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invasions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_Hungarian_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_Hungarian_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_Hungarian_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Before the Hungarian Conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_Hungarian_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Hungarian_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Hungarian_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 After the Hungarian Conquest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Hungarian_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الغزوات المجرية على أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزوات المجرية على أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_hongareses_d%27Europa" title="Invasions hongareses d'Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasions hongareses d'Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%BD_vp%C3%A1d_do_Evropy" title="Maďarský vpád do Evropy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďarský vpád do Evropy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarneinf%C3%A4lle" title="Ungarneinfälle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ungarneinfälle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasiones_h%C3%BAngaras_de_Europa" title="Invasiones húngaras de Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasiones húngaras de Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaraj_invadoj_en_E%C5%ADropo" title="Hungaraj invadoj en Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungaraj invadoj en Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="마자르인의 유럽 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마자르인의 유럽 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A9%D5%A8_%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Հունգարների գաղթը Եվրոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարների գաղթը Եվրոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariana_invadi_di_Europa" title="Hungariana invadi di Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hungariana invadi di Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_bangsa_Hungaria_ke_Eropa" title="Serangan bangsa Hungaria ke Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan bangsa Hungaria ke Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioni_ungare_dell%27Europa" title="Invasioni ungare dell'Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasioni ungare dell'Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="უნგრელების შეჭრა ევროპაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრელების შეჭრა ევროპაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_kalandoz%C3%A1sok" title="Magyar kalandozások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyar kalandozások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="マジャル人のヨーロッパ侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マジャル人のヨーロッパ侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaziile_maghiarilor_%C3%AEn_Europa" title="Invaziile maghiarilor în Europa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invaziile maghiarilor în Europa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Венгерские завоевания в Европе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венгерские завоевания в Европе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Угарска инвазија на Европу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угарска инвазија на Европу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Угорські вторгнення в Європу – Ukrainian" 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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Hungarian invasions of Europe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalandozasok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/300px-Kalandozasok.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/450px-Kalandozasok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/600px-Kalandozasok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="496" /></a> Hungarian raids in the 9–10th century</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>~800/839–970</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Hungarian tribes</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Counties">Catalan Counties</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper_March" title="Upper March">Upper March of Al-Andalus</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Khazaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazaria">Khazaria</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs#Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Lower Pannonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Littoral_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Littoral Croatia">Principality of Littoral Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)">Kingdom of Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality of Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a> <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%A1t" title="Bogát">Bogát</a> Dursac Szalárd <a href="/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA_(chieftain)" title="Bulcsú (chieftain)">Bulcsú</a> <a href="/wiki/Lehel" title="Lehel">Lehel</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAr_(chieftain)" title="Súr (chieftain)">Súr</a> <a href="/wiki/Kisa_(chieftain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisa (chieftain)">Kisa</a> <a href="/wiki/Apor_(chieftain)" title="Apor (chieftain)">Apor</a> <a href="/wiki/Taksony_of_Hungary" title="Taksony of Hungary">Taksony</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Margrave_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria">Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Conrad, Duke of Lorraine">Conrad, Duke of Lorraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Muncimir_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muncimir of Croatia">Muncimir of Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav of Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Caslav_of_Serbia" title="Časlav of Serbia">Časlav of Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris I of Bulgaria">Boris I of Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Skleros" title="Bardas Skleros">Bardas Skleros</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_(stratopedarches)" title="Peter (stratopedarches)">Peter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~25,000 warriors maximum (but variable)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~40,000 (variable)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Mostly not significant</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Mostly heavy. 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Hungarian invasions of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Pliska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896">Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Southern_Buh" title="Battle of Southern Buh">Southern Buh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brenta" title="Battle of Brenta">Brenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg" title="Battle of Pressburg">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eisenach_(908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eisenach (908)">Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld_(910)" title="Battle of Lechfeld (910)">Lechfeld (910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rednitz" title="Battle of Rednitz">Rednitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Inn" title="Battle of the Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(917)" title="Battle of Achelous (917)">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%BCchen" title="Battle of Püchen">Püchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drava_River" title="Battle of Drava River">Drava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riade" title="Battle of Riade">Riade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W.l.n.d.r" title="Battle of W.l.n.d.r">W.l.n.d.r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fraxinet" title="Battle of Fraxinet">Fraxinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_raid_in_Spain_(942)" title="Hungarian raid in Spain (942)">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wels" title="Battle of Wels">Wels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Lechfeld (955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Syrmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" title="Bulgarian–Hungarian wars">Bulgarian–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(970)" title="Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)">Arcadiopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Hungarian invasions of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: kalandozások, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Ungarneinfälle) took place in the 9th and 10th centuries, the period of transition in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">history of Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, when the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> was threatened by invasion from multiple hostile forces, the Magyars (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>) from the east, the <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a> from the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arabs</a> from the south.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenwein-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Hungarians took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> (corresponding to the later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>) in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895, and launched a number of campaigns both westward into former <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and southward into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The westward raids were stopped only with the Magyar defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld_(955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lechfeld (955)">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955, which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 962, a new political order in Western Europe. The raids into Byzantine territories continued throughout the 10th century, until the eventual Christianisation of the Magyars and the establishment of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1000 or 1001. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_conquest_of_Hungary_(9th_century)">Before the conquest of Hungary (9th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the conquest of Hungary (9th century)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_(1853-1928)_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_(1896-99).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg/180px-P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg/270px-P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg/360px-P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1g%C3%B3_%281853-1928%29_painter_The_Hungarian_at_Kiev_%281896-99%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarians at <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> (Pál Vágó, 1896-99)</figcaption></figure> The first supposed reference to the Hungarians in war is in the 9th century: in 811, the Hungarians (Magyars) were in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> of Bulgaria against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> possibly at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a> in the Haemus Mountains (Balkan Mountains).<a href="#cite_note-Király-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hamartolus" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hamartolus">Georgius Monachus</a>' work mentions that around 837 the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> sought an alliance with the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-Király-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a> wrote in his work <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">On Administering the Empire</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Bek</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> asked the Emperor Teophilos to have the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sarkel" title="Sarkel">Sarkel</a> built for them.<a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a> This record is thought to refer to the Hungarians on the basis that the new fortress must have become necessary because of the appearance of a new enemy of the Khazars, and no other people could have been the Khazars’ enemy at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a> In the 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a> wrote that "earlier, the Khazars entrenched themselves against the attacks of the Magyars and other peoples".<a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a> In 860–861, Hungarian soldiers attacked <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saint Cyril</a>'s convoy but the meeting is said to have ended peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-Király-3">[3]</a> Saint Cyril was traveling to the Khagan at (or near) <a href="/wiki/Chersonesos_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos Taurica">Chersonesos Taurica</a>, which had been captured by the Khazars. Muslim geographers recorded that the Magyars regularly attacked the neighboring <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> tribes, and took captives to sell to the Byzantine Empire at <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">[6]</a> There is some information about Hungarian raids into the eastern Carolingian Empire in 862.<a href="#cite_note-Spinei-7">[7]</a> In 881, the Hungarians and the Kabars invaded East Francia and fought two battles, the former (Ungari) at Wenia (probably <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Spinei-7">[7]</a> and the latter (Cowari) at Culmite (possibly Kulmberg or Kollmitz in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Csorba-8">[8]</a> In 892, according to the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of East Francia</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> and the Magyars joined his troops.<a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spinei-7">[7]</a> After 893, Magyar troops were conveyed across the Danube by the Byzantine fleet and defeated the Bulgarians in three battles (at the Danube, <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">[6]</a> In 894, the Magyars invaded <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in alliance with King <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Moravia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tóth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spinei-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_conquest_of_Hungary_(10th_century)">After the conquest of Hungary (10th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the conquest of Hungary (10th century)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hungarian_warrior.jpg/180px-Hungarian_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hungarian_warrior.jpg/270px-Hungarian_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hungarian_warrior.jpg/360px-Hungarian_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Fresco about a Hungarian warrior (Italy)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_around_900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/180px-Europe_around_900.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/270px-Europe_around_900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Europe_around_900.jpg/360px-Europe_around_900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Europe around 900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg/180px-ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg/270px-ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg/360px-ArpadstatueHerosSquareBudapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Grand Prince Árpád's sculpture in Budapest</figcaption></figure> Around 896,<a href="#cite_note-Kristó-9">[9]</a> probably under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, the Hungarians (Magyars) crossed the Carpathians and entered the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> (the plains of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, approximately). In 899, these Magyars defeated <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar's army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brenta_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Brenta River">Battle of Brenta River</a> and invaded the northern regions of Italy. They pillaged the countryside around <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">[6]</a> They also defeated <a href="/wiki/Braslav,_Duke_of_Lower_Pannonia" title="Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia">Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia</a>. In 901, they attacked Italy again.<a href="#cite_note-Gubcsi-10">[10]</a> In 902, they led a campaign against northern Moravia and defeated the Moravians whose country was annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">[6]</a> Almost every year after 900 they conducted raids against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> west and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> east. In 905, the Magyars and King Berengar formed an amicitia, and fifteen years passed without Hungarian troops entering Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> The Magyars defeated no fewer than three large Frankish imperial armies between 907 and 910, as follows.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 907 they defeated the invading <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg" title="Battle of Pressburg">Brezalauspurc</a>, destroying their army, successfully defending Hungary and laying Great Moravia, Germany, France and Italy open to Magyar raids. On 3 August 908 the Hungarians won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eisenach_(908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eisenach (908)">Battle of Eisenach</a>, Thuringia.<a href="#cite_note-Csorba-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egino,_Duke_of_Thuringia" title="Egino, Duke of Thuringia">Egino, Duke of Thuringia</a> was killed, along with <a href="/wiki/Burchard,_Duke_of_Thuringia" title="Burchard, Duke of Thuringia">Burchard, Duke of Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Bishop_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg">Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Magyars defeated Louis the Child's united Frankish Imperial Army at <a href="/wiki/The_First_Battle_of_Lechfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Battle of Lechfeld">the first Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 910. Smaller units penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> in 915.<a href="#cite_note-Sugar-14">[14]</a> In 919, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a>, the Magyars raided Saxony, Lotharingia and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>. In 921, they defeated King <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a>'s enemies at <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> and reached Apulia in 922.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sugar-14">[14]</a> Around 925, according to the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Dioclea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea">Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea</a> from the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomislav of Croatia">Tomislav of Croatia</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> in battle,<a href="#cite_note-Curta-15">[15]</a> however others question the reliability of this account, because there is no proof for this interpretation in other records.<a href="#cite_note-Curta-15">[15]</a> In 926, they ravaged <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> and Alsace, campaigned through present-day <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> In 927, Peter, brother of Pope John X, called on the Magyars to rule Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> They marched into Rome and imposed large tribute payments on <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and Tarento.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sugar-14">[14]</a> In 933, a substantial Magyar army appeared in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (the pact with the Saxons having expired) but <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riade" title="Battle of Riade">was defeated by Henry I</a> at Merseburg.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> Magyar attacks continued against Upper Burgundy (in 935) and against Saxony (in 936).<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> In 937, they raided France as far west as <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, Swabia, <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and Italy as far as <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> They attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople. The Byzantines paid them a “tax” for 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 938, the Magyars repeatedly attacked Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> In 940, they ravaged the region of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Reutel-11">[11]</a> In 942, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_raid_in_Spain_(942)" title="Hungarian raid in Spain (942)">Hungarian raids on Spain</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> took place, according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a>'s work.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 947, <a href="/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA_(chieftain)" title="Bulcsú (chieftain)">Bulcsú</a>, a chieftain of <a href="/wiki/Taksony_of_Hungary" title="Taksony of Hungary">Taksony</a>, led a raid into Italy<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, and King <a href="/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy" title="Berengar II of Italy">Berengar II of Italy</a> had to buy peace by paying a large amount of money to him and his followers. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955, in which the Magyars lost approximately 5,000 warriors, finally checked their expansion, although raids on the Byzantine Empire continued until 970. Lechfeld is south of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in present-day southern Germany. Between 899 and 970, according to the contemporary sources, the researchers count 45 (according to Nagy Kálmán) or 47 (according to Szabados György 38 to West and 9 to East)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 (17.5%) were unsuccessful (901, 913, 933, 943, 948, 951, 955, 970) and 37 ended with success (82.5%).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_Hungarian_invasions">Timeline of the Hungarian invasions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline of the Hungarian invasions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_Hungarian_Conquest">Before the Hungarian Conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before the Hungarian Conquest">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>811 – The Hungarians were in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Krum" title="Krum">Krum</a> of Bulgaria against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Battle of Pliska</a> in the Haemus Mountains (Balkan Mountains).<a href="#cite_note-Király-3">[3]</a></li> <li>839 – The Hungarians, who then lived East to the Carpathians, in <a href="/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Etelköz">Etelköz</a>, fight at Lower Danube at the request of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> against the Byzantine insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-Bóna-23">[23]</a></li> <li>861 – <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saint Cyril</a> is attacked in Crimea by Hungarians "screaming like wolves", but seeing him praying, they became peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-Bóna_István_2000_p._13-24">[24]</a></li> <li>862 – First raid of the Hungarians in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav of Moravia</a> against <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bóna_István_2000_p._13-24">[24]</a></li> <li>c. 870 – al-Djayhani and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a> writes that the Hungarian tribes attack the Slavs who live near their borders, defeat them continuously and drive many of them to <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a> in Crimea, selling them to the Byzantines as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>881 – The Hungarian troops, helping the <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a>, fight two battles against the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-Bóna_István_2000_p._13-24">[24]</a></li> <li>882 – The Hungarian "king" meet with <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> at the Lower Danube to discuss.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>892 – The Hungarian troops attack <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> in alliance with the East Francian king <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_of_894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign of 894</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg/310px-The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg/465px-The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg/620px-The_military_events_of_the_Hungarian_Conquest_in_894-895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The military events of the Hungarian Conquest in 894-895</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>894 <ul><li>In alliance with <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I of Moravia</a>, the Hungarians attack the East Francian province of Pannonia. Svatopluk dies during this war.<a href="#cite_note-Róna-Tas_András_1996-28">[28]</a></li> <li>The Bulgarians, led by <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a>, attack the Byzantines, who ask for Hungarian help. A Hungarian army, led by <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%BCntika" title="Liüntika">Liüntika</a>, defeats the Bulgarian army in three battles (at the Danube, <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">[6]</a> and force Simeon to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li></ul></li> <li>895 – Simeon allies with the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, and attacks in alliance with them the Hungarians, forcing them to retreat towards West and enter in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>. The Hungarians conquer the eastern parts of the Carpathian Basin (until the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>). Here the Hungarians defeat the Bulgarians in Southern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tisz%C3%A1nt%C3%BAl" title="Tiszántúl">Tiszántúl</a>, and end their power in the Carpathian Basin, starting with this the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Conquest">Hungarian Conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Hungarian_Conquest">After the Hungarian Conquest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After the Hungarian Conquest">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>899 – The Hungarian troops attack the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italian Kingdom</a>, and defeat, at 24 September, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brenta" title="Battle of Brenta">Battle of Brenta</a> the army of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, and attacking <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Berengar accepts to pay them tribute.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_899-900_in_Italy_and_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Italy, with the Battle of Brenta, then the campaign which resulted the capture of Dunántúl.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>900 – The Hungarian army units conquer <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, after their alliance proposal to the East Francians was rejected. This was another step in the Hungarian Conquest.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>901 <ul><li>Hungarian attack to <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a> and Northern Italy.</li> <li>April 11 or 18 – The Magyar army from Carinthia is defeated by Margrave Ratold at <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Laibach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_2000-33">[33]</a></li></ul></li> <li>902 – The Hungarians conquer the eastern parts of Great Moravia, ending with this the Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin, while the Slavs from West and North to this region, start to pay tribute to them.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">[34]</a></li> <li>903 – A Hungarian unit raiding in Bavaria, is defeated near the river <a href="/wiki/Fischa" title="Fischa">Fischa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">[34]</a></li> <li>904 <ul><li>The Hungarian political and military leader <a href="/wiki/Kursz%C3%A1n" title="Kurszán">Kurszán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kende" title="Kende">kende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyula_(title)" title="Gyula (title)">gyula</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horka_(title)" title="Horka (title)">horka</a>) is invited to a feast and then assassinated by the Bavarians.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">[34]</a></li> <li>early summer – Hungarian troops go to <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">[34]</a></li></ul></li> <li>905 <ul><li>King Berengar of Italy makes alliance with the Hungarians against his enemy, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis of Provence</a>, who declared himself emperor of Italy.</li> <li>early summer – The Magyars defeat <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis of Provence</a>, who is then blinded by Berengar.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._11-35">[35]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Saxony_of_906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Saxony of 906</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>906 – Two Hungarian armies devastate, one after the other, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>. The Magyars were asked to come by the Slavic tribe of <a href="/wiki/Glomatians" title="Glomatians">Dalamancians</a>, threatened by the Saxon attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._11-35">[35]</a></li> <li>907 <ul><li>July 4–6 – An East Francian army led by <a href="/wiki/Luitpold,_Margrave_of_Bavaria" title="Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria">Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria</a>, which entered the Hungarian territory in order to expel the Hungarians from the Carpathian Basin, is annihilated by the Hungarian army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg" title="Battle of Pressburg">Battle of Pressburg</a>. Luitpold, <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_I,_Archbishop_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg">Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg</a>, Prince Sieghard, 19 counts, 2 bishops and 3 abbots are killed in the battle, together with the majority of the soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">[34]</a> This battle is considered the conclusion of the Hungarian Conquest.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>July–August – The Hungarians assault Bavaria, making great destructions, and occupying many towns, in their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at <a href="/wiki/Lengenfeld" title="Lengenfeld">Lengenfeld</a>. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aventinus-37">[37]</a></li></ul></li> <li>908 – Hungarians attack Thuringia and Saxony, and on 3 August defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eisenach_(908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eisenach (908)">Battle of Eisenach</a> the army of <a href="/wiki/Burchard,_Duke_of_Thuringia" title="Burchard, Duke of Thuringia">Burchard, Duke of Thuringia</a>. Burchard, <a href="/wiki/Egino,_Duke_of_Thuringia" title="Egino, Duke of Thuringia">Egino, Duke of Thuringia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Bishop_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg">Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg</a>, are killed in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._12-38">[38]</a></li> <li>909 <ul><li>spring – Hungarian troops are raiding in Bavaria and Swabia.</li> <li>August 4 – They burn the two churches of <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> in Bavaria.</li> <li>August 11 – The returning Hungarians are defeated at <a href="/wiki/Pocking" title="Pocking">Pocking</a> by the Bavarians led by <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._12-38">[38]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_East_Frankish_duchies_of_910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign of 910, which resulted the Hungarian victories from Augsburg and Rednitz.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>910 <ul><li>June 12 – The Hungarians crush the army of the German king <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld_(910)" title="Battle of Lechfeld (910)">first Battle of Augsburg</a>, led by Count Gozbert of Alemannia. The commander and Managolt, count of Alemannia are killed in the battle.</li> <li>June 22 – The same Hungarian army enters Franconia, and defeats a united army of the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rednitz" title="Battle of Rednitz">Battle of Rednitz</a>. The German commander <a href="/wiki/Gebhard,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Gebhard, Duke of Lorraine">Gebhard, Duke of Lorraine</a> and Liudger, Count of Ladengau are killed in the battle.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> asks for peace and starts to pay a tribute.</li> <li>The returning Hungarians plunder the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, sack Altaich and <a href="/wiki/Osterhofen" title="Osterhofen">Osterhofen</a>, but one of their minor riding units is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Neuching" title="Neuching">Neuching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul></li> <li>911 – Hungarian troops cross <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and attack <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>. They plunder the territories from Meinfeld to <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a>. After that, they cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and attack <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._13-40">[40]</a></li> <li>912 – Hungarians attack Franconia and Thuringia, in order to force the new East Francian king, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a> to pay them tribute.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._13-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_from_915_in_the_Eastern_Frankish_kingdom_and_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaigns from 915 in the Eastern Frankish kingdom and Italy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>913 – Hungarian raid to Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined army of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erchanger,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Erchanger, Duke of Swabia">Erchanger, Duke of Swabia</a>, dukes Udalrich and Berchtold, who <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Inn">defeat them</a> at Aschbach by <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>914 – Duke <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a> and his family is forced to flee to Hungary by king <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a>. The Hungarians promise him help to regain his throne.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._14-42">[42]</a></li> <li>915 – A Hungarian army devastates Swabia then Franconia. One of their plundering units attack the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulda monastery">Fulda monastery</a>, but they are repelled, they burn the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Abbey_of_Corvey" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Abbey of Corvey">Abbey of Corvey</a>, plunder the monastery St. <a href="/wiki/Ida_of_Herzfeld" title="Ida of Herzfeld">Ida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herzfeld" title="Herzfeld">Herzfeld</a>. In Saxony the Hungarians plunder Valun, then they burn <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, and after defeating a Saxon army at <a href="/wiki/Eresburg" title="Eresburg">Eresburg</a>, they arrive to the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._14-42">[42]</a></li> <li>916 – A Hungarian army helps <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a>, in his first, unsuccessful attack to regain his duchy.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._14-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg/310px-Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg/465px-Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg/620px-Hungarian_campaigns_in_Europe_in_917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaigns in Europe in 917</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>917 <ul><li>Attack to West <ul><li>January 21 – The Hungarians sack and burn <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, then invade the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Alsace" title="Duchy of Alsace">Duchy of Alsace</a>.</li> <li>February – They enter <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, destroying <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Moyenmoutier" title="Moyenmoutier">Moyenmoutier</a> and the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges" title="Saint-Dié-des-Vosges">Saint-Dié-des-Vosges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remiremont_Abbey" title="Remiremont Abbey">Remiremont</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>With Hungarian help, <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a> reoccupies his realm from the forces of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I of Germany</a>. After this he becomes a faithful ally of the Hungarians, paying them tribute, as well as his neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Burchard_II,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Burchard II, Duke of Swabia">Burchard II, Duke of Swabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Hungarian troops are allegedly helping <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a> to defeat the Byzantines in the great <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acheloos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Acheloos">Battle of Acheloos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._15-44">[44]</a> but their involvement was narrated by a single 11th-century source, Miracula Sancti Georgii, and this information contradicts from contemporary records.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_919-920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Europe of 919–920, which resulted in the Hungarian victories of Püchen against the king of East Francia and of 920 against the Burgundian king from 920 in Italy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>919–920 <ul><li>After the election of <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> as the new king of East Francia, a Hungarian army enters in Germany, and defeats Henry's forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%BCchen" title="Battle of Püchen">Battle of Püchen</a>, then heads towards West.</li> <li>The Hungarian army enters Lotharingia and France. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> cannot gather enough forces to face them in a battle, retreats, and lets them to plunder his realm.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._15-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Early 920, the same Hungarian army enter from West in Burgundy, then in Lombardy, and defeats the forces of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II of Burgundy">Rudolf II of Burgundy</a>, who attacked <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a>, the ally of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>. After that, the Magyars plunder the surrounding of those Italian cities, which they think that supported Rudolf: <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nogara" title="Nogara">Nogara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._15-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul></li> <li>921–922 <ul><li>In 921 a Hungarian army led by Dursac and <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%A1t" title="Bogát">Bogát</a>, enters Northern Italy, then annihilates, between <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, the forces of the Italian supporters of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II of Burgundy">Rudolf II of Burgundy</a>, killing the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">palatine</a> Odelrik, and taking as captive Gislebert, the count of Bergamo.</li> <li>This army goes towards southern Italy, where it winters, and in January 922 plunders the regions between <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li>February 4 – The Magyar army attacks <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> in Southern Italy, ruled by the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy,_Burgundy,_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg/310px-The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg/465px-The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg/620px-The_Hungarians_campaigns_of_924_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Saxony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarians campaigns of 924 in Italy, Burgundy, Southern France and Saxony</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>924 <ul><li>Campaign in Italy and Southern France <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II of Burgundy">Rudolf II of Burgundy</a> is elected by the Italian insurgents as king of Italy in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I of Italy</a> asks the Hungarians for help, whom then send an army led by Szalárd, who burns Pavia and the war galleys on the shores of the Ticino river.</li> <li>April 7 – When emperor Berengar is assassinated in Verona, the Hungarians go towards Burgundy. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II of Burgundy">Rudolf II of Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Arles</a> try to encircle them in the passes of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, but the Hungarians escape from the ambush, and attack Gothia and the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>. They return home because a plague breaks out among them.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaign in Saxony <ul><li>Another Hungarian army plunders Saxony. The German king <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> retreats to the castle of <a href="/wiki/Werlaburgdorf" title="Werlaburgdorf">Werla</a>. A Hungarian noble falls by accident in the hands of the Germans. King Henry uses this opportunity to negotiate with the Hungarians, asking for peace, and accepting to pay a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_in_926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Europe in 926</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>926 <ul><li>May 1–8 – Hungarian troops enter Swabia, as allies of the new Italian king, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a>, besiege <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and then occupy the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Sankt Gallen</a>, where they spare the life of the monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heribald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heribald (page does not exist)">Heribald</a>, whose accounts give a detailed description about their traditions and way of life.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> From the abbey they send minor units to reconnoitre and plunder the surroundings. One of their units kills Saint <a href="/wiki/Wiborada" title="Wiborada">Wiborada</a> who lived as anchoress in a wood nearby.</li> <li>After May 8 – The Magyars besiege <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, burning its suburbs, then head towards West in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. One of their units is defeated by the locals at <a href="/wiki/Bad_S%C3%A4ckingen" title="Bad Säckingen">Säckingen</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. The Hungarian army cross the Rhine with some captured ships into <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, and defeat the troops of count Liutfred. Then, following the Rhine they went towards North, sack the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Voncq" title="Voncq">Voncq</a>, arrive to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>'s shores, then head towards home via <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. On their way home, they renew the alliance with <a href="/wiki/Arnulf,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria">Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria</a>.</li> <li>July 29 – The Hungarians destroy Oberkirchen.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaigns_of_927_in_Italy_and_the_Balkans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaigns of 927 in Italy and the Balkans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg/220px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg/330px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg/440px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian influence in 930. The countries with red stripes paid tribute to the Hungarians.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>927 – ? Hungarian troops are called by King <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a> to help margrave Peter regain his power in Rome, against <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a>, which they succeed. During and after these events, they plunder <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, taking many prisoners, and occupying the cities of <a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>931 – A Hungarian army burns the Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._20-53">[53]</a></li> <li>933 <ul><li>Beginning of March – Because the German king <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> refused to continue to pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>, a Magyar army enters Saxony. They enter from the lands of the Slavic tribe of <a href="/wiki/Glomatians" title="Glomatians">Dalamancians</a>, then the Hungarians split in two, but soon the army which tries to outflank Saxony from west, is defeated by the combined forces of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>.</li> <li>March 15 – The other army besieges <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a>, but after that, is defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riade" title="Battle of Riade">Battle of Riade</a> by the kings army.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._20-53">[53]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_West_and_the_Hungarian-Pecheneg_campaign_against_Bulgaria_and_the_Byzantine_Empire_of_934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign of 934 against Bulgaria and the Byzantine empire, which resulted the start of the Byzantine tribute towards the Hungarians.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>934 <ul><li>West <ul><li>A Hungarian army raids in the environs of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> in Lotharingia.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._21-54">[54]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Balkans <ul><li>War breaks out between the Hungarians and the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, but a peace is concluded after the news of a <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> attack against their territories, coming from the town of W.l.n.d.r (probably <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>). The Hungarians and the Pechenegs decide to attack this town.</li> <li>April – The Hungarian-Pecheneg army defeats, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W.l.n.d.r" title="Battle of W.l.n.d.r">Battle of W.l.n.d.r</a>, the relieving Byzantine-Bulgarian forces then conquer the city, and plunder it for three days.</li> <li>May–June – The allies plunder Bulgaria, then head towards <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, where they camp for 40 days, and sack <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a>, taking many captives. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> concludes a peace treaty with the Hungarians, ransom captives, and accepts to pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>935 – Hungarian raid to <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>. They return towards home in Burgundy and Northern Italy, where they plunder the environs of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._21-54">[54]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_from_936-937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Europe from 936–937</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>936–937 <ul><li>End of 936 – The Hungarians, with the aim to force the new German king, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>, to pay them tribute, attack Swabia and Franconia, and burn the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulda monastery">Fulda monastery</a>. They then enter Saxony, but the new king's forces repel them towards Lotharingia and <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a>.</li> <li>February 21, 937 – They enter Lotharingia, crossing the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, and advance towards <a href="/wiki/Namur,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur, Belgium">Namur</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg/220px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg/330px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg/440px-The_Hungarian_influence_in_936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian influence in 936. The countries with red stripes paid tribute to the Hungarians.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The Hungarians occupy the Abbey of Saint <a href="/wiki/Basolus" title="Basolus">Basolus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Verzy" title="Verzy">Verzy</a>, which they use as headquarters. They then send plundering units to attack the abbeys from Orbay, Saint Macra from Fîmes, the city of <a href="/wiki/Bouvancourt" title="Bouvancourt">Bouvancourt</a>.</li> <li>March 24 – They reach the city of <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a>, where they burn the Abbey of Saint Peter.</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> they fight a French army led by count Ebbes de Déols, who is wounded in the battle and dies afterwards. After this, the Hungarians, following the course of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, cross the whole of France until the Atlantic Ocean, then return through the South-East, and on their way to Burgundy, they plunder the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>.</li> <li>After July 11 – The Hungarians enter Burgundy near <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, harrying the Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Luxeuil-les-Bains" title="Luxeuil-les-Bains">Luxeuil</a>, then they plunder the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, burn the city of <a href="/wiki/Tournus" title="Tournus">Tournus</a>, occupy the monasteries of Saint <a href="/wiki/Deicolus" title="Deicolus">Deicolus</a> and Saint Marcell, but fail at the Monastery of Saint Appollinaris.</li> <li>August – Continuing their campaign, the Hungarians enter Lombardy from the West, where <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a> asks them to go to Southern Italy to help the Byzantines. The Hungarians plunder the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>, and install their camp in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. They send small units to plunder the regions of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarno" title="Sarno">Sarno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Montecassino">Montecassino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Montecassino">Abbey of Montecassino</a> gives them valuable objects valuing 200 Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron">hyperpyrons</a> in order to ransom the captives.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._22-23-56">[56]</a></li> <li>Autumn – One Hungarian unit returning home is ambushed in the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Abruzzo</a> Mountains by local forces, and loses its plunder.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._22-23-56">[56]</a></li></ul></li> <li>938 <ul><li>End of July – The Hungarians attack Thuringia and Saxony, and set camp at the <a href="/wiki/Bode_(Wipper)" title="Bode (Wipper)">Bode</a>, north to the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains, and send its raiding units in every direction. One of these units is defeated at <a href="/wiki/Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a>, and its leader killed. Another unit is misled by its Slavic guides on the marshes of <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B6mling" title="Drömling">Drömling</a>, ambushed, and massacred by the Germans at Belxa. The Hungarians ransom the captured leader of this unit.</li> <li>After 31 August – Hearing about these defeats, the main Hungarian army, camped at the Bode river, withdraws to Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._23-57">[57]</a></li></ul></li> <li>940 April – The Hungarian auxiliary troops helping <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy" title="Hugh of Italy">Hugh of Italy</a> in his campaign against Rome are victorious at <a href="/wiki/Lateran" title="Lateran">Lateran</a> against the Roman nobles, but are then defeated by the Longobards.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._23-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy,_Burgundy,_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Italy%2C_Burgundy%2C_Southern_France_and_Spain_in_942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Italy, Burgundy, Southern France and Spain in 942.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>942 <ul><li>Spring – A Hungarian army enters Italy, where king Hugh, giving them 10 <a href="/wiki/Bushels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushels">bushels</a> of gold, persuades them to attack the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>.</li> <li>Middle of June – They arrive in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, plunder the region, then enter the northern territories of the Caliphate of Córdoba.</li> <li>June 23 – The Hungarians <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_raid_in_Spain_(942)" title="Hungarian raid in Spain (942)">besiege Lérida</a> for 8 days, then attack Cerdaña and <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>.</li> <li>June 26 – The Hungarians capture Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn al Tawil, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Barbastro" title="Barbastro">Barbastro</a>, and hold him captive 33 days, until he is ransomed.</li> <li>July – The Hungarians find themselves on desert territory and run out of food and water. They kill their Italian guide and return towards Italy. Five Hungarian soldiers are taken prisoner by the Cordobans and become bodyguards of the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>The Hungarians plunder the region of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> and defeat the sortieing Romans who attacked them.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li></ul></li> <li>943 <ul><li>Balkans <ul><li>Allied with the Kievan Rus, a Hungarian army attacks the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> buys peace, and accepts to pay a yearly tribute to the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._25-60">[60]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li>The Hungarians who attacked Bavaria, are defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wels" title="Battle of Wels">Battle of Wels</a> by <a href="/wiki/Berthold,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Berthold, Duke of Bavaria">Berthold, Duke of Bavaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._25-60">[60]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>947 – A Hungarian army, led by prince <a href="/wiki/Taksony_of_Hungary" title="Taksony of Hungary">Taksony</a>, campaigns in Italy, heading southwards on the Eastern shore of the peninsula. It besieges <a href="/wiki/Larino" title="Larino">Larino</a>, and reaches <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>, plundering Apulia for 3 months.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>948 – Two Hungarian armies attack Bavaria and Karintia. One of them is defeated at <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%9F" title="Floß">Flozzun</a> in Nordgau by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I, Duke of Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27-62">[62]</a></li> <li>949 August 9 – The Hungarians defeat the Bavarians at <a href="/wiki/Laa_an_der_Thaya" title="Laa an der Thaya">Laa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kristó_Gyula_1980-63">[63]</a></li> <li>950 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I, Duke of Bavaria</a> attacks Western Hungary, taking captives and plunder.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27-62">[62]</a></li> <li>951 <ul><li>Spring – Hungarians, crossing through Lombardia, attack Aquitania.</li> <li>November 20 – The returning Hungarians are defeated by the Germans, who in the meanwhile had conquered the Kingdom of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27-62">[62]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_Europe_of_954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in Europe of 954</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>954 <ul><li>The German princes rebel against <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a>, and ally with the Hungarians, who in February sends an army led by <a href="/wiki/Bulcs%C3%BA_(chieftain)" title="Bulcsú (chieftain)">Bulcsú</a> to help them. The Magyar army plunders the domains of Otto's allies in Bavaria, Swabia and Frankonia.</li> <li>March 1 – The Hungarians cross the Rhine, camp at Worms in the capital of their ally, <a href="/wiki/Conrad,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Conrad, Duke of Lorraine">Conrad, Duke of Lorraine</a>, then on March 19, they head towards West, attacking the domains of the dukes enemies, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Great" title="Bruno the Great">Bruno the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne">archbishop of Cologne</a>, then count Ragenarius, crossing the rivers <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Maas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li>The Hungarians plunder the regions of <a href="/wiki/Hesbaye" title="Hesbaye">Hesbaye</a> and Carbonaria in today's <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, plunder and burn the Monastery of Saint Lambert from <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">Hainaut</a>, plunder the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Moorsel" title="Moorsel">Moorsel</a>, and sack the cities of <a href="/wiki/Gembloux" title="Gembloux">Gembloux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>.</li> <li>April 2 – They besiege the <a href="/wiki/Lobbes_Abbey" title="Lobbes Abbey">Lobbes Abbey</a>, but the monks defend the monastery. However, the Hungarians burn the church of Saint Paul, and take with them the treasures of the abbey.</li> <li>April 6–10 – The Hungarians besiege the city of <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, burn its suburbs, but are unable to conquer the city. One of Bulcsú's relatives is killed by the defenders. They refuse to return his body to the Hungarians, who in return kill all their captives and burn the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Chastre" title="Chastre">Saint Géry</a> near Cambrai.</li> <li>After April 6 – the Hungarians cross the French border, plundering the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, Chalon, <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorze" title="Gorze">Gorze</a>. After that, they return home via Burgundy and Northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, the Hungarian army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fraxinet" title="Battle of Fraxinet">battled with the Arabs</a> from the Muslim enclave of <a href="/wiki/Fraxinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraxinet">Fraxinet</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Burgundy" title="Conrad I of Burgundy">Conrad I of Burgundy</a> fell on them by surprise and defeated the two combatant armies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg/310px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg/465px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg/620px-The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_German_kingdom_from_955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in the German kingdom from 955</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>955 <ul><li>Middle of July – Called by the Bavarian and Saxonian insurgents, a Hungarian army led by Bulcsú, <a href="/wiki/Lehel" title="Lehel">Lehel</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAr_(chieftain)" title="Súr (chieftain)">Sur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taksony" title="Taksony">Taksony</a> breaks into Germany, plundering Bavaria, then enters Swabia and burns many monasteries.</li> <li>Beginning of August – The Hungarians start besieging <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>.</li> <li>August 10 – The German army of <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> defeats the Hungarian army and puts it to flight, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld_(955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lechfeld (955)">Battle of Lechfeld</a>. Despite the victory, the German losses were heavy, among them many nobles: <a href="/wiki/Conrad,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Conrad, Duke of Lorraine">Conrad, Duke of Lorraine</a>, Count Dietpald, Ulrich count of Aargau, the Bavarian count Berthold, etc.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>August 10–11 – The Germans capture Bulcsú, <a href="/wiki/Lehel" title="Lehel">Lehel</a>, and Sur. Many Hungarians die during the flight, killed by the Germans.</li> <li>August 15 – Bulcsú, Lehel, and Sur are hanged in Regensburg.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> End of the Hungarian invasions towards the West.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg/310px-Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg/465px-Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg/620px-Europe_in_968._The_Hungarian_campaign_in_the_Balcans_from_968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian campaign in the Balcans from 968</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>958 April–May – Because in 957 the Byzantines ceased the payment of tribute, a Hungarian army, led by <a href="/wiki/Apor_(chieftain)" title="Apor (chieftain)">Apor</a>, attacks the empire, plunders its territories up to Constantinople, but on its way back, it is defeated by the Byzantines in a night attack.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._33-70">[70]</a></li> <li>961 – A Hungarian army attacks <a href="/wiki/Thrace_(theme)" title="Thrace (theme)">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia</a>, but it is defeated, in a night attack, by the Byzantine army.<a href="#cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._33-70">[70]</a></li> <li>966 – The Hungarians attack the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, and force tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Peter I of Bulgaria</a> to conclude peace with them, and to let them cross to Byzance.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>968 – A Hungarian army attacks the Byzantine Empire, and splits into two groups. Near <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, one army group of 300 men takes 500 Greek captives, and takes them to Hungary. The other army group of 200 men is ambushed by the Byzantines who take 40 of them as captives. They become bodyguards of emperor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>970 – <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav I of Kiev</a> attacks the Byzantine empire with Hungarian auxiliary troops. The Byzantines defeat Sviatoslav's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(970)" title="Battle of Arcadiopolis (970)">Battle of Arcadiopolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> End of the Hungarian invasions of Europe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tactics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_warriors.jpg/180px-Hungarian_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_warriors.jpg/270px-Hungarian_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hungarian_warriors.jpg/360px-Hungarian_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian warriors (oil on canvas)</figcaption></figure> Their army had mostly light cavalry and were highly mobile.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-74">[74]</a> Attacking without warning, they quickly plundered the countryside and departed before any defensive force could be organized.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-74">[74]</a> If forced to fight, they would harass their enemies with arrows, then suddenly retreat, tempting their opponents to break ranks and pursue, after which the Hungarians would turn to fight them singly.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-74">[74]</a> This tactic is formally known as a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">„protect us from the arrows of the Hungarians”<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hymn from <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, around 900<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The Hungarians were the last invading people to establish a permanent presence in Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Davis_(historian)" title="Paul K. Davis (historian)">Paul K. Davis</a> writes, the "Magyar defeat (at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a>) ended more than 90 years of their pillaging western Europe and convinced survivors to settle down, creating the basis for the state of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Davis2001-76">[76]</a> In the following centuries, the Hungarians adopted western European forms of feudal military organization, including the predominant use of heavily armored cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rosenwein-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenwein_1-0">^</a> Barbara H. Rosenwein, A short history of the Middle Ages, University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 152 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8M3rTQnLpYC&pg=PA152">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, Europe: a history of its peoples, Viking, 1990, p. 124 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqdmAAAAMAAJ&q=Hungarian+invasions+">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Király-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Király_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Király_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Király_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Király_3-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirály" class="citation book cs1">Király, Péter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c3.hu/~magyarnyelv/00-1/kiraly.htm">Gondolatok a kalandozásokról M. G. Kellner "Ungarneinfälle..." könyve kapcsán</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gondolatok+a+kalandoz%C3%A1sokr%C3%B3l+M.+G.+Kellner+%22Ungarneinf%C3%A4lle...%22+k%C3%B6nyve+kapcs%C3%A1n&rft.aulast=Kir%C3%A1ly&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c3.hu%2F~magyarnyelv%2F00-1%2Fkiraly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tóth-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tóth_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTóth1998" class="citation book cs1">Tóth, Sándor László (1998). Levediától a Kárpát-medencéig (From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-482-175-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-482-175-8"><bdi>963-482-175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levedi%C3%A1t%C3%B3l+a+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ig+%28From+Levedia+to+the+Carpathian+Basin%29&rft.place=Szeged&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+M%C5%B1hely&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=963-482-175-8&rft.aulast=T%C3%B3th&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Kevin Alan Brook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgxm_E2Fq1gC&pg=PA142">The Jews of Khazaria</a>, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristó_(1993)-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_(1993)_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_(1993)_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_(1993)_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_(1993)_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_(1993)_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristó1993" class="citation book cs1">Kristó, Gyula (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antikvarium.hu/ant/book.php?ID=39250">A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmultja (1301-ig) (The ancient history of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarians - till 1301)</a>. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-04-2914-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-04-2914-4"><bdi>963-04-2914-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medence+%C3%A9s+a+magyars%C3%A1g+r%C3%A9gmultja+%281301-ig%29+%28The+ancient+history+of+the+Carpathian+Basin+and+the+Hungarians+-+till+1301%29&rft.place=Szeged&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Szegedi+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkor%C3%A1sz+M%C5%B1hely&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=963-04-2914-4&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antikvarium.hu%2Fant%2Fbook.php%3FID%3D39250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinei-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinei_7-3">d</a> Victor Spinei, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vl538CMBsAC&pg=PA64">Text to be displayedThe Romanians and the Turkic nomads north of the Danube Delta from the tenth to the mid-thirteenth century</a>, BRILL, 2009, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-Csorba-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Csorba_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csorba_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsorba1997" class="citation book cs1">Csorba, Csaba (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL982521W/Árpád_népe">Árpád népe (Árpád's people)</a>. Budapest: Kulturtrade. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9069-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/963-9069-20-5"><bdi>963-9069-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d+n%C3%A9pe+%28%C3%81rp%C3%A1d%27s+people%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Kulturtrade&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=963-9069-20-5&rft.aulast=Csorba&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL982521W%2F%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_n%C3%A9pe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristó-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_9-0">^</a> Gyula Kristó, Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History - 9-14th centuries<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.antikva.hu/onan/reszletek.jsp?katalogusid=154657">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gubcsi-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Gubcsi_10-0">^</a> Lajos Gubcsi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf">Hungary in the Carpathian Basin</a>, MoD Zrínyi Media Ltd, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reutel-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reutel_11-9">j</a> Timothy Reuter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&pg=PA545">The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 543, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36447-8">978-0-521-36447-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Peter Heather, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=suwVDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Frankish+armies+between+907+and+910%22&pg=PA369">Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe</a>, Pan Macmillan, 2012, p. 369, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199892266" title="Special:BookSources/9780199892266">9780199892266</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991., p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugar-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sugar_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugar_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sugar_14-2">c</a> Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=hungarian+history">A History of Hungary</a>, Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curta_15-1">b</a> Florin Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 193, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521815390" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521815390">978-0521815390</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Karl Leyser, Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1982, p. 50 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkPbnN7LkKYC&pg=PA50">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027151814/http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html">The Magyars of Hungary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Various authors, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnnalsGironins/article/view/54130/63864">Santa Coloma de Farners a l'alta edat mitjana: La vila, l'ermita, el castell</a> in Catalan </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Elter, I. (1981) Remarks on Ibn Hayyan's report on the Magyar raids on Spain, Magyar Nyelv 77, p. 413-419 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Hungarians' Prehistory, their Conquest of Hungary, and their Raids to the West to 955, Laszlo Makkai, A History of Hungary, ed. Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a>, (Indiana University Press, 1990), 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Szabados György <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epa.oszk.hu/01300/01343/00044/nemzet.html">Vereség háttér nélkül? Augsburg 955</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054449/http://epa.oszk.hu/01300/01343/00044/nemzet.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hitel 18 (2005)/8. 24–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Nagy Kálmán: A honfoglalás korának hadtörténete; Heraldika Kiadó, Budapest, 2007, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bóna-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bóna_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBóna2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9-10. században ("The Hungarians and Europe in the 9th-10th centuries") (in Hungarian). Budapest: História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-8312-67-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-8312-67-X"><bdi>963-8312-67-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+magyarok+%C3%A9s+Eur%C3%B3pa+a+9-10.+sz%C3%A1zadban+%28%22The+Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+9th-10th+centuries%22%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Hist%C3%B3ria+-+MTA+T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nettudom%C3%A1nyi+Int%C3%A9zete&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=963-8312-67-X&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bóna_István_2000_p._13-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bóna_István_2000_p._13_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bóna_István_2000_p._13_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bóna_István_2000_p._13_24-2">c</a> Bóna István 2000 p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Györffy György: A magyarok elődeiről és a honfoglalásról; Osiris Kiadó, Budapest, 2002 p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Györffy György, 2002 p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Györffy György, 2002 p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-Róna-Tas_András_1996-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Róna-Tas_András_1996_28-0">^</a> Róna-Tas András: A honfoglaló magyar nép; Balassi Kiadó, Budapest, 1996, p. 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Bóna István 2000 p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Bóna István 2000 p. 26-28 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 29–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_2000-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_2000_33-0">^</a> Baják László: A fejedelmek kora. A korai magyar történet időrendi vázlata. II. rész. 900-1000 ("The Era of the Princes. The chronological sketch of the early Hungarian history. II. part. 900-1000"); ÓMT, Budapest, (2000). p. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._9_34-4">e</a> Baják László (2000). p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._11-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._11_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._11_35-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aventinus-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Aventinus_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAventinus1554" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aventinus, Johannes (1554). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadDM8zQnKYvppb6j-h3LG214jy_4g_7FBNzwk1YFbqQ063EdjjVatiFBtW61R0rvtv10_b50Zww6S06cZUCG3JgeZ-RA26pcU5wyIJBrypMWOzYtXSokeZnP8RdWQ36Eac9qtRrLzLyGamCITbUoamfjtW3Rw9FoL6HaOttyWqG5g15NlVck60Am2gcanB5KBbjhKaAgzXA9bIAaB_ifZBORcbxAJDHAA0tEJlcw5IsR2FlhU5nKnXL0CyRaV36611DYMB36KtTH9hVOchPfJP7MI9vLg">Annalium Boiorum Libri Septem</a> (in Latin). pp. 481–482. 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Akten des wissenschaftlichen Kolloquiums an der Universität Eötvös Loránd Budapest vom 21. März 1998 anlässlich der Ausstellung «Die Kultur der Abtei Sankt Gallen» im Ungarischen Nationalmuseum (21.3.–30.4.1998). Ungarisch Historischer Verein Zürich, Stiftsarchiv Sankt Gallen, Sankt Gallen/Budapest 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._20-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._20_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._20_53-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._21-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._21_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._21_54-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._22-23-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._22-23_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._22-23_56-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._23-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._23_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._23_57-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._25-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._25_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._25_60-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._27_62-3">d</a> Baják László (2000). p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristó_Gyula_1980-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Kristó_Gyula_1980_63-0">^</a> Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István Államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Ballan, Mohammad (2010). Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence. Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Volume 41, 2010, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Bóna István (2000). p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 30–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baják_László_(2000)._p._33-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._33_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baják_László_(2000)._p._33_70-1">b</a> Baják László (2000). p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Baják László (2000). p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandler-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandler_74-4">e</a> Stanley Sandler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&dq=magyars+western+europe+raids&pg=PA527">Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia, Volume 1</a>, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2002, p. 527 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalmágyi2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halmágyi, Miklós (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00800/00861/00038/pdf/142-147.pdf">"A magyarok nyilaitól…"</a> (PDF). Aetas (in Hungarian). 22 (3): 142–147. <q>ab Ungerorum nos defendas iaculis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aetas&rft.atitle=A+magyarok+nyilait%C3%B3l%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=142-147&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Halm%C3%A1gyi&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00800%2F00861%2F00038%2Fpdf%2F142-147.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2001-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2001_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Davis_(historian)" title="Paul K. Davis (historian)">Davis, Paul K.</a> (2001-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC">100 Decisive Battles: from Ancient Times to the Present</a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514366-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles%3A+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2001-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514366-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnv73QlQs9ocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+invasions+of+Europe" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf">Hungary in the Carpathian Basin</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&oldid=1258711510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe&oldid=1258711510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Category:Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Hungary" title="Category:Wars involving Hungary">Wars involving Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire">Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire">Wars involving the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Europe" title="Category:Invasions of Europe">Invasions of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Slovenia" title="Category:Wars involving Slovenia">Wars involving Slovenia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017">Articles with dead external links from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 04:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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