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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NMFS" redirects here. For the survey conducted in the United States since the 1960s, see <a href="/wiki/National_Mortality_Followback_Survey" title="National Mortality Followback Survey">National Mortality Followback Survey</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Marine Fisheries Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png/140px-NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png/210px-NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png/280px-NOAA_Fisheries_logo_vertical.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1970<span class="noprint">; 55 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, US<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&params=38_59_32.1_N_77_01_50.3_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°59′32.1″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′50.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.992250°N 77.030639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.992250; -77.030639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">4,200 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1.027 billion (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Coit" title="Janet Coit">Janet Coit</a>, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/">fisheries.noaa.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Marine Fisheries Service</b> (<b>NMFS</b>), informally known as <b>NOAA Fisheries</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal agencies">United States federal agency</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) that is responsible for the stewardship of U.S. national <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> resources. It conserves and manages <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> to promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and prevent lost <a href="/wiki/Economic_potential" title="Economic potential">economic potential</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, declining species, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">degraded habitats</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1871 as the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, the National Marine Fisheries Service is the oldest federal conservation and environmental research agency in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission was formed when President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> named zoologist <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Fullerton_Baird" title="Spencer Fullerton Baird">Spencer Fullerton Baird</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Museum">United States National Museum</a> director and assistant secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, the first commissioner of the United States Fish Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baird-smithsonian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baird-smithsonian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allard88_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allard88-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission was divided into three research categories: the study of U.S. waters and fish and its biological problems, the study of past and present fishing methods and collection of fish catch and trade statistics, and the introduction and propagation of food fishes throughout the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure remained through the transition of the commission's placement within the U.S. Commerce Department's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobart_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Fish_Commission_placement_within_NOAA">U.S. Fish Commission placement within NOAA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. Fish Commission placement within NOAA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially the commission investigated the reasons for an apparent decline in fish stocks along the shores of southern New England and recommended regulatory measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlos_Carter1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlos_Carter1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission also conducted broad, scientific surveys and collections of marine species from scientific research vessels, initially in Northeast Atlantic coastal and deep-sea waters and then in the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and off the coasts of Mexico, Texas, Florida, and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlos_Carter1999_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlos_Carter1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McEachran2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEachran2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission's scientists collected marine invertebrate and fish species,<sup id="cite_ref-Allard99_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allard99-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made hydrographic surveys, and studied fish populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Priede_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priede-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, the U.S. Fish Commission was reorganized and named the Bureau of Fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-albatross_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albatross-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, the Bureau of Fisheries and its functions were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-us1953_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us1953-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bureau of Fisheries merged with the Bureau of Biological Survey in 1940 to become the Fish and Wildlife Service, still under the U.S. Department of the Interior.<sup id="cite_ref-ammoland_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ammoland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US1940_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US1940-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the Fish and Wildlife Service underwent a reorganization and became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>. The 1956 reorganization established two components of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, which focused primarily on commercial fisheries, whales, seals, and sea lions; and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, which focused on migratory birds, game management, wildlife refuges, sport fisheries, and sea mammals, excluding those managed under the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-commerical_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commerical-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> transferred the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and almost all its functions from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the Department of Commerce. Simultaneous with its transfer, the office was renamed the National Marine Fisheries Service. It was placed under the control of NOAA, which was created as a component of the Department of Commerce on October 3, 1970, primarily through a reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a>, which NOAA replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-code95_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code95-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisheries_management">Fisheries management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fisheries management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA Fisheries regulates commercial and recreational marine fishing in the United States under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA).<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodhealth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodhealth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-code1801_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code1801-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1976, the MSA is the primary law governing marine fisheries conservation and management in U.S. federal waters. NOAA Fisheries is responsible for fisheries management of waters in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, typically 3–200 miles from land.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA Fisheries manages 461 stocks or stock complexes in 46 fishery management plans, using <a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">stock assessments</a> to determine their status.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalfisherman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalfisherman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the MSA, fisheries management decisions in the United States are made primarily by eight regional fishery management councils. These councils may include representatives from state government agencies, academia, the fishing industry and environmental nonprofits, as well as representatives from NOAA Fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These councils serve as regulatory advisors that make region-specific recommendations to NOAA Fisheries, who implements the regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodhealth_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodhealth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MSA was reauthorized and revised in 2007 to include annual catch limits to end <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-civilbeat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilbeat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overfishing, which NOAA Fisheries is tasked with preventing, is a major threat to biodiversity, global food security, and the fishing sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalfisherman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalfisherman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naturejournal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naturejournal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MSA also requires that overfished stocks be rebuilt within 10 years, except in cases where the life history characteristics of the stock, environmental conditions or management measures under an international agreement dictate otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisheries managers use stock assessments to help determine if a stock is overfished, measuring the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">maximum sustainable yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a stock is designated as overfished, annual catch limits need to be low enough to allow stocks to rebuild.<sup id="cite_ref-Naturejournal_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naturejournal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide, about one-third of fish stocks are being fished at biologically unsustainable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-galapagos_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galapagos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA Fisheries has been successful at ending overfishing in U.S. waters, and science-based management has resulted in 47 once-overfished U.S. fish stocks being declared rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalfisherman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalfisherman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2020, NOAA Fisheries published a report showing that the number of U.S. fish stocks subject to overfishing was at an all-time low in 2019—93 percent were not subject to overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodsource_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodsource-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-civilbeat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilbeat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal,_unreported,_and_unregulated_fishing"><span id="Illegal.2C_unreported.2C_and_unregulated_fishing"></span>Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA Fisheries works with U.S. government agencies and foreign governments to implement domestic and international policies and plans for addressing illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing in United States waters and internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seafoodsource2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodsource2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA Fisheries works with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> to evaluate international fisheries and identify vessels that have engaged in IUU fishing activities.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a nation is identified to have involvement in IUU fishing, NOAA Fisheries and the Department of State initiate a two-year consultation process to encourage that nation to take necessary measures to address the specific issue.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA Fisheries then determines whether to negatively or positively certify the identified nation in its next biennial report to Congress on international fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the nation can provide evidence that it has taken actions that address the IUU issue(s), a positive certification is issued.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A negative certification may result in that nation's fishing vessels losing U.S. port access and potential import restrictions on fish or fish products.<sup id="cite_ref-USD_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Seafood Import Monitoring Program was established under NOAA Fisheries to increase transparency and traceability for 13 species of seafood particularly vulnerable to IUU fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-nrdcMay_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdcMay-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater transparency and traceability helps NOAA enforcement agents locate and block IUU seafood imports from entering U.S. markets.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodsource2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodsource2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program requires full traceability—that is, documentation from the point of capture to the point of entry.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodsource2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodsource2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrdcMay_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrdcMay-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seafood_commerce_and_certification">Seafood commerce and certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seafood commerce and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA Fisheries' Seafood Inspection Program certifies U.S. seafood products for domestic consumption and for export. This voluntary, fee-for-service program's inspection activities include vessel and plant sanitation inspections and seafood product quality evaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-safety_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After inspecting a company's seafood products, a National Seafood Inspection Program officer issues and signs the certificates required to accompany U.S. seafood exports to countries that require health certification.<sup id="cite_ref-foodexports_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodexports-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program also develops product grade standards, specifications, and international policies, and provides training and education within the industry and for consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-safety_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safety-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishery_observers">Fishery observers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fishery observers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NOAA Fisheries has placed trained <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">fishery observers</a> aboard commercial fishing vessels to collect a variety of data on catch, bycatch, and fishing operations since the 1970s. Fishery observers are trained biologists who collect data on fishing activities onboard commercial vessels in support of science and management programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They collect a variety of data including catch, bycatch, fishing effort, biological characteristics, interactions with protected species, and socioeconomic information. This information is used by NOAA Fisheries to perform stock assessments, construct fishery management plan regulations, develop bycatch reduction devices, and identify the need for protective regulations for protected species. Observer programs across the United States are engaging in cross-sector partnerships to explore the potential of electronic monitoring to augment observer programs in a cost-efficient manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NMFS also serves as a federal law enforcement agency, working closely with state enforcement agencies, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>, and foreign enforcement authorities. The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NMFS regulatory program is one of the most active in the federal government, with hundreds of regulations published annually in the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. Most regulations are published to conserve marine fisheries under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act; other regulations are published under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act. The NMFS also regulates fisheries pursuant to decisions of "regional fishery management organizations" (RFMOs)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(RFMOs) and other RFMOs to which the U.S. is a party, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Tropical_Tuna_Commission" title="Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission">Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_the_Conservation_of_Atlantic_Tunas" title="International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas">International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_the_International_Dolphin_Conservation_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program (page does not exist)">Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Pacific_Halibut_Commission" title="International Pacific Halibut Commission">International Pacific Halibut Commission</a>, etc. </p><p>In 2007, the NMFS issued regulations to protect endangered whales from fatal <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing-gear</a> entanglements after environmental groups sued to force action on the rules, which were proposed in early 2005. The rules were enacted to specifically protect the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a>, of which about only 350 remain. Marine-gear entanglements and ship strikes are the top human causes of right whale deaths. On July 1, the shipping lanes in and out of Boston Harbor were rotated to avoid an area with a high concentration of the right whales.<sup id="cite_ref-enn_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fiscal year 2017, the Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Program of NOAA's NMFS, Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, Protected Resources Division, carried out the mandates of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and was charged with protecting the whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals and sea turtles that occur within the greater Atlantic region. This program currently includes marine mammal health and stranding response, large whale disentanglement, and sea turtle stranding and disentanglement. To implement this program, NMFS established several networks of volunteer organizations that it authorizes to respond to stranded marine mammals and sea turtles and entangled large whales and sea turtles. NMFS seeks the submission of proposals addressing Marine Animal Entanglement Response in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_fisheries_management_councils">Regional fisheries management councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional fisheries management councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eight domestic regional fisheries management councils make binding regulations for federal waters off various parts of the U.S. coast:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fishery_Management_Council" title="North Pacific Fishery Management Council">North Pacific Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Alaska)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcouncil.org/">Pacific Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (West Coast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Regional_Fishery_Management_Council" title="Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council">Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hawaii and Pacific territories)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfcouncil.org/">Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caribbeanfmc.com/">Caribbean Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safmc.net/">South Atlantic Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafmc.org/">Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Upper North Carolina to New York)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nefmc.org/">New England Fishery Management Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_centers">Science centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Marine Fisheries Service operates six fisheries science centers covering marine fisheries conducted by the United States. The science centers correspond roughly to the administrative division of fisheries management into five regions, with the west coast utilizing two fisheries science centers.<sup id="cite_ref-fsc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northeast Fisheries Science Center is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Hole">Woods Hole</a>, Massachusetts. It operates laboratories at five other locations, and an additional marine field station.<sup id="cite_ref-nefsccu_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nefsccu-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary mission is the management of fisheries on the Northeast <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nefscm_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nefscm-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also oversees the operation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Systematics_Lab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Systematics Lab (page does not exist)">National Systematics Lab</a>, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution.<sup id="cite_ref-nslhist_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nslhist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Northeast Fisheries Science Center also operates the <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Science_Aquarium" title="Woods Hole Science Aquarium">Woods Hole Science Aquarium</a> in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Biological_Laboratory" title="Marine Biological Laboratory">Marine Biological Laboratory</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Northwest_Fisheries_Science_Center"></span> The NMFS maintains the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Science Centers, both located in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. The Alaska Fisheries Science Center is located on the grounds of the now-closed <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Puget_Sound" title="Naval Station Puget Sound">Naval Station Puget Sound</a>. The Northwest Fisheries Science Center is located adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. This site is also home to the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Science Center Library, founded in 1931. As of 2011, this library contained 16,000 books and subscribed to 250 periodicals. Its subject interests include aquatic science, biochemistry, fisheries biology, fisheries management, food science, and marine science.<sup id="cite_ref-AFD_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFD-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii, on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> at Monoa.<sup id="cite_ref-pifscau_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pifscau-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operates several facilities, including facilities for NOAA ships at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a>. </p><p>The Southeast Fisheries Science Center is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida, and monitors marine fisheries in the American Southeast, including <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/US_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="US Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a>. It additionally operates five labs, some of which operate multiple facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-sefsclab_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sefsclab-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southwest Fisheries Science Center, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, California, monitors and advises fisheries in NOAA's Southwest region. It operates facilities on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-swfsclajolla_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swfsclajolla-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, a large facility on La Jolla Shores Drive was built by the architects Gould Evans, replacing an older building that was threatened by <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Although the original architects, 50 years earlier, had been informed that they were building on a "block-glide landslide," they received exemption "from local building code requirements for a preconstruction engineering geology study because it was a U.S. government complex."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1979 book on coastal erosion reported that the building was "disastrously located. The ‘Tuna Hilton’ rests partially on a piece of bluff known as a slump block. Designers say the building is specially articulated so that it should stay intact as the bluff falls from underneath its seaward end."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the NMFS caused the death of the L95 killer whale of the critically endangered southern resident population. This population travels along the coast of both the United States and Canada, and Canada does not use barbed satellite tags to track them because the method is invasive, but the NMFS made the unilateral decision to tag southern resident orcas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L95 whale died 5 weeks after being shot with a barbed satellite tag and the Canadian necropsy concluded the barb caused a lethal fungal infection.<sup id="cite_ref-king5.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king5.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to L95's tagging, Center for Whale Research Senior Scientist Ken Balcomb documented tag detachment issues and was assured by the NMFS that these issues were "fixed", but the tag on L95 broke off and pieces of the barb remained in L95 until death.<sup id="cite_ref-king5.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king5.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Balcomb documented infections where barbs had failed to detach on killer whales and presented his findings to the NMFS,<sup id="cite_ref-king5.com_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king5.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the NMFS site read years later in October 2016, "Our experience with previous occurrences of tag attachment failure has shown no impact to the whale’s general health."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though ocean water could enter the wound and whale skin is not sterile, the NMFS stated the fungal infection may have occurred because the barbed tag was dropped in the ocean and was sterilized with only alcohol, rather than both alcohol and bleach, prior to being aimed again at the orca.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two other members of the southern resident orca population disappeared within weeks of being tagged by the NMFS and are presumed dead, although the cause of death, if dead, is uncertain as the bodies were not recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife biologist Brad Hanson supervised the NMFS's killer-whale tagging program. He was not removed from his position following the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Fisheries_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about-us#who-we-are">"About Us | NOAA Fisheries"</a>. 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%26%23124%3B+NOAA+Fisheries&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fisheries.noaa.gov%2Fabout-us%23who-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Fisheries+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106190056/https://www.corporateservices.noaa.gov/nbo/fy20_bluebook/NOAA-FY20-Congressional-Justification.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beachesaremoving0000kauf/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385143648" title="Special:BookSources/0385143648"><bdi>0385143648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beaches+Are+Moving%3A+The+Drowning+of+America%27s+Shoreline&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Anchor+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0385143648&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rft.au=Pilkey%2C+Orrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeachesaremoving0000kauf%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Fisheries+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bc.ctvnews.ca/scientist-blasts-overly-barbaric-orca-tagging-system-1.2860094">"Scientist blasts 'overly barbaric' orca tagging system"</a>. <i>British Columbia</i>. 14 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Columbia&rft.atitle=Scientist+blasts+%27overly+barbaric%27+orca+tagging+system&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbc.ctvnews.ca%2Fscientist-blasts-overly-barbaric-orca-tagging-system-1.2860094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Fisheries+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king5.com-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king5.com_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-king5.com_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-king5.com_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king5.com/tech/science/environment/satellite-tag-infection-killed-orca/329261131">"NOAA: Satellite tag infection killed orca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA%3A+Satellite+tag+infection+killed+orca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.king5.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fenvironment%2Fsatellite-tag-infection-killed-orca%2F329261131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Fisheries+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/cb/ecosystem/marinemammal/satellite_tagging/faq.cfm#risk">"Southern Resident killer whale tagging"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Resident+killer+whale+tagging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwfsc.noaa.gov%2Fresearch%2Fdivisions%2Fcb%2Fecosystem%2Fmarinemammal%2Fsatellite_tagging%2Ffaq.cfm%23risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Fisheries+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/orca-tagging-1.3537430">"Orca satellite tagging halted after dart found in dead whale"</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> 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class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a 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Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a 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and Implementation">Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate" title="U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate">U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261788#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/18051-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006432">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882744c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11882744c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35569851">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spojené státy americké. National Marine Fisheries Service"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003196935&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/46483">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007585558205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03201290?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026613654">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dg18kp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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