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id="toc-The_start_and_fail_of_New_South-End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_start_and_fail_of_New_South-End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The start and fail of New South-End </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_start_and_fail_of_New_South-End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_the_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_the_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Growth of the town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_the_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southend_during_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southend_during_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Southend during World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southend_during_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Between the wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southend_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southend_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Southend during World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southend_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Decline and regeneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_formation_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_formation_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 The formation of the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_formation_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geological succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_Formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_Formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Solid Formations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_Formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Current administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_Arms_and_Twinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_Arms_and_Twinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Coat of Arms and Twinning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_Arms_and_Twinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Members of Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_MPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_MPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Current MPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_MPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_MPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_MPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Former MPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_MPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greater_Urban_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Urban_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Greater Urban Area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Urban_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Deprivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_and_unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Employment and unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Population statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Current industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_notable_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_notable_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Former notable industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_notable_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Utilities history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Retail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-York_Road_Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#York_Road_Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 York Road Market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-York_Road_Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_retail_businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_retail_businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Former retail businesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_retail_businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gross_value_added" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_value_added"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Gross value added </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_value_added-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Airport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Secondary schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_and_further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_and_further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Higher and further education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_and_further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_education_in_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_education_in_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Formation of education in the city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_education_in_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Primary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_and_further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_and_further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Secondary and further education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_and_further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Entertainment and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entertainment_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Entertainment and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southend_Pleasure_Pier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southend_Pleasure_Pier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Southend Pleasure Pier </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southend_Pleasure_Pier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kursaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kursaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Kursaal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kursaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southend_Carnival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southend_Carnival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Southend Carnival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southend_Carnival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliff_Lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_Lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Cliff Lift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_Lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_seafront_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_seafront_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Other seafront attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_seafront_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Former attractions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Festival events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_nature_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_nature_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Parks and nature reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_nature_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_areas_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_areas_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Conservation areas and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_areas_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_of_interesting_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_interesting_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8.1 Selection of interesting architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_interesting_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_galleries,_museums_and_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_galleries,_museums_and_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.9 Art, galleries, museums and libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_galleries,_museums_and_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.10 Theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.10.1 Current venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.10.2 Former venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.11 Cinema and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.11.1 On film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12.1 Venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_venues_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_venues_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12.2 Former venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_venues_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southend_scene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southend_scene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12.3 Southend scene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southend_scene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos_and_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos_and_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12.4 Videos and songs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos_and_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists_and_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists_and_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.12.5 Artists and bands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists_and_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.13 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.14 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.15 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Places of worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Twin town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Military Units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Southend-on-Sea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="ساوثند أون سي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساوثند أون سي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautend-on-Si" title="Sautend-on-Si – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sautend-on-Si" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساوتند-آن-سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساوتند-آن-سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Саўтэнд-он-Сі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саўтэнд-он-Сі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Southend-on-Sea (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Southend-on-Sea (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84-%CE%BF%CE%BD-%CE%A3%CE%B9" title="Σάουθεντ-ον-Σι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάουθεντ-ον-Σι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساوتند-آن-سی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساوتند-آن-سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%97%94%EB%93%9C%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%9C" title="사우스엔드온시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우스엔드온시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4-%D6%85%D5%B6-%D5%8D%D5%AB" title="Սաութենդ-օն-Սի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաութենդ-օն-Սի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A1%D7%99" title="סאות'אנד-און-סי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאות'אנד-און-סי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sautendons%C4%AB" title="Sautendonsī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sautendonsī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_(borough)" title="Southend-on-Sea (borough) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Southend-on-Sea (borough)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%C5%ABrio_Sautendas" title="Pajūrio Sautendas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pajūrio Sautendas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ساوثند اون سى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساوثند اون سى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_(plaats)" title="Southend-on-Sea (plaats) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Southend-on-Sea (plaats)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="サウスエンド＝オン＝シー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウスエンド＝オン＝シー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Саутенд-он-Си – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саутенд-он-Си" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Саутенд на Мору – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саутенд на Мору" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B8" title="Саутенд-он-Си – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саутенд-он-Си" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99-%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เซาท์เอนด์-ออน-ซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซาท์เอนด์-ออน-ซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D1%96" title="Саутенд-он-Сі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саутенд-он-Сі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساوتھاینڈ-آن-سی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساوتھاینڈ-آن-سی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Southend-on-Sea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%AE%89" title="修安 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修安" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southend-on-Sea&params=51.55_N_0.71_E_type:city_region:GB-ESS">51°33′N 0°43′E / 51.55°N 0.71°E / 51.55; 0.71</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Southend-on-Sea&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">City of Southend-on-Sea</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and unitary authority in Essex, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Southend" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Southend_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Southend (disambiguation)">Southend (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Southend-on-Sea (disambiguation)">Southend-on-Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southend-on-Sea</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cities in the United Kingdom">City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_(geograph_7675871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg/248px-View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg/372px-View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg/496px-View_north_along_Southend_High_Street_%28geograph_7675871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div><div>The High Street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg/107px-Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg/161px-Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg/214px-Southend_Pier_with_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary,_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg/137px-St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg/206px-St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg/274px-St_Mary%2C_Prittlewell_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3944549.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="587" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Prittlewell" title="St Mary's Church, Prittlewell">St Mary’s Church</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Westcliff-on-Sea,_-_Western_Esplanade_(geograph_7675875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg/248px-Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg/372px-Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg/496px-Westcliff-on-Sea%2C_-_Western_Esplanade_%28geograph_7675875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div><div>Western Esplanade</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-southend-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Southend-on-Sea"><img alt="Official logo of Southend-on-Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms-southend-transparent.png/150px-Arms-southend-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms-southend-transparent.png/225px-Arms-southend-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arms-southend-transparent.png/300px-Arms-southend-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1249" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Southend-on-Sea City Council (Civic arms of Southend-on-Sea)</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Per Mare Per Ecclesiam (By Sea, By Church)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shown within Essex"><img alt="Shown within Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Southend-on-Sea_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1141" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Shown within Essex</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southend-on-Sea&params=51.55_N_0.71_E_type:city_region:GB-ESS">51°33′N 0°43′E / 51.55°N 0.71°E / 51.55; 0.71</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admin HQ</th><td class="infobox-data">Southend-on-Sea</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city </th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chalkwell" title="Chalkwell">Chalkwell</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">City Centre</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eastwood,_Essex" title="Eastwood, Essex">Eastwood</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a> (Town)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North_Shoebury" title="North Shoebury">North Shoebury</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prittle_Brook" title="Prittle Brook">Prittle Brook</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Southchurch" title="Southchurch">Southchurch</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Bay" title="Thorpe Bay">Thorpe Bay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Westcliff-on-Sea" title="Westcliff-on-Sea">Westcliff-on-Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">Unitary authority</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England#Councillors_and_mayors" title="Local government in England">Leadership</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Leader & Cabinet (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing Body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">No overall control</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bayo_Alaba" title="Bayo Alaba">Bayo Alaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Burton-Sampson" title="David Burton-Sampson">David Burton-Sampson</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">(L)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16.12 sq mi (41.76 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">Ranked by District 116th</a> 180,915</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,240/sq mi (4,341/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 87.5% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.1% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.9% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.1% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 44.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 42.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">British Summer Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postcode</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/SS_postcode_area" title="SS postcode area">SS0-SS3</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>southend-on-sea</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01702</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">GB-SOS</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grid reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southend-on-Sea&params=51.537844_N_0.713766_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TQ883856</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ONS_coding_system" title="ONS coding system">ONS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">00KF (ONS) E06000033 (GSS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southend.gov.uk">southend.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Southend-on-Sea (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsaʊθɛndɒnˈsiː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg\/En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg/En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg" title="File:En-uk-SouthendOnSea.ogg">ⓘ</a>), commonly referred to as Southend (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/saʊˈθɛnd/</a>), is a coastal city and <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority area</a> with <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England. It lies on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>, 40 miles (64 km) east of central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. It is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Rochford_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochford (district)">Rochford</a> and to the west by <a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a>. The city is one of the most densely populated places in the country outside of London. It is home to the longest <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_pier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure pier">pleasure pier</a> in the world, <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lonely_planet-2">[2]</a> while <a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">London Southend Airport</a> is located to the north of the city centre. Southend-on-Sea originally consisted of a few fishermen's huts and farm at the southern end of the village of <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a>. In the 1790s, the first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status as a <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resort</a> grew after a visit from the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick</a>, and the construction of both the pier and railway, allowing easier access from London. From the 1960s onwards, the city declined as a holiday destination. After the 1960s, much of the city centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. As part of its reinvention, Southend became the home of the <a href="/wiki/Access_(credit_card)" title="Access (credit card)">Access credit card</a>, due to its having one of the UK's first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_switching_system" title="Electronic switching system">electronic telephone exchanges</a>. An annual seafront airshow, which started in 1986 and featured a flypast by <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>, used to take place each May until 2012. Southend was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by letters patent dated 26 January 2022 in memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> Member of Parliament for Southend West, <a href="/wiki/David_Amess" title="David Amess">Sir David Amess</a>, a long-time supporter of city status for the borough, who was <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">murdered</a> on 15 October 2021. On 1 March 2022, the letters patent were presented to Southend Borough Council by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> Southend was first recorded in 1309 as Stratende, a small piece of land in the Manor of Milton (now known as <a href="/wiki/Westcliff-on-Sea" title="Westcliff-on-Sea">Westcliff-on-Sea</a>), within the Parish of <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a> Its next recorded mention was in a will from 1408, where the area south of Prittlewell was called Sowthende.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a> In March 1665, the British naval ship, The London, blew up while moored just of South-end on its way to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The hamlet of South-end, a few fishermen's huts and Thames Farm farmhouse stayed this way until the mid 18th century, when in 1758 a large house was built, which by 1764 had become the Ship Inn.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a> The area was further developed by the building of oystermen cottages called Pleasant Row in 1767, and a year later the settlement was recorded in the parishes records for taxation purposes for the first time. The records also recorded a salt works and a lime kiln.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a> A visitor to the settlement in 1780 said "not anything in the worth place notice", but a year later the first bathing machine was brought to the hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a> By 1785, the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Chronicle" title="Essex Chronicle">Chelmsford Chronicle</a> were reporting that plans were being contemplated to build a hotel with the plan to make South-end, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">equal, if not rival any of the watering places to which the genteelest company usually resort; there being nothing wanted but a place of accommodation, where the agreeable distance from the metropolis, and the excellence of the roads, added to the incomparable fineness of the water, have induced so much polite company down these last two summers<a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a></blockquote> Nothing came of the subscription but the Chronicle reported in 1787, "Southend is likely to become a place of fashionable resort, and that there are a greater number of genteel families there this season than was ever known before".<a href="#cite_note-Smithp1-4">[4]</a> By the end of the decade, the number of bathing machines had increased, the hamlet was recorded as containing the Ship Inn and 25 houses and cottages, and reported visitors such as <a href="/wiki/George_Cholmondeley,_1st_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley" title="George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley">Lord Cholmondley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp5-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_start_and_fail_of_New_South-End">The start and fail of New South-End</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The start and fail of New South-End">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Southend,_D.228-1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg/220px-Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg/330px-Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg/440px-Constable_-_Southend%2C_D.228-1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Southend by John Constable</figcaption></figure> In 1790, the local lord of the Manor of both Prittlewell and Milton (now Westcliff-on-Sea) and landowner Daniel Scratton set aside 35-acres of land at the top of the cliffs to the west of South-end called Grove Field and the Grove.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> The site was split into three leasehold sites with 99 year leases, with the development called New South-End, and the original settlement being renamed Old South-end. A new road was created that cut through the development, which would later become the High Street.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> The Chelmsford Chronicle wrote at the time, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There seems but little doubt of its becoming a place of fashionable resort, and answering the expectations of the proprietors, being only 42 miles from London and two coaches, and the post passes through it three times a week; water carriage is also convenient, being only eight hours sail, with a fair wind, from London<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a></blockquote> Scratton leased the parcels of land to building firm Pratt, Watt & Louden and John Sanderson, an architect, both of Lambeth. Another site was leased from Scratton by Pratt, Watt & Louden for a brick works for the development.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> The first house in Grove Terrace was completed by January 1792 and it was reported that the hotel had been roofed and 60 dwellings had been started on. By the summer two public houses, the Duke of York and the Duke of Clarence had opened.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> However, by September that year <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> was reporting that the resort was likely to attract the lower and middle classes, not the wealthy clientele that was being aimed at.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> At this time, Pratt, Watt & Louden transferred the lease to Thomas Holland, a builder and solicitor from <a href="/wiki/Grays_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="Grays Inn">Grays Inn</a>, however his finances were not sound and he was soon selling off building materials.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> By December 1792, the operators of the Duke of York, brewers Sea and Woollet closed the public house, but by September 1793 it was still in their ownership.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> The Grand Hotel, now known as The Royal Hotel opened on the 1st July 1793, and most of Grove Terrace was available to let.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2014-9">[9]</a> Later that year New South-End was listed for the first time by the parish for the annual rate, and by the summer of 1794 the Terrace, Grove Terrace, the Mews and Library had finally been completed.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a> However, by February 1795, Thomas Holland had been declared bankrupt, and the property he owned was not sold by auction until 1797, with the Heygate family purchasing the buildings. John Sanderson, the other developer was also declared bankrupt, with only Grove House built, and his estate was not sold until 1802, with much of the site still open land.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In contrast, Old South-end doubled in size during the same period including two public houses, the Ship Inn and the Anchor and Hope Inn, five shops and the Caroline baths.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp15-11">[11]</a> A large house was built by Abraham Vandervord in 1792 in Old South-end which would later become the Minerva public house.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp18-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_the_town">Growth of the town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growth of the town">edit</a>]</div> Due to the bad transportation links between Southend and London, there was not rapid development during the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Era">Georgian Era</a> as there was in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a>, although further away from London than Southend, offered cheaper boat and stagecoach fares and had more to offer the visitor.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp21-13">[13]</a> Development was piecemeal in the early 19th century, with a Theatre being built in Old South-end by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Trotter_(impresario)" title="Thomas Trotter (impresario)">Thomas Trotter</a> in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-Smithp18-12">[12]</a> Southend was however mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s novel Emma of 1815. The resort first received Royal patronage in 1801 when <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(1796%E2%80%931817)" title="Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)">Princess Charlotte of Wales</a> visited to sea bathe on the order of her physician.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-benton-15">[15]</a> Her mother, Princess <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick</a> stayed at 7-9 The Terrace during 1803, and in 1805 <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Lady Hamilton</a> held a ball in the hotel assembly room in honour of <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2014-9">[9]</a> The visit of Princess Caroline boosted Southend's popularity with tourists.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Travellers would often arrive by sailing boat or later by <a href="/wiki/Thames_steamers" title="Thames steamers">Thames steamer</a>, which presented problems as boats could only dock during high tide.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Southend coast consists of <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> that extend far from the shore, with a high tide depth that seldom exceeds 5.5 metres (18 ft). Large boats were unable to port near to the beach and no boats could approach at low tide.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Many potential visitors would travel beyond Southend on to <a href="/wiki/Margate" title="Margate">Margate</a> or other resorts with better docking facilities.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_legacies-19">[19]</a> Due to this, local dignitaries led by the former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Heygate,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet">Sir William Heygate</a>, campaigned in the early 1820s to gain permission from parliament to build a pier.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_legacies-19">[19]</a> On the 7 May 1829, the House of Lords passed the Bill and it received Royal Assent on the 14 May.<a href="#cite_note-Rayment-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By July, Lord Mayor of London, <a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(1792%E2%80%931854)" title="William Thompson (1792–1854)">Sir William Thompson</a> laid the foundation stone, and the first section of the pier opened a year later.<a href="#cite_note-Rayment-20">[20]</a> However, Southend was still a quiet health resort, as the pier did not extend far enough out and visitors had issues disembarking.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt12-13-22">[22]</a> In June 1852, after several attempts at building a railway to Southend, Royal Assent was given to build the <a href="/wiki/London,_Tilbury_and_Southend_Railway" title="London, Tilbury and Southend Railway">London, Tilbury and Southend Railway</a><a href="#cite_note-Kay-23">[23]</a> with the line finally opening at Southend in 1856. The line had been planned to terminate opposite the pier, however residents in The Royal Terrace opposed this, and the station was built further back.<a href="#cite_note-Kay-23">[23]</a> In 1859, the Grove Field area was leased to <a href="/wiki/Morton_Peto" title="Morton Peto">Sir Morton Peto</a>, and with a consortium which included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a>, the contractors for the railway construction, hired architects <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Banks" title="Robert Richardson Banks">Banks & Barry</a> to design Clifftown.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a> The first houses were made available for sale in 1871, with even the smaller properties offering a glimpse of the sea, and eventually the development would include the Clifftown Congregational Church, the Nelson Road shopping parade and Prittlewell Square, Southend's first park.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a> The arrival of the railway did not at first greatly increase visitor numbers, with Southend still being seen as quiet resort and not a noisy fashionable seaside town, with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> visiting regularly between 1833 and 1884,<a href="#cite_note-Deeping-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a> visiting in 1868, while the <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Empress of France, Eugénie</a> and her son, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" title="Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial</a> also came to the town.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt12-13-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-benton-15">[15]</a> However the growth of Southend saw a Local Board of Health be created in 1866,<a href="#cite_note-Everritt17-25">[25]</a> and the large steam powered Middleton brewery was opened by Henry Luker & Co in 1869 to serve a growing population.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Southend's development as a resort however seem to stall, until the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Holidays_Act_1871" title="Bank Holidays Act 1871">Bank Holidays Act of 1871</a> with holidays becoming available to more of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt12-13-22">[22]</a> The growth in visitor numbers due to the new bill saw the Local Board purchase the pier in 1873, construct Marine Parade in 1878, while the cliffs west of the pier were purchased and transformed into tree lined walkways during 1886.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt31-32-28">[28]</a> In 1889, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway" title="Great Eastern Railway">Great Eastern Railway</a> opened its station at Southend Victoria, and a new iron built replacement for the pier opened.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pier-29">[29]</a> The town was officially incorporated in 1892, with the Local Board of Health being replaced by a municipal corporation,<a href="#cite_note-Everritt17-25">[25]</a> and a year later added the on-sea to the town's name.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a> During 1892, the famous Southend department store <a href="/wiki/Keddies" title="Keddies">Keddies</a> opened its doors for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-H&T-30">[30]</a> Between 1871 and 1901 the towns population grew 100 fold from 2,800 to 29,000.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-5">[5]</a> Marine Park & Gardens opened during 1894, which in 1901 was redeveloped into <a href="/wiki/Kursaal_(amusement_park)" title="Kursaal (amusement park)">The Kursaal</a> amusement park.<a href="#cite_note-Raymentp92-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-33">[33]</a> In the same year, the Metropole Hotel opened on Pier Hill, which would later be renamed the Palace Hotel,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> while the town first received both electric street lighting and trams,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and had fitted an electric staircase by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Reno" title="Jesse W. Reno">Jesse W. Reno</a> on the site of where the current Cliff lift is.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_statue,_Southend_20171116_115134_(47717253792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Victoria_statue%2C_Southend_20171116_115134_%2847717253792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Queen Victoria's statue (by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swynnerton" title="Joseph Swynnerton">Swynnerton</a> pointing out to se or ....</figcaption></figure> To celebrate <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s diamond jubilee, a statue of her pointing out to sea was placed at the top of Pier Hill, although the locals stated she was pointing at the gents toilets!<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> A foundation stone was laid by <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Lord Avebury</a> in 1901 for the new Day Technical School, School of Art and Evening Class Institute with the completed building being opened by the <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick">Countess of Warwick</a> a year later.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt34-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_4-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_5-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael6-42">[42]</a> The site had previously been planned to be home to a new joint town hall, library and school but spiraling costs had seen the town hall and library being dropped.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1903, it was reported that around 1 million people had paid admission to use the pier, while 250,000 passengers had alighted from pleasure steamboats.<a href="#cite_note-pier-29">[29]</a> Further facilities were built for the growing visitor numbers, including extending the esplanade to Chalkwell in 1903,<a href="#cite_note-Everritt31-32-28">[28]</a> and in 1909 adding the "wedding cake" bandstand at the top of the cliffs, opposite Prittlewell Square, which was one of six bandstands that stood in Southend.<a href="#cite_note-echo-news.co.uk-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._E._Sanders,_Southend-on-Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/220px-A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/330px-A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/440px-A._E._Sanders%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Southend-on-Sea Pier, c. 1904</figcaption></figure> In 1909, an indoor roller-skating rink was opened in Warrior Square.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt34-39">[39]</a> The new facilities were not only serving the growing visitor numbers, but also the residents, with the inhabitants having grown by 1911 to 62,723, the fastest growing population in England,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and was being regarded an Eastern suburb of London.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> During 1913, the Day Technical School split, with the girls moving to the new Southend High School for Girls at Boston Avenue, while the day technical school was renamed Southend High School for Boys.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_13-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_14-48">[48]</a> In 1914, the town gained county borough status, and the corporation formed the first police force.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt25-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southend_during_World_War_I">Southend during World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southend during World War I">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">the declaration of war</a>, the British government began the <a href="/wiki/Internment_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="Internment in the United Kingdom during the First World War">internment of German citizens</a> and several thousand were held on three ships, the Royal Edward, Saxonia and the Ivernia which were moored off the pier until May 1915.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The War Office selected a piece of land north of the town in 1914 for a new aerodrome, with Squadron no. 37 of the Royal Flying Corps moving in a year later.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Many soldiers passed through Southend en route to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. The pier was frequently used to reach troop ships, with the Admiralty stationing a war signal station at the pierhead, and <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Park" title="Southchurch Park">Southchurch Park</a> was taken over as an army training ground.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pierhistory-54">[54]</a> During the war, the public could still walk the length of the pier.<a href="#cite_note-pierhistory-54">[54]</a> As the war drew on, Southend also became an evacuation point for casualties and several hotels were converted to hospitals, including the Metropole into the Queen Mary Naval Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Arthur Maitland Keddie, from the Keddies department store organised day trips for wounded soldiers from the Queen Mary Naval Hospital to <a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runwell" title="Runwell">Runwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The town was first bombed by German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> on 10 May 1915 with the death of one woman, while a second attack happened on the 26 May again with one death.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Another bombing raid by <a href="/wiki/Gotha_G.IV" title="Gotha G.IV">Gothas</a> took place in 1917 with a further 33 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> When peace was confirmed in 1919, official celebrations were organised by the town. A large Naval review off the Southend shore took place, with a twenty-one gun salute being fired on Peace Day on the 23 July. The town organised a carnival, fetes and a firework display.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between the wars">edit</a>]</div> After the war Southend continued to grow in both residents and visitors, with many moving out of London to live in better conditions.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Its population in 1921 was recorded as 106,050, but as the census was postponed to the summer months due to a planned general strike, it was greatly inflated by holidaymakers.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Corporation purchased three former German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> engines to generate power for the tram network, siting them at Leigh, London Road and Thorpe Bay.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During 1924, the Sunken Gardens at the side of the pier became Peter Pan Playground, a children's pleasure garden.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The pier head was enlarged in 1929 with the Prince George extension, at a cost of £58,000, to manage the increasing number of visitors arriving by paddle steamer.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> A Southend icon, EKCO, opened their large factory at Priory Crescent on the site of a former cabbage patch in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-eric-67">[67]</a> To cope with the increase demand for housing, estates like Earls Hall were built during 1930, with the Manners Way estate joining it just north along with a new road towards in Rochford in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The London Taxi Drivers Charity for Children completed their first taxi drive to Southend in 1931, with 40 Hackney Carriages bringing children to the town, who were given 6d to spend on the seafront.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> At the 1931 Census the population of Southend was recorded at 110,790,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> however the town would grow further by absorbing <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">South Shoebury</a> district and parts of Rochford district in 1933. Southend tried their first autumn illuminations during 1935, following the example set in 1913 by Blackpool.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt34-39">[39]</a> The town became a favourite with motorcycle riders during the 1930s, with the phase, Promenade Percy, coming from this pastime.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In the same year, the council purchased land on the Cliffs at Westcliff to build a 500 seater theatre and concert venue to be called Shorefield Pavilion with working starting four years later only to be suspended by the start of the war.<a href="#cite_note-echodec23-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-yearsley-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southend_during_World_War_II">Southend during World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southend during World War II">edit</a>]</div> Southend became an essential part of the British war machine.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nash-75">[75]</a> In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had commandeered Southend Pier, renaming it HMS Leigh,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> with the army building a concrete platform on the Prince George extension to house anti-aircraft guns. The navy also took over the Royal Terrace for its personnel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The pier was used by the navy to help control the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness_Boom" title="Shoeburyness Boom">Thames Estuary boom</a> that was built at <a href="/wiki/MOD_Shoeburyness" title="MOD Shoeburyness">Shoebury Garrison</a> during 1939, and organised over 3,000 East Coast convoys by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-jack-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> HMS Leigh was attacked by the Germans on the 22 November when they dropped magnetic mines and machine gunned the pier, but none of the mines caused any damage and the navy's anti-aircraft guns destroyed one of the German planes. It was the last time there was a concentrated attack on the pier.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Southend Airport was requisitioned by the RAF at the outbreak of war, becoming a satellite of Hornchurch and being renamed RAF Rochford.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The town was believed to be the most heavily defended place in Essex, ranging from three and half miles of anti-tank cubes on the seafront, machine gun and anti-aircraft posts, road blocks and barrage balloons.<a href="#cite_note-Nash-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-WW2people-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantilever_pillbox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cantilever_pillbox.jpg/220px-Cantilever_pillbox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cantilever_pillbox.jpg/330px-Cantilever_pillbox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cantilever_pillbox.jpg/440px-Cantilever_pillbox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A cantilever pillbox at Southend Airport</figcaption></figure> On 31 May 1940, six cockle fishing boats: the Endeavour, Letitia, Defender, Reliance, Renown and the Resolute were joined by the Southend lifeboat Greater London at the pier on their way to assist at the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The town itself was first hit by German bombing in May 1940, when the Nore Yacht club was hit while 10 soldiers were killed near the airport.<a href="#cite_note-Echo11720-86">[86]</a> Southend High School for Boys was hit in a raid in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Echo11720-86">[86]</a> By June 1940, much of the town was sealed off, with all bar 10% of the population that were engaged in essential services, evacuated and only military personnel remaining.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A cordon of 20 miles was set up, with the town being designated part of the coastal defence area, but with the risk of invasion dropping, in 1941 it was reduced to 10 miles.<a href="#cite_note-WW2people-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By 28 October 1940, RAF Rochford had been renamed RAF Southend, no longer being a satellite of Hornchurch, although they still had Fighter Control at the base. A day later 264 Squadron arrived for night fighter duties equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul_Defiant" title="Boulton Paul Defiant">Boulton Paul Defiant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the same month, a bombing raid damaged houses in the Fleetwood Avenue in Westcliff.<a href="#cite_note-Echo11720-86">[86]</a> During 1941, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> visited <a href="/wiki/MOD_Shoeburyness" title="MOD Shoeburyness">Shoebury Garrison</a> twice for weapon demonstrations, with the Experimental Establishment carrying out numerous trials of weird and wonderful weapons.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> An air raid in February 1941 destroyed the London Hotel in the High Street,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> while the foreshore was often used by German bomber aircraft as a dumping ground for their bomb loads during the war if their primary target was not possible to hit.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1942, the area along the seafront from the Pier to Chalkwell was transformed into HMS Westcliff, a huge naval transit and training camp run by <a href="/wiki/Combined_Operations_Headquarters" title="Combined Operations Headquarters">Combined Operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JohnLee-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Echo28Sept-94">[94]</a> The police helped the Combined Operations Service find the owners of the empty properties so they could requisition properties to billet their staff.<a href="#cite_note-JohnLee-93">[93]</a> HMS Westcliff was officially opened, in secret, by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Echo28Sept-94">[94]</a> The well known jeweller R.A. Jones store was damaged by bombing in October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> An amusing moment during the war was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw" title="Lord Haw-Haw">Lord Haw-Haw</a> announcing in his radio broadcasts that German forces had sunk the British ships HMS Westcliff and HMS Leigh.<a href="#cite_note-JohnLee-93">[93]</a> The town started to fall under constant V1 and V2 rocket attacks until December 1944, with one hitting the Pavilion on the pier.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 1944, while towing a Mulberry harbour caisson to Goole in Hampshire, it was found to be leaking so it was brought into the Thames Estuary off Thorpe Bay to be checked, but after being left by the tugs, it moved partially into the channel, and without support of the mudflat snapped in half and remains there to this day.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Further disaster happened when in August 1944, the liberty ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Richard_Montgomery" title="SS Richard Montgomery">SS Richard Montgomery</a>, with over 6,000 tonnes of explosive on board, lost its mooring off the Isle of Sheppey, opposite Southend, in strong winds and wedged itself onto the mudflat, breaking its back.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Prior to this, HMS Leigh had been the mustering point for 576 ships in June 1944 before they headed for Normandy and D-Day.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Force L, the follow up forces that were to follow the initial D-Day invasion force were located at Southend.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_regeneration">Decline and regeneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and regeneration">edit</a>]</div> After the war Southend soon opened up to visitors again, with pier officially being given permission to open by the Home Office in March 1945, although the Prince George Extension was still out of bounds to the public. The Chelmsford Chronicle reported that the public returned in their droves, with 79,000 visitors turning up in the first nineteen days, though it wasn't until 30 September that the pier was officially derequisitioned by the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Raymentcity-102">[102]</a> The town, which had been heavily fortified, slowly started to remove the defences during 1945, however the dust and noise attracted unhappiness with the holidaymakers, with two elderly ladies complaining to the police that it should be stopped while they were on their vacation for the week. Many of the fairground attractions only opened at weekend due many of the men who worked them still being enlisted.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It wasn't until 1946 that the town started to return to normal,<a href="#cite_note-Raymentcity-102">[102]</a> and by 1949-50 visitor numbers had returned with over 5.75 million visiting the pier alone.<a href="#cite_note-seasidepiers-104">[104]</a> The visitors would have used the replaced pier railway, newly installed in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> or may have visited the newly opened Golden Hind replica containing waxworks by Louis Tussaud next to the pier.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raymentcity-102">[102]</a> These numbers grew to a peak of 7 million the following year.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Southend would use the Kursaal and Pier as nodal attractions to promote the town to tourists during the 50s and 60s.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On 31 January 1953, Southend seafront was affected by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953" title="North Sea flood of 1953">North Sea flood</a>, with Peter Pan's Playground left underwater. However the town was not affected as badly as other parts of Essex.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The town however was more joyous in June, with the town holding a week of celebrations to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">Coronation of Elizabeth II</a>. This included an air race at the airport featuring aerobatic displays by supersonic jets, a military tattoo, a coronation ball at the Kursaal featuring <a href="/wiki/Ted_Heath_(bandleader)" title="Ted Heath (bandleader)">Ted Heath and his Music</a> and a grand fireworks display on the seafront.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 1956, the Great Eastern line was electrified<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> which encouraged more Londoners move to the town, further making it into a dormitory town for the capital.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On 14 April 1955, <a href="/wiki/Air_Charter_Limited" title="Air Charter Limited">Air Charter</a> inaugurated its first vehicle ferry service between Southend and <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_170" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol 170">Bristol 170</a> Mark 32 Super Freighter.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It was the sign of the future for tourism in the town, with the British public moving from UK holidays to foreign vacations that saw the start of the downturn on for the British seaside towns,<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Clapson_2009_333-114">[114]</a> though Southend still had strong numbers visiting.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Between 1948 and 1962, it was recorded that 22% of the town's population were working in holiday related industries.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The council were concerned that the town was too reliant on tourism and being a dormitory town, that they decided to try and grow the commercial industry in the town, which coincided with plans in central government to de-centralise services.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Miles Report of 1944 had already identified Victoria Avenue as the perfect location for office development,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and the council in 1960 finally started work on a new Civic Centre on land previously purchased to build a new further education college.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southend_Civic_Centre" title="Southend Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a> would encompass a new police station that opened in 1962, a <a href="/wiki/Southend_Court_House" title="Southend Court House">courthouse</a> in 1966, council offices and chamber in 1967, a new <a href="/wiki/South_Essex_College" title="South Essex College">College</a> in 1971 and a <a href="/wiki/Beecroft_Art_Gallery" title="Beecroft Art Gallery">Library</a> in 1974. The planned fire station was dropped and was eventually built in Sutton Road. These replaced cramped facilities located in Alexandra Road and Clarence Street.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The council in 1960 put forward a redevelopment plan, called Prospect of Southend to central government, to improve both the commercial and retail growth in the town, but the original plan and an amendment, which requested compulsory purchase orders, were both rejected by the Minister for Housing Development and Local Government.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Talza-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Part of the plans included redeveloping the area north of the High Street, which included the Talza and Victoria Arcades, had been discussed with developer <a href="/wiki/Hammerson" title="Hammerson">Hammerson</a>. Although the plans were rejected by central government, Hammerson started a programme of buying property in the area, and in 1964 the council accepted Hammerson's plans for the site. Hammerson had by this point had purchased 93% of the freeholds, with the council using Section 4 of the Town and Country Act 1962 to compulsory purchase the remaining properties.<a href="#cite_note-Talza-124">[124]</a> The development, which became Victoria Circus Shopping Centre, opened in 1970 and saw a large area of much loved Southend demolished.<a href="#cite_note-Talza-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Further developments put forward by the council included building a ring road around the town centre. First discussed by the council in 1955,<a href="#cite_note-secret-127">[127]</a> plans were started to be developed in 1961, with the electrification of the London, Tilbury and Southend railway line acting as impetus as bridges over the line which were on the route of the planned ring road needed replacing.<a href="#cite_note-secret-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Queensway-128">[128]</a> In 1965, the Ministry of Transport gave the council a grant of £869,986 to the planned cost of £1.2 million to build the North and East sections of the ring road.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The council used compulsory purchase orders to buy up many of the properties along the planned route and work started in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-Queensway-128">[128]</a> with the first section opening in 1967 with the <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">first high pressure sodium street lamps</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The West and South sections of the ring road were never completed.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the same year, work was started on dualing Victoria Avenue to Carnarvon Road,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> while part of the High Street was pedestrianised by 1968.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> By this point Victoria Avenue had seen further development, with offices opening along the section opposite the Civic Centre including Portcullis House in 1966, the first offices opened by <a href="/wiki/HM_Customs_and_Excise" title="HM Customs and Excise">HM Customs and Excise</a> in the town.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1969, Southend-on-Sea Borough Police <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">amalgamated</a> with Essex Constabulary to become the Essex and Southend-on-Sea Joint <a href="/wiki/Constabulary" title="Constabulary">Constabulary</a>. This merger was campaigned against by the council and the local <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The town's decline as a holiday resort continued, with the visitor numbers on the pier falling to a million during 1969-70 and the attraction lost £45,000.<a href="#cite_note-seasidepiers-104">[104]</a> The town saw the number of visitors had fallen from the 1950s by 73%, which was against the backdrop of more Brits travelling abroad, growing from just 1.5 million holidays in 1951, to 4.2 million by 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Clapson_2009_333-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The pier slowly began to decline and with it the structure began to deteriorate. In 1971, a child's injury prompted a survey, leading to repairs and replacement to much of the pier railway throughout the decade.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In response, the council allocated £370,000 over two years, starting in 1972, to ensure the pier remained maintained,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> however the pier head burnt down in 1976 and in 1978 the pier railway was closed due to its poor condition.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Prior to the pier railway closure, the <a href="/wiki/Kursaal_(amusement_park)" title="Kursaal (amusement park)">Kursaal</a> closed the majority of the amusement park in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The town became one of the earliest to receive an electronic telephone exchange in 1971,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and by 1972 <a href="/wiki/Access_(credit_card)" title="Access (credit card)">Access</a>, Britain's second credit card, opened their offices in the former EKCO site in Priory Crescent.<a href="#cite_note-poole-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-plastic-144">[144]</a> A year later HM Customs and Excise opened the central offices for the collection of <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 1972, Southend Air Museum opened its doors for the first time at Aviation Way.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> This was against the backdrop of the government planning to build a new airport on <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary_Airport" title="Thames Estuary Airport">Maplin Sands</a> at <a href="/wiki/Foulness_Island" title="Foulness Island">Foulness Island</a>, which the council purchased a share in the consortium of developers hoping to shape the benefits for the town,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> but the airport plans were pulled by the new <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour government</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> During 1976, plans called Prospects 1976 was released to improve the town's ability to attract holidaymakers, including bastions with facilities at Chalkwell and Westcliff, but they never got off the drawing board.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 1980, the town's reinvention as a commercial centre had seen it shrug off its tag as a dormitory town for London,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> however the future of the pier was in doubt and a campaign, which included Sir John Betjeman, pushed the council to keep the pier open.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The pier may have been saved, now run by Lecorgne Amusements,<a href="#cite_note-piersp200-153">[153]</a> but the town lost another attraction in 1983, when the Southend Aircraft Museum closed for the final time.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> However in the same year the council put up £800,000 with the Historic Buildings Fund investing £200,000 in restoring the pier.<a href="#cite_note-piersp200-153">[153]</a> Further invest saw a new narrow gauge railway fitted to the pier, which was reopened by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Princess Anne</a> on 2 May 1986.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A contract was given to <a href="/wiki/Brent_Walker" title="Brent Walker">Brent Walker</a> to run the pier in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> but in September of that year it was damaged by the ship Kings Abbey, destroying <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_Lifeboat_Station" title="Southend-on-Sea Lifeboat Station">the lifeboat station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-piersp200-153">[153]</a> Two years later, management of the pier returned to the council.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The seafront would see several plans put forward in the late 70s and the 1980s to build a marina on the seafront by numerous developers including Brent Walker, including an artificial island alongside the pier, though the council ended the plans after they were objected to by the <a href="/wiki/RSPB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSPB">RSPB</a> due to loss of intertidal areas for wildlife was deemed to much.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Plans were resurrected again in 2020 for a marina off the coast at Shoeburyness.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In May 1986, the Southend Airshow was started, featuring a fly past by <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>, and after the first year where entry was charged by the council, it would grow to become Europe's biggest free airshow.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The final show took place on 2012, with the council announcing in January 2013 it could no longer afford to run the show.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> An attempt to revive the show for September 2015, as the Southend Airshow and Military Festival, failed.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg/220px-Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg/330px-Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg/440px-Victoria_station_and_royal_mail_depot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_859505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Avenue, Circus and Queensway pre-1989</figcaption></figure> The town started to regenerate its visitor attractions, with the Sealife Centre opening in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In 1995, the owners of Peter Pan's Playground purchased the land East of the pier and started to expand, creating <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Island_(amusement_park)" title="Adventure Island (amusement park)">Adventure Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> being rated best-value amusement park in Britain in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Kursaal, was purchased by Brent Walker in 1988 with plans to redevelop the site as a water theme park, but the company entered liquidation and the site remained empty.<a href="#cite_note-echoaug07-169">[169]</a> The council purchased the Kursaal, and after a multimillion-pound redevelopment by the Rowallan Group, the main Kursaal building was reopened in 1998 with a bowling alley, a casino and other amusements.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-echoaug07-169">[169]</a> In 2003, during excavations for a road widening scheme at Priory Crescent, an <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_royal_Anglo-Saxon_burial" title="Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial">Anglo-Saxon</a> royal burial was found dating from the 6th century, with a display of the finds displayed at Southend Central Museum since 2019.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20190509-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian20190509-172">[172]</a> The road widening was cancelled after a campaign known as <a href="/wiki/Camp_Bling" title="Camp Bling">Camp Bling</a>. A year earlier there was a slippage on the Cliffs, which saw the bandstand close. The cliffs were stabilised in 2013, with the council planning to build a new museum at the location to host the Anglo Saxon discoveries, as well as the Central Museum and Beecroft Art Gallery, but in 2018 it was abandoned due to rising costs.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The town's commercial growth during the 60s and 70s, declined with the departure of many of their former tenants, including <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> in 2022, and many of the former offices have been converted to apartments.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_formation_of_the_city">The formation of the city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The formation of the city">edit</a>]</div> On 15 October 2021, the Member of Parliament for Southend West, Sir David Amess, was <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">fatally stabbed</a> during a constituency meeting in <a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a>. On 18 October 2021, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">the Queen</a> had agreed to grant Southend-on-Sea with <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> as a memorial to Amess, who had long campaigned for this status to be granted.<a href="#cite_note-City-178">[178]</a> Preparations, led by Amess, for Southend to enter a competition for city status in 2022 as part of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Platinum Jubilee</a> were underway at the time of his death.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A "City Week" was held throughout the town between 13 and 20 February 2022,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> beginning with the inaugural "He Built This City" concert named in honour of Amess.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[183]</a> The concert was held at the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_Pavilion" title="Cliffs Pavilion">Cliffs Pavilion</a> and included performers such as <a href="/wiki/Digby_Fairweather" title="Digby Fairweather">Digby Fairweather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Mead" title="Lee Mead">Lee Mead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leanne_Jarvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leanne Jarvis">Leanne Jarvis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Other events such as a city ceremony and the Southend LuminoCity Festival of Light were held during the week. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Duckworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Duckworth">Sam Duckworth</a>, who knew Amess personally, performed at some of the events.<a href="#cite_note-:1-183">[183]</a> On 1 March, Southend Borough Council was presented letters patent from the Queen, by Charles, Prince of Wales, officially granting the borough city status.<a href="#cite_note-charles-185">[185]</a> Southend became the second city in the ceremonial county of Essex, after Chelmsford, which was granted city status in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> The seven kilometres of cliffs from <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle" title="Hadleigh Castle">Hadleigh Castle</a> to Southend Pier consist of <a href="/wiki/London_Clay" title="London Clay">London Clay</a> overlaid in the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a> by sand, gravel and river alluvium.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The cliffs have been affected by <a href="/wiki/Slip_(materials_science)" title="Slip (materials science)">slip planes</a> affected by groundwater, with major slips having occurred in 1956, 1962, 1964 and 1969.<a href="#cite_note-echoaug2007-188">[188]</a> In 2001, a small slippage occurred, which was followed by a major slippage in November 2002, which irreparably damaged the cliffs bandstand and restaurant. At a later date, a report came to light from a month before the slip which showed there was already signs of a slippage.<a href="#cite_note-echoaug2007-188">[188]</a> A £2.8 million cliffs stabilisation programme was completed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In May 2023, work started to investigate further slippage at Belton Hills in Leigh-on-Sea, with remedy work said to cost £500,000.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The British Geological Survey provided a summary in 1986 of the geology of the country around Southend and Foulness:<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_succession">Geological succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geological succession">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Recent and Pleistocene </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Made Ground </td> <td>Urban refuse, rock debris etc </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blown sand </td> <td>Sands with shell debris overlying beach gravels </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alluvium and tidal flat deposits </td> <td>Soft greyish brown clays and silty sands with subordinate peat. Shell banks north of the River Crouch </td></tr> <tr> <td>River Terrace Deposits: Loam and Sand and Gravel </td> <td>Yellow-brown sandy silts, locally calcareous in the lower part and sandy gravels with seams of silt and clay </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head </td> <td>Firm brown sandy clay or loam with clayey gravel intercalations </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brickearth </td> <td>Yellow-brown clayey silts, locally calcareous in the lower part </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sand and gravel of unknown age </td> <td>Sand and gravel with variable clay content </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boulder Clay </td> <td>Unsorted stony clays </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glacial Sand and Gravel </td> <td>Sand and gravel with seams of silt and clay </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buried Channel Deposits––(not exposed at surface) </td> <td>Grey laminated clays with subordinate sands, overlying silty sands with gravels </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_Formations">Solid Formations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Solid Formations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Palaeocene and Eocene </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Thickness </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bagshot Pebble Bed </td> <td>Rounded black flint pebbles in a sandy matrix </td> <td>up to 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bagshot Beds </td> <td>Orange-brown fine-grained sands with subordinate silt and clay beds </td> <td>up to 23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claygate Beds </td> <td>Brown and orange-brown interbedded fine-grained sands, sandy silts, clayey silts and silty clays </td> <td>17 to 23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>London Clay </td> <td>Grey (unweathered) and brown (weathered) fine-grained sandy clays, and silty clays </td> <td>125 to 135 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Woolwich Beds including Oldhaven Beds </td> <td>Yellowish orange fine- and medium-grained sands with subordinate grey clays and pebble beds </td> <td>up to 15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thanet Beds </td> <td>Buff fine-grained sands </td> <td>up to 40 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cretaceous </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Thickness </th></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Chalk </td> <td>White chalk with abundant flint horizons </td> <td>about 85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle Chalk </td> <td>White chalk with occasional flint horizons </td> <td>about 70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lower Chalk </td> <td>Grey chalk with marls </td> <td>about 50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upper Greensand </td> <td>Calcareous sandstone </td> <td>4 to 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gault </td> <td>Dark greenish grey calcareous mudstones (with local basal white sand) </td> <td>34 to 56 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_administration">Current administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Current administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea City Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend-on-Sea local elections">Southend-on-Sea local elections</a></div> Southend is governed by Southend-on-Sea City Council, which is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities in England">unitary authority</a>, performing the functions of both a county and district council. There is one <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parish</a> within the city at <a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a>, which has a Town Council that was established in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The rest of the city is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The city is split into seventeen wards, with each ward returning three councillors. The 51 councillors serve four years and one third of the council is elected each year, followed by one year without election.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> As of the 2024 local elections a coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> run the council.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Southend_on_Sea" title="County Borough of Southend on Sea">County Borough of Southend on Sea</a></div> Southend's first elected council was a <a href="/wiki/Local_Board_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Board of Health">local board</a>, which held its first meeting on 29 August 1866.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Prior to that the town was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a> for the wider parish of <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a>. The local board district was enlarged in 1877 to cover the whole parish of Prittlewell.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The town was made a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> in 1892. In 1897 the borough was enlarged to also include the neighbouring parish of <a href="/wiki/Southchurch" title="Southchurch">Southchurch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> with further enlargement in 1913 by taking over the area formerly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea Urban District Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In 1914 the enlarged Southend became a <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Southend_on_Sea" title="County Borough of Southend on Sea">county borough</a> making it independent from <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Council" title="Essex County Council">Essex County Council</a> and a single-tier of local government.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt25-49">[49]</a> The county borough was enlarged in 1933 by the former area of <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness_Urban_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoeburyness Urban District">Shoeburyness Urban District</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Rochford_Rural_District" title="Rochford Rural District">Rochford Rural District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southend_Civic_Centre" title="Southend Civic Centre">Southend Civic Centre</a> was designed by borough architect, Patrick Burridge, and officially opened by the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Mother</a> on 31 October 1967.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg/220px-Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg/330px-Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg/440px-Southend_-_Civic_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southend_Civic_Centre" title="Southend Civic Centre">Southend Civic Centre</a>, autumn 2007</figcaption></figure> On 1 April 1974, under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, Southend became a district of Essex, with the county council once more providing county-level services to the town. In 1990, Southend was the first local authority to outsource its municipal waste collection to a commercial provider.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> However, in 1998 it again became the single tier of local government when it became a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Upon receiving city status on 1 March 2022, the council voted to rename itself '<a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea City Council</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-charles-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_Arms_and_Twinning">Coat of Arms and Twinning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coat of Arms and Twinning">edit</a>]</div> The Latin motto, 'Per Mare Per Ecclesiam', emblazoned on the municipal coat of arms, translates as 'By [the] Sea, By [the] Church', reflecting Southend's position between the church at <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a> and the sea as in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> estuary. The city has been twinned with the resort of <a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a> in Poland since 1999<a href="#cite_note-sopot-206">[206]</a> and has been developing three-way associations with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Worth_Beach,_Florida" title="Lake Worth Beach, Florida">Lake Worth Beach, Florida</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_Parliament">Members of Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Members of Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Southend_East_and_Rochford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southend East and Rochford (UK Parliament constituency)">Southend East and Rochford (UK Parliament constituency)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southend_West_and_Leigh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southend West and Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)">Southend West and Leigh (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_MPs">Current MPs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current MPs">edit</a>]</div> Due to boundary changes, the seats in Southend changed at the 2024 election to Southend East and Rochford<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> and Southend West and Leigh.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 United Kingdom general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayo_Alaba" title="Bayo Alaba">Bayo Alaba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> won 38.8% of the vote to win the seat of Southend East and Rochford, with a 57% turnout.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The new MP for Southend West and Leigh is <a href="/wiki/David_Burton-Sampson" title="David Burton-Sampson">David Burton-Sampson</a> of Labour, who won 35.6% of the vote on a turnover of 63%.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> This was the first time since the initial seat in parliament was created in 1918, that Labour have been elected, as the city had previously been held by the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_MPs">Former MPs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Former MPs">edit</a>]</div> From the creation of the first Member of Parliament seat for <a href="/wiki/Southend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southend (UK Parliament constituency)">Southend</a> in 1918, there has been a history of long serving MPs. <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Guinness,_2nd_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh">Rupert Guinness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a> was Southend's first MP, and only stepped down when he was given a peerage. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Gwendolen_Guinness,_Countess_of_Iveagh" title="Gwendolen Guinness, Countess of Iveagh">Gwendolen Guinness</a> replaced him in 1927, until she retired and her son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Henry_Channon" title="Henry Channon">Henry Channon</a> replaced her in 1935, serving until his death in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-rayment-212">[212]</a> Because of the Guinness connection, the seat became known in the media as "Guinness-on-Sea".<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In 1950, the one seat was split into two, Southend East and Southend West due to the growth in the town. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_McAdden" title="Stephen McAdden">Sir Stephen McAdden</a> served as the MP for <a href="/wiki/Southend_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southend East (UK Parliament constituency)">Southend East</a> from 1950 until his death in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> His replacement <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Taylor" title="Teddy Taylor">Sir Teddy Taylor</a> served Southend East, then its replacement seat Rochford and Southend East from 1980 until he retired in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-215">[215]</a> James Duddridge served as Sir Teddy's replacement from 2005 until stepping down at the 2024 election.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Channon" title="Paul Channon">Paul Channon</a>, son of Henry replaced his father as the MP for Southend West from 1959 until he stepped down in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-217">[217]</a> He was replaced by Sir David Amess, who served from 1997 until <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">his murder</a> in 2021. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Firth" title="Anna Firth">Anna Firth</a> of the Conservatives had replaced Amess at the by-election in January 2022 with 86% of the vote but lost her seat at the 2024 election.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_density">Population density</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Population density">edit</a>]</div> Southend is the seventh most densely populated area in the United Kingdom outside of the London Boroughs, with 38.8 people per hectare compared to a national average of 3.77.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greater_Urban_Area">Greater Urban Area</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Greater Urban Area">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthendOnSeaBUA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SouthendOnSeaBUA.png/400px-SouthendOnSeaBUA.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SouthendOnSeaBUA.png/600px-SouthendOnSeaBUA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SouthendOnSeaBUA.png/800px-SouthendOnSeaBUA.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Southend Urban Area with subdivisions</figcaption></figure> The greater <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> of Southend spills outside of the borough boundaries into the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a> districts, including the towns of <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">Benfleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a>, as well as the villages of <a href="/wiki/Hockley" title="Hockley">Hockley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hullbridge" title="Hullbridge">Hullbridge</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, it had a population of 295,310.<a href="#cite_note-BUA-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deprivation">Deprivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Deprivation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>'s research data shows that for 2008–09, Southend had 4,000 children living in poverty, a rate of 12%, the same as <a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a>, but above the 11% child poverty rate of Essex as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Communities and Local Government">Department for Communities and Local Government</a>'s 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904051633/http://www.imd.communities.gov.uk/">Deprivation Indices</a> data showed that Southend is one of Essex's most deprived areas. Out of 32,482 Lower Super Output Areas in England, area 014D in the Kursaal ward is 99th, area 015B in Milton ward is 108th, area 010A in Victoria ward is 542nd, and area 009D in Southchurch ward is 995th, as well as an additional 5 areas all within the top 10% most deprived areas in England (with the most deprived area having a rank of 1 and the least deprived a rank of 32,482).<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Victoria and Milton wards have the highest proportion of ethnic minority residents – at the 2011 Census these figures were 24.2% and 26.5% respectively. Southend has the highest percentage of residents receiving housing benefits (19%) and the third highest percentage of residents receiving council tax benefits in Essex. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_unemployment">Employment and unemployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Employment and unemployment">edit</a>]</div> As of May 2024, The Office of National Statistics have recorded the following employment, unemployment and economic inactivity in Southend-on-Sea.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Area Recorded </th> <th rowspan="2">Southend - Current (%) </th> <th rowspan="2">East of England Rate - Current (%) </th> <th rowspan="2">Southend - Previous Year (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Employment rate (16-64 year olds) </td> <td>75.6 (December 2023) </td> <td>78.3 </td> <td>75.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate (16 years +) </td> <td>5.2 (December 2023) </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claimant Count (16-64 year olds) </td> <td>4.5 (March 2024) </td> <td>Not provided </td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Economic inactivity (16-64 year olds) </td> <td>21 (December 2023) </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td>23 </td></tr></tbody></table> In the 2021 census, it was reported that 69.1% of the working population work in full-time employment, with 10.9% working more than 48 hours a week.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_statistics">Population statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Population statistics">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2021 census, the population was recorded as 180,686, with 51.3% of the population being female, and 48.7% recorded as male.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a> The following table shows the breakdown of the population by age:<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Age Group </th> <th rowspan="2">No. </th> <th rowspan="2">% of the population. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 4 years and under </td> <td>10,242 </td> <td>5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 5 to 9 years </td> <td>10,899 </td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 10 to 15 years </td> <td>13,135 </td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 16 to 19 years </td> <td>7,201 </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 20 to 24 years </td> <td>9,356 </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 25 to 34 years </td> <td>23,158 </td> <td>12.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 35 to 49 years </td> <td>36,681 </td> <td>20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 50 to 64 years </td> <td>35,453 </td> <td>19.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 65 to 74 years </td> <td>18,023 </td> <td>10.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 75 to 84 years </td> <td>11,560 </td> <td>6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aged 85 years and over </td> <td>11,560 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> In the census it was reported that 87.5% of the population were born in the UK, while for those who were born outside of the country, most were born in Europe, and most had lived in the UK for more than 10 years. The census reported that nearly 33,000 of the population were retired.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a> A fifth of the working population commutes to London daily. Wages for jobs based in Southend were the second lowest among UK cities in 2015. It also has the fourth-highest proportion of people aged over 65. This creates considerable pressure on the housing market. It is the 11th most expensive place to live in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_industry">Current industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Current industry">edit</a>]</div> Tourism is still a key industry in Southend, with over 7,500 employed people in the sector, which counts as 15.9% of jobs in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Destination-228">[228]</a> In 2019, it was reported that 253,900 people had stayed, generating £53.4 million while over 7.3 million day visitors had contributed over £308 million to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Destination-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rossi%27s" title="Rossi's">Rossi's</a> Ice-cream is a famous Southend institution, having existed since 1932.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Aerospace is another key industry.<a href="#cite_note-2017growth-230">[230]</a> Southend is one of <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a>'s 10 bases in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In addition to flights, Southend has several aircraft maintenance firms including Inflite MRO Services,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> and in Ipeco, have a former <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> listed international aircraft seat and airframe manufacturer headquartered in the city since 1960.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In 2024, Ipeco was awarded <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise" title="The King's Awards for Enterprise">The King's Awards for Enterprise</a> for promoting opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Other manufacturing companies based in Southend include <a href="/wiki/MK_Electric" title="MK Electric">MK Electric</a>, who relocated there in 1961 and in 2014 had seen the 100 millionth socket made at the factory,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus UK & Ireland</a> (formerly Keymed), who specialise in medical equipment and have been in Southend since 1969.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Another major employment area in Southend is Financial Services, with <a href="/wiki/NatWest" title="NatWest">NatWest</a>'s credit card operations located in Thanet Grange.<a href="#cite_note-2017growth-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 2006, travel insurance company <a href="/wiki/InsureandGo" title="InsureandGo">InsureandGo</a> relocated its offices from <a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a> to Maitland House in Southend-on-Sea. The company brought 120 existing jobs from Braintree and announced the intention to create more in the future.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> However the business announced the plan to relocate to Bristol in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The company however as of 2021 is still located in Southend.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The building is now also home to Ventrica, a customer service outsourcing company.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Southend has industrial parks located at Progress Road, Comet and Aviation Way in Eastwood and Stock Road in Sutton. Firms located in Southend include <a href="/wiki/Hi-Tec_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-Tec Sports">Hi-Tec Sports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> As of 2023, large employers (those employing more than 250 people) made up only 0.4% of companies within the city, while micro employers (9 or less employees) make up 90.8%, which is 1.2% greater than the East of England average.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_notable_industry">Former notable industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Former notable industry">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former EcoMold factory"><img alt="Former EcoMold factory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg/120px-EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg/180px-EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg/240px-EcoMold_factory_in_Thornford_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_494252.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="341" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former EcoMold factory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_block_on_Queensway,_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former HMRC office at Alexandra House"><img alt="Former HMRC office at Alexandra House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg/120px-Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg/180px-Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg/240px-Office_block_on_Queensway%2C_Southend_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2960009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former HMRC office at Alexandra House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ,_British_Air_Ferries,_Southend,_UK,_14_Aug_1976_(9247917507).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Air Ferries Carvair at Southend Airport"><img alt="British Air Ferries Carvair at Southend Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg/120px-ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg/180px-ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg/240px-ATL_98_carvair_G-ASHZ%2C_British_Air_Ferries%2C_Southend%2C_UK%2C_14_Aug_1976_%289247917507%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1650" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">British Air Ferries Carvair at Southend Airport</div> </li> </ul> <a href="/wiki/EKCO" title="EKCO">EKCO</a> was an electronics manufacturer formed by local, Eric Kirkham Cole in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_Eric_Kirkham-250">[250]</a> The business started at factory in Leigh-on-Sea, before opening a larger site at Priory Crescent in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-eric-67">[67]</a> The company expanded from radio production into televisions, radar and plastics, and employed over 8,000 people in Southend at its height.<a href="#cite_note-eric-67">[67]</a> In 1960, EKCO merged with <a href="/wiki/Pye_(electronics_company)" title="Pye (electronics company)">Pye</a> to form British Electronic Industries Ltd, but due to several financial issues, the television and radio manufacturing on the site was closed in 1966 with the loss of 800 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-poole-143">[143]</a> Pye of Cambridge (British Electronic Industries was renamed in 1963) was purchased by Philips in 1967. The offices and radio factory was sold to the Joint Credit Card Company in 1972, however EKCO Plastics continued to operate from the site.<a href="#cite_note-poole-143">[143]</a> EKCO Plastics had been a separate subsidiary, and had won awards from the <a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a> and the Duke of Edinburgh for their products.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Pye sold Ekco Plastics to National Plastics, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a>, in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linpac" title="Linpac">Linpac</a> purchased National Plastics subsidiary NP Ekco in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Linpac became Ecomold, but closed the factory after it fell into administration in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> After the Ecomold factory closed, the whole site was converted into Ekco Park, a 231 home estate.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> A statue of Eric Cole was placed in his honour on the estate during 2020.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The Joint Credit Card Company was created by <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_Bank" title="Midland Bank">Midland Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/NatWest" title="NatWest">National Westminster Bank</a>, and operated as the <a href="/wiki/Access_(credit_card)" title="Access (credit card)">Access</a> credit card.<a href="#cite_note-plastic-144">[144]</a> It was the second credit card company launched in the UK, becoming available during 1972. The company purchased the former <a href="/wiki/EKCO" title="EKCO">EKCO</a> television and radio factory on Priory Crescent from owners <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> to operate from.<a href="#cite_note-poole-143">[143]</a> The company would expand by opening further offices across the city. In 1989, the company was renamed as Signet Ltd in 1989, along with a change to allow member banks to process their own customers as part of a <a href="/wiki/Competition_Commission" title="Competition Commission">Competition and Monopolies Commission</a> review into credit cards.<a href="#cite_note-cma-260">[260]</a> In the same year, processing was transferred to a new site in Basildon,<a href="#cite_note-ilford-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> while offices across Southend were transferred to the member banks. This included Esplanade House to NatWest,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Chartwell House to Midland Bank/HSBC<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> and Essex House to Lloyds Bank.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In 1991, the business was sold to <a href="/wiki/First_Data" title="First Data">First Data Resources</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vendor-266">[266]</a> and the Priory Crescent site was sold to Royal Bank of Scotland. The credit card industry in Southend declined with HSBC closing their operations in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> while Lloyds Bank joined them by closing Essex House in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Royal Bank of Scotland/NatWest however stayed, and moved to a new purpose built building at Thanet Grange in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Heath" title="Cuthbert Heath">C. E. Heath</a> moved to Southend during 1966 into the purpose built Heath House on Victoria Avenue. C. E. Heath was one of the largest insurance brokers in the world. The company also operated offices in Sutton Road and had a social club in Wellstead Gardens. In 1996, redundancies saw the number of staff drop from 600 to 300. However six years later, C. E. Heath merged with Lambert Fenchurch Group and announced closure of the Southend office.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The property remained empty until 2016 when it was converted into flats.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a> (HMRC) previously employed over 4,000 people in Southend in Alexandra House and Portcullis House, which sat side by side on Victoria Avenue, and Tylers House/Dencora Court, Tylers Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> A training centre was located in Carby House, also in Victoria Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In 2008, it was announced that both Tylers House and Portcullis House would be surplus to requirements.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Tylers House would close, with the space rented out by HMRC to other government departments.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> HMRC announced in 2015 that they would be closing its Southend office and transferring the operations to Stratford.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Portcullis House closed first in 2008, and in 2019 the site was purchased by Weston Homes to develop into 217 flats.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Alexandra House has since closed and in late 2023 planning permission was being sought to convert the building into 557 flats by <a href="/wiki/Comer_Group" title="Comer Group">Comer Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flightline_(airline)" title="Flightline (airline)">Flightline</a> was an airline, maintenance and aircraft sales company that operated out of London Southend Airport, which went into administration in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FI-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> ATC Lasham was an aircraft maintenance company based out of both Southend and Southampton airports. It collapsed in 2015 with the loss of 144 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_United_Air_Ferries" title="British United Air Ferries">British Air Ferries</a> was an airline that from 1967 was headquartered at Southend Airport.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The company went into administration, and after several changes of ownership became British World Airlines in 1993, however the business entered administration for a final time in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jota_Aviation" title="Jota Aviation">Jota Aviation</a> was a specialist air haulage company working in the motorsport industry and based at London Southend Airport since 2009. The company ceased operations in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-AirCargoNews-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Essex Furniture plc was a furniture manufacturer and retailer that was based in Southend that first listed on the Unlisted Securities Market of the London Stock Exchange in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> The business operated five stores under the Essex Furniture brand within Essex, and expanded nationally to 28 stores under The Furniture Workshop nameplate.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In 1998, the company experienced financial difficulties, closing their Southend factory before their shares being suspended on the London Stock Exchange, announcing a £3.7 million loss in the first half of 1998.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> The company entered insolvency later that year.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities_history">Utilities history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Utilities history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a>]</div> Southend-on-Sea County Borough Corporation provided the borough with electricity from the early twentieth century up to 1966 from the Southend power station in London Road. Upon <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of the electricity industry in 1948, ownership passed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Electricity_Authority" title="British Electricity Authority">British Electricity Authority</a> and later to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Generating_Board" title="Central Electricity Generating Board">Central Electricity Generating Board</a>. Electricity connections to the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">national grid</a> rendered the 5.75 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">megawatt</a> (MW) power station redundant. Electricity was generated by diesel engines and by steam obtained from the exhaust gases. The power station closed in 1966 and in its final year of operation it delivered 2,720 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">MWh</a> of electricity to the borough.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas">Gas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gas">edit</a>]</div> In 1853, a new company, Southend Gas Company, was set up to build a <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> works to supply Southend.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> The works opened on Eastern Esplanade in 1855, and helped with the development of the then fledgling town.<a href="#cite_note-easterncons-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-echo13nov-296">[296]</a> The company was purchased by Southend Corporation after the First World War,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> with its own landing pier locally known as Southend Pier Junior.<a href="#cite_note-echo13nov-296">[296]</a> The company was nationalised in 1949 and was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/North_Thames_Gas_Board" title="North Thames Gas Board">North Thames Gas Board</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> who in 1960 added the brutalist Esplanade House to the site as offices. The site stopped producing coal gas in 1968, and the works was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-easterncons-295">[295]</a> Esplanade House, was taken over by Access credit card operations in the 1980s, but by the 1990s they had moved out and the gas works site remained empty until it was demolished to make way for a Premier Inn in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> Southend Waterworks Company was formed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a> in 1865, initially to provide water for the steam engines on the new railway line that opened in 1856, and to which Brassey was involved with. The company constructed the city's first deep borehole in Milton Road, which would be known as Southend No.1 Well, along with a reservoir to hold 300,000 gallons.<a href="#cite_note-ews-301">[301]</a> In 1870, Brassey died, and a limited company was formed to take over the works. In 1879, the Southend Water Bill was passed to incorporate the company to allow it to raise the necessary cash to expand the supply to the growing town, and to be able to charge rates per home based on the properties value.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The company created further boreholes in and around Southend, including <a href="/wiki/Vange" title="Vange">Vange</a>, where a treatment works was built to soften the water from the five boreholes located in Vange and <a href="/wiki/Fobbing" title="Fobbing">Fobbing</a>, with a first of its kind lime recovery plant.<a href="#cite_note-ews-301">[301]</a> During 1896, the water supply was tested due to a rising issue with <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a> in the town. The investigation, led by Dr. R. Bruce Low, concluded that the water quality was good, but it was poor sanitation, with issues with the identified with the town's sewer system and discharge onto the beach. The sewer system had been found to be wanting at a previous investigation in 1890 by Dr Thresh, and the town council was investing £35,000 to upgrade and improve the sewers.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> In 1907, the company's boundaries were extended by the government to incorporate the areas of both Leigh on Sea Urban District Council and Billericay Rural District Council.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> By 1920, the limit had been meet by how much water could be extracted from the boreholes in the chalk, and in 1921 a joint application with neighbouring water firm South Essex Waterworks was raised to extract water from the <a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">River Chelmer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">River Blackwater</a> at <a href="/wiki/Langford,_Essex" title="Langford, Essex">Langford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-ews-301">[301]</a> That scheme was rejected, but a further application resulted in the Southend Waterworks Act of 1924 which was passed by parliament allowed the company to extract river water at Langford.<a href="#cite_note-ews-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> The supply at Langford was pumped to reservoirs built at Oakwood on the Belfairs/Daws Heath border.<a href="#cite_note-ews-301">[301]</a> In the late 1940s, both Southend Waterworks Company and South Essex Waterworks jointly planned a new large reservoir in the Sandon Valley, south of <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a>. Work started in 1951, which included the demolition of the hamlet of Peasdown near <a href="/wiki/South_Hanningfield" title="South Hanningfield">South Hanningfield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hanningfield_Reservoir" title="Hanningfield Reservoir">Hanningfield Reservoir</a> opened in 1957 at a cost of £6 million.<a href="#cite_note-facts-307">[307]</a> In 1970, the Essex Water Order was passed by parliament which saw Southend Waterworks Company and South Essex Waterworks merge to create the Essex Water Company.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> The company became <a href="/wiki/Essex_and_Suffolk_Water" title="Essex and Suffolk Water">Essex and Suffolk Water</a> in 1994. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Retail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_on_Sea,_Essex_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg/220px-Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg/330px-Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg/440px-Southend_on_Sea%2C_Essex_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>High Street, looking North on market day</figcaption></figure> Southend High Street runs from the top of Pier Hill in the South, to Victoria Circus in the north. It currently has two shopping centres. The Victoria (built during the 1960s and a replacement for the old Talza Arcade, Victoria Arcade and Broadway Market) is located at the north end of the High Street.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> The Royals Shopping Centre is located at the south end of the High Street, was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Building_Design_Partnership" title="Building Design Partnership">Building Design Partnership</a>, with construction starting in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> The centre was officially opened in March 1988 by singer-actor <a href="/wiki/Jason_Donovan" title="Jason Donovan">Jason Donovan</a>. The centre replaced the south end of High Street and Grove Road, and saw the demolition of the Ritz Cinema and Grand Pier Hotel.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Prior to the opening, <a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a> filmed the video for his top ten charting track <a href="/wiki/Everyday_Is_Like_Sunday" title="Everyday Is Like Sunday">Everyday Is Like Sunday</a> in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Southend High Street mainly consists of chain stores, with Boots located in the Royals, while Next anchor the Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> However, since the covid pandemic the amount of empty shops in the city centre has increased greatly, with the High Street being called a ghost town.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> A business that started in Southend during 1937 and is still active in 2024 is <a href="/wiki/Dixons_Retail" title="Dixons Retail">Dixons Retail</a>, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Currys_plc" title="Currys plc">Currys plc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history37-319">[319]</a> The city of Southend has shopping in other areas. The Broadway in Leigh-on-Sea is known for its independent boutiques and coffee shops.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Leigh Road in <a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a>, Southchurch Road and London Road are where many of Southend's independent businesses now reside.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea was once known as the Bond Street of Essex,<a href="#cite_note-Party-322">[322]</a> and is full of historical buildings, having been made into a conservation area in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> The road hosts the In Harmony festival each year.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> There are regular vintage fairs and markets in Southend, held at a variety of locations including the Leigh Community Centre and <a href="/wiki/Garon_Park" title="Garon Park">Garon Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> A record fair is frequently held at West Leigh Schools in Leigh on Sea.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="York_Road_Market">York Road Market</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: York Road Market">edit</a>]</div> Demolition of the historic Victorian covered York Road market began on 23 April 2010,<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> with the site becoming a car park. A temporary market had been held there every Friday until 2012 after the closure of the former Southend market at the rear of the Odeon.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> As of 2013, a market started to be held in the High Street every Thursday with over 30 stalls, with a further Saturday market being started in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_retail_businesses">Former retail businesses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Former retail businesses">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend-on-Sea_,_R.A._Jones_premises,_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="R A Jones building in Southend High Street"><img alt="R A Jones building in Southend High Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg/71px-Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg/107px-Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg/142px-Southend-on-Sea_%2C_R.A._Jones_premises%2C_with_clock_and_barometer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5926061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">R A Jones building in Southend High Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dixons in 1969"><img alt="Dixons in 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg/120px-Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg/180px-Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg/240px-Victoria_Circus_1969_-_geograph.org.uk_-_55665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="438" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dixons in 1969</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_(geograph_4610441).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Havens (left) in 2015"><img alt="Havens (left) in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg/120px-The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg/180px-The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg/240px-The_Bond_Street_of_the_East_Coast_%28geograph_4610441%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Havens (left) in 2015</div> </li> </ul> Southend was not always full of chain stores, with many historical independent stores closing during the 70s, 80s and 90s. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keddies" title="Keddies">Keddies</a> was a nationally recognised department store opened in 1892. The store, located in the High Street, went into administration in 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_F_Dixons" title="J F Dixons">J F Dixons</a> opened as a drapers in 1913 on the corner of London Road and what is now the High Street. Expansion before World War II saw it become a department store. The business closed in 1973.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightwells" title="Brightwells">Brightwells</a> was a department store that opened in 19th century. The store closed in the 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havens_(department_store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Havens (department store)">Havens</a> was a department store that opened in 1901, in Hamlet Court Road, Westcliff-on-Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Party-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> In May 2017, Havens announced that they would be closing their store to concentrate as an online retailer.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li>Garons opened as a grocers at 64 High Street in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> The grocers in 1910 opened a cinema and cafe, which had a ballroom added in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> The company further expanded the grocery side of the business, opening a large bakery in Sutton Road, and by 1946 branches were operating as grocers, butchers and greengrocers across the town.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> The company also grew their catering facilities with the construction of Center House at 66-68 High Street.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> In 1962, the 45 grocery stores across Essex and the bakery was sold to <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_Biscuits#Moore_Stores" title="Wright's Biscuits">Moores Stores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> The cinema was closed a year later, with the premises sold to make way for a development by <a href="/wiki/Hammerson" title="Hammerson">Hammerson</a> and the remaining business, including the new Garons 1 Banqueting suite at Victoria Circus was sold to <a href="/wiki/Brent_Walker" title="Brent Walker">G and W Walker</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-echoaug07-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garon_Park" title="Garon Park">Garon Park</a> was built on land donated by the family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Jones" title="R. A. Jones">R. A. Jones</a> was a jewellers that was opened by Robert Arthur Jones in 1890. Jones would go on and become a benefactor for the town. The store closed in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li> <li>Owen Wallis purchased an existing ironmongers store located in the High Street in around 1882.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The store expanded into selling toys, before closing in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hornby-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></li> <li>Bermans was a sports and toy retailer who operated from Southchurch Road. The store closed in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hornby-344">[344]</a></li> <li>J Patience was a photographic retailers located in Queens Road.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></li> <li>Schofield and Martin was a grocery firm with stores across Southend, that was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Waitrose" title="Waitrose">Waitrose</a> in 1944 with the name being used until the 1960s. The Alexandra Street branch was the first Waitrose store in 1951 to be made self-service.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a></li> <li>Ravens was the longest surviving independent retail business in Southend. The outfitters was started in 1897 by Percy Raven from a small store in the High Street. The business moved to a larger store in the High Street designed by architect Mr Grover,<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> before moving to a newer store on London Road in the 1930s. The store relocated to Clifftown Road in 1952, and operated from the site until its closure in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li> <li>LL Wellfare was a furniture and electrical store based in Sutton Road, which was started in 1946 by Linton Wellfare. The business closed in 2010 after the retirement of Linton's son Richard.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li> <li>James Heddle & Son was a credit drapers that operated across Essex. William Heddle was born in Orkney in 1846, moving to Maldon in 1864. He married in 1870, moving to Southend and shortly afterwards opened a drapery store in Park Street. William would go on and join the religious sect, the <a href="/wiki/Peculiar_People" title="Peculiar People">Peculiar People</a>, in 1873, becoming their Supreme Bishop between 1901 and 1942, before his death in 1948. The business remained in the family until it closed in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Heddle-358">[358]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gross_value_added">Gross value added</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Gross value added">edit</a>]</div> As of 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> reported that Southend's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> to the economy was as follows:<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Period </th> <th rowspan="2">Value £m </th></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>86 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Airport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/London_Southend_Airport" title="London Southend Airport">London Southend Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southend_airport.jpg/220px-Southend_airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southend_airport.jpg/330px-Southend_airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Southend_airport.jpg/440px-Southend_airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Southend Airport, prior to the runway extension</figcaption></figure> London Southend Airport was developed from the military airfield at <a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a>; it was opened as a civil airport in 1935. The airport was the UK's third-busiest airport during the 1960s, behind Heathrow and Manchester, before passenger numbers dropped off in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-adsadvance-360">[360]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Stobart_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stobart Group">Stobart Group</a> bought the lease for <a href="/wiki/Pound_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Sterling">£</a>21 million, becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Stobart_Air" title="Stobart Air">Stobart Air</a> division of the Stobart Group,<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> who completed a rebuilding of the airport during 2010.<a href="#cite_note-SouthendEcho1-362">[362]</a> It now offers scheduled flights to destinations across Europe, corporate and recreational flights, aircraft maintenance and training for pilots and engineers. It is served by <a href="/wiki/Southend_Airport_railway_station" title="Southend Airport railway station">Southend Airport railway station</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Shenfield%E2%80%93Southend_line" title="Shenfield–Southend line">Shenfield–Southend line</a>, part of the Great Eastern Main Line. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_(H264_GEV),_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg/220px-Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg/330px-Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg/440px-Arriva_Southend_bus_5404_%28H264_GEV%29%2C_2009_Clacton_Bus_Rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An Arriva Southend bus</figcaption></figure> Local bus services are provided by two main companies. <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Southend" title="Arriva Southend">Arriva Southend</a> was formerly the council-owned <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_Corporation_Transport" title="Southend-on-Sea Corporation Transport">Southend-on-Sea Corporation Transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Essex" title="First Essex">First Essex Buses</a> was formerly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_National_Omnibus_Company" title="Eastern National Omnibus Company">Eastern National</a>/Thamesway. Smaller providers include <a href="/wiki/Stephensons_of_Essex" title="Stephensons of Essex">Stephensons of Essex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_Corporation_Transport" title="Southend-on-Sea Corporation Transport">Southend-on-Sea Corporation Transport</a> had been started by the council as a Tram service in 1901, before moving into Trolleybuses and Motorbuses, before being sold off to <a href="/wiki/British_Bus" title="British Bus">British Bus</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Focus-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> Southend has a bus station, known as the Southend Travel Centre, on Chichester Road, which was developed from a temporary facility added in the 1970s in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> The previous bus station was located on London Road and was run by Eastern National, but it was demolished in the 1980s to make way for a Sainsbury's supermarket.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> Arriva Southend is the only bus company based in Southend, with their depot located in Short Street; it was previously sited on the corner of London Road and Queensway and also a small facility in Tickfield Road.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> First Essex's buses in the Southend area are based out of the depot in <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a> but, prior to the 1980s, Eastern National had depots on London Road (at the bus station) and Fairfax Drive.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> First Essex run the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Airlink" title="Essex Airlink">Essex Airlink</a> bus service from the Southend Travel Centre to <a href="/wiki/London_Stansted" class="mw-redirect" title="London Stansted">London Stansted</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A c2c train at Southend Central station"><img alt="A c2c train at Southend Central station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg/120px-357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg/180px-357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg/240px-357036_at_Southend_Central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A c2c train at Southend Central station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend Victoria station"><img alt="Southend Victoria station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG/120px-Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG/180px-Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG/240px-Southend_Victoria_railway_station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="2289" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southend Victoria station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend Cliff Railway"><img alt="Southend Cliff Railway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg/80px-Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg/120px-Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg/160px-Southend_Cliff_Railway_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southend Cliff Railway</div> </li> </ul> Southend is served by two lines on the <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a> network: <ul><li>Running from <a href="/wiki/Southend_Victoria_railway_station" title="Southend Victoria railway station">Southend Victoria</a> north out of the city is the <a href="/wiki/Shenfield%E2%80%93Southend_line" title="Shenfield–Southend line">Shenfield–Southend line</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Main_Line" title="Great Eastern Main Line">Great Eastern Main Line</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Abellio_Greater_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abellio Greater Anglia">Abellio Greater Anglia</a>. Services operate to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">London Liverpool Street</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Shenfield_railway_station" title="Shenfield railway station">Shenfield</a>.</li> <li>Running from <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness_railway_station" title="Shoeburyness railway station">Shoeburyness</a>, in the east of the borough, is the <a href="/wiki/London,_Tilbury_and_Southend_line" title="London, Tilbury and Southend line">London, Tilbury and Southend line</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/C2c" title="C2c">c2c</a>. It runs west through <a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Bay_railway_station" title="Thorpe Bay railway station">Thorpe Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend_East_railway_station" title="Southend East railway station">Southend East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southend_Central_railway_station" title="Southend Central railway station">Southend Central</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">London Fenchurch Street</a>, either via <a href="/wiki/Benfleet_railway_station" title="Benfleet railway station">Benfleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basildon_railway_station" title="Basildon railway station">Basildon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tilbury_Town_railway_station" title="Tilbury Town railway station">Tilbury Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barking_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Barking railway station">Barking</a>. Additionally, one service from Southend Central each weekday evening terminates at Liverpool Street.</li></ul> From 1910 to 1939, the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/District_line" title="District line">District line</a>'s eastbound service ran as far as Southend and Shoeburyness.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> Besides its main line railway connections, Southend is also the home of two smaller railways. The <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier_Railway" title="Southend Pier Railway">Southend Pier Railway</a> provides transport along the length of <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a>, whilst the nearby <a href="/wiki/Southend_Cliff_Railway" title="Southend Cliff Railway">Southend Cliff Railway</a> provides a connection from the promenade to the cliff top above.<a href="#cite_note-tht-371">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arterial_road_220608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arterial_road_220608.jpg/220px-Arterial_road_220608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arterial_road_220608.jpg/330px-Arterial_road_220608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arterial_road_220608.jpg/440px-Arterial_road_220608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A127 Kent Elms looking west</figcaption></figure> Two A-roads connect Southend with London and the rest of the country: the <a href="/wiki/A127_road" title="A127 road">A127</a> (Southend Arterial Road), via Basildon and <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/A13_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A13 road (Great Britain)">A13</a>, via Thurrock and <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a>. Both are major routes; however, within the borough, the A13 is now a single carriageway local single-carriageway route, whereas the A127 is an entirely dual-carriageway. Both connect to the M25 and eventually London. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seals_off_Southend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seals_off_Southend.jpg/220px-Seals_off_Southend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seals_off_Southend.jpg/330px-Seals_off_Southend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seals_off_Southend.jpg/440px-Seals_off_Southend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Seals off Southend</figcaption></figure> Southend-on-Sea is one of the driest places in the UK. It has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">marine climate</a> with summer highs of around 22 °C (72 °F) and winters highs being around 7.8 °C (46.0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Southend-on-Sea_climate_averages-372">[372]</a> Summer temperatures are generally slightly cooler than those in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Frosts are occasional. During the 1991–2020 period there was an average of 29.6 days of air frost. Rainfall averaged 527 millimetres (20.7 in). Weather station data is available from <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a>, a suburb of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Southend-on-Sea_climate_averages-372">[372]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Shoeburyness, in eastern part of Southend Urban Area, 2m asl, 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0 (1.69) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (1.42) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (1.29) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (1.42) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6 (1.64) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.1 (1.74) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1 (1.62) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.6 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0 (1.69) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.8 (2.28) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.8 (1.92) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">526.9 (20.75) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">101.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #808080; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.4 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.2 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.0 </td> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 </td> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.9 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,884.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_education_establishments_in_Southend-on-Sea" title="List of education establishments in Southend-on-Sea">List of education establishments in Southend-on-Sea</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020316.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Essex accommodation in Southend"><img alt="University of Essex accommodation in Southend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1020316.JPG/120px-P1020316.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1020316.JPG/180px-P1020316.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1020316.JPG/240px-P1020316.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a> accommodation in Southend</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cecil Jones Academy"><img alt="Cecil Jones Academy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg/120px-Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg/180px-Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg/240px-Cecil_Jones_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cecil Jones Academy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westcliff High School for Boys"><img alt="Westcliff High School for Boys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg/98px-Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg/147px-Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg/196px-Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys" title="Westcliff High School for Boys">Westcliff High School for Boys</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="South Essex College Southend Campus"><img alt="South Essex College Southend Campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG/120px-Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG/180px-Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG/240px-Southend_-_University_of_Essex..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_Essex_College" title="South Essex College">South Essex College</a> Southend Campus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend Adult Community College"><img alt="Southend Adult Community College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg/120px-Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg/180px-Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg/240px-Southend_Adult_Community_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_700459.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="382" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southend Adult Community College</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_schools">Secondary schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Secondary schools">edit</a>]</div> Southend has a mixture of secondary school offerings. The mainstream secondary schools are mixed-sex comprehensives, including <a href="/wiki/Belfairs_Academy" title="Belfairs Academy">Belfairs Academy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Jones_Academy" title="Cecil Jones Academy">Cecil Jones Academy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chase_High_School" title="Chase High School">Chase High School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_High_School" title="Southchurch High School">Southchurch High School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness_High_School" title="Shoeburyness High School">Shoeburyness High School</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Eastwood_Academy" title="The Eastwood Academy">The Eastwood Academy</a>. In 2004, Southend retained the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar schools in the United Kingdom">grammar school system</a> and has four such schools: <a href="/wiki/Southend_High_School_for_Boys" title="Southend High School for Boys">Southend High School for Boys</a>; <a href="/wiki/Southend_High_School_for_Girls" title="Southend High School for Girls">Southend High School for Girls</a>; <a href="/wiki/Westcliff_High_School_for_Boys" title="Westcliff High School for Boys">Westcliff High School for Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westcliff_High_School_for_Girls" title="Westcliff High School for Girls">Westcliff High School for Girls</a>. Additionally, there are two single-sex schools assisted by the Roman Catholic Church: <a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_High_School,_Westcliff-on-Sea" title="St Bernard's High School, Westcliff-on-Sea">St Bernard's High School</a> (girls) and <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_More_High_School" title="St Thomas More High School">St Thomas More High School</a> (boys). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_and_further_education">Higher and further education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Higher and further education">edit</a>]</div> The main higher education provider in Southend is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a> which has a campus in Elmer Approach, that opened in 2007 and is on the site of the former Odeon cinema.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> The University has operated from the city since 2003 when they opened a new satellite campus at Princess Caroline House in the High Street.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> It also operates the East 15 Acting School Southend campus at the Clifftown Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> In addition to a number of secondary schools that offer further education, the largest provider is <a href="/wiki/South_Essex_College" title="South Essex College">South Essex College</a> in a purpose-built building in the centre of town. Formerly known as South East Essex College, (and previously Southend Municipal College) the college changed name in January 2010 following a merger with Thurrock and Basildon College.<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> Additionally there is <a href="/wiki/PROCAT" title="PROCAT">PROCAT</a>, (an arm of South Essex College) that is based at Progress Road, while learners can travel to <a href="/wiki/USP_College" title="USP College">USP College</a> (formerly SEEVIC College) in <a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/East_15_Acting_School" title="East 15 Acting School">East 15 Acting School</a>, a drama school has its second campus in Southend, while the Southend Adult Community College is in Ambleside Drive. Southend United Futsal & Football Education Scholarship, located at <a href="/wiki/Southend_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend United">Southend United</a>'s stadium <a href="/wiki/Roots_Hall" title="Roots Hall">Roots Hall</a>, provides education for sports scholarships. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_education_in_the_city">Formation of education in the city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Formation of education in the city">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Primary education">edit</a>]</div> The first school in the city opened in <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell" title="Prittlewell">Prittlewell</a> in 1727, after the Reverend Case campaigned for one to be setup. Land was provided by the Lord of the Manor Daniel Scratton in North Street for establishment of a school, and by 1739, Scratton had donated a further 21 acres of land. The school was by subscription of 1d a week, with 16 free places provided, and the remainder of the funding provided by a partial subscription of the parish and collections at St Mary's.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> The Parliamentary commission into charities of 1819-37 described the school as "The premises consists of a house of lath and plaster, situate in the village near the bridge; it comprises a schoolroom of about 30ft. in length and 20ft. in breadth, and several other rooms which are appropriated to the use of the schoolmaster".<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> After Southend became a separate ecclesiastical district in 1842, the church of St. John's the Baptist founded the subscription <a href="/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="National school (England and Wales)">National School</a> in 1855 in Lower Southend.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> By 1876, the Board of Education called for a local board of education be set up and extra places be created. At the time of their report Southend had the following schools providing education for under 12s: <ul><li>Prittlewell Church of England - 175 pupils</li> <li>British School - 233 pupils</li> <li>Miss Felton's Infant School - 7 pupils</li> <li>Grovesnor School - 54 pupils</li></ul> It was reported that the National School had closed and that Southend required a further 220 places. Many parishioners were against a local school board being set up, but Daniel Scratton was for the development, and by 1877 the Prittlewell School Board was formed.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> By 1879, a new school was created called the London Road Schools which had places for over 500 pupils, and Prittlewell Church of England school had moved to East Street.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> However, by 1892, with further expansion of Southend, the Brewery Road School (now called Porters Grange) opened, followed by Leigh Road (which would become Hamlet Court County School) in 1897, Southchurch Hall in 1904, Bournemouth Park in 1907 and Chalkwell Park in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> The local board was dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1902" title="Education Act 1902">Education Act of 1902</a> and replaced by the education committee of the council.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_and_further_education">Secondary and further education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Secondary and further education">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Art_Department" title="Science and Art Department">Science and Art Department</a> formation in 1853 had seen the government push for education in art, science, technology, and design in Britain and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Butterworth-381">[381]</a> The movement did not arrive in Southend until 1882 when two evening classes were set up at the London Road Schools for Art and Physiology.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> By 1883 the classes were moved to Clarence Street in a building shared with the council.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows-379">[379]</a> The Technical Instruction Act of 1889 and 1891 allowed councils to provide evening classes for technical subjects. The <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Southend_on_Sea" title="County Borough of Southend on Sea">local board</a> set up the Technical Instruction Committee, and soon classes were started at the council offices in Clarence Road. They were extremely popular, and the following year the newly created Southend Corporation purchased further land in Clarence Road to build a Technical Institute.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> In 1895 the foundation stone was laid, but prior to it opening it was decided to also open a day technical school for about 20 pupils, influenced by the Bryce commission of 1894. The first headmaster was J Hitchcock from Woolwich and was supported by one assistant teacher.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> A one-day a week art school was opened, which by 1899 was a fully organised art college.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael12-384">[384]</a> The Day Technical School soon outgrew the Clarence Road site, and in 1902 a new building opened at Victoria Circus to host them, the Evening Technical Institute and the School of Art.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_4-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_5-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carmichael6-42">[42]</a> In 1907, Essex County Council formed a new Higher Education committee, who decided that education should be split into separate boys and girls schools. In 1912, a foundation stone was laid in Boston Avenue for a new girls school, and a year later the girls left the Day Technical School to the new <a href="/wiki/Southend_High_School_for_Girls" title="Southend High School for Girls">Southend High School for Girls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_13-47">[47]</a> The Day Technical School was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Southend_High_School_for_Boys" title="Southend High School for Boys">Southend High School for Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_14-48">[48]</a> In 1914, Southend became a County Borough, taking charge of all education in the town, including the High School, School of Art and the Evening class institute all located still in the same building.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> After the war the number of pupils increased, so in 1919 the School of Art moved out of the top floor to make room for the High School, into temporary wooden buildings at the rear of the building.<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael29-386">[386]</a> In 1920, The Commercial School was a co-educational school opened for the town’s rapidly expanding population in Bellsfield, a former large house located on Victoria Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Key_Information-387">[387]</a> Two years later, the school's name changed from The Commercial School to Westcliff High School, and by 1926, boys attending the school had moved to the school's present site on Kenilworth Gardens, becoming Westcliff High School for Boys. The accompanying girls' school, Westcliff High School for Girls, remained on the Victoria Avenue site until 1930, following their relocation to the same site as Westcliff High School for Boys.<a href="#cite_note-Key_Information-387">[387]</a> The plans for the purchased land at the corner of Victoria Avenue and Carnarvon Road was changed in 1934 when it was decided to use this as the site of a new town hall.<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> In 1922, the School of Art grew by adding a School of Architecture<a href="#cite_note-The_White_Hall-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_Niel_Martin-Kaye-390">[390]</a> The School of Art would become the nucleus of the newly formed Southend Technical and Commercial School. A Junior Technical department was opened at Fairfax Drive in 1929, but moved to Victoria Circus in 1934 to make way for <a href="/wiki/Chase_High_School" title="Chase High School">Fairfax Senior Mixed School</a>, and in 1935 the Technical and Commercial school was renamed Southend Municipal College,<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael29-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-ero-392">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECC/33-393">[393]</a> who took over the whole site after Southend High School for Boys moved to Prittlewell Chase in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> The college was restructured in 1963 to include in its teaching commercial and industrial skills for education in courses like plumbing, and renamed as the Southend College of Technology.<a href="#cite_note-independent1-395">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-ero-392">[392]</a> The college became South East Essex College of Arts and Technology (SEECAT) in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-independent1-395">[395]</a> with the college formally merged with <a href="/wiki/Thurrock_and_Basildon_College" title="Thurrock and Basildon College">Thurrock and Basildon College</a> on 1 January 2010 and was renamed South Essex College.<a href="#cite_note-southessex1-396">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg/220px-Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg/330px-Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg/440px-Southend_-_Leisure_and_tennis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Southend Leisure and Tennis Centre</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Southend_United_F.C." title="Southend United F.C.">Southend United</a> is the only professional club in the city. The club was formed in 1906 and has played as high as English football's <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">second tier</a>. It currently competes in the <a href="/wiki/Vanarama_National_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanarama National League">Vanarama National League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-15Feb2023-398">[398]</a> after dropping out of the Football League at the end of the 2020–21 season, after 101 years of participation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-01May2021-399">[399]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southend_Manor_F.C." title="Southend Manor F.C.">Southend Manor</a>, the city's other senior club, plays in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Football_League" title="Eastern Counties Football League">Eastern Counties Football League</a>, the 9th tier in the English football pyramid and are based at <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Park" title="Southchurch Park">Southchurch Park Arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> clubs in the city, <a href="/wiki/Southend_RFC" title="Southend RFC">Southend RFC</a> play in London 1 North while <a href="/wiki/Westcliff_R.F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Westcliff R.F.C.">Westcliff R.F.C.</a> play in London & South East Premier. The city has formerly been home to both the Essex Eels and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Invicta" title="Kent Invicta">Southend Invicta</a> rugby league teams. The <a href="/wiki/Essex_Pirates" title="Essex Pirates">Essex Pirates</a> basketball team that played in the <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League</a>, were based in the city between 2009 and 2011. <a href="/wiki/Essex_County_Cricket_Club" title="Essex County Cricket Club">Essex County Cricket Club</a> previously played in Southend one week a season until the club withdrew in 2011 after 105 years.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> The Southend Cricket Festival was held at <a href="/wiki/Chalkwell_Park" title="Chalkwell Park">Chalkwell Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Park" title="Southchurch Park">Southchurch Park</a>, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Garon_Park#The_Peter_Butler_Oval" title="Garon Park">Garon Park</a> next to the Southend Leisure & Tennis Centre.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a> The only other cricket is local. The Old Southendians Hockey Club is based at Warner's Bridge in Southend. The eight-lane, floodlit, synthetic athletics track at <a href="/wiki/Garon_Park" title="Garon Park">Southend Leisure and Tennis Centre</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_Athletic_Club" title="Southend-on-Sea Athletic Club">Southend-on-Sea Athletic Club</a>. The facilities cover all track and field events.<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> The centre has a 25m swimming pool and a world championship level diving pool with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10m boards, plus springboards with the only 1.3m in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a> Southend has hosted a half marathon since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment_and_culture">Entertainment and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Entertainment and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southend_Pleasure_Pier">Southend Pleasure Pier</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Southend Pleasure Pier">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier_Railway" title="Southend Pier Railway">Southend Pier Railway</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mile out along the pier"><img alt="A mile out along the pier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg/120px-Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg/180px-Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg/240px-Southend_from_Southend_Pier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mile out along the <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">pier</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Pier_Railway,_Southend-on-Sea,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pier railway train"><img alt="A pier railway train" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg/120px-Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg/180px-Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg/240px-Southend_Pier_Railway%2C_Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5061" data-file-height="3367" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pier railway train</div> </li> </ul> Southend-on-Sea is home to the world's longest pleasure pier, originally built in 1830 from wood before being replaced in iron during 1889. The pier stretches some 1.34 miles (2.16 km) from shore into the Thames Estuary and is a Grade II <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, English poet and broadcaster, once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".<a href="#cite_note-bbc_legacies-19">[19]</a> The pier has been home to a narrow gauge railway since 1846.<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kursaal">Kursaal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Kursaal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kursaal_(amusement_park)" title="Kursaal (amusement park)">Kursaal (amusement park)</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kursaal"><img alt="The Kursaal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg/120px-Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg/180px-Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg/240px-Kursaal_Ballrooms_-_geograph.org.uk_-_30246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kursaal</div> </li> </ul> The Kursaal was one of the earliest theme parks, opening in 1901. It closed in the 1970s and much of the land was developed as housing. The entrance hall, a listed building, was redeveloped to house a bowling alley operated by <a href="/wiki/Megabowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabowl">Megabowl</a> and casino in 1998. However the bowling alley closed in 2019 and the casino closed in 2020. The building currently stands unused, and in May 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Society" title="The Victorian Society">The Victorian Society</a> listed the Kursaal amongst their 10 at risk sites that need rescuing.<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southend_Carnival">Southend Carnival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Southend Carnival">edit</a>]</div> Southend Carnival has been an annual event since 1906,<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a> where it was part of the annual regatta, and was set up to raise funds for the Southend Victoria Cottage Hospital. In 1926, a carnival association was formed, and by 1930, they were raising funds for the building of the new General Hospital with a range of events, including a fete in Chalkwell Park.<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a> The parades, which included a daylight and torchlight parades were cut down to just a torchlight parade during the 1990s. The carnival has not run since 2020, although attempts have been made to restart the parade,<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a> however the accompanying fair returned in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cliff_Lift">Cliff Lift</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cliff Lift">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southend_Cliff_Railway" title="Southend Cliff Railway">Southend Cliff Railway</a></div> A short funicular railway, constructed in 1912, links the seafront to the High Street level of the town. The line runs on the site of a pioneering moving walkway, a forerunner of today's <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalator</a>. This was constructed in 1901 by the American engineer <a href="/wiki/Jesse_W._Reno" title="Jesse W. Reno">Jesse W. Reno</a>, but soon proved noisy and unreliable due its exposed location.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-36">[36]</a> The lift re-opened to the public in 2010, following a period of refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_seafront_attractions">Other seafront attractions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Other seafront attractions">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sunset in Southend, a view of Adventure Island in 2007"><img alt="The sunset in Southend, a view of Adventure Island in 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg/120px-Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg/180px-Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg/240px-Southend_on_Sea-sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sunset in Southend, a view of Adventure Island in 2007</div> </li> </ul> An amusement park <a href="/wiki/Adventure_Island_(amusement_park)" title="Adventure Island (amusement park)">Adventure Island</a>, formerly known as Peter Pan's Playground, straddles the pier entrance.<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a> The seafront houses the "Sea-Life Adventure" <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a> As of May 2024, Southend has four <a href="/wiki/Keep_Britain_Tidy" title="Keep Britain Tidy">Keep Britain Tidy</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach" title="Blue Flag beach">Blue Flag</a> awarded beaches at East Beach, Shoebury Common, Three Shells and Westcliff Bay.<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a> A modern vertical lift links the base of the High Street with the seafront and the new pier entrance.<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_attractions">Former attractions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Former attractions">edit</a>]</div> The cliff gardens, which included <a href="/wiki/Never_Never_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Never Never Land">Never Never Land</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> and a Victorian bandstand were an attraction until slippage in 2003 made parts of the cliffs unstable.<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a> The bandstand has been removed and re-erected in Priory Park.<a href="#cite_note-echo-news.co.uk-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival_events">Festival events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Festival events">edit</a>]</div> The Southend-on-Sea Film Festival is an annual event that began in 2009 and is run by the White Bus film and theatrical company based at The Old Waterworks Arts Center located inside a Victorian era Old Water Works plant. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Winstone" title="Ray Winstone">Ray Winstone</a> attended the opening night gala in both 2010 and 2011, and has become the Festival Patron.<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a> Southend is also home to Horror-on-Sea festival, again run by the White Bus Company, which was founded in 2013. The festival for independent horror films takes place over two weekends in January.<a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a> Since 2021, the city has hosted a Halloween parade in October, while the Leigh Art Trail runs during July. Two events that started in 2022 was Southend City Jam, a street art festival, and LuminoCity, a light festival,<a href="#cite_note-guard2023-425">[425]</a> however LuminoCity was announced to be cancelled for 2024 due to budget cuts at Southend City Council.<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a> The Old Leigh Regatta takes place every September,<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a> while Leigh Folk Festival has run since 1992, though will be taking a break in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a> The Southend Jazz Festival has been run since 2020.<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a> Between 2008 and 2019, Chalkwell Park became home to the Village Green Art & Music Festival for a weekend every July,<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a> but has not run since 2019 due to covid. The London to Southend Classic Car Run takes place each summer. It is run by the South Eastern Vintage and Classic Vehicle Club.<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a> The Southend Shakedown, organised by <a href="/wiki/Ace_Cafe" title="Ace Cafe">Ace Cafe</a>, is an annual event featuring motorbikes and scooters. There are other scooter runs throughout the year, including the Great London Rideout, which arrives at Southend seafront each year.<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_nature_reserves">Parks and nature reserves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Parks and nature reserves">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend Cliff Gardens"><img alt="Southend Cliff Gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg/120px-Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg/180px-Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg/240px-Southend_Cliff_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southend Cliff Gardens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend-on-Sea,_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Priory Park"><img alt="Priory Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg/120px-Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg/180px-Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg/240px-Southend-on-Sea%2C_UK_-_panoramio_-_cezma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Priory Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prittlewell_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prittlewell Square"><img alt="Prittlewell Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prittlewell_Square.jpg/120px-Prittlewell_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prittlewell_Square.jpg/180px-Prittlewell_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Prittlewell_Square.jpg/240px-Prittlewell_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prittlewell Square</div> </li> </ul> Southend is home to many recreation grounds. Its first formal park to open was <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_Square" title="Prittlewell Square">Prittlewell Square</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a> Since then <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_Priory" title="Prittlewell Priory">Priory Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a> Victory Sports Grounds<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a> and Jones Corner Recreation Ground were donated by the town benefactor <a href="/wiki/R_A_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="R A Jones">R A Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a> Other formal parks that have opened since are <a href="/wiki/Chalkwell_Park" title="Chalkwell Park">Chalkwell Park</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Hall" title="Southchurch Hall">Southchurch Hall</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Park" title="Southchurch Park">Southchurch Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garon_Park" title="Garon Park">Garon Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunners_Park_and_Shoebury_Ranges" title="Gunners Park and Shoebury Ranges">Gunners Park</a>. Part of Southend's <a href="/wiki/Benfleet_and_Southend_Marshes" title="Benfleet and Southend Marshes">foreshore</a> is designated a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a>, while there are nature reserves at <a href="/wiki/Great_Wood_and_Dodd%27s_Grove" title="Great Wood and Dodd's Grove">Belfairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belton_Hills" title="Belton Hills">Belton Hills</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_areas_and_architecture">Conservation areas and architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Conservation areas and architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_areas_in_Southend-on-Sea" title="List of conservation areas in Southend-on-Sea">List of conservation areas in Southend-on-Sea</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3-6_Royal_Terrace,_Southend_on_sea,_Essex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Terrace, Southend"><img alt="The Royal Terrace, Southend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg/120px-3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg/180px-3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg/240px-3-6_Royal_Terrace%2C_Southend_on_sea%2C_Essex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Royal Terrace, Southend</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend-on-Sea War Memorial"><img alt="Southend-on-Sea War Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg/106px-Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg/159px-Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg/212px-Southend-on-Sea_war_memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southend-on-Sea War Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour,_Southchurch_Road,_Southend-on-Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porters Civic House and Mayor's Parlour, Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea"><img alt="Porters Civic House and Mayor's Parlour, Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/120px-Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/180px-Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg/240px-Porters_Civic_House_and_Mayor%27s_Parlour%2C_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porters Civic House and Mayor's Parlour, Southchurch Road, Southend-on-Sea</div> </li> </ul> Southend has various <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)" title="Conservation area (United Kingdom)">Conservation areas</a> across the city, with the first being designated in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a> Nationally Historic England have 124 recorded listed buildings within the city.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selection_of_interesting_architecture">Selection of interesting architecture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Selection of interesting architecture">edit</a>]</div> The Royal Terrace (originally called the Terrace), built between 1791 and 1793, is one of the few examples of 18th century urban housing in Essex, and was called "Exceptional" in the 2007 architectural guide The Buildings of England.<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> The Terrace has been Grade II listed since 1951.<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a> In 1973, the owners of the Royal Hotel at the end of the Terrace, put in planning permission to demolish the public house and replace it, which was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Hall" title="Southchurch Hall">Southchurch Hall</a> is a Grade I listed Medieval moated house located in Southchurch, built between c.1321 – 1364 with later extensions.<a href="#cite_note-Southchurch_room_guide-444">[444]</a> In 1930 it was restored and presented to the people of Southend by the Dowsett Family.<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a> The Hall was listed in <a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a> England's Thousand Best Houses.<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Prittlewell" title="St Mary's Church, Prittlewell">St Mary's Church, Prittlewell</a> is a Grade I listed church that has existed since Saxon times and is the oldest building in the city. Professor Stephen Rippon of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> noted in a study "stone buildings in this period were extremely rare, suggesting Prittlewell was a "minister" church of some importance", and the church was mentioned in the Domesday book.<a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_War_Memorial" title="Southend-on-Sea War Memorial">Southend-on-Sea War Memorial</a> is a Grade II* listed obelisk situated in Clifftown, Southend. The structure was completed in 1921 to designs by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a> Architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> praised the "remarkably subtly proportioned" base and pedestal of the memorial.<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a> The White Hall is a Grade II listed former tennis club house in Clatterfield Gardens in the suburb of Westcliff-on-Sea. The building, along with its neighbouring house were designed by the Head of the School of Architecture at Southend Municipal College, Douglas Niel Martin-Kaye for the Thurston family. The building from 1934, is designed in the <a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a> and was to be part of a modernist development that failed to materialise beyond the two buildings. The building is now home to the Sunshine Nursery.<a href="#cite_note-The_White_Hall-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_Niel_Martin-Kaye-390">[390]</a> Porters is a medieval Manor house. The name comes from the family, le-Porters, who owned the land during the 14th century. The current house was built either in the 15th or 16th century made from red brick, with cross wings at the east and west ends gabled on the north and south fronts. At the end of the 16th century it was rebuilt with the space between the wings being filled in and a porch built on the north front. The property's first recorded owner was Humfrey Browne (died 1592).<a href="#cite_note-heporters-455">[455]</a> Between 1833 to 1835, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> stayed at Porters on numerous occasions.<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicholson,_2nd_Baronet" title="Charles Nicholson, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Nicholson</a> purchased the building to save it from demolition, living there until 1932, when it was sold to Southend Corporation who in 1935 opened it as the Mayor's parlour and civic house.<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a> The building was listed as Grade I in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-heporters-455">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_galleries,_museums_and_libraries">Art, galleries, museums and libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Art, galleries, museums and libraries">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southend Central Museum, Victoria Avenue"><img alt="Southend Central Museum, Victoria Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg/120px-Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg/180px-Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg/240px-Southend-on-Sea_Museum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_560855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="385" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southend_Central_Museum" title="Southend Central Museum">Southend Central Museum</a>, Victoria Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beecroft Art Gallery, Victoria Avenue"><img alt="Beecroft Art Gallery, Victoria Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg/120px-Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg/180px-Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg/240px-Beecroft_Art_Gallery_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Beecroft_Art_Gallery" title="Beecroft Art Gallery">Beecroft Art Gallery</a>, Victoria Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southchurch_Hall,_Southend_(north-west_elevation)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southchurch Hall"><img alt="Southchurch Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg/120px-Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg/180px-Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg/240px-Southchurch_Hall%2C_Southend_%28north-west_elevation%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5708565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Hall" title="Southchurch Hall">Southchurch Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prittlewell_Priory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prittlewell Priory"><img alt="Prittlewell Priory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prittlewell_Priory.jpg/120px-Prittlewell_Priory.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prittlewell_Priory.jpg/180px-Prittlewell_Priory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prittlewell_Priory.jpg/240px-Prittlewell_Priory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_Priory" title="Prittlewell Priory">Prittlewell Priory</a></div> </li> </ul> Southend Museums, part of Southend on Sea City Council, operates two historic houses - <a href="/wiki/Southchurch_Hall" title="Southchurch Hall">Southchurch Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_Priory" title="Prittlewell Priory">Prittlewell Priory</a>, an art gallery - <a href="/wiki/Beecroft_Art_Gallery" title="Beecroft Art Gallery">Beecroft Art Gallery</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southend_Central_Museum" title="Southend Central Museum">Southend Central Museum and Planetarium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a> The museums service looks after around 50,000 objects including collections of archaeology, natural history, social history, fashion and textile, fine art and photography. Southend Central Museum is the home of the world-renowned <a href="/wiki/Prittlewell_royal_Anglo-Saxon_burial" title="Prittlewell royal Anglo-Saxon burial">Prittlewell Princely Burial</a> artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[462]</a> Independent museums and archives include <a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Centre_UK" title="The Jazz Centre UK">The Jazz Centre UK</a>, a jazz cultural centre, that has operated out of the <a href="/wiki/Beecroft_Art_Gallery" title="Beecroft Art Gallery">Beecroft Art Gallery</a> since 2016<a href="#cite_note-463">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[464]</a> and Southend Pier Museum, located on <a href="/wiki/Southend_Pier" title="Southend Pier">Southend Pier</a>. Focal Point Gallery, based in <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_Southend-on-Sea" title="The Forum Southend-on-Sea">The Forum</a>, is South Essex's gallery for contemporary visual art, promoting and commissioning major solo exhibitions, group and thematic shows, a programme of events including performances, film screenings and talks, as well as offsite projects and temporary public artworks. The organisation is funded by Southend-on-Sea City Council and Arts Council England.<a href="#cite_note-guard2023-425">[425]</a> The Old Waterworks Arts Center operates on North Road, Westcliff in the former Victorian water works building. It holds art exhibitions, talks and workshops.<a href="#cite_note-465">[465]</a> Metal, the art organisation set up by <a href="/wiki/Jude_Kelly" title="Jude Kelly">Jude Kelly</a> OBE has been based in Chalkwell Hall since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-466">[466]</a> The organisation offers residency space for artists and also organises the Village Green Art & Music Festival.<a href="#cite_note-467">[467]</a> The park is also home to NetPark, which claims to be the world's first digital art park.<a href="#cite_note-guard2023-425">[425]</a> Southend has several small libraries located in Leigh, Westcliff, Kent Elms and Southchurch. The central library has moved from its traditional location on Victoria Avenue to <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_Southend-on-Sea" title="The Forum Southend-on-Sea">The Forum</a> in Elmer Approach, a new facility paid for by Southend Council, South Essex College and The University of Essex. It replaced the former Farringdon Multistorey Car Park. The old Central Library building (built 1974) has become home to the Beecroft Gallery and the Jazz Centre UK.<a href="#cite_note-guard2023-425">[425]</a> This building had replaced the former <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie funded free library</a>, that opened in 1906, and is now home to the <a href="/wiki/Southend_Central_Museum" title="Southend Central Museum">Southend Central Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Everritt34-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_venues">Current venues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Current venues">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cliffs Pavilion"><img alt="The Cliffs Pavilion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg/120px-The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg/180px-The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg/240px-The_Cliffs_Pavilion_-_geograph.org.uk_-_734107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Cliffs Pavilion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Palace_Theatre,_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea"><img alt="Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg/80px-The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg/119px-The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg/159px-The_Palace_Theatre%2C_Westcliff_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clifftown Theatre - part of East 15's Southend campus"><img alt="Clifftown Theatre - part of East 15's Southend campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg/90px-Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg/135px-Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg/180px-Cliff_Town_United_Reformed_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_793477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clifftown Theatre - part of East 15's Southend campus</div> </li> </ul> There are a number of theatres in the city proving a variety of entertainment. The Edwardian <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Westcliff-on-Sea" title="Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea">Palace Theatre</a> is a Grade II <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> that opened in 1912. It shows plays by professional troupes and repertory groups, as well as comedy acts. The theatre has two circles and the steepest rake in Britain. The theatre was given to the town by its then owner Gertrude Mouillot in 1942 on condition that local amateur groups could continue to use the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-468">[468]</a> A smaller venue called The Dixon Studio was added in the early 1980s after a fundraising campaign by the Palace Theatre Trust led by <a href="/wiki/J_F_Dixons" title="J F Dixons">John F Dixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-469">[469]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_Pavilion" title="Cliffs Pavilion">Cliffs Pavilion</a> is the largest purpose built arts venue in Essex.<a href="#cite_note-470">[470]</a> Plans for a theatre, the Shorefield Pavilion,<a href="#cite_note-471">[471]</a> on the site started in 1935 when the borough council purchased the site to build a 500-seat theatre and concert venue, with work starting four years later on construction but was suspended by the outbreak of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-echodec23-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-yearsley-73">[73]</a> After the war, the site was known as Southend's white elephant until 1963, when work was started on building that could host shows, concerts and private functions. The building was opened by the actor, writer and director <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Miles" title="Bernard Miles">Sir Bernard Miles</a> in July 1964, with the first show opening the next day starring <a href="/wiki/Norman_Vaughan_(comedian)" title="Norman Vaughan (comedian)">Norman Vaughan</a> and his troupe of dancers, the Swinging Lovelies.<a href="#cite_note-echodec23-72">[72]</a> In 1991–92, the council extended the site, with a new Foyer Bar added and a balcony added to the auditorium, increasing the capacity to 1,600.<a href="#cite_note-472">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-yearsley-73">[73]</a> The venue hosts a variety of concerts, shows and performances on ice, as well as pantomimes at Christmas. Artists that have performed at the Cliffs include <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[473]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, whose live DVD <a href="/wiki/Live_by_the_Sea" title="Live by the Sea">Live by the Sea</a> was recorded at the Cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-474">[474]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Town_Congregational_Church" title="Cliff Town Congregational Church">Clifftown Theatre</a> is located in the former Clifftown United Reformed Church and as well as regular performances is part of the East 15 Acting School campus.<a href="#cite_note-475">[475]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_venues">Former venues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Former venues">edit</a>]</div> Southend once hosted many more theatres. The <a href="/wiki/New_Empire_Theatre" title="New Empire Theatre">New Empire Theatre</a> closed in 2009. Unlike the Cliffs Pavilion or the Palace Theatre, the theatre was privately run, and hosted more amateur groups. The theatre was converted from the old ABC Cinema, which had previously been the Empire Theatre built in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-476">[476]</a> The theatre closed after a dispute between the trust that ran the theatre and its owners. The building was badly damaged by fire on Saturday 1 August 2015<a href="#cite_note-477">[477]</a> and was demolished in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-478">[478]</a> Other former venues included the Floral Hall on Western Esplanade, which hosted <a href="/wiki/G._H._Chirgwin" title="G. H. Chirgwin">G. H. Chirgwin</a>, that burnt down in 1937,<a href="#cite_note-479">[479]</a> while the Sundeck Theatre was at the pier head and hosted acts like <a href="/wiki/Arthur_English" title="Arthur English">Arthur English</a>, until it closed and was converted to the Diamond Horseshoe Showbar before it was destroyed in the fire in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-480">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[481]</a> The largest lost theatre was the Hippodrome in Southchurch Road, designed by <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Crewe" title="Bertie Crewe">Bertie Crewe</a>, which opened in 1909. The theatre could hold 1,750 on three tiers, hosting acts like <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-482">[482]</a> but was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Gaumont-British#Cinema" title="Gaumont-British">Gaumont Theatres</a> and was converted to a cinema in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-483">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-Everritt34-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_film">Cinema and film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Cinema and film">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Empire_Theatre,_Alexandra_Street,_Southend-On-Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The former ABC Cinema"><img alt="The former ABC Cinema" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg/94px-New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg/140px-New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg/187px-New_Empire_Theatre%2C_Alexandra_Street%2C_Southend-On-Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3844" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The former ABC Cinema</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Astoria/Odeon cinema - High Street, Southend"><img alt="Former Astoria/Odeon cinema - High Street, Southend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg/120px-Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg/180px-Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg/240px-Two_buses_in_Southend-on-Sea_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2756114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1232" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Astoria/Odeon cinema - High Street, Southend</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The current Odeon"><img alt="The current Odeon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg/120px-The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg/180px-The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg/240px-The_ever_changing_face_of_Victoria_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_533002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The current Odeon</div> </li> </ul> Southend has one cinema – the Odeon Multiplex at Victoria Circus which has eight screens. The borough of Southend had at one time a total of 18 cinema theatres,<a href="#cite_note-484">[484]</a> with the most famous being the Odeon (formerly the Astoria Theatre), which as well as showing films hosted live entertainers including the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-485">[485]</a> This building no longer stands having been replaced by the Southend Campus of the University of Essex. There are plans to build a new 10-screen cinema and entertainment facility on the site of the Seaway Car Park.<a href="#cite_note-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_film">On film</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: On film">edit</a>]</div> Southend has appeared in films over the years, with the New York New York arcade on Marine Parade being used in the British gangster flick <a href="/wiki/Essex_Boys" title="Essex Boys">Essex Boys</a>, the premiere of which took place at the Southend Odeon.<a href="#cite_note-488">[488]</a> Southend Airport was used for the filming of the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[489]</a> Part of the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a> film <a href="/wiki/Killing_Dad" title="Killing Dad">Killing Dad</a> was set and filmed in Southend,<a href="#cite_note-490">[490]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff" title="Stephen Poliakoff">Stephen Poliakoff</a> used several locations in the city to film his 1981 film <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Kids" title="Bloody Kids">Bloody Kids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[491]</a> Southend and the surrounding areas were heavily used and featured in the Viral Marketing<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a> for the Universal Pictures 2022 American <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action film</a> sequel <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_World_Dominion" title="Jurassic World Dominion">Jurassic World Dominion</a>, with a number of the featured videos on the DinoTracker website filmed in the Southend area<a href="#cite_note-493">[493]</a> doubling for locations around the world. This is due to the fact that local resident and Jurassic World Franchise marketer Samuel Phillips utilised the area for both videos and imagery.<a href="#cite_note-494">[494]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venues">Venues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Venues">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southend_Christian_Fellowship,_600_Southchurch_Road,_Southend-on-Sea_(May_2024)_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Plaza Centre, Southchurch Road"><img alt="The Plaza Centre, Southchurch Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg/120px-Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg/180px-Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg/240px-Southend_Christian_Fellowship%2C_600_Southchurch_Road%2C_Southend-on-Sea_%28May_2024%29_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Plaza Centre, Southchurch Road</div> </li> </ul> Southend's primary music venues are Chinnerys, formerly Ivy House, and the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_Pavilion" title="Cliffs Pavilion">Cliffs Pavilion</a>. Chinnerys is a 400-person capacity club which has hosted the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Charlatans_(English_band)" title="The Charlatans (English band)">The Charlatans</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Libertines" title="The Libertines">The Libertines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-495">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a> The Plaza, a Christian community centre and concert hall based on Southchurch Road that had previously been a cinema,<a href="#cite_note-497">[497]</a> regularly hosts concert performances.<a href="#cite_note-498">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_venues_2">Former venues</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Former venues">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The former Esplanade pub, now demolished"><img alt="The former Esplanade pub, now demolished" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg/120px-The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg/180px-The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg/240px-The_Esplanade_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2957405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The former Esplanade pub, now demolished</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon_nightclub,_southend.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chameleon Nightclub in Lucy Road, Southend"><img alt="Chameleon Nightclub in Lucy Road, Southend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg/120px-Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg/180px-Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg/240px-Chameleon_nightclub%2C_southend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chameleon Nightclub in Lucy Road, Southend</div> </li> </ul> The city has previously had some well-known venues: <ul><li>The Kursaal Ballroom hosted many of the big dance bands of the 20s and 40s.<a href="#cite_note-499">[499]</a> During the 1970s it became a renowned rock music venue, hosting acts such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thin_Lizzy" title="Thin Lizzy">Thin Lizzy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> and <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-500">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-501">[501]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)" title="Dr. Feelgood (band)">Dr. Feelgood</a> recorded their Going back home album which was also recorded on film.<a href="#cite_note-502">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[503]</a> A photograph of the performance of AC/DC at The Kursaal in 1977 was used on the front cover of their <a href="/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock" title="Let There Be Rock">Let There Be Rock</a> album.<a href="#cite_note-504">[504]</a></li> <li>Talk of the Town South in Lucy Road, opened in 1972 as a cabaret club and discotheque,<a href="#cite_note-505">[505]</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Stage" title="The Stage">The Stage</a> reporting at the time</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was felt for a long time that Southend had paid too much attention to the younger generation and not nearly enough to the over-thirties and so it was, with this fact in mind, that the designers worked their overtime in an attempt to create decor suitable to marry different generations of people together quite compatibly. In the four months that Talk of the South has been operational, its results have proved so tremendously successful that managing director Manzi now feels sure that the cabaret that has been previously missing from the area has not only been required, but indeed needed, for some considerable time.<a href="#cite_note-506">[506]</a></blockquote> The club hosted big names including <a href="/wiki/The_New_Seekers" title="The New Seekers">The New Seekers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Howerd" title="Frankie Howerd">Frankie Howerd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Greco" title="Buddy Greco">Buddy Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Des_O%27Connor" title="Des O'Connor">Des O'Connor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>. The club morphed first into TOTS, then into TOTS 2000 in 1993 before becoming Talk nightclub in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-507">[507]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a> held a DJ set at the club.<a href="#cite_note-essexlive1021-508">[508]</a> The club closed for the last time on New Year's Eve 2019.<a href="#cite_note-509">[509]</a> <ul><li>The Esplanade pub was once a regular music venue. Situated on Western Esplanade, the building was opened in 1900. In the 70s it ran as a Pub Rock venue, called the Grand Canyon Club with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)" title="Dr. Feelgood (band)">Dr. Feelgood</a> performing there, while in 90s it hosted bands such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneaker_Pimps" title="Sneaker Pimps">Sneaker Pimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reef_(band)" title="Reef (band)">Reef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catatonia_(band)" title="Catatonia (band)">Catatonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[511]</a></li> <li>Originally opened as Mr. B's in the 1980s and hosted acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">The Prodigy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[512]</a> It was reopened as Adlib in 1994 by Dick de Vigne and Ian Reading,<a href="#cite_note-513">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[515]</a> hosting a host of big name DJs including <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Healy" title="Jeremy Healy">Jeremy Healy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold" title="Paul Oakenfold">Paul Oakenfold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Tong" title="Pete Tong">Pete Tong</a> at Glow nights, and the likes of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Kitten" title="Atomic Kitten">Atomic Kitten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steps_(pop_group)" title="Steps (pop group)">Steps</a> at Outrage nights.<a href="#cite_note-516">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[517]</a> In October 1999, the club night Rage controversially held a Halloween party with act Nightmare, with Southend East MP, Sir Teddy Taylor, saying,</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This kind of horrific display will simply give a bad name to the Southend nightclub scene. Of course Halloween is meant to be a time of fun and celebration. I don't feel these grotesque displays are in that vein. This is simply part of a nasty culture growing up in parts of London which I don't think we want in Southend at all. How does it add to people's enjoyment to see people being dismembered and beheaded?<a href="#cite_note-518">[518]</a></blockquote> The club was bought by Luminar Leisure and in 2000 was refurbished and renamed as Chameleon.<a href="#cite_note-519">[519]</a> Chameleon hosted various club nights, but was known for its alternative Panic night on Fridays, which hosted DJs like Radio 1's <a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._Carter" title="Daniel P. Carter">Daniel P. Carter</a> until it ended in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-520">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-essexlive1021-508">[508]</a> The club hosted the first Luck N Neat Juniors rave outside of London in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-521">[521]</a> Later that year, owner Dick de Vigne put the club up for sale, however the club remained open until the Covid lockdown and has never reopened.<a href="#cite_note-522">[522]</a> <ul><li>For twenty years, the Sunrooms in Market Place, Southend hosted a variety of big name DJs including <a href="/wiki/Scroobius_Pip" title="Scroobius Pip">Scroobius Pip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraviz" title="Nina Kraviz">Nina Kraviz</a> before closing in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-523">[523]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southend_scene">Southend scene</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Southend scene">edit</a>]</div> Southend has had a nationally renowned rock music scene since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-524">[524]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Paramounts" title="The Paramounts">The Paramounts</a> had chart success in the early 1960s, before morphing into <a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-525">[525]</a> During the 70s, Southend was a big part for the <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock</a> scene,<a href="#cite_note-526">[526]</a> with Paul Shuttleworth and <a href="/wiki/Will_Birch" title="Will Birch">Will Birch</a> running a pub rock venue at The Esplanade, other venues like The Top Alex,<a href="#cite_note-527">[527]</a> and influential acts like <a href="/wiki/The_Kursaal_Flyers" title="The Kursaal Flyers">The Kursaal Flyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Jupp" title="Mickey Jupp">Mickey Jupp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[529]</a> In 1989, an album The Southend Connection was released to celebrate the roots of the genre in the town.<a href="#cite_note-530">[530]</a> Later in the decade, Southend had a big punk rock scene producing notable bands The Machines, The Sinyx and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_Uprising_(band)" title="Kronstadt Uprising (band)">Kronstadt Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-531">[531]</a> Media theorist <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a> stated that punk originated from "a whole range of heterogeneous youth styles: glitter rock, American proto-punk, London pub-rock, Southend R & B bands, Northern soul and reggae".<a href="#cite_note-532">[532]</a> In the early 1990s, rock bands such as Understand and Above All had <a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a> compare the Southend music scene to punk rock meccas New York, LA, Seattle and Washington DC.<a href="#cite_note-533">[533]</a> Between 2001 and 2006, the Southend scene was centered on the Junk Club, which was held in the basement of the Royal Hotel. It was run by Oliver "Blitz" Abbott & Rhys Webb of The Horrors, and the underground club night played an eclectic mix from Post Punk to Acid House, 1960s Psychedelia to Electro. The club was influential and featured nationally in the <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dazed" title="Dazed">Dazed & Confused</a>; <a href="/wiki/I-D" title="I-D">i-D</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Vogue" title="British Vogue">Vogue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-534">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osgerby-535">[535]</a> Acts associated with the scene included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Horrors" title="The Horrors">The Horrors</a><a href="#cite_note-Osgerby-535">[535]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/These_New_Puritans" title="These New Puritans">These New Puritans</a><a href="#cite_note-Osgerby-535">[535]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Violets" title="The Violets">The Violets</a><a href="#cite_note-Echo4909-536">[536]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipso_Facto_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipso Facto (band)">Ipso Facto</a><a href="#cite_note-537">[537]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neils_Children" title="Neils Children">Neils Children</a><a href="#cite_note-Echo4909-536">[536]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Bra_(band)" title="No Bra (band)">No Bra</a><a href="#cite_note-ECC-538">[538]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulterior_(band)" title="Ulterior (band)">Ulterior</a><a href="#cite_note-ECC-538">[538]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Videos_and_songs">Videos and songs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Videos and songs">edit</a>]</div> Southend has been used as the location for several music videos, by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-539">[539]</a> The city is mentioned in a number of songs including <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>'s track Bitter Fingers,<a href="#cite_note-540">[540]</a> Picture Book by <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">The Kinks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-541">[541]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg's</a> hymn to Essex, A13, Trunk Road to the sea, a British version of <a href="/wiki/(Get_Your_Kicks_on)_Route_66" title="(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66">Route 66</a>, where the final line of the chorus is "Southend's the end".<a href="#cite_note-542">[542]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[543]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artists_and_bands">Artists and bands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Artists and bands">edit</a>]</div> Southend has had numerous bands and musicians that have originated from the town, including: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busted_(band)" title="Busted (band)">Busted</a><a href="#cite_note-544">[544]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Cape._Wear_Cape._Fly" title="Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly">Get Cape. Wear Cape. Fly</a><a href="#cite_note-545">[545]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Dax" title="Danielle Dax">Danielle Dax</a><a href="#cite_note-Larkin80-546">[546]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_and_the_Hot_Rods" title="Eddie and the Hot Rods">Eddie and the Hot Rods</a><a href="#cite_note-547">[547]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Rounds_Rapid" title="Eight Rounds Rapid">Eight Rounds Rapid</a><a href="#cite_note-548">[548]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horrors" title="The Horrors">The Horrors</a><a href="#cite_note-549">[549]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kursaal_Flyers" title="The Kursaal Flyers">The Kursaal Flyers</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[550]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Jupp" title="Mickey Jupp">Mickey Jupp</a><a href="#cite_note-551">[551]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_But_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing But Thieves">Nothing But Thieves</a><a href="#cite_note-552">[552]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paramounts" title="The Paramounts">The Paramounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a><a href="#cite_note-553">[553]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/These_New_Puritans" title="These New Puritans">These New Puritans</a><a href="#cite_note-554">[554]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(band)" title="Tonight (band)">Tonight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-555">[555]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilko_Johnson" title="Wilko Johnson">Wilko Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-Times-556">[556]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, Southend became the home of <a href="/wiki/Essex_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex FM">Essex Radio</a>, which broadcast from studios below Clifftown Road. The station was formed by several local companies, including Keddies, Garons & TOTS nightclub, with David Keddie, owner of the Keddies department store in Southend, becoming its chairman.<a href="#cite_note-557">[557]</a> In 2004, the renamed <a href="/wiki/Essex_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex FM">Essex FM</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Heart_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart Essex">Heart Essex</a> moved to studios in Chelmsford. It is now part of <a href="/wiki/Heart_East" title="Heart East">Heart East</a>. The <a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC Local Radio</a> station that broadcast to Southend is <a href="/wiki/BBC_Essex" title="BBC Essex">BBC Essex</a> on 95.3 FM from the <a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a> transmitter.<a href="#cite_note-558">[558]</a> On 28 March 2008, Southend got its own radio station for the first time which is also shared with Chelmsford Radio (formerly known as Dream 107.7 FM and Chelmer FM before that), <a href="/wiki/Southend_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Radio">Southend Radio</a> started broadcasting on 105.1FM from purpose-built studios adjacent to the Adventure Island theme park.<a href="#cite_note-559">[559]</a> The station merged with Chelmsford Radio in 2015 and became <a href="/wiki/Radio_Essex" title="Radio Essex">Radio Essex</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Southend is served by London and East Anglia regional variations of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. Television signals are received from either <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_transmitting_station" title="Sudbury transmitting station">Sudbury</a> TV transmitters.<a href="#cite_note-560">[560]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[561]</a> The area can also pick up <a href="/wiki/BBC_South_East" title="BBC South East">BBC South East</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">ITV Meridian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bluebell_Hill_transmitting_station" title="Bluebell Hill transmitting station">Bluebell Hill</a> TV transmitter.<a href="#cite_note-562">[562]</a> Southend has appeared in several television shows and advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-563">[563]</a> It has been used on numerous occasions by the soap <a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a> with its most recent visit in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-564">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[565]</a> Southend Pier was used by <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> show <a href="/wiki/Minder_(TV_series)" title="Minder (TV series)">Minder</a> for its end credits in season 8, 9 and 10,<a href="#cite_note-566">[566]</a> and since 2014 has been home to <a href="/wiki/Jamie_%26_Jimmy%27s_Friday_Night_Feast" title="Jamie & Jimmy's Friday Night Feast">Jamie & Jimmy's Friday Night Feast</a>. Advertisements have included Abbey National, CGU Pensions, National Lottery, the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> Corsa adverts featuring Electric Avenue, a seafront arcade<a href="#cite_note-567">[567]</a> the 2018 Guide Dogs for the Blind campaign<a href="#cite_note-568">[568]</a> and for the promo for <a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dave_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave (TV channel)">Dave</a> programme Hoff the Record.<a href="#cite_note-569">[569]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> Southend is the seaside vacation place chosen by the John Knightley family in <a href="/wiki/Emma_(novel)" title="Emma (novel)">Emma</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, published 1816.<a href="#cite_note-570">[570]</a> The family arrived by stage coach, and strongly preferred it to the choice of the Perry family, <a href="/wiki/Cromer" title="Cromer">Cromer</a>, which was 100 miles from London, compared to the easier distance of 40 miles from the London home of the John and Isabella Knightley, as discussed at length with Mr. Woodhouse in the novel in Chapter XII of volume one. In <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>, after being saved from death in the vacuum of space, Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect find themselves in a distorted version of Southend (a consequence of the starship Heart of Gold's Infinite Improbability Drive). Dent briefly feared that both he and Prefect did in fact die, based on a childhood nightmare where his friends went to either Heaven or Hell but he went to Southend.<a href="#cite_note-571">[571]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dance_on_My_Grave" title="Dance on My Grave">Dance on My Grave</a>, a book by <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Chambers" title="Aidan Chambers">Aidan Chambers</a>, is set in Southend.<a href="#cite_note-572">[572]</a> Chambers had worked as a teacher in the city's Westcliff High School for Boys for three years.<a href="#cite_note-chambers-573">[573]</a> In the novel <a href="/wiki/Starter_for_Ten_(novel)" title="Starter for Ten (novel)">Starter for Ten</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Nicholls_(writer)" title="David Nicholls (writer)">David Nicholls</a>, the main character Brian Jackson comes from Southend-on-Sea.<a href="#cite_note-574">[574]</a> The book was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Starter_for_10_(film)" title="Starter for 10 (film)">2006 film</a> directed by Tom Vaughan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Places of worship">edit</a>]</div> There are churches in the borough catering to different Christian denominations, such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Help_of_Christians_and_St_Helen%27s_Church,_Westcliff-on-Sea" title="Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church, Westcliff-on-Sea">Our Lady Help of Christians and St Helen's Church</a> for the Roman Catholic community. There are two synagogues; one for orthodox Jews, in Westcliff, and a reform synagogue in Chalkwell. Three mosques provide for the Muslim population; one run by the Bangladeshi community,<a href="#cite_note-575">[575]</a> and the others run by the Pakistani community.<a href="#cite_note-576">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-577">[577]</a> There are two Hindu Temples, BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir<a href="#cite_note-578">[578]</a> and Southend Meenatshe Suntharasar Temple,<a href="#cite_note-579">[579]</a> while there is one Buddhist temple, Amita Buddha Centre.<a href="#cite_note-580">[580]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> has been based in Southend since 1887.<a href="#cite_note-581">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_town">Twin town</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Twin town">edit</a>]</div> Southend-on-Sea is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a>, Poland, since October 1999<a href="#cite_note-582">[582]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenda_Amery" title="Shenda Amery">Shenda Amery</a>, sculpturer<a href="#cite_note-583">[583]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Amess" title="David Amess">David Amess</a> (1952–2021), British politician and local MP <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">who was murdered</a> in 2021; Southend was <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">named a city</a> in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-584">[584]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Armfield" title="Jasmine Armfield">Jasmine Armfield</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-585">[585]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Arnold" title="Edwin Arnold">Sir Edwin Arnold</a> (1832–1904), poet and journalist, writer of <a href="/wiki/The_Light_of_Asia" title="The Light of Asia">The Light of Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-586">[586]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burrows9-587">[587]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Atkinson_(politician)" title="David Atkinson (politician)">David Atkinson</a>, politician<a href="#cite_note-588">[588]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bailey" title="Trevor Bailey">Trevor Bailey</a> (1923–2011), cricketer<a href="#cite_note-589">[589]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barber_(businessman)" title="John Barber (businessman)">John Barber</a> (1919–2004), former Finance Director of Ford of Europe & Managing Director of <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-590">[590]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(performer)" title="Fred Barnes (performer)">Fred Barnes</a> (1885–1938), singer <a href="#cite_note-591">[591]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Baynton" title="Mathew Baynton">Mathew Baynton</a>, musician, writer, actor<a href="#cite_note-592">[592]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bellord" title="James Bellord">Bishop James Bellord</a> (1846–1905), Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar and Titular Bishop of Milevum<a href="#cite_note-593">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burrows9-587">[587]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bellos" title="David Bellos">David Bellos</a>, professor/translator<a href="#cite_note-594">[594]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Best" title="Angie Best">Angie Best</a>, model and ex-wife of <a href="/wiki/George_Best" title="George Best">George Best</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[595]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinn_Bevan" title="Brinn Bevan">Brinn Bevan</a>, artistic gymnast<a href="#cite_note-596">[596]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Booth" title="James Booth">James Booth</a> (1927–2005), actor<a href="#cite_note-597">[597]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bourne" title="James Bourne">James Bourne</a>, musician, singer <a href="/wiki/Busted_(band)" title="Busted (band)">Busted</a><a href="#cite_note-598">[598]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bowler" title="Tim Bowler">Tim Bowler</a>, children's author<a href="#cite_note-599">[599]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bowyer" title="Kevin Bowyer">Kevin Bowyer</a>, concert <a href="/wiki/Organist" title="Organist">organist</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[600]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Braine" title="Bernard Braine">Bernard Braine</a>, Baron Braine of Wheatley (1915-2000), politician, died in Southend.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-601">[601]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Brandram" title="Rosina Brandram">Rosina Brandram</a> (1845–1907), opera singer and actress<a href="#cite_note-602">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burrows9-587">[587]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Brooker" title="Gary Brooker">Gary Brooker</a> (1945–2022), lead singer of <a href="/wiki/The_Paramounts" title="The Paramounts">The Paramounts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a><a href="#cite_note-603">[603]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brown_(comedian)" title="Dave Brown (comedian)">Dave Brown</a>, comedian and actor<a href="#cite_note-604">[604]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Williams_Buchanan" title="Robert Williams Buchanan">Robert Williams Buchanan</a>(1841–1901), Scottish poet, buried in St John's Church, Southend.<a href="#cite_note-605">[605]</a><a href="#cite_note-606">[606]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Carter-Vickers" title="Cameron Carter-Vickers">Cameron Carter-Vickers</a>, American international football player<a href="#cite_note-607">[607]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Chalkley" title="Dean Chalkley">Dean Chalkley</a>, photographer<a href="#cite_note-608">[608]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Chambers" title="Aidan Chambers">Aidan Chambers</a>, author<a href="#cite_note-chambers-573">[573]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannie_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeannie Clark">Jeannie Clark</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> <a href="/wiki/Manager_(professional_wrestling)" title="Manager (professional wrestling)">manager</a><a href="#cite_note-609">[609]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Cleeve" title="Brian Cleeve">Brian Cleeve</a> (1921–2003), author and broadcaster<a href="#cite_note-610">[610]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Clement" title="Dick Clement">Dick Clement</a>, screenwriter<a href="#cite_note-611">[611]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Coke" title="Dorothy Coke">Dorothy Coke</a> (1897–1979), artist<a href="#cite_note-PDunford-612">[612]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKCO" title="EKCO">Eric Kirkham Cole</a> (1901–1966), founder of EKCO<a href="#cite_note-Cole_Eric_Kirkham-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook_(architect)" title="Peter Cook (architect)">Peter Cook</a>, architect<a href="#cite_note-613">[613]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Cornwell" title="Phil Cornwell">Phil Cornwell</a>, actor and impressionist<a href="#cite_note-614">[614]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tina_Cousins" title="Tina Cousins">Tina Cousins</a>, singer<a href="#cite_note-615">[615]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Craven" title="Gemma Craven">Gemma Craven</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-616">[616]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Cunningham" title="Rosalie Cunningham">Rosalie Cunningham</a>, singer-songwriter-multi-instrumentalist<a href="#cite_note-617">[617]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cutler" title="Matthew Cutler">Matthew Cutler</a>, ballroom dancer<a href="#cite_note-618">[618]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Dax" title="Danielle Dax">Danielle Dax</a>, musician, actress and <a href="/wiki/Performance_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance artist">performance artist</a><a href="#cite_note-619">[619]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Deeping" title="Warwick Deeping">Warwick Deeping</a> (1877–1950), author<a href="#cite_note-620">[620]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Southchurch" title="Richard de Southchurch">Richard de Southchurch</a>, knight and landowner.<a href="#cite_note-IPM-621">[621]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ducat" title="Andy Ducat">Andy Ducat</a> (1886–1942), cricketer, footballer.<a href="#cite_note-622">[622]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Duckworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Duckworth">Sam Duckworth</a>, musician<a href="#cite_note-623">[623]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Edmonds" title="Mike Edmonds">Mike Edmonds</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-624">[624]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Ellis" title="Warren Ellis">Warren Ellis</a>, novelist and comic writer<a href="#cite_note-625">[625]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathalie_Emmanuel" title="Nathalie Emmanuel">Nathalie Emmanuel</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-626">[626]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digby_Fairweather" title="Digby Fairweather">Digby Fairweather</a>, jazz musician, author, founder of the National Jazz Archive.<a href="#cite_note-627">[627]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Foster_(swimmer)" title="Mark Foster (swimmer)">Mark Foster</a>, swimmer<a href="#cite_note-628">[628]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles">John Fowles</a> (1926–2005), author<a href="#cite_note-629">[629]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_Frater" title="Becky Frater">Becky Frater</a>, first female helicopter commander in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and female member of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Cats_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Cats (Royal Navy)">Black Cats</a> display team<a href="#cite_note-630">[630]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Georgiadis" title="John Georgiadis">John Georgiadis</a>(1939–2021), violinist, conductor for Bangkok Symphony Orchestra and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra">Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra</a><a href="#cite_note-631">[631]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Edward Greenfield</a> (1928–2015) chief music writer in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> from 1977 to 1993 and biographer of <a href="/wiki/Andre_Previn" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Previn">Andre Previn</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[632]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Grosvenor" title="Benjamin Grosvenor">Benjamin Grosvenor</a>, pianist<a href="#cite_note-633">[633]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hardcastle" title="Daniel Hardcastle">Daniel Hardcastle</a>, author<a href="#cite_note-634">[634]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hay_(musician)" title="Roy Hay (musician)">Roy Hay</a>, musician with <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a><a href="#cite_note-635">[635]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Hayward" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Hayward">Joshua Hayward</a>, guitarist for The Horrors<a href="#cite_note-horrors-636">[636]</a></li> <li>William Heddle (1847-1948), Supreme Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Peculiar_People" title="Peculiar People">Peculiar People</a> 1901-1942<a href="#cite_note-Heddle-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[637]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(engineer)" title="John Hodge (engineer)">John Hodge</a> (1929–2021), aerospace engineer<a href="#cite_note-638">[638]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horsley_(actor)" title="John Horsley (actor)">John Horsley</a> (1920–2014), actor<a href="#cite_note-639">[639]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton_(Labour_MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hutton (Labour MP)">John Hutton</a>, politician<a href="#cite_note-Northedge-640">[640]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Iorfa_(footballer,_born_1995)" title="Dominic Iorfa (footballer, born 1995)">Dominic Iorfa</a>, football player<a href="#cite_note-641">[641]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ireland" title="Colin Ireland">Colin Ireland</a> (1954–2012), serial killer<a href="#cite_note-McKenna-642">[642]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilko_Johnson" title="Wilko Johnson">Wilko Johnson</a> (1947–2022), singer, guitarist and songwriter; Game of Thrones actor<a href="#cite_note-643">[643]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(musician)" title="Daniel Jones (musician)">Daniel Jones</a>, musician, producer<a href="#cite_note-644">[644]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Jones" title="R. A. Jones">R. A. Jones</a> (1849–1925), jeweller and town benefactor<a href="#cite_note-645">[645]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phill_Jupitus" title="Phill Jupitus">Phill Jupitus</a>, comedian<a href="#cite_note-646">[646]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Jupp" title="Mickey Jupp">Mickey Jupp</a>, musician<a href="#cite_note-647">[647]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kane" title="Russell Kane">Russell Kane</a>, comedian<a href="#cite_note-648">[648]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Keeble" title="Laura Keeble">Laura Keeble</a>, artist<a href="#cite_note-649">[649]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_David_Maitland_Keddie" title="Murray David Maitland Keddie">Murray David Maitland Keddie</a> (1929–2018), owner of Keddies, founder of Essex Radio and former <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Essex" title="High Sheriff of Essex">High Sheriff of Essex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-650">[650]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Littlewood" title="Dominic Littlewood">Dominic Littlewood</a>, TV presenter<a href="#cite_note-651">[651]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_(tennis)" title="David Lloyd (tennis)">David Lloyd</a>, tennis player<a href="#cite_note-argus-652">[652]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_(tennis)" title="John Lloyd (tennis)">John Lloyd</a>, tennis player<a href="#cite_note-argus-652">[652]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lloyd_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lloyd (singer)">Robert Lloyd</a>, opera singer<a href="#cite_note-653">[653]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Martin_(businessman)" title="Ron Martin (businessman)">Ron Martin</a>, Southend United chairman, 1998-2024<a href="#cite_note-Tallentire-22Aug2010-654">[654]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Matcham" title="Frank Matcham">Frank Matcham</a> (1854–1920), English theatre designer, retired and died in Southend<a href="#cite_note-655">[655]</a><a href="#cite_note-656">[656]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Mead" title="Lee Mead">Lee Mead</a>, musical theatre actor<a href="#cite_note-657">[657]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Miller_(TV_presenter)" title="Jon Miller (TV presenter)">Jon Miller</a> (1921–2008), TV presenter<a href="#cite_note-658">[658]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-autobiography-659">[659]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Jack Monroe</a>, blogger, campaigner<a href="#cite_note-Bio-660">[660]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Mount" title="Peggy Mount">Peggy Mount</a> (1915–2001), actress<a href="#cite_note-661">[661]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris_Vonna_Michell" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris Vonna Michell">Tris Vonna Michell</a>, artist<a href="#cite_note-662">[662]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a>, former Islamist activist who now campaigns against extremism<a href="#cite_note-663">[663]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Okai" title="Julian Okai">Julian Okai</a>, English footballer<a href="#cite_note-664">[664]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Osborne_(cricketer)" title="Michael Osborne (cricketer)">Michael Osborne</a>, first-class cricketer<a href="#cite_note-665">[665]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Pember" title="Ron Pember">Ron Pember</a> (1934-2022), actor<a href="#cite_note-666">[666]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabel_Port" title="Annabel Port">Annabel Port</a>, broadcaster<a href="#cite_note-667">[667]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Port" title="Stephen Port">Stephen Port</a>, serial killer<a href="#cite_note-668">[668]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Prior" title="Spencer Prior">Spencer Prior</a>, footballer<a href="#cite_note-669">[669]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Pulver" title="Lara Pulver">Lara Pulver</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-670">[670]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_traitors_during_World_War_II" title="List of Allied traitors during World War II">Roy Walter Purdy</a> (died 1982), propaganda broadcaster and informer at Colditz<a href="#cite_note-671">[671]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Riley" title="Rachel Riley">Rachel Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Countdown_(game_show)" title="Countdown (game show)">Countdown</a> co-presenter<a href="#cite_note-672">[672]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>, historian / TV presenter<a href="#cite_note-673">[673]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Scott" title="Clement Scott">Clement Scott</a> (1841–1904), theatre critic<a href="#cite_note-Burrows9-587">[587]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stallybrass" title="Anne Stallybrass">Anne Stallybrass</a> (1938–2021), actress<a href="#cite_note-TimesObit-674">[674]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Stanshall" title="Vivian Stanshall">Vivian Stanshall</a> (1943–1995), musician<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Radio_4_1994-675">[675]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Strike" title="Sam Strike">Sam Strike</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-676">[676]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Tandoh" title="Ruby Tandoh">Ruby Tandoh</a>, baker<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-677">[677]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firebrand-678">[678]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(British_politician)" title="Keith Taylor (British politician)">Keith Taylor</a> (1953–2022), politician<a href="#cite_note-679">[679]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter John Taylor">Peter Taylor</a>, footballer and football manager<a href="#cite_note-680">[680]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Girl" title="Theoretical Girl">Theoretical Girl</a>, singer-songwriter<a href="#cite_note-681">[681]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tilson" title="Steve Tilson">Steve Tilson</a>, footballer and football manager, voted <a href="/wiki/Southend_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend United">Southend United</a>'s greatest ever player<a href="#cite_note-682">[682]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tointon" title="Kara Tointon">Kara Tointon</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-toin-683">[683]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Tointon" title="Hannah Tointon">Hannah Tointon</a>, actress<a href="#cite_note-toin-683">[683]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Trower" title="Robin Trower">Robin Trower</a>, rock-blues guitarist<a href="#cite_note-684">[684]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._C._Tyler" title="L. C. Tyler">L. C. Tyler</a>, author<a href="#cite_note-685">[685]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Uptton" title="Clive Uptton">Clive Uptton</a> (1911–2006), illustrator attended Southend Art College<a href="#cite_note-686">[686]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Vandermolen" title="Gary Vandermolen">Gary Vandermolen</a>, footballer<a href="#cite_note-687">[687]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Waugh" title="Benjamin Waugh">Benjamin Waugh</a> (1839–1908), campaigner and founder of <a href="/wiki/NSPCC" title="NSPCC">NSPCC</a>, buried at Sutton Road cemetery<a href="#cite_note-Burrows9-587">[587]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Webb_(footballer)" title="David Webb (footballer)">David Webb</a>, football manager<a href="#cite_note-688">[688]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Webb" title="Paul Webb">Paul Webb</a>, musician, bassist for <a href="/wiki/Talk_Talk" title="Talk Talk">Talk Talk</a><a href="#cite_note-689">[689]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhys_Webb_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhys Webb (musician)">Rhys "Spider" Webb</a>, bassist of The Horrors<a href="#cite_note-horrors-636">[636]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilding" title="Michael Wilding">Michael Wilding</a> (1912–1979), actor<a href="#cite_note-690">[690]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Witts" title="David Witts">David Witts</a>, actor<a href="#cite_note-691">[691]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Romley_Alder_Wright" title="Charles Romley Alder Wright">C. R. Alder Wright</a> (1844–1894), scientist - founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Institute of Chemistry">Royal Institute of Chemistry</a> and inventor of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a><a href="#cite_note-692">[692]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Yearsley" title="Ian Yearsley">Ian Yearsley</a>, local historian and author<a href="#cite_note-693">[693]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_But_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing But Thieves">Nothing But Thieves</a>, musicians<a href="#cite_note-694">[694]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Southend-on-Sea. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>David Stanley: 24 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-695">[695]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Maher" title="Kevin Maher">Kevin Maher</a>: March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-696">[696]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Units">Military Units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Military Units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1st Battalion The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anglian_Regiment" title="Royal Anglian Regiment">Royal Anglian Regiment</a>: 17 June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-697">[697]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E06000033" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E06000033">"2021 Census Area Profile – Southend-on-Sea Local Authority (E06000033)"</a>. Nomis. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+Southend-on-Sea+Local+Authority+%28E06000033%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE06000033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonely_planet-2"><a href="#cite_ref-lonely_planet_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse2009" class="citation book cs1">Else, David, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045901/page/445">England</a>. Lonely Planet travel guide (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741045901/page/445">445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-590-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-590-1"><bdi>978-1-74104-590-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England&rft.series=Lonely+Planet+travel+guide&rft.pages=445&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-590-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781741045901%2Fpage%2F445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce._M2000" class="citation book cs1">Pearce. M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miltonchalkwellc0000pear/page/n3/mode/1up?q=history+of+%22Southend-on-Sea%22">Milton, Chalkwell, and the Crowstone</a>. Ian Henry. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860255109" title="Special:BookSources/9780860255109"><bdi>9780860255109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton%2C+Chalkwell%2C+and+the+Crowstone&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ian+Henry&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780860255109&rft.au=Pearce.+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiltonchalkwellc0000pear%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2B%2522Southend-on-Sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp1_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up">The origins and failure of New South-End</a>. Essex County Council. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pevsner-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_5-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Bettley,_Nikolaus_Pevsner2007" class="citation book cs1">James Bettley, Nikolaus Pevsner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essex0000bett/page/n3/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22+clifftown">The Buildings of England: Essex</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 690–717. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300116144" title="Special:BookSources/9780300116144"><bdi>9780300116144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buildings+of+England%3A+Essex&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E690-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780300116144&rft.au=James+Bettley%2C+Nikolaus+Pevsner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessex0000bett%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522%2Bclifftown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-53013454">"Coronavirus and Brexit hit bid to save The London shipwreck"</a>. BBC. 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+and+Brexit+hit+bid+to+save+The+London+shipwreck&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-53013454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp5-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithp5_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up">The origins and failure of New South-End</a>. Essex County Council. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp6-14-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp6-14_8-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. 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Essex County Council. pp. 6–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon2014-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2014_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon2014_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon._D2014" class="citation book cs1">Gordon. 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The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750955454" title="Special:BookSources/9780750955454"><bdi>9780750955454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+Southend-on-Sea&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780750955454&rft.au=Gordon.+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ87AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522princess%2Bcaroline%2522%2Bsouthend-on-sea%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._D._Bayne1873" class="citation book cs1">A. D. Bayne (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vc4HAAAAQAAJ&dq=southend+commercial+industry&pg=PA83">Royal Illustrated History of Eastern England</a>. pp. 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Illustrated+History+of+Eastern+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1873&rft.au=A.+D.+Bayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvc4HAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dsouthend%2Bcommercial%2Bindustry%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp15-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithp15_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up">The origins and failure of New South-End</a>. Essex County Council. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp18-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp18_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithp18_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up">The origins and failure of New South-End</a>. Essex County Council. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithp21-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithp21_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_J._R.1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsfailureof0000smit/page/3/mode/1up">The origins and failure of New South-End</a>. Essex County Council. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900360886" title="Special:BookSources/9780900360886"><bdi>9780900360886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+and+failure+of+New+South-End&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780900360886&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsfailureof0000smit%2Fpage%2F3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverritt,_Sylvia1980" class="citation book cs1">Everritt, Sylvia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/10/mode/1up">Southend Seaside Holiday</a>. Phillimore. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+Seaside+Holiday&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-benton-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benton_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-benton_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Benton1888" class="citation book cs1">Philip Benton (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkgBxak9f9cC&dq=%22The+Machines%22+southend&pg=PA622">The History of Rochford Hundred, (together with the Parishes Comprised Within the Union,)</a>. Unicorn Press. p. 622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9516587-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9516587-1-0"><bdi>978-0-9516587-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rochford+Hundred%2C+%28together+with+the+Parishes+Comprised+Within+the+Union%2C%29&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=Unicorn+Press&rft.date=1888&rft.isbn=978-0-9516587-1-0&rft.au=Philip+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkgBxak9f9cC%26dq%3D%2522The%2BMachines%2522%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPA622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Henry_Davidson1850" class="citation book cs1">George Henry Davidson (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfcUOtJyLJ4C&pg=PA36">"Southend"</a>. The Thames and Thanet Guide, and Kentish Tourist ... Third Edition, Illustrated with Maps, Etc. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southend&rft.btitle=The+Thames+and+Thanet+Guide%2C+and+Kentish+Tourist+...+Third+Edition%2C+Illustrated+with+Maps%2C+Etc&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1850&rft.au=George+Henry+Davidson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfcUOtJyLJ4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClamp2014" class="citation book cs1">Clamp, Francis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZsBQAAQBAJ">Southend-on-Sea in the Great War</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-255-9"><bdi>978-1-47382-255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-47382-255-9&rft.aulast=Clamp&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPZsBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsouras2015" class="citation book cs1">Tsouras, Peter G (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmF4BwAAQBAJ">Bayonets, Balloons & Ironclads: Britain and France Take Sides with the South</a>. Skyhorse. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-867-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-867-0"><bdi>978-1-62914-867-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayonets%2C+Balloons+%26+Ironclads%3A+Britain+and+France+Take+Sides+with+the+South&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62914-867-0&rft.aulast=Tsouras&rft.aufirst=Peter+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmF4BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_legacies-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_legacies_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_legacies_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_legacies_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/heritage/england/essex/article_1.shtml">"Architectural Heritage"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Architectural+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fheritage%2Fengland%2Fessex%2Farticle_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayment-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rayment_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rayment_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayment2019" class="citation book cs1">Rayment, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_-3DwAAQBAJ">A-Z of Southend: Places-People-History</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44568-648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44568-648-6"><bdi>978-1-44568-648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-Z+of+Southend%3A+Places-People-History&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-44568-648-6&rft.aulast=Rayment&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_-3DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpZFAAAAcAAJ">"The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"</a>. Great Britain. 1829. p. 880. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Great+Britain&rft.date=1829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpZFAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everritt12-13-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt12-13_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt12-13_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt12-13_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverritt,_Sylvia1980" class="citation book cs1">Everritt, Sylvia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up">Southend Seaside Holiday</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+Seaside+Holiday&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kay-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kay_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kay_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1996" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Peter (1996). The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway: A history of the company and line Volume 1 1836-1893. Peter Kay. pp. 15–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899890-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-899890-10-6"><bdi>1-899890-10-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London%2C+Tilbury+and+Southend+Railway%3A+A+history+of+the+company+and+line+Volume+1+1836-1893&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Peter+Kay&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-899890-10-6&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deeping-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Deeping_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Grover2009" class="citation book cs1">Mary Grover (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8yZdR7aR2oC&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PA64">The Ordeal of Warwick Deeping. Middlebrow Authorship and Cultural Embarrassment</a>. Associated University Presse. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838641880" title="Special:BookSources/9780838641880"><bdi>9780838641880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordeal+of+Warwick+Deeping.+Middlebrow+Authorship+and+Cultural+Embarrassment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780838641880&rft.au=Mary+Grover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8yZdR7aR2oC%26dq%3Dsouthend%2B1920s%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everritt17-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt17_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt17_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverritt,_Sylvia1980" class="citation book cs1">Everritt, Sylvia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up">Southend Seaside Holiday</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+Seaside+Holiday&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDee_Gordon2019" class="citation book cs1">Dee Gordon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvZ5EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22luker%22+brewery+southend&pg=PT48">Struggle and Suffrage in Southend-on-Sea. Women's Lives and the Fight for Equality</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526717672" title="Special:BookSources/9781526717672"><bdi>9781526717672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+and+Suffrage+in+Southend-on-Sea.+Women%27s+Lives+and+the+Fight+for+Equality&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781526717672&rft.au=Dee+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvZ5EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522luker%2522%2Bbrewery%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mD1cfhKpi1AC&q=%22luker%22+brewery+southend">Essex Record Office Publications Issue 66</a>. The Council. 1974. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900360-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900360-43-5"><bdi>978-0-900360-43-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essex+Record+Office+Publications+Issue+66&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=The+Council&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-900360-43-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmD1cfhKpi1AC%26q%3D%2522luker%2522%2Bbrewery%2Bsouthend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everritt31-32-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt31-32_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt31-32_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverritt,_Sylvia1980" class="citation book cs1">Everritt, Sylvia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/11/mode/1up">Southend Seaside Holiday</a>. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+Seaside+Holiday&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pier-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pier_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pier_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southendpier.co.uk/history">"Pier History"</a>. Southend Pier & Railway. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southend+Pier+%26+Railway&rft.atitle=Pier+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southendpier.co.uk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H&T-30"><a href="#cite_ref-H&T_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorpole" class="citation web cs1">Worpole, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadleighhistory.org.uk/page_id__200.aspx">"G. J. Keddie & Sons"</a>. Hadleigh and Thundersley Community Archive. Hadleigh History. 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Amberley Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-8648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-8648-6"><bdi>978-1-4456-8648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A-Z+of+Southend%3A+Places-People-History&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-8648-6&rft.aulast=Rayment&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_-3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/1837-kursaal-southend-on-sea">"Kursaal | Theatres Trust"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kursaal+%26%23124%3B+Theatres+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatrestrust.org.uk%2Fresources%2Ftheatres%2Fshow%2F1837-kursaal-southend-on-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2016" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Josephine (16 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BwrACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">The Architecture of Pleasure: British Amusement Parks 1900–1939</a>. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317044741" title="Special:BookSources/9781317044741"><bdi>9781317044741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Pleasure%3A+British+Amusement+Parks+1900%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.isbn=9781317044741&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwrACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayment._D._C.2011" class="citation book cs1">Rayment. D. C. 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Phillimore. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+Seaside+Holiday&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt.+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F34%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_4-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_4_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_4_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_5-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_5_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_5_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael6-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael6_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael6_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-echo-news.co.uk-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-echo-news.co.uk_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-echo-news.co.uk_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/nostalgia/20878063.memories-southend-cliffs-wedding-cake-bandstand/">"Memories of the Southend Cliffs 'wedding cake' bandstand"</a>. Evening Echo. 4 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Memories+of+the+Southend+Cliffs+%27wedding+cake%27+bandstand&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2F20878063.memories-southend-cliffs-wedding-cake-bandstand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianalmanacd0000unse_g7p6/page/337/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22">Canadian almanac & directory</a>. 1848. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+almanac+%26+directory&rft.pages=337&rft.date=1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianalmanacd0000unse_g7p6%2Fpage%2F337%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.H._Clapham1914" class="citation book cs1">J.H. Clapham (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo0000jhcl_c8u8/page/457/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22">An Economic History of Modern Britain in Three Volumes</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Modern+Britain+in+Three+Volumes&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=J.H.+Clapham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomichistoryo0000jhcl_c8u8%2Fpage%2F457%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_13-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_13_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_13_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_14-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_14_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael,_Harry_1995_14_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everritt25-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt25_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everritt25_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverritt,_Sylvia1980" class="citation book cs1">Everritt, Sylvia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southendseasideh0000ever/page/27/mode/1up?q=Police">Southend seaside holiday</a>. Phillimore. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850333342" title="Special:BookSources/0850333342"><bdi>0850333342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+seaside+holiday&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0850333342&rft.au=Everritt%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthendseasideh0000ever%2Fpage%2F27%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DPolice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexregiment.co.uk/powgships.html">"The POW Ships at Southend on Sea"</a>. Essex Regiment. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essex+Regiment&rft.atitle=The+POW+Ships+at+Southend+on+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexregiment.co.uk%2Fpowgships.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Foley2017" class="citation book cs1">Michael Foley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wy4DgAAQBAJ&q=%22southend%22+first+world+war+internment">Prisoners of the British. Internees and Prisoners of War during the First World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781554791" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781554791"><bdi>978-1781554791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+the+British.+Internees+and+Prisoners+of+War+during+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1781554791&rft.au=Michael+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7wy4DgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bfirst%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Binternment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEhKAQAAIAAJ&q=southend+1920s">"Southend Story"</a>. Aerospace. Vol. 8–9. 1981. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aerospace&rft.atitle=Southend+Story&rft.volume=8-9&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEhKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsouthend%2B1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clamp, Frances (2014). Southend-on-Sea in the Great War (Kindle ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473841307" title="Special:BookSources/9781473841307"><bdi>9781473841307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473841307&rft.aulast=Clamp&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pierhistory-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pierhistory_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pierhistory_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southendpier.co.uk/history#:~:text=The%20Admiralty%2C%20responsible%20for%20the,camps%20due%20to%20safety%20concerns.">"Pier history"</a>. Southend Pier & Railway. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Pier+%26+Railway&rft.atitle=Pier+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southendpier.co.uk%2Fhistory%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Admiralty%252C%2520responsible%2520for%2520the%2Ccamps%2520due%2520to%2520safety%2520concerns.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clamp, Frances (2014). Southend-on-Sea in the Great War (Kindle ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473841307" title="Special:BookSources/9781473841307"><bdi>9781473841307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473841307&rft.aulast=Clamp&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_Clamp2014" class="citation book cs1">Frances Clamp (2014). Southend-on-Sea in the Great War. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473840775" title="Special:BookSources/9781473840775"><bdi>9781473840775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473840775&rft.au=Frances+Clamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan,_John1915" class="citation book cs1">Buchan, John (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nelsonshistoryof0008buch/page/106/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22">Nelson's History of the war</a>. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+History+of+the+war&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Buchan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnelsonshistoryof0008buch%2Fpage%2F106%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clamp, Frances (2014). Southend-on-Sea in the Great War (Kindle ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 32–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473841307" title="Special:BookSources/9781473841307"><bdi>9781473841307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473841307&rft.aulast=Clamp&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clamp, Frances (2014). Southend-on-Sea in the Great War (Kindle ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473841307" title="Special:BookSources/9781473841307"><bdi>9781473841307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473841307&rft.aulast=Clamp&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_Clamp2014" class="citation book cs1">Frances Clamp (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZsBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend-on-sea%22+1919&pg=PA100">Southend-on-Sea in the Great War</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473822559" title="Special:BookSources/9781473822559"><bdi>9781473822559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend-on-Sea+in+the+Great+War&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473822559&rft.au=Frances+Clamp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPZsBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522%2B1919%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Thomas_and_Paul_Thomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Roy Thomas and Paul Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WsZrBgAAQBAJ&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PA4">SAGUS Vol 4: Boys in the 1930s.Two teenagers in 1930s England</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAGUS+Vol+4%3A+Boys+in+the+1930s.Two+teenagers+in+1930s+England&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Roy+Thomas+and+Paul+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWsZrBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsouthend%2B1920s%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23134641.southend-population-falsely-increased-huge-50-per-cent-1921/">"Southend population falsely increased huge 50 per cent in 1921"</a>. Evening Echo. 20 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Southend+population+falsely+increased+huge+50+per+cent+in+1921&rft.date=2022-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23134641.southend-population-falsely-increased-huge-50-per-cent-1921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvin1926" class="citation book cs1">Garvin, James Louis (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4YPAQAAIAAJ&q=southend+1920s">The Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. p. 605.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=605&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Garvin&rft.aufirst=James+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4YPAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsouthend%2B1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidan_Dodson,_Serena_Cant2020" class="citation book cs1">Aidan Dodson, Serena Cant (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN0mEAAAQBAJ&dq=southend+commercial+industry&pg=PA92">Spoils of War. The Fate of Enemy Fleets After the Two World Wars</a>. Seaforth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526741998" title="Special:BookSources/9781526741998"><bdi>9781526741998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoils+of+War.+The+Fate+of+Enemy+Fleets+After+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781526741998&rft.au=Aidan+Dodson%2C+Serena+Cant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN0mEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsouthend%2Bcommercial%2Bindustry%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5525261.peter-pans-75-year-adventure/">"Peter Pan's 75-year adventure"</a>. Daily Gazette. 12 August 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Gazette&rft.atitle=Peter+Pan%27s+75-year+adventure&rft.date=1999-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F5525261.peter-pans-75-year-adventure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Gladwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Gladwell (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1qoAwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+1920s&pg=PT9">By Steamer to the Essex Coast</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445623290" title="Special:BookSources/9781445623290"><bdi>9781445623290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+Steamer+to+the+Essex+Coast&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781445623290&rft.au=Andrew+Gladwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1qoAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsouthend%2B1920s%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eric-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eric_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eric_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eric_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southendmuseums.co.uk/our-eric">"Our Eric. Ekco Park"</a>. Southend Museums. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Museums&rft.atitle=Our+Eric.+Ekco+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southendmuseums.co.uk%2Four-eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Pollitt1945" class="citation book cs1">William Pollitt (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJHTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22manners+way%22+estate+southend+when+was+it+built">A history of Prittlewell</a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Prittlewell&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1945&rft.au=William+Pollitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJHTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522manners%2Bway%2522%2Bestate%2Bsouthend%2Bwhen%2Bwas%2Bit%2Bbuilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ltcfc.org.uk/announcement/1931-the-birth-of-a-tradition/">"1931 – THE BIRTH OF A TRADITION"</a>. London Taxi Drivers Charity for Children. February 1931. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Taxi+Drivers+Charity+for+Children&rft.atitle=1931+%E2%80%93+THE+BIRTH+OF+A+TRADITION&rft.date=1931-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ltcfc.org.uk%2Fannouncement%2F1931-the-birth-of-a-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10056718/cube/TOT_POP">"Administrative Area Southend UA"</a>. Vision of Britain. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+of+Britain&rft.atitle=Administrative+Area+Southend+UA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Funit%2F10056718%2Fcube%2FTOT_POP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_d'Orleans2019" class="citation book cs1">Paul d'Orleans (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyDtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA70">Ton Up! A Century of Café Racer Speed and Style</a>. Motorbooks. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760360453" title="Special:BookSources/9780760360453"><bdi>9780760360453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ton+Up%21+A+Century+of+Caf%C3%A9+Racer+Speed+and+Style&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780760360453&rft.au=Paul+d%27Orleans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgyDtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-echodec23-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-echodec23_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-echodec23_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-echodec23_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/24009493.southend-cliffs-pavilion-history-much-loved-theatre-venue/">"Southend Cliffs Pavilion: a history of the much-loved theatre venue"</a>. Evening Echo. 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Southend+Cliffs+Pavilion%3A+a+history+of+the+much-loved+theatre+venue&rft.date=2023-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F24009493.southend-cliffs-pavilion-history-much-loved-theatre-venue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yearsley-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yearsley_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yearsley_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yearsley_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Yearsley2016" class="citation book cs1">Ian Yearsley (2016). Southend in 50 Buildings. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445651897" title="Special:BookSources/9781445651897"><bdi>9781445651897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+in+50+Buildings&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781445651897&rft.au=Ian+Yearsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Yearsley2022" class="citation book cs1">Ian Yearsley (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3CJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22hms+leigh%22&pg=PT71">Secret City of Southend</a>. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398111554" title="Special:BookSources/9781398111554"><bdi>9781398111554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City+of+Southend&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781398111554&rft.au=Ian+Yearsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3CJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hms%2Bleigh%2522%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash._F2001" class="citation book cs1">Nash. F (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/issue.xhtml?recordId=1039125&recordType=GreyLit">Survey of World War Two Defences in the Borough of Southend-on-Sea</a>. Essex County Council Heritage Conservation Branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+World+War+Two+Defences+in+the+Borough+of+Southend-on-Sea&rft.pub=Essex+County+Council+Heritage+Conservation+Branch&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Nash.+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologydataservice.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fbrowse%2Fissue.xhtml%3FrecordId%3D1039125%26recordType%3DGreyLit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Foley2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Foley (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xe06AwAAQBAJ&dq=%22hms+leigh%22&pg=PT205">Front-Line Thames</a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750952392" title="Special:BookSources/9780750952392"><bdi>9780750952392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Front-Line+Thames&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780750952392&rft.au=Michael+Foley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxe06AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hms%2Bleigh%2522%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Rayment2023" class="citation book cs1">David C. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yV8JOAf43MC">Pull Up the Ladder Jack: Seamen Behaving Badly</a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479734757" title="Special:BookSources/9781479734757"><bdi>9781479734757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pull+Up+the+Ladder+Jack%3A+Seamen+Behaving+Badly&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781479734757&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yV8JOAf43MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_ooAAAAYAAJ&q=%22hms+leigh%22">"Southend-on-Sea"</a>. 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Gresham Books. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905418438" title="Special:BookSources/9780905418438"><bdi>9780905418438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+London%27s+River+Memoirs+of+the+Thames+Waterfront&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Gresham+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780905418438&rft.au=L.+M.+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2NnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522hms%2Bleigh%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Lichtenstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Lichtenstein (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cbPCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22hms+leigh%22&pg=PT152">Estuary. Out from London to the Sea</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141911533" title="Special:BookSources/9780141911533"><bdi>9780141911533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estuary.+Out+from+London+to+the+Sea&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780141911533&rft.au=Rachel+Lichtenstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cbPCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hms%2Bleigh%2522%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_M._Philpott2007" class="citation book cs1">Ian M. 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Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844153916" title="Special:BookSources/9781844153916"><bdi>9781844153916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+History.+Royal+Air+Force+-+an+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Inter-War+Years+-+Vol+II&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781844153916&rft.au=Ian+M.+Philpott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDHAAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522raf%2Brochford%2522%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WW2people-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WW2people_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WW2people_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/37/a7154237.shtml">"A day at the seaside"</a>. WW2 People's War - BBC. 21 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2+People%27s+War+-+BBC&rft.atitle=A+day+at+the+seaside&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F37%2Fa7154237.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Culling2023" class="citation book cs1">Adam Culling (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pb63EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22hms+leigh%22+dunkirk&pg=PT115">Essex's Military Heritage</a>. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398103085" title="Special:BookSources/9781398103085"><bdi>9781398103085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essex%27s+Military+Heritage&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781398103085&rft.au=Adam+Culling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpb63EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hms%2Bleigh%2522%2Bdunkirk%26pg%3DPT115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rnli.org/about-us/our-history/calm-before-the-storm-exhibition/stories-behind-the-lifeboats/greater-london#:~:text=From%201928%E2%80%931955%2C%20Greater%20London,Greater%20London%20(Civil%20Service%20No.">"Greater London (Civil Service No. 3), Southend-on-Sea"</a>. RNLI. 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Evening Echo. 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Bombed+out..+photos+show+air+raid+destruction+80+years+ago&rft.date=2020-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18573333.bombed-photos-show-air-raid-destruction-80-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthbert_Lindsay_Dunn1952" class="citation book cs1">Cuthbert Lindsay Dunn (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1IYAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22southend-on-sea%22+evacuation&pg=PA106">The Emergency Medical Services: England and Wales</a>. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergency+Medical+Services%3A+England+and+Wales&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Cuthbert+Lindsay+Dunn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1IYAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522%2Bevacuation%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Searle2016" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Searle (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU6uDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+world+war+ii+defences&pg=PA3">Churchill's Last Wartime Secret. The 1943 German Raid Airbrushed from History</a>. Pen and Sword. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473877733" title="Special:BookSources/9781473877733"><bdi>9781473877733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Last+Wartime+Secret.+The+1943+German+Raid+Airbrushed+from+History&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781473877733&rft.au=Adrian+Searle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU6uDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bworld%2Bwar%2Bii%2Bdefences%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C._Brown2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter C. 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History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752477015" title="Special:BookSources/9780752477015"><bdi>9780752477015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAF+Southend&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780752477015&rft.au=Peter+C.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFk7AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Draf%2Brochford%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qinetiq.com/en/shoeburyness/about/mod-shoeburyness-timeline-and-history">"OLD RANGES 1849-1998"</a>. MOD Shoeburyness. 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Facebook. 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=HMS+Leigh+-+community+lead+heritage+and+art+project&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fstory.php%2F%3Fstory_fbid%3D252220922938043%26id%3D100070934755536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/bomb-disposal-units-called-southend-5059550">"Bomb disposal units called to Southend-on-Sea after WWII bombs found washed up on coast"</a>. 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Paragon Publishing. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781399949606" title="Special:BookSources/9781399949606"><bdi>9781399949606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grateful+Nation+Soon+Forgot.+The+Remarkable+Story+of+Southend%27s+Contribution+in+Defence+of+the+Nation&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Paragon+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781399949606&rft.au=John+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4_LBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522hms%2Bwestcliff%2522%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Echo28Sept-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Echo28Sept_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Echo28Sept_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/1719571.secret-life-of-hms-westcliff/">"Secret life of HMS Westcliff"</a>. Evening Echo. 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Secret+life+of+HMS+Westcliff&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1719571.secret-life-of-hms-westcliff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/19046892.r-jones-favourite-southend-high-street-world-war-ii-attack/">"R A Jones was a favourite on Southend High Street after World War II attack"</a>. Evening Echo. 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=R+A+Jones+was+a+favourite+on+Southend+High+Street+after+World+War+II+attack&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2F19046892.r-jones-favourite-southend-high-street-world-war-ii-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Higgins2013" class="citation book cs1">Alan Higgins (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuqCAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+hms+westcliff&pg=PA86">You're in the Navy Now. A Teenage Recruit Sees Front-Line Action in WWII</a>. Memoirs Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861510662" title="Special:BookSources/9781861510662"><bdi>9781861510662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You%27re+in+the+Navy+Now.+A+Teenage+Recruit+Sees+Front-Line+Action+in+WWII&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Memoirs+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781861510662&rft.au=Alan+Higgins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuqCAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bhms%2Bwestcliff%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Ransted2013" class="citation book cs1">Chris Ransted (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZFABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+v2+bombs&pg=RA2-PA8">Disarming Hitlers V Weapons. Bomb Disposal, the V1 and V2 Rockets</a>. Pen & Sword Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473829671" title="Special:BookSources/9781473829671"><bdi>9781473829671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disarming+Hitlers+V+Weapons.+Bomb+Disposal%2C+the+V1+and+V2+Rockets&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781473829671&rft.au=Chris+Ransted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZFABAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bv2%2Bbombs%26pg%3DRA2-PA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTOM_BENNETT" class="citation book cs1">TOM BENNETT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAoZDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+d+day&pg=PT47">Shipwrecks for Walkers Volume 2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shipwrecks+for+Walkers+Volume+2&rft.au=TOM+BENNETT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAoZDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bd%2Bday%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDee_Gordon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dee Gordon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ87AwAAQBAJ&dq=southend+uss+richard+montgomery&pg=PT62">The Secret History of Southend-on-Sea</a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750955454" title="Special:BookSources/9780750955454"><bdi>9780750955454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+Southend-on-Sea&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780750955454&rft.au=Dee+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ87AwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsouthend%2Buss%2Brichard%2Bmontgomery%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.facebook.com/groups/420105900348418/">"D-Day 80th Anniversary event. Southend-on-Sea, Essex. 8 June 2024"</a>. Facebook. 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=D-Day+80th+Anniversary+event.+Southend-on-Sea%2C+Essex.+8+June+2024&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F420105900348418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theddaystory.com/markers/force-l-follow-up-assembly-area-southend-on-sea-essex/">"Force L (Follow-up) Assembly area, Southend-on-Sea, Essex"</a>. The D-Day Story. Portsmouth. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+D-Day+Story.+Portsmouth&rft.atitle=Force+L+%28Follow-up%29+Assembly+area%2C+Southend-on-Sea%2C+Essex.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheddaystory.com%2Fmarkers%2Fforce-l-follow-up-assembly-area-southend-on-sea-essex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymentcity-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raymentcity_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymentcity_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymentcity_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Rayment2023" class="citation book cs1">David C. Rayment (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx_bEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend+pier%22+Prince+George+Extension+1945&pg=PT12">Celebrating the City of Southend</a>. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398115811" title="Special:BookSources/9781398115811"><bdi>9781398115811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+City+of+Southend&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781398115811&rft.au=David+C.+Rayment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRx_bEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2Bpier%2522%2BPrince%2BGeorge%2BExtension%2B1945%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/nostalgia/20202922.southend-coastal-defences-removed-ww2/">"How Southend coastal defences were removed after WW2"</a>. Evening Echo. 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=How+Southend+coastal+defences+were+removed+after+WW2&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnostalgia%2F20202922.southend-coastal-defences-removed-ww2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seasidepiers-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seasidepiers_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seasidepiers_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_H._Adamson,_Antony_Dale1994" class="citation book cs1">Simon H. Adamson, Antony Dale (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeANAQAAIAAJ&q=%22southend%22+1960s">Seaside Piers</a>. B. T. Batsford. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713402421" title="Special:BookSources/9780713402421"><bdi>9780713402421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seaside+Piers&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780713402421&rft.au=Simon+H.+Adamson%2C+Antony+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeANAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2B1960s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Wills,_Tim_Phillips2014" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Wills, Tim Phillips (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEYTTANjAyQC&q=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s">British Seaside Piers</a>. English Heritage. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848022645" title="Special:BookSources/9781848022645"><bdi>9781848022645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Seaside+Piers&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781848022645&rft.au=Anthony+Wills%2C+Tim+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEYTTANjAyQC%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23571990.southend-golden-hind-memories-el-galeon-visit/">"Southend Golden Hind memories after El Galeon visit"</a>. Evening Echo. 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Southend+Golden+Hind+memories+after+El+Galeon+visit&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23571990.southend-golden-hind-memories-el-galeon-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_Shaw,_Sheela_Agarwal2007" class="citation book cs1">Gareth Shaw, Sheela Agarwal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeSLlUW0Pf8C&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA40">Managing Coastal Tourism Resorts. A Global Perspective</a>. Channel View Publications. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845413590" title="Special:BookSources/9781845413590"><bdi>9781845413590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Coastal+Tourism+Resorts.+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845413590&rft.au=Gareth+Shaw%2C+Sheela+Agarwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeSLlUW0Pf8C%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Page2011" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Page (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKj2h2de8XgC&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA349">Tourism Management</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 348–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136433917" title="Special:BookSources/9781136433917"><bdi>9781136433917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+Management&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136433917&rft.au=Stephen+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKj2h2de8XgC%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexrecordofficeblog.co.uk/the-1953-floods-in-essex/">"The 1953 Floods in Essex"</a>. Essex Records Office. 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essex+Records+Office&rft.atitle=The+1953+Floods+in+Essex&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexrecordofficeblog.co.uk%2Fthe-1953-floods-in-essex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23504645.coronations-past-south-essex-celebrated/">"Coronations of past: how south Essex celebrated them"</a>. Evening Echo. 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Coronations+of+past%3A+how+south+Essex+celebrated+them&rft.date=2023-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23504645.coronations-past-south-essex-celebrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxxhAAAAIAAJ&q=%22southend%22+1960s">Commonwealth Survey</a>. Central Office of Information. 1957. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Survey&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Central+Office+of+Information&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxxhAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2B1960s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginald_Davies,_M._D._Grant1983" class="citation book cs1">Reginald Davies, M. D. Grant (1983). London and Its Railways. David & Charles. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715381076" title="Special:BookSources/9780715381076"><bdi>9780715381076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+and+Its+Railways&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780715381076&rft.au=Reginald+Davies%2C+M.+D.+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Britain's Carferry Airlines". Airliner World. Key Publishing, Avenel, NJ, USA. July 2005. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airliner+World&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Carferry+Airlines&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2005-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Clapson_2009_333-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Clapson_2009_333_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Clapson_2009_333_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Clapson2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark Clapson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwyCAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA333">The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134476954" title="Special:BookSources/9781134476954"><bdi>9781134476954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134476954&rft.au=Mark+Clapson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwyCAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Thornton,_Herbert_Eiden2012" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Thornton, Herbert Eiden (2012). The Victoria History of the County of Essex. Boydell & Brewer. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+History+of+the+County+of+Essex&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Christopher+Thornton%2C+Herbert+Eiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Thornton,_Herbert_Eiden2012" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Thornton, Herbert Eiden (2012). The Victoria History of the County of Essex. Boydell & Brewer. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+History+of+the+County+of+Essex&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Christopher+Thornton%2C+Herbert+Eiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Ward2005" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Ward (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpuuaHfJvwUC&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA78">Selling Places. The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850-2000</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135818944" title="Special:BookSources/9781135818944"><bdi>9781135818944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Places.+The+Marketing+and+Promotion+of+Towns+and+Cities+1850-2000&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135818944&rft.au=Stephen+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpuuaHfJvwUC%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress_House_Committee_on_Banking,_Currency,_and_Housing1978" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress House Committee on Banking, Currency, and Housing (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeA1AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22southend%22+develops+commercial+1960s&pg=RA5-PA126">Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Banking, Currency, and Housing</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings%2C+Reports+and+Prints+of+the+House+Committee+on+Banking%2C+Currency%2C+and+Housing&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.au=United+States.+Congress+House+Committee+on+Banking%2C+Currency%2C+and+Housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeA1AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bdevelops%2Bcommercial%2B1960s%26pg%3DRA5-PA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/southend-timeline-post-war-development-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"The Miles Report of 1944"</a>. Southend Timeline. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=The+Miles+Report+of+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2Fsouthend-timeline-post-war-development-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Yearsley2016" class="citation book cs1">Ian Yearsley (2016). Southend in 50 Buildings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445651897" title="Special:BookSources/9781445651897"><bdi>9781445651897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+in+50+Buildings&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781445651897&rft.au=Ian+Yearsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3dJEGQIAS4C&q=%22southend%22+develops+commercial+1960s">"Southend-all-at-sea. Or how not to develop a town"</a>. Time and Tide. Vol. 41, no. 27–53. Time and Tide. 1960. p. 1328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+and+Tide&rft.atitle=Southend-all-at-sea.+Or+how+not+to+develop+a+town&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pages=1328&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3dJEGQIAS4C%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bdevelops%2Bcommercial%2B1960s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5dVOhCbe6AC&q=%22southend%22+ring+road">"Revised Southend Redevelopment Scheme Rejected"</a>. Highways and Bridges and Engineering Works. Vol. 29. Road Publications. 1961. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Highways+and+Bridges+and+Engineering+Works&rft.atitle=Revised+Southend+Redevelopment+Scheme+Rejected&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5dVOhCbe6AC%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talza-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talza_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talza_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talza_124-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/southend-timeline-from-talza-to-victoria-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"From Talza to Victoria"</a>. Southend Timeline. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=From+Talza+to+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2Fsouthend-timeline-from-talza-to-victoria-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthend-on-Sea_and_District_Chapter_of_Architects1961" class="citation book cs1">Southend-on-Sea and District Chapter of Architects (1961). Prospect of Southend. Master Design Proposals for the Town.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospect+of+Southend.+Master+Design+Proposals+for+the+Town&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Southend-on-Sea+and+District+Chapter+of+Architects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/4785731.arcade-crushed-under-concrete/">"Arcade crushed under concrete"</a>. Evening Echo. 9 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Arcade+crushed+under+concrete&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F4785731.arcade-crushed-under-concrete%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Yearsley2022" class="citation book cs1">Ian Yearsley (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3CJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+ring+road&pg=PT88">Secret City of Southend</a>. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781398111554" title="Special:BookSources/9781398111554"><bdi>9781398111554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+City+of+Southend&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781398111554&rft.au=Ian+Yearsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3CJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queensway-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Queensway_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queensway_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/southend-timeline-queensway-ring-road-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"Queensway"</a>. Southend Timeline. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=Queensway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2Fsouthend-timeline-queensway-ring-road-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyFeAAAAIAAJ&q=%22southend%22+ring+road">"Southend Inner Ring Road"</a>. The Road Way. Associated Road Operators, Road Haulage Association. 1966. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Road+Way&rft.atitle=Southend+Inner+Ring+Road&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyFeAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22southend%22+ring+road">"Street Lighting"</a>. The Electrical Review. 180 (18–26). IPC Electrical-Electronic Press: 54. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electrical+Review&rft.atitle=Street+Lighting&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgIjAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/5506029.southend-history-collector-ken-puts-pictures-into-print/">"Southend: History collector Ken puts pictures into print"</a>. Daily Gazette. 19 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Gazette&rft.atitle=Southend%3A+History+collector+Ken+puts+pictures+into+print&rft.date=2000-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F5506029.southend-history-collector-ken-puts-pictures-into-print%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vE1AQAAIAAJ&q=%22southend%22+ring+road">"Southend-on-Sea"</a>. Chartered Municipal Engineer. 102–103. Institution of Municipal Engineers: 10. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chartered+Municipal+Engineer&rft.atitle=Southend-on-Sea&rft.volume=102-103&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vE1AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dK70zlf8qCUC&dq=%22southend%22+high+street+pedestrianised&pg=RA10-PA9">"Pedestrian Malls"</a>. Urban Transportation Research and Planning, Current Literature. Vol. 24–26. Bureau of Public Roads Library. 1968. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Transportation+Research+and+Planning%2C+Current+Literature&rft.atitle=Pedestrian+Malls&rft.volume=24%E2%80%9326&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdK70zlf8qCUC%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bhigh%2Bstreet%2Bpedestrianised%26pg%3DRA10-PA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/3/southend-timeline-the-changing-face-of-southend-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"The Changing Face of Southend"</a>. Southend Timeline. 1965. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Southend&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2F3%2Fsouthend-timeline-the-changing-face-of-southend-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kq5VAAAAYAAJ&q=when+did+%22HM+Customs+and+Excise%22+open+an+office+in+%22Southend-on-Sea%22">"Custom and Excise Building"</a>. Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer. Vol. 127. 1966. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surveyor+and+Municipal+and+County+Engineer&rft.atitle=Custom+and+Excise+Building&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkq5VAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dwhen%2Bdid%2B%2522HM%2BCustoms%2Band%2BExcise%2522%2Bopen%2Ban%2Boffice%2Bin%2B%2522Southend-on-Sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1968/oct/24/police-forces-essex-and-southend">"Essex Police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 24 October 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225134118/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1968/oct/24/police-forces-essex-and-southend">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Essex+Police&rft.date=1968-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1968%2Foct%2F24%2Fpolice-forces-essex-and-southend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Harrison,_Richard_Sharpley2017" class="citation book cs1">David Harrison, Richard Sharpley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcmDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+tourists+1950s&pg=PA107">Mass Tourism in a Small World</a>. CABI. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780648545" title="Special:BookSources/9781780648545"><bdi>9781780648545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Tourism+in+a+Small+World&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780648545&rft.au=David+Harrison%2C+Richard+Sharpley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMcmDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Btourists%2B1950s%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutpurse2010" class="citation book cs1">Cutpurse, Molly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKJzAgAAQBAJ">The Chronologically Challenged Funeral Director</a>. Lulu.com. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-44576-926-4" title="Special:BookSources/9-781-44576-926-4"><bdi>9-781-44576-926-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronologically+Challenged+Funeral+Director&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9-781-44576-926-4&rft.aulast=Cutpurse&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKJzAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=q21kAAAAIBAJ&pg=5403,1726465&hl=en">"Pier preserved"</a>. The Calgary Herald. 23 September 1972. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Pier+preserved&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1972-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.co.uk%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dq21kAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5403%2C1726465%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southendpier.co.uk/history">"Pier History"</a>. Southend Pier and Railway. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Pier+and+Railway&rft.atitle=Pier+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southendpier.co.uk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthend_City_Council" class="citation book cs1">Southend City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://democracy.southend.gov.uk/documents/s46290/Appendix%206%20The%20Kursaal%20CAA.pdf">Kursaal Conservation Area Character Appraisal</a> (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kursaal+Conservation+Area+Character+Appraisal&rft.au=Southend+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdemocracy.southend.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fs46290%2FAppendix%25206%2520The%2520Kursaal%2520CAA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Electronic telephone exchanges". Post Office Telecommunications Journal. 22 (4): 616. Winter 1970–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952Natur.169..616.">1952Natur.169..616.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F169616a0">10.1038/169616a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post+Office+Telecommunications+Journal&rft.atitle=Electronic+telephone+exchanges&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=616&rft.date=1970%2F1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F169616a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952Natur.169..616.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poole-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poole_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poole_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poole_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-poole_143-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Poole2008" class="citation book cs1">Chris Poole (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epepnet.co.uk/links/LinksPDF/EKCO%2520Dpl.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiRjZ6xmOOGAxUMQEEAHWOjCxk4HhAWegQIERAB&usg=AOvVaw0XvDwTzUYSII8as4X65XwP">EKCO Electronics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EKCO+Electronics&rft.date=2008-04&rft.au=Chris+Poole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepepnet.co.uk%2Flinks%2FLinksPDF%2FEKCO%252520Dpl.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiRjZ6xmOOGAxUMQEEAHWOjCxk4HhAWegQIERAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw0XvDwTzUYSII8as4X65XwP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plastic-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plastic_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plastic_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer,_P._A._T1985" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, P. A. T (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plasticelectroni0000fraz/page/21/mode/1up?q=%22joint+credit+card+company%22">Plastic and electronic money : new payment systems and their implications</a>. Woodhead-Faulkner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859412903" title="Special:BookSources/0859412903"><bdi>0859412903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastic+and+electronic+money+%3A+new+payment+systems+and+their+implications&rft.pub=Woodhead-Faulkner&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0859412903&rft.au=Frazer%2C+P.+A.+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplasticelectroni0000fraz%2Fpage%2F21%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522joint%2Bcredit%2Bcard%2Bcompany%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebenham,_John2010" class="citation book cs1">Debenham, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onthisdayinessex0000debe/page/19/mode/1up?q=%22southend-on-sea%22+">On this day in Essex : a diary of day by day events many of which shaped the nations history with national and international timelines</a>. Summersbook (UK) Ltd. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955229541" title="Special:BookSources/9780955229541"><bdi>9780955229541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+this+day+in+Essex+%3A+a+diary+of+day+by+day+events+many+of+which+shaped+the+nations+history+with+national+and+international+timelines&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Summersbook+%28UK%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780955229541&rft.au=Debenham%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonthisdayinessex0000debe%2Fpage%2F19%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/2/southend-timeline-historic-aircraft-museum-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"The Historic Aircraft Museum"</a>. Southend Timeline. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=The+Historic+Aircraft+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2F2%2Fsouthend-timeline-historic-aircraft-museum-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Minns,_Jenny_Thornley1978" class="citation book cs1">Richard Minns, Jenny Thornley (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=admwCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22southend%22+ring+road&pg=PA76">State Shareholding. The Role of Local and Regional Authorities</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349037681" title="Special:BookSources/9781349037681"><bdi>9781349037681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Shareholding.+The+Role+of+Local+and+Regional+Authorities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9781349037681&rft.au=Richard+Minns%2C+Jenny+Thornley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadmwCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522southend%2522%2Bring%2Broad%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1982" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter (1982). Great Planning Disasters. University of California Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520046078" title="Special:BookSources/9780520046078"><bdi>9780520046078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Planning+Disasters&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780520046078&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southendtimeline.co.uk/southend-timeline-prospects-1976-history-of-southend-on-sea.html">"Prospects 1976"</a>. Southend Timeline. Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southend+Timeline&rft.atitle=Prospects+1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthendtimeline.co.uk%2Fsouthend-timeline-prospects-1976-history-of-southend-on-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Henry_Wardle_Robinson,_Roy_Millward1983" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Henry Wardle Robinson, Roy Millward (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVQKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22southend%22+1960s">The Shell Book of the British Coast</a>. David & Charles. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715381502" title="Special:BookSources/9780715381502"><bdi>9780715381502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shell+Book+of+the+British+Coast&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780715381502&rft.au=Adrian+Henry+Wardle+Robinson%2C+Roy+Millward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVQKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522southend%2522%2B1960s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://essex.newsquest.co.uk/southendpier/body.html#:~:text=Visitor%20numbers%20started%20to%20decline%20in%20the,closure%20in%201980%20caused%20public%20outcry%20with">"First Mile, walkway and train, now open"</a>. 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Echo. 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Echo&rft.atitle=Workmen+move+in+to+demolish+market&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2F8116980.workmen-move-in-to-demolish-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10993406.southend-town-centre-market-to-double-in-size/">"Southend market to double in size"</a>. Echo. 6 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Echo&rft.atitle=Southend+market+to+double+in+size&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10993406.southend-town-centre-market-to-double-in-size%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/23565369.southend-high-street-set-new-saturday-market/">"Southend High Street set to have new Saturday market"</a>. Evening Echo. 23 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Southend+High+Street+set+to+have+new+Saturday+market&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F23565369.southend-high-street-set-new-saturday-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenRustin2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip; Rustin, Michael J. (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBJLH49xa-YC&q=%22Hamlet+Court+Road%22+is+Bond+Street&pg=PA219">London's Turning - The making of Thames Gateway - Edited by Philip Cohen & Michael J. Rustin page 219</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754670636" title="Special:BookSources/9780754670636"><bdi>9780754670636</bdi></a>. 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Southend High School for Boys. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael12-384"><a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael12_384-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael29-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael29_386-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael29_386-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Key_Information-387">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Key_Information_387-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_Information_387-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whsb.essex.sch.uk/key-information">"Key Information"</a>. Westcliff High School for Boys. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Information&rft.pub=Westcliff+High+School+for+Boys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whsb.essex.sch.uk%2Fkey-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. Southend High School for Boys. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Southend+High+School+for+Boys&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_White_Hall-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_White_Hall_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_White_Hall_389-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1236551?section=official-list-entry">"The White Hall"</a>. Historic England. 1 December 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+England&rft.atitle=The+White+Hall&rft.date=1994-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1236551%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas_Niel_Martin-Kaye-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_Niel_Martin-Kaye_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_Niel_Martin-Kaye_390-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvVUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+White+Hall%22+Southend">"Douglas Niel Martin-Kaye"</a>. Royal Institute of British Architects. 61: 250. 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Institute+of+British+Architects&rft.atitle=Douglas+Niel+Martin-Kaye&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=250&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvVUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BWhite%2BHall%2522%2BSouthend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ero-392">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ero_392-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ero_392-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Smith1988" class="citation book cs1">John R. Smith (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6k2AAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Southend+municipal+college%22">More of Southend Past</a>. Essex Record Office. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900360-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900360-70-1"><bdi>978-0-900360-70-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+of+Southend+Past&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Essex+Record+Office&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-900360-70-1&rft.au=John+R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6k2AAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Southend%2Bmunicipal%2Bcollege%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC/33-393"><a href="#cite_ref-ECC/33_393-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essexarchivesonline.co.uk/result_details.aspx?DocID=150224">"Reference: E/E 33"</a>. Essex Records Office. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essex+Records+Office&rft.atitle=Reference%3A+E%2FE+33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexarchivesonline.co.uk%2Fresult_details.aspx%3FDocID%3D150224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael,_Harry1995" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Harry (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withfuturewithpa0000carm/page/1/mode/1up?q=%22southend+high+school+for+boys%22">With future and with past : a history of Southend High School for Boys on the occasion of its centenary</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952592303" title="Special:BookSources/9780952592303"><bdi>9780952592303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+future+and+with+past+%3A+a+history+of+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+on+the+occasion+of+its+centenary&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780952592303&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithfuturewithpa0000carm%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bfor%2Bboys%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent1-395">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_395-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent1_395-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/south-east-essex-college-459062.html">South East Essex College – A-Z Unis & Colleges, Getting Into University</a>. The Independent (5 August 2010). Retrieved on 21 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-southessex1-396"><a href="#cite_ref-southessex1_396-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southessex.ac.uk/about/index.aspx">About Us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20100108163256/http://www.southessex.ac.uk/about/index.aspx">Archived</a> 8 January 2010 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. Southessex.ac.uk (28 April 2003). Retrieved on 21 April 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074912/https://www.southendtimeline.com/1906.htm">"1906 – Southend Timeline"</a>. southendtimeline.com. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. 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Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Barrow+1-2+Southend+United&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F56869357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://essexseniorleague.co.uk/club/southend-manor-football-club/">"Southend Manor Football Club"</a>. Essex Senior League. 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London: Penguin. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141006250" title="Special:BookSources/0141006250"><bdi>0141006250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+thousand+best+houses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0141006250&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Yearsley2016" class="citation book cs1">Ian Yearsley (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DB2tCwAAQBAJ&dq=st+mary%27s+church+prittlewell&pg=PT10">Southend in 50 Buildings</a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445651897" title="Special:BookSources/9781445651897"><bdi>9781445651897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southend+in+50+Buildings&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781445651897&rft.au=Ian+Yearsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDB2tCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Bmary%2527s%2Bchurch%2Bprittlewell%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1322353?section=official-list-entry">"Church of St Mary"</a>. 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Essex Live. 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essex+Live&rft.atitle=Long+lost+Essex+nightclubs+we+wish+we+could+go+back+to+for+one+last+dance&rft.date=2021-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essexlive.news%2Fwhats-on%2Fmusic-nightlife%2Flong-lost-nightclubs-essex-closed-4283488%3Fint_source%3Damp_continue_reading%26int_medium%3Damp%26int_campaign%3Dcontinue_reading_button%23amp-readmore-target&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/18001270.talk-nightclub-southend-close-40-years-new-years-eve/">"Talk Nightclub, Southend, to close after 40 years on New Years Eve"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essex+Sound+and+Light&rft.atitle=Chameleon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esl-systems.co.uk%2Fprojects%2Fchameleon-nightclub-southend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixfm.com/2011/12/17/club-culture-perfect-virtue-special/">"Club Culture – Perfect Virtue Special"</a>. Phoenix FM. 17 December 2011. 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The Soul Survivors Magazine. 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Soul+Survivors+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fitzroy+spraks+with+Ian+Reading&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmydigitalpublication.co.uk%2Fpublication%2F%3Fi%3D648506%26article_id%3D3593298%26view%3DarticleBrowser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moxser.com/mixes/jeremy-healy-live-glow-adlib-nightclub-southend-on-sea-first-birthday-xx-xx-1997">"Jeremy Healy Live @ Glow Adlib Nightclub Southend-on-Sea (First Birthday) (xx.xx.1997)"</a>. Moxser. 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Daily Gazette. 20 March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Gazette&rft.atitle=Southend%3A+Nightclub%27s+%C2%A31+million+revamp&rft.date=2000-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F5514679.southend-nightclubs-1-million-revamp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10837973.radio-1-dj-will-host-club-night/">"Radio 1 DJ will host club night"</a>. Evening Echo. 2 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Radio+1+DJ+will+host+club+night&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10837973.radio-1-dj-will-host-club-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-521"><a href="#cite_ref-521">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/17604769.luck-n-neat-juniors-rave-held-southend/">"Luck N Neat Juniors rave held in Southend"</a>. Evening Echo. 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Luck+N+Neat+Juniors+rave+held+in+Southend&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F17604769.luck-n-neat-juniors-rave-held-southend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/17776623.dick-de-vignes-nightclub-goes-sale-southend/">"Dick de Vigne's nightclub goes up for sale in Southend"</a>. Evening Echo. 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Dick+de+Vigne%27s+nightclub+goes+up+for+sale+in+Southend&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F17776623.dick-de-vignes-nightclub-goes-sale-southend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10656879.sunrooms-in-southend-to-close-down-after-20-years/">"Sunrooms in Southend to close down after 20 years"</a>. 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Open University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335099658" title="Special:BookSources/9780335099658"><bdi>9780335099658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towns+for+People.+Transforming+Urban+Life&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780335099658&rft.au=Ken+Worpole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3tPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsouthend%2Bmusic%2Bscene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaes_Johansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Claes Johansen (2000). Procol Harum Beyond the Pale. SAF Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946719280" title="Special:BookSources/9780946719280"><bdi>9780946719280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procol+Harum+Beyond+the+Pale&rft.pub=SAF+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780946719280&rft.au=Claes+Johansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolae_Sfetcu2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicolae Sfetcu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pub+rock%22+southend&pg=PT1752">The Music Sound</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Sound&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Nicolae+Sfetcu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXyFAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522pub%2Brock%2522%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPT1752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loudersound.com/features/raising-the-bar-the-chaotic-story-of-pub-rock">"Raising the bar: the chaotic story of pub rock"</a>. Classic Rock. 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classic+Rock&rft.atitle=Raising+the+bar%3A+the+chaotic+story+of+pub+rock&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loudersound.com%2Ffeatures%2Fraising-the-bar-the-chaotic-story-of-pub-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-528"><a href="#cite_ref-528">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2015" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Mike (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D54EswEACAAJ">Hole in My Pocket: The True Legend of Mickey Jupp: the Rock'n'roll Genius Who Declined to Be a Star</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506088037" title="Special:BookSources/9781506088037"><bdi>9781506088037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hole+in+My+Pocket%3A+The+True+Legend+of+Mickey+Jupp%3A+the+Rock%27n%27roll+Genius+Who+Declined+to+Be+a+Star&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781506088037&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD54EswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jul/29/i-dont-want-my-career-resurrected-the-last-orders-of-pub-rock-pioneer-mickey-jupp">"'I don't want my career resurrected!' The last orders of pub rock pioneer Mickey Jupp"</a>. The Guardian. 29 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I+don%27t+want+my+career+resurrected%21%27+The+last+orders+of+pub+rock+pioneer+Mickey+Jupp&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2022%2Fjul%2F29%2Fi-dont-want-my-career-resurrected-the-last-orders-of-pub-rock-pioneer-mickey-jupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKY4AQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+southend+connection%22">"The Southend Connection"</a>. Option. No. 30–35. 1990. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Option&rft.atitle=The+Southend+Connection&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKY4AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bsouthend%2Bconnection%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museumcrush.org/mods-rockers-skinheads-punks-snapshots-of-southends-subcultural-history/">"Mods, Rockers, Skinheads, Punks: Snapshots of Southend's Subcultural History"</a>. Museum Crush. 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Crush&rft.atitle=Mods%2C+Rockers%2C+Skinheads%2C+Punks%3A+Snapshots+of+Southend%27s+Subcultural+History&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseumcrush.org%2Fmods-rockers-skinheads-punks-snapshots-of-southends-subcultural-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_García-Romero2016" class="citation book cs1">Anne García-Romero (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkWLCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22punk%22+southend+Dick+Hebdige&pg=PA70">The Fornes Frame. Contemporary Latina Playwrights and the Legacy of Maria Irene Fornes</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816531448" title="Special:BookSources/9780816531448"><bdi>9780816531448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fornes+Frame.+Contemporary+Latina+Playwrights+and+the+Legacy+of+Maria+Irene+Fornes&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780816531448&rft.au=Anne+Garc%C3%ADa-Romero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjkWLCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522punk%2522%2Bsouthend%2BDick%2BHebdige%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/05/understand-on-the-90s-punk-scene-that-shunned-them">"'In Southend, not being glassed was an achievement': the might and misfortune of UK rockers Understand"</a>. The Guardian. 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27In+Southend%2C+not+being+glassed+was+an+achievement%27%3A+the+might+and+misfortune+of+UK+rockers+Understand&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2023%2Fapr%2F05%2Funderstand-on-the-90s-punk-scene-that-shunned-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/sep/01/popandrock2">"The beach boys"</a>. The Guardian. 1 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+beach+boys&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2006%2Fsep%2F01%2Fpopandrock2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osgerby-535">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osgerby_535-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgerby_535-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osgerby_535-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Osgerby2014" class="citation book cs1">William Osgerby (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxlQBwAAQBAJ&dq=junk+club+Southend&pg=PA74">Subcultures, Popular Music and Social Change</a>. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 73–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443867375" title="Special:BookSources/9781443867375"><bdi>9781443867375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subcultures%2C+Popular+Music+and+Social+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443867375&rft.au=William+Osgerby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxlQBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djunk%2Bclub%2BSouthend%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Echo4909-536">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Echo4909_536-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Echo4909_536-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/4579763.will-horrors-cause-a-scream-at-awards/">"Will Horrors cause a scream at awards?"</a>. 4 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=4+September+2009&rft.atitle=Will+Horrors+cause+a+scream+at+awards%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F4579763.will-horrors-cause-a-scream-at-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/03/it-was-nuts-what-we-got-away-with-remembering-the-00s-uk-indie-explosion">"'It was nuts what we got away with': remembering the 00s UK indie explosion"</a>. The Guardian. 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It+was+nuts+what+we+got+away+with%27%3A+remembering+the+00s+UK+indie+explosion&rft.date=2023-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2023%2Fmar%2F03%2Fit-was-nuts-what-we-got-away-with-remembering-the-00s-uk-indie-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECC-538">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECC_538-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECC_538-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/essex/content/articles/2008/08/19/experimentalcircle_feature.shtml">"Experimental Circle Club"</a>. BBC. 11 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Experimental+Circle+Club&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fessex%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F19%2Fexperimentalcircle_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovesouthend.co.uk/landmarks-attractions/top-10-music-videos-shot-southend.html">"Music Videos Shot in Southend"</a>, Love Southend </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Elton-john-bitter-fingers-lyrics">"Elton John Lyrics - Bitter Fingers"</a>. Genius. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genius&rft.atitle=Elton+John+Lyrics+-+Bitter+Fingers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FElton-john-bitter-fingers-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/The-kinks-picture-book-lyrics">"Picture Book. The Kinks"</a>. Genius. 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Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SongMeanings&rft.atitle=Billy+Bragg+-+A13+Trunk+Road+to+the+Sea+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsongmeanings.com%2Fsongs%2Fview%2F3530822107859516425%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Garner2010" class="citation book cs1">Ken Garner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdsfrYAu-x8C&dq=a13+essex+is+the+route+66+music+john+peel&pg=PA121">The Peel Sessions. A Story of Teenage Dreams and One Man's Love of New Music</a>. Random House. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409074830" title="Special:BookSources/9781409074830"><bdi>9781409074830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peel+Sessions.+A+Story+of+Teenage+Dreams+and+One+Man%27s+Love+of+New+Music&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781409074830&rft.au=Ken+Garner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdsfrYAu-x8C%26dq%3Da13%2Bessex%2Bis%2Bthe%2Broute%2B66%2Bmusic%2Bjohn%2Bpeel%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-544"><a href="#cite_ref-544">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-suffolk-65114886">"Busted: Stardom in social media age is a 'different thing'"</a>. BBC. 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Busted%3A+Stardom+in+social+media+age+is+a+%27different+thing%27&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-suffolk-65114886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-545"><a href="#cite_ref-545">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/sam-duckworth-interview-get-cape-wear-cape-fly-recreations-beaches-aint-shit-a7357926.html">"Sam Duckworth interview: 'I love making music and without sounding corny it feels like this is what I'm meant to do' – The Independent 12 October 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a>. 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/sam-duckworth-interview-get-cape-wear-cape-fly-recreations-beaches-aint-shit-a7357926.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sam+Duckworth+interview%3A+%27I+love+making+music+and+without+sounding+corny+it+feels+like+this+is+what+I%27m+meant+to+do%27+%E2%80%93+The+Independent+12+October+2016&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fsam-duckworth-interview-get-cape-wear-cape-fly-recreations-beaches-aint-shit-a7357926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larkin80-546"><a href="#cite_ref-Larkin80_546-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Larkin (writer)">Larkin, Colin</a>, ed. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Popular Music">The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a>. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-969-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85227-969-9"><bdi>1-85227-969-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Encyclopedia+of+Eighties+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85227-969-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-547"><a href="#cite_ref-547">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Hutchinson2017" class="citation book cs1">Barry Hutchinson (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-okDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22eddie+and+the+hot+rods%22+southend&pg=PA135">The Damned - The Chaos Years An Unofficial Biography</a>. Lulu.com. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780244302566" title="Special:BookSources/9780244302566"><bdi>9780244302566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Damned+-+The+Chaos+Years+An+Unofficial+Biography&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780244302566&rft.au=Barry+Hutchinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-okDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522eddie%2Band%2Bthe%2Bhot%2Brods%2522%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-548"><a href="#cite_ref-548">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matrix-music.com/artist/eight-rounds-rapid/">"EIGHT ROUNDS RAPID"</a>. Matrix Music. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matrix+Music&rft.atitle=EIGHT+ROUNDS+RAPID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatrix-music.com%2Fartist%2Feight-rounds-rapid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-549"><a href="#cite_ref-549">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/local_news/4533792.the-horrors-are-just-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-south-essex-hitmakers/">"The Horrors are just the latest in a long line of south Essex hitmakers"</a>. Evening Echo. 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=The+Horrors+are+just+the+latest+in+a+long+line+of+south+Essex+hitmakers&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2F4533792.the-horrors-are-just-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-south-essex-hitmakers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-550"><a href="#cite_ref-550">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_McCarraher2012" class="citation book cs1">James McCarraher (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xiVAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+kursaal+flyers%22+southend&pg=PA161">101 Songs To Discover From The Seventies</a>. Lulu.com. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447862666" title="Special:BookSources/9781447862666"><bdi>9781447862666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Songs+To+Discover+From+The+Seventies&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781447862666&rft.au=James+McCarraher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xiVAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bkursaal%2Bflyers%2522%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-551"><a href="#cite_ref-551">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Balls2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard Balls (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOQkBQAAQBAJ&dq=mickey+jupp+southend&pg=PA164">Be Stiff. The Stiff Records Story</a>. Soundcheck Books. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957570061" title="Special:BookSources/9780957570061"><bdi>9780957570061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Stiff.+The+Stiff+Records+Story&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Soundcheck+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780957570061&rft.au=Richard+Balls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOQkBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmickey%2Bjupp%2Bsouthend%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-552"><a href="#cite_ref-552">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Kelly (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echonews.co.uk/news/11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie/">"We've just been signed to the same record label as Pharrell Williams and David Bowie"</a>. echo-news.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116075622/https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11342998.weve-just-been-signed-to-the-same-record-label-as-pharrell-williams-and-david-bowie/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=echo-news.co.uk&rft.atitle=We%27ve+just+been+signed+to+the+same+record+label+as+Pharrell+Williams+and+David+Bowie&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echonews.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-553"><a href="#cite_ref-553">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Scott-Irvine2012" class="citation book cs1">Henry Scott-Irvine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DMDAwAAQBAJ&q=procum+harlem+southend">Procol Harum: The Ghosts Of A Whiter Shade of Pale</a>. Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857128027" title="Special:BookSources/9780857128027"><bdi>9780857128027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Procol+Harum%3A+The+Ghosts+Of+A+Whiter+Shade+of+Pale&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857128027&rft.au=Henry+Scott-Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DMDAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprocum%2Bharlem%2Bsouthend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-554"><a href="#cite_ref-554">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney2014" class="citation web cs1">Kinney, Bunny (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papermag.com/these-new-puritans-rip-it-up-and-start-again-1427219025.html">"These New Puritans Rip It Up and Start Again"</a>. 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Evening Echo. 11 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Echo&rft.atitle=Tonight+finally+release+album+after+32+years&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F8729954.tonight-finally-release-album-after-32-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-556"><a href="#cite_ref-Times_556-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wilko-johnson-raucous-guitarist-with-dr-feelgood-dies-aged-75-3lct3z62j">"Wilko Johnson obituary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Wilko+Johnson+obituary&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwilko-johnson-raucous-guitarist-with-dr-feelgood-dies-aged-75-3lct3z62j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarfend.co.uk/insouthend.html">"Keddies"</a>. In and Around Southend-on-Sea. Sarfend.co.uk. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarfend.co.uk/southendradio">the original</a> on 26 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarfend.co.uk%27s+page+on+Radio+in+Southend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarfend.co.uk%2Fsouthendradio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-560"><a href="#cite_ref-560">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Crystal_Palace">"Crystal Palace (Greater London, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Palace+%28Greater+London%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FCrystal_Palace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-561"><a href="#cite_ref-561">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Sudbury">"Sudbury (Suffolk, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudbury+%28Suffolk%2C+England%29+Full+Freeview+transmitter&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukfree.tv%2Ftransmitters%2Ftv%2FSudbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-562"><a href="#cite_ref-562">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bluebell_Hill">"Bluebell Hill (Medway, England) Full Freeview transmitter"</a>. 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Overlook Duckworth. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie+made+me+gay+%3A+100+years+of+LGBT+music&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Overlook+Duckworth&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Bullock%2C+Darryl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavidbowiemademe0000bull%2Fpage%2F74%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522southend-on-sea%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theprotagonistmagazine.com/performances/mathew-baynton">"MATHEW BAYNTON On Good and Bad Comedy – The Protagonist Magazine"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Michael+Wilding%2C+British+Movie+Star&rft.date=1979-07-09&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1979%2F07%2F09%2Fmichael-wilding-british-movie-star%2F535b8c0f-8fab-43c5-bf97-44cfd0bdbabb%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-691"><a href="#cite_ref-691">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Emma (27 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/10184000.Eastenders_star_David_Witts_thanks_former_Southend_High_School_for_Boys_teacher/">"Eastenders star David Witts thanks former Southend High School for Boys teacher"</a>. Echo. Newsquest. Retrieved 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Echo&rft.atitle=Eastenders+star+David+Witts+thanks+former+Southend+High+School+for+Boys+teacher&rft.date=2013-01-27&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echo-news.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10184000.Eastenders_star_David_Witts_thanks_former_Southend_High_School_for_Boys_teacher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-692"><a href="#cite_ref-692">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA1457">"The Royal Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogues.royalsociety.org%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Persons%26id%3DNA1457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> "Ingatestone & Fryerning: A History" by Ian Yearsley, p.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation web cs1">Buckley, Kelly (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echonews.co.uk/news/11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie/">"We've just been signed to the same record label as Pharrell Williams and David Bowie"</a>. echo-news.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116075622/https://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11342998.weve-just-been-signed-to-the-same-record-label-as-pharrell-williams-and-david-bowie/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=echo-news.co.uk&rft.atitle=We%27ve+just+been+signed+to+the+same+record+label+as+Pharrell+Williams+and+David+Bowie&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echonews.co.uk%2Fnews%2F11342998.We___ve_just_been_signed_to_the_same_record_label_as_Pharrell_Williams_and_David_Bowie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Walker_and_Christine_Sexton2023" class="citation web cs1">Peter Walker and Christine Sexton (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-66274887">"Founder of Southend's Music Man Project given freedom of city"</a>. BBC News Essex. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Essex&rft.atitle=Founder+of+Southend%27s+Music+Man+Project+given+freedom+of+city&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.au=Peter+Walker+and+Christine+Sexton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-essex-66274887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2023" class="citation web cs1">Sexton, Christine (16 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ck507zxn63jo">"Blues boss to receive Freedom of the City accolade"</a>. BBC News Essex. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Essex&rft.atitle=Blues+boss+to+receive+Freedom+of+the+City+accolade&rft.date=2023-12-16&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fck507zxn63jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-697"><a href="#cite_ref-697">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/10339564">"Royal Anglians given freedom of Southend"</a>. BBC News Essex. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Essex&rft.atitle=Royal+Anglians+given+freedom+of+Southend&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2F10339564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southend-on-Sea&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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title="commons:Category:Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southend-on-Sea#Q203995" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southend.gov.uk/">Official website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Southend-on-Sea">"Southend-on-Sea" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southend-on-Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthend-on-Sea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Chronicle" title="Local Government Chronicle">LGC</a> Council of the Year 2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Essex" title="Template:Essex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Essex" title="Template talk:Essex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Essex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Essex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Essex&#124;link=Essex_Ceremonial_county_of_Essex473" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex"><img alt="Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/23px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/35px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/45px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boroughs or districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aveley" title="Aveley">Aveley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Essex" title="Braintree, Essex">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightlingsea" title="Brightlingsea">Brightlingsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham-on-Crouch" title="Burnham-on-Crouch">Burnham-on-Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwell_St_Mary" title="Chadwell St Mary">Chadwell St Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_Ongar" title="Chipping Ongar">Chipping Ongar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clacton-on-Sea" title="Clacton-on-Sea">Clacton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggeshall" title="Coggeshall">Coggeshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corringham,_Essex" title="Corringham, Essex">Corringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovercourt" title="Dovercourt">Dovercourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frinton-on-Sea" title="Frinton-on-Sea">Frinton-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays,_Essex" title="Grays, Essex">Grays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dunmow" title="Great Dunmow">Great Dunmow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halstead" title="Halstead">Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harwich" title="Harwich">Harwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh-on-Sea" title="Leigh-on-Sea">Leigh-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon" title="Maldon">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manningtree" title="Manningtree">Manningtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsea" title="Pitsea">Pitsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfleet" title="Purfleet">Purfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoeburyness" title="Shoeburyness">Shoeburyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ockendon" title="South Ockendon">South Ockendon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Woodham_Ferrers" title="South Woodham Ferrers">South Woodham Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope" title="Stanford-le-Hope">Stanford-le-Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaxted" title="Thaxted">Thaxted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton-on-the-Naze" title="Walton-on-the-Naze">Walton-on-the-Naze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mersea" title="West Mersea">West Mersea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Thurrock" title="West Thurrock">West Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witham" title="Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe" title="Wivenhoe">Wivenhoe</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Essex" title="List of civil parishes in Essex">List of civil parishes in Essex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Blackwater,_Essex" title="River Blackwater, Essex">Blackwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brain" title="River Brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">Cam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Can" title="River Can">Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Chelmer" title="River Chelmer">Chelmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ching" title="River Ching">Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbins_Brook" title="Cobbins Brook">Cobbins Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex" title="River Colne, Essex">Colne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Crouch" title="River Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Lee_Flood_Relief_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee Flood Relief Channel">River Lee Flood Relief Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardyke_(river)" title="Mardyke (river)">Mardyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincey_Brook" title="Pincey Brook">Pincey Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prittle_Brook" title="Prittle Brook">Prittle Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roach" title="River Roach">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roding" title="River Roding">Roding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_River" title="Roman River">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stort" title="River Stort">Stort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">Stour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stour_Brook" title="Stour Brook">Stour Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ter" title="River Ter">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Essex" title="Category:Essex">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_East_of_England143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_of_England" title="Template:East of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_of_England" title="Template talk:East of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_the_East_of_England143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/100px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-East_of_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1266" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenland_District" title="Fenland District">Fenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cambridgeshire" title="South Cambridgeshire">South Cambridgeshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Basildon" title="Borough of Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_District" title="Braintree District">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Brentwood" title="Borough of Brentwood">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Point" title="Castle Point">Castle Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Colchester" title="City of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest_District" title="Epping Forest District">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldon_District" title="Maldon District">Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford_District" title="Rochford District">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendring_District" title="Tendring District">Tendring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttlesford" title="Uttlesford">Uttlesford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Broxbourne" title="Borough of Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacorum" title="Dacorum">Dacorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hertfordshire" title="East Hertfordshire">East Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertsmere" title="Hertsmere">Hertsmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire" title="North Hertfordshire">North Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_District" title="Three Rivers District">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Hatfield" title="Welwyn Hatfield">Welwyn Hatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breckland_District" title="Breckland District">Breckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadland" title="Broadland">Broadland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Great_Yarmouth" title="Borough of Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_and_West_Norfolk" title="King's Lynn and West Norfolk">King's Lynn and West Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Norfolk" title="North Norfolk">North Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Norfolk" title="South Norfolk">South Norfolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babergh_District" title="Babergh District">Babergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_District" title="East Suffolk District">East Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Suffolk" title="Mid Suffolk">Mid Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_District" title="West Suffolk District">West Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_St_Albans" title="City of St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unitary_authorities_of_England56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template talk:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unitary authorities of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unitary_authorities_of_England56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Blackpool" title="Borough of Blackpool">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest" title="Bracknell Forest">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(district)" title="Buckinghamshire (district)">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire" title="Central Bedfordshire">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (district)">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire" title="North Northamptonshire">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_(district)" title="North Yorkshire (district)">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_(district)" title="Shropshire (district)">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Southend-on-Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock" title="Thurrock">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire" title="West Berkshire">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire" title="West Northamptonshire">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Windsor_and_Maidenhead" title="Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Wokingham" title="Borough of Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/125px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/188px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg/250px-English_unitary_authorities_map_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Council" title="Blackpool Council">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Council" title="Bracknell Forest Council">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council" title="Brighton and Hove City Council">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council" title="Buckinghamshire Council">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council" title="Central Bedfordshire Council">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council" title="Cheshire East Council">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Durham Council">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council" title="Cumberland Council">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington Borough Council">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council" title="Derby City Council">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)" title="Dorset Council (UK)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool Borough Council">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council" title="Herefordshire Council">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council" title="Isle of Wight Council">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council" title="Hull City Council">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council" title="Luton Borough Council">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council" title="Medway Council">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council" title="Middlesbrough Council">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_City_Council" title="Milton Keynes City Council">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North East Lincolnshire Council">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council" title="North Lincolnshire Council">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council" title="North Northamptonshire Council">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council" title="Nottingham City Council">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council" title="Peterborough City Council">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council" title="Portsmouth City Council">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council" title="Reading Borough Council">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council" title="Rutland County Council">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council" title="Shropshire Council">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council" title="Slough Borough Council">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council" title="Southampton City Council">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council" title="Swindon Borough Council">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council" title="Telford and Wrekin Council">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council" title="Thurrock Council">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council" title="Torbay Council">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council" title="Warrington Borough Council">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council" title="West Berkshire Council">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council" title="Westmorland and Furness Council">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council" title="West Northamptonshire Council">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council" title="Wokingham Borough Council">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council" title="City of York Council">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council_elections" title="Bath and North East Somerset Council elections">Bath and North East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bedford Borough Council elections">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council elections">Blackburn with Darwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Blackpool Borough Council elections">Blackpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council_elections" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council elections">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell_Forest_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bracknell Forest Borough Council elections">Bracknell Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council_elections" title="Brighton and Hove City Council elections">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council_elections" title="Bristol City Council elections">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council_elections" title="Buckinghamshire Council elections">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council_elections" title="Central Bedfordshire Council elections">Central Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East_Council_elections" title="Cheshire East Council elections">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester_Council_elections" title="Cheshire West and Chester Council elections">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council_elections" title="Cornwall Council elections">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Council_elections" title="Durham County Council elections">County Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Council_elections" title="Cumberland Council elections">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Darlington Borough Council elections">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_City_Council_elections" title="Derby City Council elections">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Council_elections" title="Dorset Council elections">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="East Riding of Yorkshire Council elections">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Halton Borough Council elections">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Borough_Council_elections" title="Hartlepool Borough Council elections">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire_Council_elections" title="Herefordshire Council elections">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Council_elections" title="Isle of Wight Council elections">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly_elections" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly elections">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Council_elections" title="Hull City Council elections">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council_elections" title="Leicester City Council elections">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Borough_Council_elections" title="Luton Borough Council elections">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway_Council_elections" title="Medway Council elections">Medway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Council_elections" title="Middlesbrough Council elections">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Keynes Council elections">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North East Lincolnshire Council elections">North East Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire_Council_elections" title="North Lincolnshire Council elections">North Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="North Northamptonshire Council elections">North Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council_elections" title="North Somerset Council elections">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council_elections" title="North Yorkshire Council elections">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council_elections" title="Northumberland County Council elections">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council_elections" title="Nottingham City Council elections">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_City_Council_elections" title="Peterborough City Council elections">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council_elections" title="Plymouth City Council elections">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_City_Council_elections" title="Portsmouth City Council elections">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Borough_Council_elections" title="Reading Borough Council elections">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland_Borough_Council_elections" title="Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council elections">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland_County_Council_elections" title="Rutland County Council elections">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Council_elections" title="Shropshire Council elections">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_Borough_Council_elections" title="Slough Borough Council elections">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council elections">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_City_Council_elections" title="Southampton City Council elections">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea_City_Council_elections" title="Southend-on-Sea City Council elections">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council_elections" title="South Gloucestershire Council elections">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_Borough_Council_elections" title="Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council elections">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council_elections" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council elections">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council_elections" title="Swindon Borough Council elections">Swindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin_Council_elections" title="Telford and Wrekin Council elections">Telford and Wrekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurrock_Council_elections" title="Thurrock Council elections">Thurrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_Council_elections" title="Torbay Council elections">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_Borough_Council_elections" title="Warrington Borough Council elections">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berkshire_Council_elections" title="West Berkshire Council elections">West Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness_Council_elections" title="Westmorland and Furness Council elections">Westmorland and Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Northamptonshire_Council_elections" title="West Northamptonshire Council elections">West Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council_elections" title="Wiltshire Council elections">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_and_Maidenhead_Borough_Council_elections" title="Windsor and Maidenhead Borough Council elections">Windsor and Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wokingham Borough Council elections">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York_Council_elections" title="City of York Council elections">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_commuter_belt123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_commuter_belt" title="Template:London commuter belt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_commuter_belt" title="Template talk:London commuter belt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_commuter_belt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London commuter belt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_commuter_belt123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London_commuter_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="London commuter belt">London commuter belt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Home_counties" title="Home counties">Home counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="London Commuter Belt"><img alt="London Commuter Belt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/150px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/225px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg/300px-London_Commuter_Belt_map_no_TTW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="739" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough/Aldershot_Built-up_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough/Aldershot Built-up Area">Farnborough/Aldershot Built-up Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="High Wycombe Urban Area">High Wycombe Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton/Dunstable_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Luton/Dunstable Urban Area">Luton/Dunstable Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medway" title="Medway"> Medway Towns Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading/Wokingham_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading/Wokingham Urban Area">Reading/Wokingham Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Southend Urban Area">Southend Urban Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cities and towns (100k+)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southend-on-Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Towns (25k–99k)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Surrey" title="Ashford, Surrey">Ashford, Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billericay" title="Billericay">Billericay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Stortford" title="Bishop's Stortford">Bishop's Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Essex" title="Brentwood, Essex">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Hill" title="Burgess Hill">Burgess Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camberley" title="Camberley">Camberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvey_Island" title="Canvey Island">Canvey Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Kent" title="Chatham, Kent">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshunt" title="Cheshunt">Cheshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartford" title="Dartford">Dartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewell" title="Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earley" title="Earley">Earley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnborough,_Hampshire" title="Farnborough, Hampshire">Farnborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet,_Hampshire" title="Fleet, Hampshire">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingham,_Kent" title="Gillingham, Kent">Gillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays,_Essex" title="Grays, Essex">Grays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpenden" title="Harpenden">Harpenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard" title="Leighton Buzzard">Leighton Buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidenhead" title="Maidenhead">Maidenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh,_Essex" title="Rayleigh, Essex">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittingbourne" title="Sittingbourne">Sittingbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strood" title="Strood">Strood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames" title="Sunbury-on-Thames">Sunbury-on-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge" title="Tonbridge">Tonbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickford" title="Wickford">Wickford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokingham" title="Wokingham">Wokingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodley,_Berkshire" title="Woodley, Berkshire">Woodley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Towns (10k–25k)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addlestone" title="Addlestone">Addlestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersham" title="Amersham">Amersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead" title="Ashtead">Ashtead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldock" title="Baldock">Baldock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxbourne" title="Broxbourne">Broxbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Hill" title="Buckhurst Hill">Buckhurst Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chertsey" title="Chertsey">Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesham" title="Chesham">Chesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigwell" title="Chigwell">Chigwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corringham,_Essex" title="Corringham, Essex">Corringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croxley_Green" title="Croxley Green">Croxley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorking" title="Dorking">Dorking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Grinstead" title="East Grinstead">East Grinstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malling" title="East Malling">East Malling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englefield_Green" title="Englefield Green">Englefield Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping,_Essex" title="Epping, Essex">Epping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frimley" title="Frimley">Frimley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore,_Hampshire" title="Frogmore, Hampshire">Frogmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godalming" title="Godalming">Godalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Essex" title="Hadleigh, Essex">Hadleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywards_Heath" title="Haywards Heath">Haywards Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddesdon" title="Hoddesdon">Hoddesdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horley" title="Horley">Horley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Regis" title="Houghton Regis">Houghton Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaphill" title="Knaphill">Knaphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherhead" title="Leatherhead">Leatherhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Marlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potters_Bar" title="Potters Bar">Potters Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reigate" title="Reigate">Reigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford" title="Rochford">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhurst,_Berkshire" title="Sandhurst, Berkshire">Sandhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snodland" title="Snodland">Snodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepperton" title="Shepperton">Shepperton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Benfleet" title="South Benfleet">South Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southborough,_Kent" title="Southborough, Kent">Southborough, Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staines-upon-Thames" title="Staines-upon-Thames">Staines-upon-Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford-le-Hope" title="Stanford-le-Hope">Stanford-le-Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanwell" title="Stanwell">Stanwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanley" title="Swanley">Swanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersley" title="Thundersley">Thundersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury" title="Tilbury">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Abbey" title="Waltham Abbey">Waltham Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Cross" title="Waltham Cross">Waltham Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodford_Green" title="Woodford Green">Woodford Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yateley" title="Yateley">Yateley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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