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</span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Đặc_biệt:Tìm_kiếm"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tìm kiếm trên Wikipedia" aria-label="Tìm kiếm trên Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tìm kiếm Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Tìm kiếm</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Điều hướng thành viên"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phiên âm Bạch thoại</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> hệ thống chữ viết dùng để chú âm các biến thể của tiếng Mân Nam </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Ngôn ngữ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Ngôn ngữ</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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Các nội dung không nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Th%C3%B4ng_tin_ki%E1%BB%83m_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Thông tin kiểm chứng được">xóa bỏ</a>. <small>Nếu bài được dịch từ Wikipedia ngôn ngữ khác thì bạn có thể chép nguồn tham khảo bên đó sang đây.</small></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Phiên âm Bạch thoại (định hướng)">Phiên âm Bạch thoại (định hướng)</a>. </div> <p><b>Phiên âm Bạch thoại</b> hay <b>Bạch thoại tự</b> (Pe̍h-ōe-jī, viết tắt là <b>POJ</b>, có nghĩa là <i>văn bản tiếng địa phương</i>, còn được gọi là <b>Church Romanization</b>) là một <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_vi%E1%BA%BFt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hệ thống chữ viết">hệ thống chữ viết</a> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Latinh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chữ Latinh">Latin</a> dùng để chú âm các biến thể của <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_Nam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Nam">tiếng Mân Nam</a>, một dạng của tiếng Hoa hay phương ngữ Trung Quốc, đặc biệt là <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%BAc_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Phúc Kiến Đài Loan">tiếng Đài Loan</a> và <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_H%E1%BA%A1_M%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phương ngữ Hạ Môn (trang không tồn tại)">phương ngữ Hạ Môn</a>.</p> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0.25em; background:white;">Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Mân Nam<br> <div style="font-weight:normal"> Pe̍h-ōe-jī </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:POJ_text_sample.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A sample of POJ text"><img alt="A sample of POJ text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POJ_text_sample.svg/250px-POJ_text_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POJ_text_sample.svg/375px-POJ_text_sample.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/POJ_text_sample.svg/500px-POJ_text_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></a></span> <div style="padding:5px;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Mân Nam </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Thể loại</th> <td> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.25em"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Latinh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bảng chữ cái Latinh">Bảng chữ cái Latinh</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Sáng lập</th> <td><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Walter_Henry_Medhurst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Walter Henry Medhurst (trang không tồn tại)">Walter Henry Medhurst</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Elihu_Doty&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Elihu Doty (trang không tồn tại)">Elihu Doty</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=John_Van_Nest_Talmage&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="John Van Nest Talmage (trang không tồn tại)">John Van Nest Talmage</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"> Thời kỳ </div></th> <td>183?–?</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Các ngôn ngữ</th> <td><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_Nam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Nam">tiếng Mân Nam</a> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_H%E1%BA%A1_M%C3%B4n&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phương ngữ Hạ Môn (trang không tồn tại)">phương ngữ Hạ Môn</a> </dd> <dd> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiếng Đài Loan">tiếng Đài Loan</a> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background:#ddd">Hệ chữ viết liên quan</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"> Nguồn gốc </div></th> <td> <div style="padding-top:0.15em;"> ? <ul> <li>Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Mân Nam</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"> Hậu duệ </div></th> <td><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i,_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kh%C3%A1ch_Gia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Khách Gia (trang không tồn tại)">Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Khách Gia</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i,_ti%E1%BA%BFng_C%C3%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Cám (trang không tồn tại)">Phiên âm Bạch thoại, tiếng Cám</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%C3%ACnh_tho%E1%BA%A1i,_ti%E1%BA%BFng_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Phiên âm Bình thoại, tiếng Hưng Hóa (trang không tồn tại)">Phiên âm Bình thoại, tiếng Hưng Hóa</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (trang không tồn tại)">TLPA</a><br><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=La_M%C3%A3_h%C3%B3a_ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="La Mã hóa tiếng Đài Loan (trang không tồn tại)">La Mã hóa tiếng Đài Loan</a> (<small><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Romanization_System&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Taiwanese Romanization System (trang không tồn tại)">en</a></small>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="noprint selfref" style="text-align:center;text-align:left; background:#eee;">Bài viết này chứa các biểu tượng ngữ âm <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA">IPA</a> trong <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. Nếu không thích hợp hỗ trợ dựng hình, bạn có thể sẽ nhìn thấy dấu chấm hỏi, hộp, hoặc ký hiệu khác thay vì kí tự Unicode. Để có hướng dẫn thêm về các ký hiệu IPA, hãy xem <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:IPA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trợ giúp:IPA">Trợ giúp:IPA</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tên_gọi"><span id="T.C3.AAn_g.E1.BB.8Di"></span>Tên gọi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tên gọi”" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sửa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> <tbody> <tr style="display:none;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;">Phiên âm Bạch thoại</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_ph%E1%BB%93n_th%E1%BB%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chữ Hán phồn thể">Phồn thể</a></th> <td><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span lang="zh-Hant" title="Văn bản tiếng Trung Quốc">白話字</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n_gi%E1%BA%A3n_th%E1%BB%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chữ Hán giản thể">Giản thể</a></th> <td><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span lang="zh-Hans" title="Văn bản tiếng Trung Quốc">白话字</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_Tuy%E1%BB%81n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Tuyền Chương">Tiếng Mân Tuyền Chương</a> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th> <td>Pe̍h-ōe-jī</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Nghĩa đen</th> <td>Bản viết tiếng địa phương</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Phiên âm</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hán ngữ tiêu chuẩn">Tiếng Hán tiêu chuẩn</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%ADnh_%C3%A2m_H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bính âm Hán ngữ">Bính âm Hán ngữ</a></th> <td>Báihuà zì</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_C%C3%A1m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Cám">Tiếng Cám</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Latinh hóa</th> <td>Pha̍k-oa-chhi</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kh%C3%A1ch_Gia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Khách Gia">Tiếng Khách Gia</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Latinh_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Quảng Đông (trang không tồn tại)">Latinh hóa</a></th> <td>Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ch%C3%A2u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Quảng Châu">Tiếng Quảng Châu</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Latinh_Yale_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ch%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chuyển tự Latinh Yale tiếng Quảng Châu (trang không tồn tại)">Latinh hóa Yale</a></th> <td>baahk wá jih</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_Nam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Nam">Tiếng Mân Nam</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_Tuy%E1%BB%81n_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Tuyền Chương">tiếng Mân Tuyền Chương</a></th> <td>Pe̍h-ōe-jī</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_La_M%C3%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Quảng Đông La Mã (trang không tồn tại)">Peng'im</a> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ch%C3%A2u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Triều Châu">tiếng Triều Châu</a></th> <td>Pêh-uē-jī</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:5px;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_M%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4ng?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiếng Mân Đông">Tiếng Mân Đông</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%C3%ACnh_tho%E1%BA%A1i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phiên âm Bình thoại">Phiên âm Bình thoại</a> <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_Ph%C3%BAc_Ch%C3%A2u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phương ngữ Phúc Châu">tiếng Phúc Châu</a></th> <td>Bàng-uâ-cê</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tham_khảo"><span id="Tham_kh.E1.BA.A3o"></span>Tham khảo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tham khảo”" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sửa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Chinesecoin.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Hình tượng sơ khai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chinesecoin.jpg/30px-Chinesecoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chinesecoin.jpg/30px-Chinesecoin.jpg" data-alt="Hình tượng sơ khai" data-width="30" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chinesecoin.jpg/45px-Chinesecoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chinesecoin.jpg/60px-Chinesecoin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><i>Bài viết liên quan đến <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trung Quốc">Trung Quốc</a> này vẫn còn <a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:B%C3%A0i_s%C6%A1_khai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bài sơ khai">sơ khai</a>. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPhi%25C3%25AAn_%25C3%25A2m_B%25E1%25BA%25A1ch_tho%25E1%25BA%25A1i%26veaction%3Dedit">mở rộng nội dung</a> để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.</i> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"> <ul> <li class="nv-xem"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:S%C6%A1_khai_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bản mẫu:Sơ khai Trung Quốc"><abbr title="Xem bản mẫu này">x</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-thảo luận"><a href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:S%C6%A1_khai_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thảo luận Bản mẫu:Sơ khai Trung Quốc (trang không tồn tại)"><abbr title="Thảo 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</div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://vi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_B%E1%BA%A1ch_tho%E1%BA%A1i&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Keo010122Bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1629805520"> <span>Sửa đổi lần cuối lúc 11:45 vào ngày 24 tháng 8 năm 2021</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Ngôn ngữ</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="بيخوتسي – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيخوتسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Mã Lai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mã Lai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Mân Nam" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mân Nam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bài viết tốt"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peh-oe-ji" title="Peh-oe-ji – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peh-oe-ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pha%25CC%258Dk-fa-s%25E1%25B9%25B3_(M%25C3%25A9n-n%25C3%25A0m-ng%25C3%25AE)" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (Mén-nàm-ngî) – Tiếng Khách Gia" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (Mén-nàm-ngî)" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khách Gia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B0%25B1%25ED%2599%2594%25EC%259E%2590" title="백화자 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백화자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek_We_Ji_(Caralatin)" title="Pek We Ji (Caralatin) – Tiếng Java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pek We Ji (Caralatin)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C4%2583h-u%25C3%25A2-c%25C3%25AA" title="Băh-uâ-cê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băh-uâ-cê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" title="白話字 – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白話字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-o%25C4%2593-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-oē-jī – Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pe̍h-oē-jī" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/piwidji" title="piwidji – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="piwidji" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%258D%25D0%25B2%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8" title="Пэвэдзи – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пэвэдзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%25CC%258Dh-%25C5%258De-j%25C4%25AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5-%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596" title="Пе-ое-зі – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пе-ое-зі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2596%25A9%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%2595%2599%25E6%259C%2583%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25AD%2597" title="閩南教會羅馬字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="閩南教會羅馬字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25A9%25B1%25E5%25AD%2597" title="白話字 – Tiếng Quảng Đông" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="白話字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quảng Đông" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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