Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population

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(2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</span></h1></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatespersonsclassifiedportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatespersonsclassifiedportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatespersonsclassifiedportal"><p class="relations persons"><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link person"><span>Natalia Rojas González</span></a>, <a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link person"><span>Zuzana Obertová</span></a>, <a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link person"><span>Daniel Franklin</span></a></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_associatesorganisationsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_associatesorganisationsportal"><ul class="relations organisations"><li class="s"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/organisations/school-of-social-sciences-2" class="link"><span>School of Social Sciences</span></a></li><li class="d"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/organisations/multi-discipline" class="link"><span>Multi-Discipline</span></a></li><li class="d"><a rel="Organisation" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/organisations/forensic-anthropology" class="link"><span>Forensic Anthropology</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng rendering_contributiontojournal_publicationcontenttyperendererportalng"><p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Contribution to journal<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">Comment/debate</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div class="publication-metrics" aria-label="Publication metrics section"> <div class="metrics-container"> <div class="metrics-wrap metrics-bottom "> <div class="metric metric-plum-x"> <a href="https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" class="plumx-plum-print-popup" data-on-empty="plumXError" data-on-fail="plumXError" data-on-success="plumXSuccess" data-popup="left" data-hide-when-empty="true" data-site="plum" data-badge="false"></a> </div> <div class="metric metric-altmetric"> <div data-badge-popover="top" data-badge-type="donut" data-doi="10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" data-hide-no-mentions="true" data-link-target='_blank' class="altmetric-embed"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subMenu"> <div class="content-profile-navigation"> <div class="container"> <nav role="navigation"> <ul class="has-overflow-navigation" role="menubar"> <li class="selected" role="none"> <a class="portal_link" role="menuitem" href="/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation"><span> <i class="icon icon-publication" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="label">Overview</span> </span></a> </li> <li class="" role="none"> <a class="portal_link" role="menuitem" href="/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation/fingerprints/"><span> <i class="icon icon-fingerprint" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="label">Fingerprint</span> </span></a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="main-content" class="page-section-content page-section-content-publications page-section-content-publications-view "> <section class="page-section content-relation-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="clearfix"> <div class="content-content publication-content"> <h2 class="subheader">Abstract</h2> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_abstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_abstractportal rendering_contributiontojournal_abstractportal"><div class="textblock"><p>Chile went through violent deaths and disappearances during the dictatorship (1973–1990). Many of those victims are still unrecovered or unidentified. The standards currently used to estimate skeletal sex in unidentified remains in Chile are not population-specific. Phenice’s (1969) method for sex estimation is a widely accepted standard, while Klales et al. (2012) modified Phenice’s method by developing a logistic regression equation for estimating sex in a US population. Both methods are accurate, with reported 96% and 86.2% overall correct classifications, respectively. However, due to differences in levels of sexual dimorphism between populations, the accuracy of these methods can vary when applied to groups outside the reference sample (e.g. non-US individuals). Thus, this study aims to assess the accuracy of these standards in a Chilean population. A sample of 265 coxae of adult individuals from the documented General Cemetery of Santiago collection were examined. Visual evaluations were performed following both methodologies. Phenice’s (1969) method was 97.0% accurate, with a sex bias of 7.7%, and Klales et al. (2012) method was 87.2% accurate, with a sex bias of −15.4%. Both methods can be applied to unknown Chilean remains with acceptable accuracy (>85%), but the sex bias (>5%) could lead to estimation errors.</p></div></div> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_detailsportal rendering_contributiontojournal_detailsportal"><div class="comment"><table class="properties"><tbody><tr class="language"><th scope="row">Original language</th><td>English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pages (from-to)</th><td>30-32</td></tr><tr class="numberofpages"><th scope="row">Number of pages</th><td>3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Journal</th><td><a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Volume</th><td>56</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Issue number</th><td>sup1</td></tr><tr class="digital_object_identifiers"><th scope="row">DOIs</th><td><ul class="relations digital_object_identifiers"><li><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</span></a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr class="status"><th scope="row">Publication status</th><td><span class="prefix">Published - </span><span class="date">2024</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="content-sidebar publication-sidebar"> <h2 class="subheader">Access to Document</h2> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_publicationaccessrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_publicationaccessrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal_publicationaccessrenderer"><ul class="dois"><li><div class="doi"><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" class="link"><span>10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</span></a></div></li></ul></div> <h2 class="subheader">Other files and links</h2> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_publicationotherfilesandlinksrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_publicationotherfilesandlinksrenderer rendering_contributiontojournal_publicationotherfilesandlinksrenderer"><ul class="links"><li><div class="link"><a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85192110556&partnerID=8YFLogxK" class="link"><span>Link to publication in Scopus</span></a></div></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="page-section content-relation-section publication-fingerprint"> <div class="container"> <div class="header"> <h2 class="section-title"> <i class="icon icon-fingerprint" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="title">Fingerprint</span> </h2> <span class="sub-title"> Dive into the research topics of 'Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. 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Together they form a unique fingerprint. </span> </div> <ul class="publication-top-concepts" role="menubar"> <li class="concept-badge-large-container dropdown-overflow" role="none"> <button tabindex="0" class="concept-badge-large dropdown-toggle" type="button" role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="7174f37e-07a9-4dcd-886e-2ea2e051ea96" data-concept-uuid="7174f37e-07a9-4dcd-886e-2ea2e051ea96" data-rank-size="32" data-rank-thickness="8" data-rank-value="1.0" data-summary="true" data-summary-url="/en/concepts/summary/"> <span class="concept-wrapper" title="100%"> <span class="rank"></span> <span class="concept">Hip Bone</span> <span class="thesauri">Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine</span> <span class="value sr-only">100%</span> </span> </button> <div class="dropdown-container"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="footer"> <div class="view-all align-center"> <a class="portal_link btn-primary btn-large" href="/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation/fingerprints/"><span> View full fingerprint <i class="icon icon-right-open-mini" aria-hidden="true"></i> </span></a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="page-section cite"> <div class="container"> <section class="publication-cite" aria-labelledby="publications-cite-title"> <h2 class="subheader" id="publications-cite-title">Cite this</h2> <ul class="tabs has-overflow-navigation" role="tablist" aria-label="Cite this"> <li class="selected" role="tab" id="tab-0" aria-controls="cite-apa" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > APA </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-1" aria-controls="cite-author" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Author </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-2" aria-controls="cite-BIBTEX" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > BIBTEX </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-3" aria-controls="cite-harvard" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Harvard </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-4" aria-controls="cite-standard" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Standard </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-5" aria-controls="cite-RIS" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > RIS </li> <li class="" role="tab" id="tab-6" aria-controls="cite-vancouver" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false" > Vancouver </li> </ul> <div class="tab-container"> <div id="cite-apa" class="tab selected" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-0" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_apa rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_apa rendering_contributiontojournal_apa"><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link"><span>Rojas González, N.</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link"><span>, Obertová, Z.</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link"><span>, & Franklin, D.</span></a> (2024). <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation" class="link"><span>Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</span></a>. <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span><em>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</em></span></a>, <em>56</em>(sup1), 30-32. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</span></a></div> </div> <div id="cite-author" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-1" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_author rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_author rendering_contributiontojournal_author"><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link"><span>Rojas González, Natalia</span></a> <a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link"><span> ; Obertová, Zuzana</span></a> <a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link"><span> ; Franklin, Daniel</span></a>. / <a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation" class="link"><span><strong>Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</strong></span></a>. In: <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</span></a>. 2024 ; Vol. 56, No. sup1. pp. 30-32.</div> </div> <div id="cite-BIBTEX" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-2" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_bibtex rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_bibtex rendering_contributiontojournal_bibtex"><div>@article{3167f9e404dc4d2a899e445ff352f805,</div><div> title = "Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population",</div><div> abstract = "Chile went through violent deaths and disappearances during the dictatorship (1973–1990). Many of those victims are still unrecovered or unidentified. The standards currently used to estimate skeletal sex in unidentified remains in Chile are not population-specific. Phenice{\textquoteright}s (1969) method for sex estimation is a widely accepted standard, while Klales et al. (2012) modified Phenice{\textquoteright}s method by developing a logistic regression equation for estimating sex in a US population. Both methods are accurate, with reported 96% and 86.2% overall correct classifications, respectively. However, due to differences in levels of sexual dimorphism between populations, the accuracy of these methods can vary when applied to groups outside the reference sample (e.g. non-US individuals). Thus, this study aims to assess the accuracy of these standards in a Chilean population. A sample of 265 coxae of adult individuals from the documented General Cemetery of Santiago collection were examined. Visual evaluations were performed following both methodologies. Phenice{\textquoteright}s (1969) method was 97.0% accurate, with a sex bias of 7.7%, and Klales et al. (2012) method was 87.2% accurate, with a sex bias of −15.4%. Both methods can be applied to unknown Chilean remains with acceptable accuracy (>85%), but the sex bias (>5%) could lead to estimation errors.",</div><div> keywords = "Chilean, Forensic anthropology, pelvic non-metric traits, sex estimation",</div><div> author = "{Rojas Gonz{\'a}lez}, Natalia and Zuzana Obertov{\'a} and Daniel Franklin",</div><div> year = "2024",</div><div> doi = "10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725",</div><div> language = "English",</div><div> volume = "56",</div><div> pages = "30--32",</div><div> journal = "Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences",</div><div> issn = "0045-0618",</div><div> publisher = "Taylor & Francis",</div><div> number = "sup1",</div><p>}</p></div> </div> <div id="cite-harvard" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-3" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_harvard rendering_contributiontojournal_harvard"><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link"><span>Rojas González, N</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link"><span>, Obertová, Z</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link"><span> & Franklin, D</span></a> 2024, '<a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation" class="link harvard_title"><span>Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</span></a>', <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span><em>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</em></span></a>, vol. 56, no. sup1, pp. 30-32. <a onclick="window.open(this.href, '_blank','noopener,noreferrer'); return false;" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725" class="link"><span>https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</span></a></div> </div> <div id="cite-standard" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-4" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_standard rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_standard rendering_contributiontojournal_standard"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation" class="link"><span><strong>Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population.</strong></span></a> / <a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link"><span>Rojas González, Natalia</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link"><span>; Obertová, Zuzana</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link"><span>; Franklin, Daniel</span></a>. <br />In: <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</span></a>, Vol. 56, No. sup1, 2024, p. 30-32.<p class="type"><span class="type_family">Research output<span class="type_family_sep">: </span></span><span class="type_classification_parent">Contribution to journal<span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span></span><span class="type_classification">Comment/debate</span><span class="type_classification"><span class="type_parent_sep"> › </span>peer-review</span></p></div> </div> <div id="cite-RIS" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-5" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_ris rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_ris rendering_contributiontojournal_ris"><p>TY - JOUR</p><p>T1 - Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</p><p>AU - Rojas González, Natalia</p><p>AU - Obertová, Zuzana</p><p>AU - Franklin, Daniel</p><p>PY - 2024</p><p>Y1 - 2024</p><p>N2 - Chile went through violent deaths and disappearances during the dictatorship (1973–1990). Many of those victims are still unrecovered or unidentified. The standards currently used to estimate skeletal sex in unidentified remains in Chile are not population-specific. Phenice’s (1969) method for sex estimation is a widely accepted standard, while Klales et al. (2012) modified Phenice’s method by developing a logistic regression equation for estimating sex in a US population. Both methods are accurate, with reported 96% and 86.2% overall correct classifications, respectively. However, due to differences in levels of sexual dimorphism between populations, the accuracy of these methods can vary when applied to groups outside the reference sample (e.g. non-US individuals). Thus, this study aims to assess the accuracy of these standards in a Chilean population. A sample of 265 coxae of adult individuals from the documented General Cemetery of Santiago collection were examined. Visual evaluations were performed following both methodologies. Phenice’s (1969) method was 97.0% accurate, with a sex bias of 7.7%, and Klales et al. (2012) method was 87.2% accurate, with a sex bias of −15.4%. Both methods can be applied to unknown Chilean remains with acceptable accuracy (>85%), but the sex bias (>5%) could lead to estimation errors.</p><p>AB - Chile went through violent deaths and disappearances during the dictatorship (1973–1990). Many of those victims are still unrecovered or unidentified. The standards currently used to estimate skeletal sex in unidentified remains in Chile are not population-specific. Phenice’s (1969) method for sex estimation is a widely accepted standard, while Klales et al. (2012) modified Phenice’s method by developing a logistic regression equation for estimating sex in a US population. Both methods are accurate, with reported 96% and 86.2% overall correct classifications, respectively. However, due to differences in levels of sexual dimorphism between populations, the accuracy of these methods can vary when applied to groups outside the reference sample (e.g. non-US individuals). Thus, this study aims to assess the accuracy of these standards in a Chilean population. A sample of 265 coxae of adult individuals from the documented General Cemetery of Santiago collection were examined. Visual evaluations were performed following both methodologies. Phenice’s (1969) method was 97.0% accurate, with a sex bias of 7.7%, and Klales et al. (2012) method was 87.2% accurate, with a sex bias of −15.4%. Both methods can be applied to unknown Chilean remains with acceptable accuracy (>85%), but the sex bias (>5%) could lead to estimation errors.</p><p>KW - Chilean</p><p>KW - Forensic anthropology</p><p>KW - pelvic non-metric traits</p><p>KW - sex estimation</p><p>UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85192110556&partnerID=8YFLogxK</p><p>U2 - 10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</p><p>DO - 10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</p><p>M3 - Comment/debate</p><p>AN - SCOPUS:85192110556</p><p>SN - 0045-0618</p><p>VL - 56</p><p>SP - 30</p><p>EP - 32</p><p>JO - Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</p><p>JF - Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</p><p>IS - sup1</p><p>ER - </p></div> </div> <div id="cite-vancouver" class="tab " role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab-6" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="rendering rendering_researchoutput rendering_researchoutput_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal rendering_vancouver rendering_contributiontojournal_vancouver"><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/natalia-rojas-gonzalez" class="link"><span>Rojas González N</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/zuzana-obertova" class="link"><span>, Obertová Z</span></a><a rel="Person" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/daniel-franklin" class="link"><span>, Franklin D</span></a>. <span class="title"><a rel="ContributionToJournal" href="https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/accuracy-of-the-phenice-1969-and-klales-et-al-2012-sex-estimation" class="link"><span>Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population</span></a></span>. <a rel="Journal" href="#" class="link"><span>Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences</span></a>. 2024;56(sup1):30-32. doi: 10.1080/00450618.2024.2324725</div> </div> <script> $(function() { $(".tab-container .rendering a:not([href^='http://dx.doi.org'])").contents().unwrap(); }); </script> </div> </section> </div> </section> <script> //gets doi url var doi = $('div.doi').text(); if (doi != null) { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var api = "45c5f8f0dbbb1aefef3d2e7f363df573"; var url = "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/entitlement/doi/" + doi + "?apiKey=" + api; xhr.open('GET', url); xhr.onload = function () { //checks for premission if we have access to this doi if (xhr.status === 200) { //reads the xml and checks if 'entitled is true' myXmlReader(xhr); //adds hover text to doi addHover(); } }; xhr.send(); function myXmlReader(xml) { var xmlDoc; xmlDoc = xml.responseText.toString(); var n = xmlDoc.includes('entitled":true'); if (n) { $("div.doi").addClass("doiAccess"); } } function addHover() { $("div.doi.doiAccess")[0].setAttribute("title", "You have access to view this document"); } } </script> <script> $(function () { if($('.publication-sidebar').length > 0){ if($('a.document-link').length === 0){ $(".metrics-top").addClass("one"); $('div.metrics-downloads').remove(); } } }); function plumXError(e) { $(e).closest('.metric-plum-x').closest('.metrics-bottom').addClass('one'); $(e).closest('.metric-plum-x').remove(); } $('div.altmetric-embed').on('altmetric:hide', function () { $(this).closest('.metric-altmetric').closest('.metrics-bottom').addClass('one'); $(this).closest('.metric-altmetric').remove(); }); </script> </div> </div> <div id="new-modal-overlay"></div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { runToolTips(); }); </script> </main> <footer id="page-footer" class="main-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-wrapper"> <div class="content-navigation three-third"> <div dir="ltr" class="footer-columns"> <div class="footer-column"> <p> Powered by <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/research-intelligence/products-and-services/pure">Pure</a>, <a href="http://www.scopus.com/">Scopus</a> & <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/products/elsevier-fingerprint-engine">Elsevier Fingerprint Engine™</a> </p> <p> All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 <a href="http://www.elsevier.com">Elsevier B.V.</a> or its licensors and contributors. 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Accuracy of the Phenice (1969) and Klales et al. (2012) sex estimation methods in a Chilean population - the UWA Profiles and Research Repository