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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Etymology and synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strikebreaker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Etreykbrexer" title="Ştreykbrexer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ştreykbrexer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Штрэйкбрэхер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Штрэйкбрэхер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Штрэйкбрэхер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Штрэйкбрэхер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquirol_(economia)" title="Esquirol (economia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquirol (economia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1vkokaz" title="Stávkokaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stávkokaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skruebr%C3%A6kker" title="Skruebrækker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skruebrækker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streikbrecher" title="Streikbrecher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streikbrecher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Απεργοσπάστης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απεργοσπάστης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquirol" title="Esquirol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esquirol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikrompanto" title="Strikrompanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Strikrompanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greba-hausle" title="Greba-hausle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greba-hausle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briseur_de_gr%C3%A8ve" title="Briseur de grève – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Briseur de grève" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakingbrekker" title="Stakingbrekker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stakingbrekker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%85%ED%8C%8C%EA%B4%B4%EC%9E%90" title="파업파괴자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파업파괴자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շտրեյկբրեխերներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շտրեյկբրեխերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumiro" title="Crumiro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crumiro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94" title="שבירת שביתה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירת שביתה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Штрейкбрехерлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Штрейкбрехерлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakingsbreker" title="Stakingsbreker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stakingsbreker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streikebryteri" title="Streikebryteri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Streikebryteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streikebryteri" title="Streikebryteri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Streikebryteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81amistrajk" title="Łamistrajk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łamistrajk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fura-greve" title="Fura-greve – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fura-greve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Штрейкбрехер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штрейкбрехер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavkokaz" title="Stavkokaz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stavkokaz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trajkbreher" title="Štrajkbreher – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Štrajkbreher" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strejkbryteri" title="Strejkbryteri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strejkbryteri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Штрейкбрехерство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штрейкбрехерство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%8A" title="工賊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工賊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who works despite an ongoing strike</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the short story by Isaac Asimov, see <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker_(short_story)" title="Strikebreaker (short story)">Strikebreaker (short story)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/250px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/375px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/500px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_(detective_agency)" title="Pinkerton (detective agency)">Pinkerton</a> agents escort strikebreakers in <a href="/wiki/Buchtel,_Ohio" title="Buchtel, Ohio">Buchtel, Ohio</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif/lossy-page1-220px-I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif/lossy-page1-330px-I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif/lossy-page1-440px-I.W.W._%22stickerette%22_or_%22silent_agitator%22.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> stickerette "Don't Scab"</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>strikebreaker</b> (sometimes pejoratively called a <b>scab</b>, <b>blackleg</b>, <b>bootlicker</b>, <b>blackguard</b> or <b>knobstick</b>) is a person who works despite an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>. Strikebreakers may be current employees (<a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> members or not), or new hires, who are hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. In continuing to work, or taking jobs at a workplace under current strike, strikebreakers are said to "cross <a href="/wiki/Picket_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Picket lines">picket lines</a>". </p><p>Some countries have passed laws outlawing strikebreakers to give more power to <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>, other countries have passed <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work laws</a> which protect strikebreakers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strikebreaker" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:strikebreaker">strikebreaker</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The right to strike is well-established in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> establishes: "The right to strike, provided that it is exercised in conformity with the laws of the particular country."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) Committee on Freedom of Association and other ILO bodies have interpreted all core ILO conventions as protecting the right to strike as an essential element of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> as well as the freedom for workers to organize and established principles on the right to strike through rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the ILO has ruled that "the right to strike is an intrinsic corollary of the right of association protected by Convention No. 87."<sup id="cite_ref-ILO1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a> of 1961 was the first international agreement to expressly protect the right to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to international law, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Community_Charter_of_the_Fundamental_Social_Rights_of_Workers" title="Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers">Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers</a> permits EU member states to regulate the right to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-MTEUPASP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTEUPASP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Striker replacement (hiring workers to replace striking workers during the course of a strike) is not banned or restricted by international law. However, the ILO has concluded striker replacement, while not in contravention of ILO agreements, carries with it significant risks for abuse and places trade union freedoms "in grave jeopardy."<sup id="cite_ref-ILO1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding permanent replacement rather than just replacement for the duration of the strike, the ILO has held that "this basic right [to strike] is not really guaranteed when a worker who exercises it legally runs the risk of seeing his or her job taken up permanently by another worker."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_laws">National laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg/225px-Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg/338px-Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Strikebreakers outside the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> during a 1986 strike</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese labor law">Japanese labor law</a> significantly restricts the ability of both an employer and a union to engage in labor disputes. The law highly regulates labor relations to ensure labor peace and channel conflict into collective bargaining, mediation and arbitration. It bans the use of strikebreakers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Korea bans the use of strikebreakers, although the practice remains common.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most European countries, strikebreakers are rarely used. Consequently, they are rarely if ever mentioned in most European national labor laws.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned above, it is left to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states to determine their own policies.<sup id="cite_ref-MTEUPASP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTEUPASP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Germany has employment law that protects worker rights, but trade unions and the right to strike are not regulated by statute. The Bundesarbeitsgericht (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Labor_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Labor Court of Germany">Federal Labor Court of Germany</a>) and the Bundesverfassungsgericht (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a>) have, however, issued a large number of rulings which essentially regulate trade union activities such as strikes. Work councils, for example, may not strike at all, but trade unions retain an almost unlimited ability to strike. The widespread use of work councils, however, channels most labor disputes and reduces the likelihood of strikes. Efforts to enact a comprehensive federal labor relations law that regulates strikes, lockouts and the use of strikebreakers failed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United Kingdom's laws permit strikebreaking, and courts have significantly restricted the right of unions to punish members who act as strikebreakers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Netherlands does not explicitly forbid the practice of strikebreaking but has a law in place that prevents companies from hiring temporary employees through a <a href="/wiki/Temp_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Temp agency">temp agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Canada has federal industrial relations laws that strongly regulate the use of strikebreakers. Although many Canadian labor unions today advocate for even stronger regulations, scholars point out that Canadian labor law has far greater protections for union members and the right to strike than American labor law, which has significantly influenced the development of labor relations in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the use of strikebreakers is illegal,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but companies may try to remain open with only managerial personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mexico has a federal labor law that requires companies to cease operations during a legal strike, effectively preventing the use of strikebreakers.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 2002<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, strikebreakers were used far more frequently in the United States than in other industrialized countries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held in <i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Mackay_Radio_%26_Telegraph_Co." title="NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.">NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">304 U.S. 333</a> (1938) that an employer may not discriminate on the basis of union activity in reinstating employees at the end of a strike. The ruling effectively encourages employers to hire strikebreakers so that the union loses majority support in the workplace when the strike ends.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mackay</i> court also held that employers enjoy the unrestricted right to permanently replace strikers with strikebreakers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetmanKohler200513_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetmanKohler200513-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in essence is, according to law professor Matthew Dimick, a permission "for firing employees for striking."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report in 2000 concluded that the U.S. "is almost alone in the world in allowing permanent replacement of workers who exercise the right to strike."<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_synonyms">Etymology and synonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology and synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg/220px-I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg/330px-I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg/440px-I.W.W._stickerette_-_SCAB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> stickerette - <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Diatribe_about_scabs_has_unknown_author" title="Jack London">The Scab</a></i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Strikebreaking is also known as <i>black-legging</i> or <i>blacklegging</i>. American <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographer</a> Stephanie Smith suggests that the word has to do with <a href="/wiki/Shoeshiner" title="Shoeshiner">bootblacking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe polish</a>, for an early occurrence of the word was in conjunction with an 1803 American bootmaker's strike.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, British industrial relations expert J.G. Riddall notes that it may have a <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> connotation, as it was used in this way in 1859 in the United Kingdom: "If you dare work we shall consider you as blacks..."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexicographer Geoffrey Hughes, however, notes that <i>blackleg</i> and <i>scab</i> are both references to disease, as in the <a href="/wiki/Blackleg_(disease)" title="Blackleg (disease)">blackleg</a> infectious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_chauvoei" title="Clostridium chauvoei">Clostridium chauvoei</a></i>. He dates the first use of the term <i>blackleg</i> in reference to strikebreaking to the United Kingdom in 1859. The use of the term blackleg for a strikebreaker was, however, previously recorded in 1832 during the trial of special constable George Weddell for killing and slaying Cuthbert Skipsey, a striking pitman, near Chirton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hughes observes that the term was once generally used to indicate a scoundrel, a villain, or a disreputable person.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes466_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes466-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumbrian</a> folk song "<a href="/wiki/Blackleg_Miner" title="Blackleg Miner">Blackleg Miner</a>" is believed to originate from the 1844 strike, which would predate Hughes's reference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2011289_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2011289-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song is thought to originate from the 1844 Miners' Lockout in the North East Coalfield. <a href="/wiki/David_John_Douglass" title="David John Douglass">David John Douglass</a> claims that the term <i>blackleg</i> has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a>, as strikebreakers would often neglect to wash their legs, which would give away that they had been working whilst others had been on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-StrikeNotTheEnd_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrikeNotTheEnd-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John McIlroy has suggested that there is a distinction between a <i>blackleg</i> and a <i>scab</i>. He defines a <i>scab</i> as an outsider who is recruited to replace a striking worker, whereas a <i>blackleg</i> is one already employed who goes against a democratic decision of their colleagues to strike, and instead continues to work.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that McIlroy specified that this should be a "democratic" decision has led the historian David Amos to question whether the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–85)">Nottinghamshire miners in 1984–85</a> were true blacklegs, given the lack of a democratic vote on the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2011294_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2011294-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: "If we use McIlroy's interpretation can the Nottinghamshire miners of 1984-85 be seen to have been 'blacklegging' as against 'scabbing'? However, there is one contentious point in McIlroy's interpretation, the breaking of the 'democratic process'. It is because there was some debate over the democratic process in the 1984-85 miners' strike that the question is raised as to whether the working Nottinghamshire miners were scabs at all." </p><p>Strikebreakers have also been known as <i>knobsticks</i>. The term appears derived from the word <i>knob</i>, in the sense of something that sticks out, and from the card-playing term <i>nob</i>, as someone who cheats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillinger2012104,_120_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillinger2012104,_120-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires">Molly Maguires</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blackleg_Miner" title="Blackleg Miner">Blackleg Miner</a>" (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_formula" title="Mohawk Valley formula">Mohawk Valley formula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrudney2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brudney, James J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2126&context=faculty_scholarship">"The Right to Strike as Customary International Law"</a>. <i>Yale Journal of International Law</i>. <b>46</b> (1) – via FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Strike+as+Customary+International+Law&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Brudney&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2126%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 8 (1d).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_087987.pdf">ILO principles concerning the right to strike</a> 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-2-111627-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-2-111627-1">92-2-111627-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Labour Organization, <i>Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: General Survey of the Reports...</i> 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/uslabor/">"Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States under International Human Rights Standards"</a>. Human Rights Watch. August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unfair+Advantage%3A+Workers%27+Freedom+of+Association+in+the+United+States+under+International+Human+Rights+Standards&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2000%2Fuslabor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTEUPASP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MTEUPASP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MTEUPASP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maastricht Treaty on European Union, Protocol and Agreement on Social Policy, February 7, 1992, 31 LL.M. 247, paragraph 13 under "Freedom of association and collective bargaining."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Freedom of Association, <i>Digest of Decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association,</i> 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2902035,en">"ILO Definitive Report - Report No 278, June 1991, Case No 1543"</a>. <i>International Labor Organization</i>. 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labor+Organization&rft.atitle=ILO+Definitive+Report+-+Report+No+278%2C+June+1991%2C+Case+No+1543&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fdyn%2Fnormlex%2Fen%2Ff%3Fp%3DNORMLEXPUB%3A50002%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID%2CP50002_LANG_CODE%3A2902035%2Cen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugeno and Kanowitz, <i>Japanese Employment and Labor Law,</i> 2002; Dau-Schmidt, "Labor Law and Industrial Peace: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan Under the Bargaining Model," <i>Tulane Journal of International & Comparative Law,</i> 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parry, "Labour Law Draws Roar of Rage From Asian Tiger," <i>The Independent,</i> January 18, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Körner, "German Labor Law in Transition," <i>German Law Journal,</i> April 2005; Westfall and Thusing, "Strikes and Lockouts in Germany and Under Federal Legislation in the United States: A Comparative Analysis," <i>Boston College International & Comparative Law Review,</i> 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewing, "Laws Against Strikes Revisited," in <i>Future of Labour Law,</i> 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0009616/2023-01-01">"Wet allocatie arbeidskrachten door intermediairs"</a>. Overheid.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wet+allocatie+arbeidskrachten+door+intermediairs&rft.pub=Overheid.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0009616%2F2023-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span> See "Artikel 10. Verbod ter beschikking stellen bij arbeidsconflict."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Logan, "How 'Anti-Union' Laws Saved Canadian Labour: Certification and Striker Replacements in Post-War Industrial Relations," <i>Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations,</i> January 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quebec Labour Code Section 109.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwood, <i>Strikebreaking and Intimidation,</i> 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetmanKohler2005" class="citation book cs1">Getman, Julius G.; Kohler, Thomas C. (2005). "The story of NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.: The High Cost of Solidarity". <i>Labor Law Stories</i>. Foundation Press. pp. 49–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+story+of+NLRB+v.+Mackay+Radio+%26+Telegraph+Co.%3A+The+High+Cost+of+Solidarity&rft.btitle=Labor+Law+Stories&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Foundation+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Getman&rft.aufirst=Julius+G.&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGetmanKohler200513-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGetmanKohler200513_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGetmanKohler2005">Getman & Kohler 2005</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimick2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Dimick, Matthew (October 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2023/10/us-labor-law-scabs-rebuilding-workplace-solidarity">"US Labor Law Protects the Use of Scabs. Rebuilding Workplace Solidarity Is the Solution"</a>. <i>Jacobin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=US+Labor+Law+Protects+the+Use+of+Scabs.+Rebuilding+Workplace+Solidarity+Is+the+Solution.&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.aulast=Dimick&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2023%2F10%2Fus-labor-law-scabs-rebuilding-workplace-solidarity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>Household Words: Bloomers, Sucker, Bombshell, Scab, Nigger, Cyber</i>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riddall, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyne Mercury, 10 July 1832</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes466-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hughes466_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2011289-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2011289_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmos2011">Amos 2011</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrikeNotTheEnd-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrikeNotTheEnd_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2005" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, David John (2005). <i>Strike, not the end of the story</i>. Overton, Yorkshire, UK: National Coal Mining Museum for England. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strike%2C+not+the+end+of+the+story&rft.place=Overton%2C+Yorkshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=National+Coal+Mining+Museum+for+England&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=David+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McIlroy, John, <i>Strike!: How to Fight, How to Win</i>, p. 150 (London, 1984), quoted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Amos2011" class="citation web cs1">David Amos (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14091/1/575419.pdf">"THE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MINERS', THE UNION OF DEMOCRATIC MINEWORKERS AND THE 1984-85 MINERS STRIKE: SCABS OR SCAPEGOATS?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Nottingham. pp. 293–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NOTTINGHAMSHIRE+MINERS%27%2C+THE+UNION+OF+DEMOCRATIC+MINEWORKERS+AND+THE+1984-85+MINERS+STRIKE%3A+SCABS+OR+SCAPEGOATS%3F&rft.pages=293-4&rft.pub=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2011-12&rft.au=David+Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F14091%2F1%2F575419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmos2011294-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmos2011294_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmos2011">Amos 2011</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchillinger2012104,_120-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchillinger2012104,_120_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchillinger2012">Schillinger 2012</a>, pp. 104, 120.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2011" class="citation web cs1">Amos, David (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14091/1/575419.pdf">"THE NOTTINGHAMSHIRE MINERS', THE UNION OF DEMOCRATIC MINEWORKERS AND THE 1984-85 MINERS STRIKE: SCABS OR SCAPEGOATS?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Nottingham. pp. 293–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NOTTINGHAMSHIRE+MINERS%27%2C+THE+UNION+OF+DEMOCRATIC+MINEWORKERS+AND+THE+1984-85+MINERS+STRIKE%3A+SCABS+OR+SCAPEGOATS%3F&rft.pages=293-4&rft.pub=University+of+Nottingham&rft.date=2011-12&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F14091%2F1%2F575419.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Committee on Freedom of Association. International Labour Organization. <i>Digest of Decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association.</i> 5th (revised) ed. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2006.</li> <li>Dau-Schmidt, Kenneth Glenn. "Labor Law and Industrial Peace: A Comparative Analysis of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan Under the Bargaining Model." <i>Tulane Journal of International & Comparative Law.</i> 2000.</li> <li>Ewing, Keith. "Laws Against Strikes Revisited." In <i>Future of Labour Law.</i> Catharine Barnard, Gillian S. Morris, and Simon Deakin, eds. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841134048" title="Special:BookSources/9781841134048">9781841134048</a></li> <li>Hughes, Geoffrey. <i>An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World.</i> Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.</li> <li>International Labour Organization. <i>Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: General Survey of the Reports on the Freedom of Association and the Right to Organise Convention (No. 87), 1948, and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (no. 98), 1949.</i> Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1994.</li> <li>Körner, Marita. "German Labor Law in Transition." <i>German Law Journal.</i> 6:4 (April 2005).</li> <li>Logan, John. "How 'Anti-Union' Laws Saved Canadian Labour: Certification and Striker Replacements in Post-War Industrial Relations." <i>Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations.</i> 57:1 (January 2002).</li> <li>Parry, Richard Lloyd. "Labour Law Draws Roar of Rage From Asian Tiger." <i>The Independent.</i> January 18, 1997.</li> <li>Riddall, J.G. <i>The Law of Industrial Relations.</i> London: Butterworths, 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchillinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Schillinger, Stephen (2012). "Begging at the Gate: Jack Straw and the Acting Out of Popular Rebellion". In Cerasano, S.P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRCkc8VEmgQC"><i>Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England. Vol. 21</i></a>. Madison, Wisc.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838643976" title="Special:BookSources/9780838643976"><bdi>9780838643976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Begging+at+the+Gate%3A+Jack+Straw+and+the+Acting+Out+of+Popular+Rebellion&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Drama+in+England.+Vol.+21&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisc.&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780838643976&rft.aulast=Schillinger&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRCkc8VEmgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrikebreaker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silver, Beverly J. <i>Forces of Labor: Workers' Movements and Globalization Since 1870.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521520770" title="Special:BookSources/0521520770">0521520770</a></li> <li>Smith, Stephanie. <i>Household Words: Bloomers, Sucker, Bombshell, Scab, Nigger, Cyber.</i> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816645531" title="Special:BookSources/0816645531">0816645531</a></li> <li>Sugeno, Kazuo and Kanowitz, Leo. <i>Japanese Employment and Labor Law.</i> Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890896119" title="Special:BookSources/0890896119">0890896119</a></li> <li>Westfall, David and Thusing, Gregor. "Strikes and Lockouts in Germany and Under Federal Legislation in the United States: A Comparative Analysis." <i>Boston College International & Comparative Law Review.</i> 22 (1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikebreaker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnesen, Eric. "Specter of the Black Strikebreaker: Race, Employment, and Labor Activism in the Industrial Era." Labor History 44.3 (2003): 319-335 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/18650602.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Erlich, Richard L. "Immigrant strikebreaking activity: A sampling of opinion expressed in the National Labor Tribune, 1878-1885." <i>Labor History</i> (1974) 15: 529–42.</li> <li>Getman, Julius G. and Kohler, Thomas C. "The Story of <i>NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.</i>: The High Cost of Solidarity." In <i>Labor Law Stories.</i> Laura J. Cooper and Catherine L. Fisk, eds. New York: Foundation Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1587788756" title="Special:BookSources/1587788756">1587788756</a></li> <li>Human Rights Watch. <i>Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association in the United States Under International Human Rights Standards.</i> Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1564322513" title="Special:BookSources/1564322513">1564322513</a></li> <li>Isaac, Larry W., Rachel G. McKane, and Anna W. Jacobs. "Pitting the Working Class against Itself: Solidarity, Strikebreaking, and Strike Outcomes in the Early US Labor Movement." <i>Social Science History</i> 46.2 (2022): 315–348. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/56CD517DE8E89593CC75DC4B01A48412/S0145553221000523a.pdf/pitting_the_working_class_against_itself_solidarity_strikebreaking_and_strike_outcomes_in_the_early_us_labor_movement.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Keiser, John H. "Black Strikebreakers and Racism in Illinois, 1865-1900." <i>Journal of Illinois State Historical Society</i> (1972) 65: 313–26.</li> <li>Noon, Mark. " 'It ain't your color, it's your scabbing': literary depictions of African American strikebreakers." <i>African American Review</i> 38.3 (2004): 429–439.</li> <li>Norwood, Stephen H. <i>Strikebreaking & Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America</i> Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807827053" title="Special:BookSources/0807827053">0807827053</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eh.net/page/10/?s=1920s+culture">online review</a></li> <li>Rosenbloom, Joshua L. “Strikebreaking and the labor market in the United States, 1881–1894.” <i>Journal of Economic History</i> (1998) 58 (1): 183–205.</li> <li>Smith, Robert Michael. <i>From Blackjacks to Briefcases: A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States.</i> Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821414658" title="Special:BookSources/0821414658">0821414658</a></li> <li>Tuttle, William J. Jr. "Some strikebreakers' observations of industrial warfare." <i>Labor History</i> (1966) 7: I93-96.</li> <li>Tuttle, William J. Jr. "Labor conflict and racial violence: The black worker in Chicago, 1894-1919." <i>Labor History</i> (1969) 10: 408–32.</li> <li>Whatley, Warren C. "African-American Strikebreaking from the Civil War to the New Deal." <i>Social Science History</i> 17.4 (1993): 525–558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Warren-Whatley/publication/245231041_African-American_Strikebreaking_from_the_Civil_War_to_the_New_Deal/links/0a85e53c5823a96d3d000000/African-American-Strikebreaking-from-the-Civil-War-to-the-New-Deal.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_labor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labor</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labor council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" title="National trade union center">National trade union center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the chapel">Clerk of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the chapel">Father of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">Open shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(union)" title="Bump (union)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labor revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-away" title="Stay-away">Stay-away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labor spies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churn_and_burn" title="Churn and burn">Churn and burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strikebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labor code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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