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{"work":{"id":105717534,"created_at":"2023-08-18T06:21:25.362-07:00","from_world_paper_id":238935423,"updated_at":"2024-11-26T09:45:48.616-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Internet Scientific Publishers, LLC","grobid_abstract":"Bioterrorism is a planned and deliberate use of pathogenic strains of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or their toxins to spread life-threatening diseases on a mass scale in order to devastate the population of an area. Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death they cause. Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food. Robotic delivery is also possible. Another technique, a nightmare for bioterror experts, is the use of \"suicide coughers\". To strengthen the area of biodefence, the US senate passed the 'Bioterrorism Act of 2002'. A highly effective public health system should make an important contribution to deter the threat by demonstrably diminishing the result of a potential attack. The strategies against bioterrorism involve prevention of an attack, detecting bioweapons, and quick relief in the event of biowar. The next step is the introduction of Bioterrorism related topics in the medical curriculum, so that the medical students should be encouraged to stay abreast of new developments as they continue their training and begin their practices.","publication_date":"2009,,","publication_name":"The Internet Journal of Epidemiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"105107017"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Bioterrorism: An Imminent Public Health Threat","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [268761074]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Bioterrorism is a planned and deliberate use of pathogenic strains of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or their toxins to spread life-threatening diseases on a mass scale in order to devastate the population of an area. Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death they cause. Biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food. Robotic delivery is also possible. Another technique, a nightmare for bioterror experts, is the use of "suicide coughers". To strengthen the area of biodefence, the US senate passed the 'Bioterrorism Act of 2002'. A highly effective public health system should make an important contribution to deter the threat by demonstrably diminishing the result of a potential attack. The strategies against bioterrorism involve prevention of an attack, detecting bioweapons, and quick relief in the event of biowar. The next step is the introduction of Bioterrorism related topics in the medical curriculum, so that the medical students should be encouraged to stay abreast of new developments as they continue their training and begin their practices.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":105107017,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/105717534/Bioterrorism_An_Imminent_Public_Health_Threat"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":105107017,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/105717534/Bioterrorism_An_Imminent_Public_Health_Threat"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="105717534" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Diseases caused by biological agents are not only public health issue but also a problem of national security. Bioterrorism is a potential public health threat to India. The impact of a biological attack to our nation could be devastating. 2</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: Are we ready for such health care emergencies","attachmentId":65042697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44585062/Bioterrorism_Are_we_ready_for_such_health_care_emergencies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44585062/Bioterrorism_Are_we_ready_for_such_health_care_emergencies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="71578275" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71578275/Bioterrorism_An_emerging_public_health_problem">Bioterrorism: An emerging public health problem</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33220866" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MCariappa">M. P Cariappa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical Journal Armed Forces …, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: An emerging public health problem","attachmentId":80861726,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71578275/Bioterrorism_An_emerging_public_health_problem","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71578275/Bioterrorism_An_emerging_public_health_problem"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="13939875" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13939875/bioterrorism_principle_and_Mechanism">bioterrorism :principle and Mechanism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32999188" href="https://skuastkashmir.academia.edu/MisbahMalik">Misbah Malik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Biological warfare is the intentional use of microorganisms and toxins generally of microbial, plant or animal origin to produce disease and death in humans, livestock and crops (Arora, 2002). The attraction of bio-weapons in war and use in terrorist attacks is attributed to easy access to a wide range of disease producing biological agents because of their low producing costs, non-detection by routine security systems and easy transportation from one place to another (Raghunath et al., 2000). The preferred biological agents are Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, small pox virus, etc. and genetically engineered organisms that can survive, express and perpetuate in the natural environment (Hust, 2013). Bacillus anthracis is the toughest known biological agent. The WHO estimated that 50 kg of B. anthracis release upwind of a population centre of 5 lakh would result in upto 1 lakh deaths with an additional 1.25 lakh incapacitated persons (Piles et al., 1998). Inhalation of anthrax endospores reach alveoli where from macrophages, phagocytes and lysed endospores enter into regional lymph nodes, germinate and multiply within the lymphatic system in 1 to 43 days. Then they enter the blood stream and lead septic shock, toxemia and hemorrhagic meningitis. Ebola virus is transmitted by bats. They enter human body via contaminated meat, attack immune system and infected cells get transmitted throughout the body causing death (William, 2001). The main principles involved in bioterrorism are nature of organisms of concern, source of organisms, and dissemination of organisms. The dissemination of biological weapons can take place through aerosol sprays, explosives or food and water contamination (Batra, 2000). Attacks by such weapons may create high level of panic, environment contamination and extreme pressures on emergency health services (Harris, 2002). Current concerns regarding the use of bio-weapons result from the increased proliferation of such weapons and the acquisition of these cheaper weapons by terrorist organizations (Levy, 2003). The need of the hour is to develop full international cooperation and to educate the likely target populations about precautions and protective measures against a possible biological weapon attack (Osterholm, 2001).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"bioterrorism :principle and Mechanism","attachmentId":38163882,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13939875/bioterrorism_principle_and_Mechanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13939875/bioterrorism_principle_and_Mechanism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="73433697" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73433697/Bioterrorism_and_how_it_relates_to_the_field_of_health_care">Bioterrorism and how it relates to the field of health care</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14877476" href="https://uonbi.academia.edu/FranklineNestor">Frankline Nestor</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism and how it relates to the field of health care","attachmentId":81957115,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73433697/Bioterrorism_and_how_it_relates_to_the_field_of_health_care","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73433697/Bioterrorism_and_how_it_relates_to_the_field_of_health_care"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17119390" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17119390/Bioterrorism_How_prepared_are_we">Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36693995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarePradhan">Hare Pradhan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Indian Journal of Medical Specialities, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?","attachmentId":42316763,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17119390/Bioterrorism_How_prepared_are_we","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17119390/Bioterrorism_How_prepared_are_we"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="50094979" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50094979/Bioterrorism_as_a_Public_Health_Threat">Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38873729" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MurchR">R. Murch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism as a Public Health Threat","attachmentId":68208980,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50094979/Bioterrorism_as_a_Public_Health_Threat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50094979/Bioterrorism_as_a_Public_Health_Threat"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="59053669" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59053669/Bioterrorism_a_threat_for_which_we_are_ill_prepared">Bioterrorism: a threat for which we are ill prepared</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="83295430" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChaudhryRama">Rama Chaudhry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The National medical journal of India</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Of the weapons of mass destruction, the biological ones are the most feared and bioterrorism has become one of the most vicious threats to civilized society in recent times. Biological weapons have been sporadically used for centuries. Despite international regulations, there has been a global re-emergence of the threat of biological warfare. As many as 17 countries are suspected of either including or developing biological agents in their weapons programmes. In the past decade, a number of terrorist organizations with access to bioweapons technology have emerged. .Current surveillance systems may be inadequate to detect biological attacks. The onset of illness is often delayed, thus the timing and location of such an event may be extremely difficult to identify. We are unfamiliar with most of the agents of biological warfare and are ill-equipped to handle the consequences of such an attack. In addition, there is no apparent coherent policy to handle a biological terrorist incident. Given the enormity of what is possible in the event of a biological attack, we must be prepared to detect, diagnose, epidemiologically characterize and respond appropriately to biological weapons. Of the potential biological weapons, smallpox and anthrax pose the greatest threats.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: a threat for which we are ill prepared","attachmentId":73169515,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59053669/Bioterrorism_a_threat_for_which_we_are_ill_prepared","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59053669/Bioterrorism_a_threat_for_which_we_are_ill_prepared"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="70126243" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70126243/Bioterrorism_Looming_Threat_Potential_Consequences_and_Defence">Bioterrorism: Looming Threat, Potential Consequences and Defence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43335600" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NamanNaik1">Naman Naik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Under current United States law, bioagents which have been declared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U.S. Department of Agriculture to have the "potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety" are officially defined as "select agents". The CDC categorizes these agents (A, B or C) and administers the Select Agent Program, which regulates the laboratories which may possess, use, or transfer select agents within the United States. As with US attempts to categorize harmful recreational drugs, designer viruses are not yet categorized and avian H5N1 has been shown to achieve high mortality and humancommunication in a laboratory setting.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioterrorism: Looming Threat, Potential Consequences and Defence","attachmentId":79987334,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70126243/Bioterrorism_Looming_Threat_Potential_Consequences_and_Defence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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