to_headline_Common_People_2016_in_Southampton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14126481.Coldplay_drummer_s_journey_from_Hampshire_primary_school_to_the_Superbowl/">"Coldplay drummer's journey from Hampshire primary school to the Superbowl"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. 6 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005083438/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/14126481.Coldplay_drummer_s_journey_from_Hampshire_primary_school_to_the_Superbowl/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Coldplay+drummer%27s+journey+from+Hampshire+primary+school+to+the+Superbowl&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14126481.Coldplay_drummer_s_journey_from_Hampshire_primary_school_to_the_Superbowl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1992" class="citation news cs1">Wolff, Craig (21 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/21/arts/benny-hill-67-english-comedian-and-creator-of-tv-show-is-dead.html">"Benny Hill, 67, English Comedian And Creator of TV Show, Is Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630063426/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/21/arts/benny-hill-67-english-comedian-and-creator-of-tv-show-is-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Benny+Hill%2C+67%2C+English+Comedian+And+Creator+of+TV+Show%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1992-04-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F04%2F21%2Farts%2Fbenny-hill-67-english-comedian-and-creator-of-tv-show-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chrispackham.co.uk/chris-packhams-biography">"Chris Packham's Biography"</a>. <i>www.chrispackham.co.uk/</i>. David Foster Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116233251/http://www.chrispackham.co.uk/chris-packhams-biography">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chrispackham.co.uk%2F&rft.atitle=Chris+Packham%27s+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrispackham.co.uk%2Fchris-packhams-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/13635243.REVEALED__What_s_happened_to_Southampton_s_X_Factor_hopefuls_/">"REVEALED: What's happened to Southampton's X Factor hopefuls?"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. 30 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005081937/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/13635243.REVEALED__What_s_happened_to_Southampton_s_X_Factor_hopefuls_/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=REVEALED%3A+What%27s+happened+to+Southampton%27s+X+Factor+hopefuls%3F&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F13635243.REVEALED__What_s_happened_to_Southampton_s_X_Factor_hopefuls_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070915061027/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/scottmills.shtml">"BBC – Press Office – Scott Mills"</a>. 15 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/scottmills.shtml">the original</a> on 15 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Press+Office+%E2%80%93+Scott+Mills&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fbiographies%2Fbiogs%2Fradio1%2Fscottmills.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoplawski1998" class="citation book cs1">Poplawski, Paul (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hW-OXDSc3rAC&q=jane+austen+southampton&pg=PA15"><i>A Jane Austen Encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313300172" title="Special:BookSources/9780313300172"><bdi>9780313300172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jane+Austen+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=9780313300172&rft.aulast=Poplawski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhW-OXDSc3rAC%26q%3Djane%2Bausten%2Bsouthampton%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/13324216.Art_by_Southampton_s_famous_artist_Edward_John_Gregory_could_sell_for___10k/">"Art by Southampton's famous artist Edward John Gregory could sell for £10k"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. 10 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005080739/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/13324216.Art_by_Southampton_s_famous_artist_Edward_John_Gregory_could_sell_for___10k/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Art+by+Southampton%27s+famous+artist+Edward+John+Gregory+could+sell+for+%C2%A310k&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F13324216.Art_by_Southampton_s_famous_artist_Edward_John_Gregory_could_sell_for___10k%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2012" class="citation book cs1">Press, Oxford University (21 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05C02RhJZCkC&q=%2522Hubert+von+Herkomer%2522+southampton&pg=PA542"><i>Benezit Dictionary of British Graphic Artists and Illustrators</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199923052" title="Special:BookSources/9780199923052"><bdi>9780199923052</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benezit+Dictionary+of+British+Graphic+Artists+and+Illustrators&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft.isbn=9780199923052&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05C02RhJZCkC%26q%3D%252522Hubert%2Bvon%2BHerkomer%252522%2Bsouthampton%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombardi2009" class="citation book cs1">Lombardi, Laura (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnTPdhgkMMEC&q=%2522John+Everett+Millais%2522+southampton&pg=PA56"><i>From Realism to Art Nouveau</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402759260" title="Special:BookSources/9781402759260"><bdi>9781402759260</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Realism+to+Art+Nouveau&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=9781402759260&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnTPdhgkMMEC%26q%3D%252522John%2BEverett%2BMillais%252522%2Bsouthampton%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamont" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Delamont, Sara. "Davies, (Sarah) Emily". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32741">10.1093/ref:odnb/32741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davies%2C+%28Sarah%29+Emily&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32741&rft.aulast=Delamont&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/14566071.Hampshire_rugby_star_Mike_Brown_helps_England_rewrite_history_books_against_Australia/">"Hampshire rugby star Mike Brown helps England rewrite history books against Australia"</a>. <i>Daily Echo</i>. 18 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005083434/http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/14566071.Hampshire_rugby_star_Mike_Brown_helps_England_rewrite_history_books_against_Australia/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Hampshire+rugby+star+Mike+Brown+helps+England+rewrite+history+books+against+Australia&rft.date=2016-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fsport%2F14566071.Hampshire_rugby_star_Mike_Brown_helps_England_rewrite_history_books_against_Australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArena2015" class="citation news cs1">Arena, Kevin Mitchell at the Emirates (20 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/20/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia">"Andy Murray beats body and Bernard Tomic to put GB in Davis Cup final"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005161520/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/20/andy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Andy+Murray+beats+body+and+Bernard+Tomic+to+put+GB+in+Davis+Cup+final&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Arena&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Mitchell+at+the+Emirates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2015%2Fsep%2F20%2Fandy-murray-davis-cup-great-britain-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9095000/9095420.stm">"BBC – Southampton's Capt Charles Fryatt remembered at IWM"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. 18 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010180633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9095000/9095420.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Southampton%27s+Capt+Charles+Fryatt+remembered+at+IWM&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fhampshire%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_9095000%2F9095420.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jellicoe_john_admiral.shtml">"BBC – History – Historic Figures: Admiral John Jellicoe (1859–1935)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009203842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jellicoe_john_admiral.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Admiral+John+Jellicoe+%281859%E2%80%931935%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fjellicoe_john_admiral.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/5421196/Millvina-Dean.html">"Millvina Dean"</a>. June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010050038/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/5421196/Millvina-Dean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Millvina+Dean&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F5421196%2FMillvina-Dean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roe_2009-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roe_2009_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe" class="citation web cs1">Roe, W. R. (William Robert). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/anecdotesinciden29841gut">"Anecdotes & Incidents of the Deaf and Dumb"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anecdotes+%26+Incidents+of+the+Deaf+and+Dumb&rft.aulast=Roe&rft.aufirst=W.+R.+%28William+Robert%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanecdotesinciden29841gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/17300665.southampton-youtuber-ally-law-given-ban-after-big-brother-stunt">"Southampton YouTuber Ally Law given ban after Big Brother stunt"</a>. <i>The Daily Echo</i>. 15 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401210211/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/17300665.southampton-youtuber-ally-law-given-ban-after-big-brother-stunt/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Southampton+YouTuber+Ally+Law+given+ban+after+Big+Brother+stunt&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F17300665.southampton-youtuber-ally-law-given-ban-after-big-brother-stunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51490893">"Who is the new chancellor Rishi Sunak?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213142047/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51490893">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+new+chancellor+Rishi+Sunak%3F&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-51490893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatherley_Sunak-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatherley_Sunak_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatherley" class="citation web cs1">Hatherley, Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunemag.co.uk/2023/01/rishi-sunak-prime-minister-southampton-industrial-city-history/">"The Head Boy In the Bubble"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Head+Boy+In+the+Bubble&rft.aulast=Hatherley&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunemag.co.uk%2F2023%2F01%2Frishi-sunak-prime-minister-southampton-industrial-city-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/10203057.freedom-of-southampton-for-lord-lieutenant-of-hampshire-dame-mary-fagan/">"Freedom of Southampton for Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire"</a>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014021007/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/10203057.freedom-of-southampton-for-lord-lieutenant-of-hampshire-dame-mary-fagan/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Southampton+for+Lord+Lieutenant+of+Hampshire&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10203057.freedom-of-southampton-for-lord-lieutenant-of-hampshire-dame-mary-fagan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/article.aspx?id=tcm:63-389286">"Saints legend to receive Freedom of Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080230/https://www.southampton.gov.uk/news/article.aspx?id=tcm:63-389286">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saints+legend+to+receive+Freedom+of+Southampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southampton.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3Dtcm%3A63-389286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2016-11-16/francis-benali-honorary-freedom-of-city-of-southampton">"Benali humbled to receive Freedom of Southampton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013234033/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2016-11-16/francis-benali-honorary-freedom-of-city-of-southampton">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benali+humbled+to+receive+Freedom+of+Southampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southamptonfc.com%2Fnews%2F2016-11-16%2Ffrancis-benali-honorary-freedom-of-city-of-southampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore2022" class="citation web cs1">Whitmore, Warren (25 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islandecho.co.uk/102-year-old-islander-bert-warne-awarded-freedom-of-city-of-southampton/">"102-YEAR-OLD ISLANDER BERT WARNE AWARDED FREEDOM OF CITY OF SOUTHAMPTON"</a>. <i>The Island Echo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Island+Echo&rft.atitle=102-YEAR-OLD+ISLANDER+BERT+WARNE+AWARDED+FREEDOM+OF+CITY+OF+SOUTHAMPTON&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandecho.co.uk%2F102-year-old-islander-bert-warne-awarded-freedom-of-city-of-southampton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalhampshireregiment.org/about-the-museum/local-history/">"Local History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003353/https://www.royalhampshireregiment.org/about-the-museum/local-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalhampshireregiment.org%2Fabout-the-museum%2Flocal-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5631263.services-set-to-be-given-freedom-of-the-city/">"SERVICES SET TO BE GIVEN FREEDOM OF the CITY"</a>. 15 January 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013232314/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5631263.services-set-to-be-given-freedom-of-the-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SERVICES+SET+TO+BE+GIVEN+FREEDOM+OF+the+CITY&rft.date=2000-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F5631263.services-set-to-be-given-freedom-of-the-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Areas_and_suburbs_of_Southampton1182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Southampton" title="Template:Districts of Southampton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Southampton" title="Template talk:Districts of Southampton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Southampton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Southampton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Areas_and_suburbs_of_Southampton1182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Areas and suburbs of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Southampton</a> <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United Kingdom">electoral wards</a> (and their neighbourhoods) listed by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">constituency</a> — <i>sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/boundary-reviews/all-reviews/south-east/hampshire/southampton-unitary-authority-ua">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20071681_en_4">2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Itchen_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southampton Itchen (UK Parliament constituency)">Southampton Itchen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bargate_(ward)" title="Bargate (ward)">Bargate Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Centre" title="Southampton City Centre">City Centre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_estate" title="Holyrood estate">Holyrood estate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Polygon,_Southampton" title="The Polygon, Southampton">The Polygon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Southampton" title="St Mary's, Southampton">St Mary's</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bitterne" title="Bitterne">Bitterne Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bitterne" title="Bitterne">Bitterne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thornhill,_Southampton" title="Thornhill, Southampton">Thornhill</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Park" title="Bitterne Park">Bitterne Park Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Park" title="Bitterne Park">Bitterne Park</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Manor" title="Bitterne Manor">Bitterne Manor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Midanbury" title="Midanbury">Midanbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Townhill_Park" title="Townhill Park">Townhill Park</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Harefield,_Southampton" title="Harefield, Southampton">Harefield Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harefield,_Southampton" title="Harefield, Southampton">Harefield</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Peartree_(ward)" title="Peartree (ward)">Peartree Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peartree_Green" title="Peartree Green">Peartree Green</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sholing" title="Sholing">Sholing Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sholing" title="Sholing">Sholing</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itchen_Ferry_village" title="Itchen Ferry village">Itchen Ferry village</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Southampton" title="Weston, Southampton">Weston</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Test_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southampton Test (UK Parliament constituency)">Southampton Test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bevois" title="Bevois">Bevois Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bevois_Valley" title="Bevois Valley">Bevois Valley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inner_Avenue,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Avenue, Southampton">Inner Avenue</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicholstown,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholstown, Southampton">Nicholstown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Southampton" title="Northam, Southampton">Northam</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Coxford,_Southampton" title="Coxford, Southampton">Coxford Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lordshill" title="Lordshill">Lordshill</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lordswood,_Southampton" title="Lordswood, Southampton">Lordswood</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Freemantle" title="Freemantle">Freemantle Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Freemantle" title="Freemantle">Freemantle</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_Southampton" title="Millbrook, Southampton">Millbrook Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_Southampton" title="Millbrook, Southampton">Millbrook</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Regents_Park,_Southampton" title="Regents Park, Southampton">Regents Park</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Southampton" title="Highfield, Southampton">Highfield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Denys" title="St Denys">St Denys</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Southampton" title="Redbridge, Southampton">Redbridge Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Southampton" title="Redbridge, Southampton">Redbridge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maybush" title="Maybush">Maybush</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Southampton" title="Shirley, Southampton">Shirley Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Southampton" title="Shirley, Southampton">Shirley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Common" title="Southampton Common">Southampton Common</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romsey_and_Southampton_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Romsey and Southampton North (UK Parliament constituency)">Romsey and Southampton North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bassett,_Southampton" title="Bassett, Southampton">Bassett Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bassett,_Southampton" title="Bassett, Southampton">Bassett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bassett_Green" title="Bassett Green">Bassett Green</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling Ward</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mansbridge" title="Mansbridge">Mansbridge</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Map39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Map</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:462px"><div style="position:relative;width:460px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Southampton is located in Southampton"><img alt="Southampton is located in Southampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" decoding="async" width="460" height="394" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="394" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.274%;left:48.642%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="City Centre"><img alt="City Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Centre" title="Southampton City Centre">City Centre</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.179%;left:41.756%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bassett"><img alt="Bassett" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bassett,_Southampton" title="Bassett, Southampton">Bassett</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.632%;left:57.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bassett Green"><img alt="Bassett Green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bassett_Green" title="Bassett Green">Bassett Green</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.795%;left:55.527%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bevois Valley"><img alt="Bevois Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bevois_Valley" title="Bevois Valley">Bevois Valley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.074%;left:75.49%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne"><img alt="Bitterne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne" title="Bitterne">Bitterne</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.544%;left:69.046%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne Park"><img alt="Bitterne Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Park" title="Bitterne Park">Bitterne Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.107%;left:62.476%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bitterne Manor"><img alt="Bitterne Manor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Bitterne_Manor" title="Bitterne Manor">Bitterne Manor</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.983%;left:34.491%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Freemantle"><img alt="Freemantle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Freemantle" title="Freemantle">Freemantle</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.511%;left:87.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harefield"><img alt="Harefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Harefield,_Southampton" title="Harefield, Southampton">Harefield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.146%;left:51.232%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Highfield"><img alt="Highfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Southampton" title="Highfield, Southampton">Highfield</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.592%;left:19.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lordshill"><img alt="Lordshill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lordshill" title="Lordshill">Lordshill</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.632%;left:31.017%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lordswood"><img alt="Lordswood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Lordswood,_Southampton" title="Lordswood, Southampton">Lordswood</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.554%;left:73.658%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mansbridge"><img alt="Mansbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Mansbridge" title="Mansbridge">Mansbridge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.952%;left:19.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maybush"><img alt="Maybush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maybush" title="Maybush">Maybush</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.919%;left:73.594%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Midanbury"><img alt="Midanbury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Midanbury" title="Midanbury">Midanbury</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.21%;left:19.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Millbrook"><img alt="Millbrook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_Southampton" title="Millbrook, Southampton">Millbrook</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.425%;left:54.068%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nicholstown"><img alt="Nicholstown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nicholstown,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholstown, Southampton">Nicholstown</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.148%;left:56.917%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Northam"><img alt="Northam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Northam,_Southampton" title="Northam, Southampton">Northam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.912%;left:57.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ocean Village"><img alt="Ocean Village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Village,_Southampton" title="Ocean Village, Southampton">Ocean Village</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.172%;left:65.761%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Peartree Green"><img alt="Peartree Green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Peartree_Green" title="Peartree Green">Peartree Green</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.251%;left:45.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Polygon"><img alt="Polygon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Polygon,_Southampton" title="The Polygon, Southampton">Polygon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.8%;left:55.591%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portswood"><img alt="Portswood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Portswood" title="Portswood">Portswood</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.353%;left:4.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Redbridge"><img alt="Redbridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Redbridge,_Southampton" title="Redbridge, Southampton">Redbridge</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.42%;left:26.658%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Regents Park"><img alt="Regents Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Regents_Park,_Southampton" title="Regents Park, Southampton">Regents Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.931%;left:30.828%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shirley"><img alt="Shirley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_Southampton" title="Shirley, Southampton">Shirley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.544%;left:60.076%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Denys"><img alt="St Denys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/St_Denys" title="St Denys">St Denys</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.263%;left:53.443%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="St Mary's"><img alt="St Mary's" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Southampton" title="St Mary's, Southampton">St Mary's</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.826%;left:79.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sholing"><img alt="Sholing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sholing" title="Sholing">Sholing</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.554%;left:63.866%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Swaythling"><img alt="Swaythling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Swaythling" title="Swaythling">Swaythling</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.012%;left:89.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Thornhill"><img alt="Thornhill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Thornhill,_Southampton" title="Thornhill, Southampton">Thornhill</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.191%;left:77.827%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Townhill Park"><img alt="Townhill Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Townhill_Park" title="Townhill Park">Townhill Park</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.179%;left:66.077%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Woolston"><img alt="Woolston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.532%;left:70.246%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Weston"><img alt="Weston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Southampton" title="Weston, Southampton">Weston</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton_from_OpenStreetMap.png" title="File:Southampton from OpenStreetMap.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Suburbs of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a> within the city boundary</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Southampton Urban Area">Greater Southampton</a> outside the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">City boundary</a> include:</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allbrook" title="Allbrook">Allbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurst,_Hampshire" title="Ashurst, Hampshire">Ashurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopstoke" title="Bishopstoke">Bishopstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botley,_Hampshire" title="Botley, Hampshire">Botley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursledon" title="Bursledon">Bursledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler%27s_Ford" title="Chandler's Ford">Chandler's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartwell_Green" title="Chartwell Green">Chartwell Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilworth,_Hampshire" title="Chilworth, Hampshire">Chilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Oak" title="Fair Oak">Fair Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamble-le-Rice" title="Hamble-le-Rice">Hamble-le-Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_End" title="Hedge End">Hedge End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Heath,_Hampshire" title="Horton Heath, Hampshire">Horton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound,_Hampshire" title="Hound, Hampshire">Hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netley" title="Netley">Netley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netley_Marsh" title="Netley Marsh">Netley Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursling" title="Nursling">Nursling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rownhams" title="Rownhams">Rownhams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totton" title="Totton">Totton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Hampshire" title="West End, Hampshire">West End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_East_England185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SE_England" title="Template:SE England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SE_England" title="Template talk:SE England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SE_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SE England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_East_England185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/300px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/400px-South_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_District" title="Lewes District">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rother_District" title="Rother District">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_District" title="Wealden District">Wealden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">New Forest</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Rushmoor</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Test Valley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Ashford" title="Borough of Ashford">Ashford</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Dartford" title="Borough of Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_District" title="Dover District">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_and_Hythe_District" title="Folkestone and Hythe District">Folkestone and Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesham" title="Gravesham">Gravesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Maidstone" title="Borough of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks_District" title="Sevenoaks District">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swale" title="Borough of Swale">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling" title="Tonbridge and Malling">Tonbridge and Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Borough of Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherwell District">Cherwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Oxfordshire" title="South Oxfordshire">South Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_White_Horse" title="Vale of White Horse">Vale of White Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oxfordshire" title="West Oxfordshire">West Oxfordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge" title="Borough of Elmbridge">Elmbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell" title="Epsom and Ewell">Epsom and Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Guildford" title="Borough of Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_Valley" title="Mole Valley">Mole Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate_and_Banstead" title="Reigate and Banstead">Reigate and Banstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede" title="Borough of Runnymede">Runnymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Spelthorne" title="Borough of Spelthorne">Spelthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Heath" title="Surrey Heath">Surrey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandridge_District" title="Tandridge District">Tandridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Waverley" title="Borough of Waverley">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adur_District" title="Adur District">Adur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_District" title="Arun District">Arun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chichester_District" title="Chichester District">Chichester</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_District" title="Horsham District">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Sussex_District" title="Mid Sussex District">Mid Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Hampshire317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hampshire" title="Template:Hampshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hampshire" title="Template talk:Hampshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hampshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hampshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Hampshire317" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hampshire" title="Portal:Hampshire">Hampshire Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">City of Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Southampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Deane" title="Basingstoke and Deane">Borough of Basingstoke and Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire" title="East Hampshire">District of East Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Eastleigh" title="Borough of Eastleigh">Borough of Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Fareham" title="Borough of Fareham">Borough of Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Borough of Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_District" title="Hart District">District of Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Havant" title="Borough of Havant">Borough of Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_District" title="New Forest District">District of New Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmoor" title="Rushmoor">Borough of Rushmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Valley" title="Test Valley">Borough of Test Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">City of Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire" title="Alton, Hampshire">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Waltham" title="Bishop's Waltham">Bishop's Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater,_Hampshire" title="Blackwater, Hampshire">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordon" title="Bordon">Bordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler%27s_Ford" title="Chandler's Ford">Chandler's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastleigh" title="Eastleigh">Eastleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsworth" title="Emsworth">Emsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareham" title="Fareham">Fareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough,_Hampshire" title="Farnborough, Hampshire">Farnborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet,_Hampshire" title="Fleet, Hampshire">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordingbridge" title="Fordingbridge">Fordingbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havant" title="Havant">Havant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_End" title="Hedge End">Hedge End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horndean" title="Horndean">Horndean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hythe,_Hampshire" title="Hythe, Hampshire">Hythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymington" title="Lymington">Lymington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alresford" title="New Alresford">New Alresford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Milton" title="New Milton">New Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baddesley" title="North Baddesley">North Baddesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersfield" title="Petersfield">Petersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester" title="Portchester">Portchester</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire" title="Ringwood, Hampshire">Ringwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romsey" title="Romsey">Romsey</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hayling" title="South Hayling">South Hayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Hampshire" title="Stockbridge, Hampshire">Stockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stubbington" title="Stubbington">Stubbington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadley" title="Tadley">Tadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totton_and_Eling" title="Totton and Eling">Totton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterlooville" title="Waterlooville">Waterlooville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitchurch,_Hampshire" title="Whitchurch, Hampshire">Whitchurch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yateley" title="Yateley">Yateley</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hampshire" title="List of civil parishes in Hampshire">List of civil parishes in Hampshire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire" title="River Avon, Hampshire">Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_River" title="Beaulieu River">Beaulieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Hamble" title="River Hamble">Hamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Itchen,_Hampshire" title="River Itchen, Hampshire">Itchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Meon" title="River Meon">Meon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Test" title="River Test">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wallington" title="River Wallington">Wallington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wey" title="River Wey">Wey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hampshire" title="List of places in Hampshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Hampshire_by_population" title="List of settlements in Hampshire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Hampshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hampshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Hampshire" title="Category:Country houses in Hampshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Hampshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Hampshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Hampshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Hampshire" title="Scheduled monuments in Hampshire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plain" title="South Coast Plain">South Coast Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hampshire" title="History of Hampshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Hampshire" title="List of schools in Hampshire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Hampshire" title="List of further education colleges in Hampshire">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hampshire" title="List of museums in Hampshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hampshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Hampshire" title="High Sheriff of Hampshire">High Sheriffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St_Albans" title="City of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unitary_authorities_of_England56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template talk:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unitary_authorities_of_England56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(district)" title="Buckinghamshire (district)">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (district)">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_(district)" title="North Yorkshire (district)">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_(district)" title="Shropshire (district)">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/125px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/188px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/250px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Council" title="Blackpool Council">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Council" title="Bracknell Forest Council">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council" title="Central Bedfordshire Council">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council" title="Cheshire East Council">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Durham Council">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council" title="Cumberland Council">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington Borough Council">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council" title="Derby City Council">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)" title="Dorset Council (UK)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool Borough Council">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council" title="Herefordshire Council">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council" title="Isle of Wight Council">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council" title="Hull City Council">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council" title="Luton Borough Council">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council" title="Medway Council">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council" title="Middlesbrough Council">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_City_Council" title="Milton Keynes City Council">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North East Lincolnshire Council">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North Lincolnshire Council">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council" title="North Northamptonshire Council">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council" title="Peterborough City Council">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council" title="Reading Borough Council">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council" title="Rutland County Council">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council" title="Shropshire Council">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council" title="Slough Borough Council">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council" title="Swindon Borough Council">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council" title="Telford and Wrekin Council">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council" title="Warrington Borough Council">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council" title="West Berkshire Council">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council" title="Westmorland and Furness Council">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council" title="West Northamptonshire Council">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council" title="Wokingham Borough Council">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council_elections" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council elections">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bedford Borough Council elections">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council elections">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackpool Borough Council elections">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council_elections" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council elections">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bracknell Forest Borough Council elections">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council_elections" title="Brighton and Hove City Council elections">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council_elections" title="Bristol City Council elections">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council_elections" title="Buckinghamshire Council elections">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council_elections" title="Central Bedfordshire Council elections">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council_elections" title="Cheshire East Council elections">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council_elections" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council elections">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council_elections" title="Cornwall Council elections">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Council_elections" title="Durham County Council elections">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council_elections" title="Cumberland Council elections">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Darlington Borough Council elections">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council_elections" title="Derby City Council elections">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_elections" title="Dorset Council elections">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council elections">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Halton Borough Council elections">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Hartlepool Borough Council elections">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council_elections" title="Herefordshire Council elections">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council_elections" title="Isle of Wight Council elections">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly_elections" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly elections">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council_elections" title="Hull City Council elections">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council_elections" title="Leicester City Council elections">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Luton Borough Council elections">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council_elections" title="Medway Council elections">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council_elections" title="Middlesbrough Council elections">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Keynes Council elections">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North East Lincolnshire Council elections">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North Lincolnshire Council elections">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="North Northamptonshire Council elections">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council_elections" title="North Somerset Council elections">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="North Yorkshire Council elections">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council_elections" title="Northumberland County Council elections">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council_elections" title="Nottingham City Council elections">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council_elections" title="Peterborough City Council elections">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council_elections" title="Plymouth City Council elections">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council_elections" title="Portsmouth City Council elections">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council_elections" title="Reading Borough Council elections">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council_elections" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council elections">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council_elections" title="Rutland County Council elections">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council_elections" title="Shropshire Council elections">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council_elections" title="Slough Borough Council elections">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council elections">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council_elections" title="Southampton City Council elections">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council_elections" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council elections">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council_elections" title="South Gloucestershire Council elections">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council_elections" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council elections">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council_elections" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council_elections" title="Swindon Borough Council elections">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council_elections" title="Telford and Wrekin Council elections">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council_elections" title="Thurrock Council elections">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council_elections" title="Torbay Council elections">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Warrington Borough Council elections">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council_elections" title="West Berkshire Council elections">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council_elections" title="Westmorland and Furness Council elections">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="West Northamptonshire Council elections">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council_elections" title="Wiltshire Council elections">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council_elections" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council elections">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wokingham Borough Council elections">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council_elections" title="City of York Council elections">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79848#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1704" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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