CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>格罗德诺 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"de00ac6e-86c2-47b2-9009-054f0ba1794b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"格罗德诺","wgTitle":"格罗德诺","wgCurRevisionId":85033465,"wgRevisionId":85033465,"wgArticleId":528486,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面","含有非数字formatnum参数的页面","CS1俄语来源 (ru)","自2022年1月维基百科来源清理","含有白俄羅斯語的條目","含有俄語的條目","维基数据存在坐标数据的页面","自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目","包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目","包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目","包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目", "包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目","格羅德諾","格罗德诺州城市","白俄罗斯犹太人大屠杀地点"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"格罗德诺","wgRelevantArticleId":528486,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":53.666666666666664,"lon":23.833333333333332},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q181376","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/1200px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1071"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/800px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="714"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/640px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="571"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="格罗德诺 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-格罗德诺 rootpage-格罗德诺 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逐渐发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逐渐发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>逐渐发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逐渐发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>近代历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现状" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现状"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>现状</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-现状-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关现状子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-现状-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-经济与交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济与交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>经济与交通</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济与交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>古建筑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>文化教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城徽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城徽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>城徽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城徽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-友好城市" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#友好城市"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>友好城市</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-友好城市-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名格罗德诺人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名格罗德诺人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>著名格罗德诺人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名格罗德诺人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">格罗德诺</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。85种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="غرودنو – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرودنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="جرودنو – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرودنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrodno" title="Qrodno – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrodno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%C4%97ns" title="Gardėns – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gardėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гродна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гродна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Горадня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горадня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna_(kapital_sa_voblast_sa_Belarus)" title="Hrodna (kapital sa voblast sa Belarus) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hrodna (kapital sa voblast sa Belarus)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Городєнъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Городєнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Γκρόντνο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρόντνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodno" title="Hrodno – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hrodno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodna" title="Grodna – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grodna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گرودنو – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرودنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna_(Steed)" title="Hrodna (Steed) – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hrodna (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%95" title="גרודנו – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרודנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Գրոդնո – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոդնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A" title="フロドナ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロドナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="გროდნო – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გროდნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98" title="흐로드나 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흐로드나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodna" title="Grodna – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grodna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardinas" title="Gardinas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gardinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grod%C5%86a" title="Grodņa – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grodņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Гродно ош – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гродно ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گرودنا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرودنا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="ګرودنو – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرودنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ฆโรดนา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฆโรดนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گرودنو – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرودنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="格罗德诺 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗德诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="גראדנע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראדנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE" title="格羅德諾 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅德諾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181376#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&oldid=85033465" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&id=85033465&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BD%2597%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25BA"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BD%2597%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25BA"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grodno" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181376" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&params=53_40_N_23_50_E_region:BY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">53°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">53.667°N 23.833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.667; 23.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目的<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90#文獻參考的格式" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">引用需要清理，使其符合格式</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年1月30日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>参考文献应符合正确的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">引用</a>、<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="Help:脚注">脚注</a>及<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:外部链接">外部链接</a>格式。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">格罗德诺</span><br /><span class="nickname"><span lang="be" title="白俄羅斯語文本">Гродна</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯語">白俄羅斯語</a>）</span><br /><span lang="ru" title="俄語文本">Гродно</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>）</span></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84040992">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hrodna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="格罗德诺旗幟"><img alt="格罗德诺旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/100px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br /><small>旗幟</small></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="格罗德诺徽章"><img alt="格罗德诺徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="232" /></a></span><br /><small>徽章</small></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66786032">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="格罗德诺在白俄羅斯的位置"><img alt="格罗德诺在白俄羅斯的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/250px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/375px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Belarus_location_map.svg/500px-Belarus_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1451" /></a></span><div class="od notheme mw-no-invert" style="top:51.566%;left:9.238%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="格罗德诺"><img alt="格罗德诺" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>格罗德诺</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">坐标：<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&params=53_40_N_23_50_E_region:BY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">53°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">53.667°N 23.833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.667; 23.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄羅斯</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="白俄罗斯行政区划">州</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="格羅德諾州">格罗德诺州</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">成立</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1128年</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">政府<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 主席</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Mechislav Goy</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">面积<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="nowrap">总计</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">142.11 平方公里（54.87 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">海拔<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">137 公尺（449 英尺）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">人口<span style="font-weight:normal">（2019）</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 總計</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">373,547<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="color: #0c0; font-size:larger">▲</span>人 </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%BA" title="时区">时区</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="莫斯科时间">MSK</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="邮政编码">邮政编码</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr" style=""><span class="postal-code">230000</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="国际电话区号列表">電話區號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">+375-15</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">網站</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/">Official website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>格罗德诺</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯語">白俄羅斯語</a>：<span lang="be">Гродна</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="be-Latn" title="白俄羅斯語羅馬化">Hrodna</span>，<small>發音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:白俄羅斯語國際音標">[ˈɣrɔdna]</a></span>；俄语：<span lang="ru">Гродно</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="ru-Latn" title="俄語羅馬化">Grodno</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="格羅德諾州">格罗德诺州</a>首府，位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9B%BC%E6%B2%B3_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7)" title="尼曼河 (东欧)">尼曼河</a>畔，邻近<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a>，是国际交通和白俄罗斯国内交通的枢纽之一。格罗德诺城市人口373,547人<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。(2019年)，是白俄罗斯历史最悠久的城市之一，至今城内仍保留了许多古代城堡与宗教建筑。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格罗德诺城的历史可以追溯到公元10世纪，<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="留里克王朝">留里克王朝</a>的王公在他们和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约特维恩格人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yotvingians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约特维恩格人（页面不存在）">约特维恩格人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotvingians" class="extiw" title="en:Yotvingians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yotvingians</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA" title="波羅的人">波羅的人</a>的一支）部落联盟的边界上建立了小的要塞和有警备力量的贸易中转站，这被认为是格罗德诺城的起源。“格罗德诺”这个名字即源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古东斯拉夫语">古东斯拉夫语</a>中的动词“gorodit”意为“围绕，防备”。格罗德诺第一次在文献中被提到是在《基辅编年史》和《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉齐维乌编年史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radziwiłł Chronicle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8C%E7%BC%96%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉齐维乌编年史（页面不存在）">拉齐维乌编年史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Chronicle" class="extiw" title="en:Radziwiłł Chronicle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radziwiłł Chronicle</span></a></span>）</span></span>》中<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在其中关于1127-1128年的记载里，格罗德诺被称为“Goroden”，被描绘为是格罗德诺王公的驻地，是很多贸易路线的交汇处。 </p><p>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B" title="新格鲁多克">新格鲁多克</a>一样，格罗德诺被视作<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="黑俄罗斯">黑俄罗斯</a>西部（即今<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a>领土中临近<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9B%BC%E6%B2%B3_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7)" title="尼曼河 (东欧)">涅曼河</a>的部分）的主要城市，常受到各种军事势力的威胁。1241年在第五代格罗德诺王公<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E9%B2%8D%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤里·格列鲍维奇（页面不存在）">尤里·格列鲍维奇</a>统治期间，鞑靼人曾入侵和毁坏了格罗德诺。不久之后，在1250年代<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E9%81%93%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" title="明道加斯">明道加斯</a>统一立陶宛地区的过程中，格罗德诺被占领。1270年之后格罗德诺正式成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="立陶宛大公国">立陶宛大公国</a>的领土。1284年在立陶宛大公国和条顿骑士团的战争中，格罗德诺遭到毁灭性破坏<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="普鲁士起义">普鲁士起义</a>后，很多老普鲁士人迁移到格罗德诺。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="逐渐发展"><span id=".E9.80.90.E6.B8.90.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>逐渐发展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：逐渐发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG/220px-View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG/330px-View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG/440px-View_of_Grodno_in_1575.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption>16世纪格罗德诺远景</figcaption></figure> <p>1376到1382年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E9%99%B6%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF" title="维陶塔斯">维陶塔斯</a>是格罗德诺大公，从这里走向夺取最高权力之路。并在此准备了1410年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98" title="格伦瓦德之战">格伦瓦德之战</a>。1389年，为了重新恢复商业与贸易，维陶塔斯大公允许在格罗德诺建立市政府和犹太人社区。这是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="立陶宛大公国">立陶宛大公国</a>里面第一个犹太人社区。1496年城市收到了基于<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="马格德堡法律">马格德堡法律</a>的允许自治的特许状，这使得以犹太社区为代表的商业尽快发展起来<sup id="cite_ref-belarusguide.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belarusguide.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1569年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭立陶宛">波蘭立陶宛</a>聯邦成立后，格罗德诺划归波兰王国，成为联邦的议会召开地，同时其新老城堡也作为大公的夏宫。 </p><p>1772年第一次<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜分波兰">瓜分波兰</a>之后，格罗德诺曾短期成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%93%A6%E4%B9%8C%E5%9F%BA%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="苏瓦乌基省">苏瓦乌基省</a>的首都。18世纪末期在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E6%B3%BD%E6%81%A9%E8%B1%AA%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼·泰泽恩豪兹（页面不存在）">安东尼·泰泽恩豪兹</a>(Antoni Tyzenhauz)的作用下，格罗德诺的工业开始发展。1793年联邦历史上最后一届议会在格罗德诺召开，即<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格罗德诺议会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grodno Sejm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗德诺议会（页面不存在）">格罗德诺议会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" class="extiw" title="en:Grodno Sejm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grodno Sejm</span></a></span>）</span></span>。在俄罗斯的收买和恐吓下，议员们通过了第二次瓜分波兰的法案。两年后的第三次瓜分波兰中，俄罗斯获得了格罗德诺<sup id="cite_ref-belarusguide.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belarusguide.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同年11月25日，在新城堡，末代波兰国王和立陶宛大公退位。格罗德诺并入俄国后，成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E7%9C%81" title="格羅德諾省">格羅德諾省</a>的首府。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="近代历史"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>近代历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：近代历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg/220px-Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg/330px-Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg/440px-Ringelblum_collection_-_Ghetto_in_Grodno_in_occupied_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>格罗德诺的犹太人被勒令搬入隔离区</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>爆发后，格罗德诺在1915年被<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>占领，1918年根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="布列斯特和约">布列斯特和约</a>，苏俄正式放弃格罗德诺。1918年3月25日<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="白俄羅斯人民共和國">白俄羅斯人民共和國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a>宣布独立建国。但随着德国战败后从白俄罗斯领土撤出和苏俄军队进驻，白俄羅斯人民共和國的理事会不得不从明斯克迁到当时还由德国军队控制的格罗德诺。第二年二月<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8B%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波苏战争">波苏战争</a>爆发，德国东线指挥官担心格罗德诺落入苏军之手，在1919年4月27日将城防移交给波兰军队，次日波兰军队接管了格罗德诺。 </p><p>1920年7月19日苏联红军占领格罗德诺。7月立陶宛政府曾经得到苏俄许诺，将把城市交给立陶宛，但随着苏俄在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1920%E5%B9%B4)" title="华沙战役 (1920年)">华沙战役</a>中的失败使得这一计划成为空谈。9月15日起波兰军队推进到涅曼河畔，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%93%88%E5%88%87%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="图哈切夫斯基">图哈切夫斯基</a>依靠涅曼河在格罗德诺组织防线，爆发了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="涅曼河之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First Battle of Grodno (1920)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%85%E6%9B%BC%E6%B2%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涅曼河之战（页面不存在）">涅曼河之战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Grodno_(1920)" class="extiw" title="en:First Battle of Grodno (1920)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First Battle of Grodno (1920)</span></a></span>）</span></span>。9月23日波兰军队夺回格罗德诺。《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" title="里加和约">里加和约</a>》签订后，格罗德诺留在波兰。一战结束后，格罗德诺受到破坏，繁华不再，省会也搬到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" title="比亚韦斯托克">比亚韦斯托克</a>，仅成为一个县的政府所在。然而，在20年代末城市成为一个最大的波兰军队兵营。这使当地的经济逐渐回到正轨。 </p><p>1939年二战爆发，格罗德诺的兵营提供了大量兵源来抵御德军。9月17日开始，苏联军队开始<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="入侵波兰">入侵波兰</a>。9月20日到9月22日发生了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格罗德诺战斗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Grodno (1939)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E6%88%98%E6%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗德诺战斗（页面不存在）">格罗德诺战斗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1939)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Grodno (1939)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Grodno (1939)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，格罗德诺被苏军占领。根据<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="苏德互不侵犯条约">苏德互不侵犯条约</a>，格罗德诺归<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国">白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国</a>所有。1941年6月德军入侵苏联，占领格罗德诺。1942年格罗德诺被改名为“加登”（Garten），城市中的犹太居民先是被送到两个大的隔离区居住（Grodno Ghetto），然后被德军大量送往集中营。到了1944年7月16日苏联军队解放格罗德诺时，整城仅余200多犹太人<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1945年之后格罗德诺重新属于白俄罗斯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="现状"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E7.8A.B6"></span>现状</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：现状"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经济与交通"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E4.B8.8E.E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A"></span>经济与交通</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：经济与交通"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格罗德诺的化学工业在经济中占据主要地位，在肥料、化学纤维和染料方面都有大的化学工业公司。到2011年初为止，格罗德诺有大约700家企业有外贸业务，其中48家主要出口工业产品。格罗德诺的产品出口到60个国家。主要的贸易对象是俄罗斯，其主要的出口产品为化学品、机床和金属加工用具、食品等<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2002年白俄罗斯决定建立格罗德诺自由经济区，加强同欧盟的联系，吸取外资发展格罗德诺州经济<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>格罗德诺是白俄罗斯的公路和铁路交通枢纽之一，它的特殊地理位置使得它在白俄罗斯和波兰、立陶宛的跨国交通上也占据重要地位。格罗德诺火车站每天有30列火车开出，包括7列国际列车，4列国内列车和19列州内列车。格罗德诺和其他重要城市如<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡">圣彼得堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a>都有铁路连接。T格罗德诺机场距城市18公里，但航空交通并不发达。格罗德诺的公共交通较为发达，可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="公共汽车">公共汽车</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%BD%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="无轨电车">无轨电车</a>与明斯克、布列斯特、維捷布斯克和其他格罗德诺州的城市连接，每天客流量达将近4000人<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古建筑"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91"></span>古建筑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：古建筑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodno_kaloza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Grodno_kaloza.jpg/200px-Grodno_kaloza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Grodno_kaloza.jpg/300px-Grodno_kaloza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Grodno_kaloza.jpg/400px-Grodno_kaloza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>圣鲍里斯和格里伯教堂，建于12世纪</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg/220px-Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg/330px-Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg/440px-Belarus-Hrodna-New_and_Old_Castles-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>图中左为旧格罗德诺城堡，右为新格罗德诺城堡，中间为相连的拱桥</figcaption></figure> <p>格罗德诺城以其保留了各种建筑与装饰风格的古建筑而闻名。格罗德诺现存的最古老建筑是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣鲍里斯和格里伯教堂（页面不存在）">圣鲍里斯和格里伯教堂</a>。这是古代黑俄罗斯建筑风格的唯一遗留。1183年之前建成。1853年教堂的南墙坍塌。1991年之后政府在组织重修的过程中发现了对1853年之前的教堂，特别是坍塌的南墙的详细描述，目前历史学家正试图按照1853年前的教堂原貌复原堂<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。已被列入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="白俄罗斯世界遗产（页面不存在）">白俄罗斯世界遗产</a>的候选名单。另一座著名的教堂是圣方济·沙勿略教堂。这是一座高大的巴洛克建筑，超过50米高。1678年开始建设，由于战火频仍，直到1705年才建成。其墙上的彩绘于1752年完成，带有典型的晚期巴洛克风格。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧格罗德诺城堡（页面不存在）">旧格罗德诺城堡</a>是格罗德诺城内最著名的建筑之一。11世纪起黑俄罗斯的王公们就已在此处建设城堡。13世纪起这座城堡成为抵抗外敌的要塞。1391-1398年维陶塔斯大公增修了五座哥特式钟楼，自己常居住如此，并以城堡为中心修建其他建筑，扩大了格罗德诺城市的规模<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。卡齐米日四世也很喜欢这一城堡，宁可居住于此而不居住在首都，并于1492年在城堡中去世。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特凡·巴托里">斯特凡·巴托里</a>统治立陶宛大公国时，又计划按照<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興建築">文藝復興建築</a>風格完全重建这座城堡。但1586年他的突然离世使这一计划中断。1655年在俄波战争 (1654年－1667年)中，俄军摧毁了这座城堡。 </p><p>十几年后在立陶宛大公国大臣Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac的筹款和组织下，格罗德诺城堡得以重建。米哈乌·克雷布特·维希尼奥维茨基将这里定为议会召开地。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="大北方戰爭">大北方戰爭</a>中，这座城堡又被破坏，王室不得不请建筑师于1734-1751年新建<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新格罗德诺城堡（页面不存在）">新格罗德诺城堡</a>，内部设计使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可</a>风格，两座城堡之间用一座拱桥链接。1793年波兰-立陶宛联邦的最后一届议会，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗德诺议会（页面不存在）">格罗德诺议会</a>，就在新格罗德诺城堡召开。现在旧格罗德诺城堡已成为国家历史与考古博物馆<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化教育"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>文化教育</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：文化教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在教育方面，格罗德诺有三座公立大学：格罗德诺州立医科大学，格罗德诺州立农业大学和格罗德诺州州立大学；和五座私立高等院校。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%8C%BB%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗德诺州立医科大学（页面不存在）">格罗德诺州立医科大学</a>是白俄罗斯最好的医学大学之一<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗德诺州州立大学（页面不存在）">格罗德诺州州立大学</a>是一座成立于1940年的师范学校，以科学技术研究为主，1978年10月18日成立大学，现在已经发展为白俄罗斯最大的地方大学之一，学生与教职工总数已超过两万人<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>格罗德诺有两座剧院：格罗德诺州剧院与格罗德诺木偶剧院。有8座博物馆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="城徽"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.BE.BD"></span>城徽</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：城徽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>格罗德诺城的盾形纹章是一只鹿正跳过银色的栅栏，两只鹿角之间有一个金色的十字架。这源于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E8%83%A1%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣胡伯特斯（页面不存在）">圣胡伯特斯</a>的传说，胡伯特斯本是一位喜好打猎的贵族。有一次猎鹿时，见到一只带有十字架的鹿，有个声音指引他去笃信上帝，从此胡伯特斯幡然醒悟，放弃打猎，后来成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%8E%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="猎人">猎人</a>的主保圣人。格罗德诺城一直以胡伯特斯的鹿为非正式的标志，1994年成为正式的城徽，也被嵌入城旗之中<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="友好城市"><span id=".E5.8F.8B.E5.A5.BD.E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82"></span>友好城市</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：友好城市"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" title="比亚韦斯托克">比亚韦斯托克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="贝尔格莱德">贝尔格莱德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%91%A9%E6%97%A5" title="利摩日">利摩日</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著名格罗德诺人"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E6.A0.BC.E7.BD.97.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.BA.E4.BA.BA"></span>著名格罗德诺人</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：著名格罗德诺人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%B8%BD%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%8B%A5%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%83" title="艾丽查·奥若什科娃">艾丽查·奥若什科娃</a>，波兰小说家。代表作《涅曼河畔》被认为是19世纪晚期波兰社会的全景画卷。</li> <li>大卫·鲁宾诺夫，1930-1940年代很受欢迎的提琴演奏家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%BC%8A%E8%B5%9B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="莫伊赛·奥斯特罗戈尔斯基">莫伊赛·奥斯特罗戈尔斯基</a>，政治学家，历史学家，专于政党制度的理论研究，和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯">马克斯·韦伯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·米契尔斯">罗伯特·米契尔斯</a>一起被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="政治社会学">政治社会学</a>的创始人。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%8E%89%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E7%89%B9" title="奥莉加·科尔布特">奥莉加·科尔布特</a>，前苏联体操运动员，1972年和1976年奥运会上共获得四枚金牌两枚银牌。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%88%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E6%B2%83%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="瓦列里·斯塔尼斯拉沃维奇·列沃涅夫斯基">瓦列里·斯塔尼斯拉沃维奇·列沃涅夫斯基</a>，是白俄罗斯社会活动家和政治家，企业家，以前是政治犯。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%8A%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾伊坦·利夫尼（页面不存在）">艾伊坦·利夫尼</a>，以色列政治家，以色列反对党现领袖<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E7%9A%AE%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%BC" title="齐皮·利夫尼">齐皮·利夫尼</a>之父。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚历山大·米林克维奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alaksandar Milinkievič"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚历山大·米林克维奇（页面不存在）">亚历山大·米林克维奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" class="extiw" title="en:Alaksandar Milinkievič"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alaksandar Milinkievič</span></a></span>）</span></span>，政治家，2006年白俄罗斯总统选举候选人。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="保罗·巴兰">保罗·巴兰</a>，电脑工程师，互联网先驱之一。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%BD%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泽林克·爱普斯坦（页面不存在）">泽林克·爱普斯坦</a>，著名<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B4%BE" title="猶太教正統派">犹太教正统派</a>拉比。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%88%88%E4%BB%80" title="里昂·乔戈什">里昂·乔戈什</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>者，1901年刺杀美国总统<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E8%8E%B1" title="威廉·麦金莱">威廉·麦金莱</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/demograficheskaya-i-sotsialnaya-statistika/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/godovye-dannye/chislennost-naseleniya-po-g-grodno-i-rayonam/">Численность населения по г. Гродно и районам Гродненской области на 1 января каждого года с 1996 по 2019гг./Population of Grodno and rayons of the Grodno region</a>. grodno.belstat.gov.by. 1 January 2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-01-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129130736/https://grodno.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/demograficheskaya-i-sotsialnaya-statistika/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/godovye-dannye/chislennost-naseleniya-po-g-grodno-i-rayonam/">存档</a>于2022-01-29） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到俄语网页">（俄语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3.+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81+1996+%D0%BF%D0%BE+2019%D0%B3%D0%B3.%2FPopulation+of+Grodno+and+rayons+of+the+Grodno+region&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=grodno.belstat.gov.by&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fdemograficheskaya-i-sotsialnaya-statistika%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fgodovye-dannye%2Fchislennost-naseleniya-po-g-grodno-i-rayonam%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">周定国 (编). Hrodna(Grodno) 格罗德诺 [白]. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8" title="世界地名翻译大辞典">世界地名翻译大辞典</a>. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司: 397. 2008-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-500-10753-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-500-10753-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-500-10753-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/885528603"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 885528603</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL23943703M"><span title="开放图书馆">OL 23943703M</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=003756704">NLC 003756704</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.atitle=Hrodna%28Grodno%29+%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA+%5B%E7%99%BD%5D&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.date=2008-01&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-7-500-10753-8&rft.pages=397&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F885528603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120523225241/belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/itogi1.php">Перепись населения</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-12-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/itogi1.php">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelstat.gov.by%2Fhomep%2Fru%2Fperepic%2F2009%2Fitogi1.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/grodno/hist.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125005344/https://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/grodno/hist.htm">存档</a>于2021-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fbelarus%2Fgrodno%2Fhist.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/grodno/gr_pages/gr_stories_history.html">Grodno history to WWI Tikva Fatal-Kna'ani</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-06-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413040405/http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/grodno/gr_pages/gr_stories_history.html">存档</a>于2020-04-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Grodno+history+to+WWI+Tikva+Fatal-Kna%27ani&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eilatgordinlevitan.com%2Fgrodno%2Fgr_pages%2Fgr_stories_history.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belarusguide.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belarusguide.com_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belarusguide.com_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belarusguide.com/cities/hrodna/">Hrodna</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212010046/http://www.belarusguide.com/cities/hrodna/">存档</a>于2021-02-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Hrodna&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belarusguide.com%2Fcities%2Fhrodna%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/grodno.html">The Grodno Ghetto</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125222519/http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/grodno.html">存档</a>于2021-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=The+Grodno+Ghetto&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fghettos%2Fgrodno.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=1421">Grodno City Executive Committee</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902194155/http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=1421">存档</a>于2014-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Grodno+City+Executive+Committee&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fen%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D1421&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belarus.by/en/invest/Investor-country-profile/grodno-oblast-investor-profile">Grodno Oblast investor profile, Belarus</a>. Belarus.by. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813153811/https://www.belarus.by/en/invest/Investor-country-profile/grodno-oblast-investor-profile">存档</a>于2020-08-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Grodno+Oblast+investor+profile%2C+Belarus&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Belarus.by&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belarus.by%2Fen%2Finvest%2FInvestor-country-profile%2Fgrodno-oblast-investor-profile&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=2101">Grodno City Executive Committee</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902210513/http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=2101">存档</a>于2014-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Grodno+City+Executive+Committee&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fen%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D2101&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914214245/http://eng.belarustourism.by/catalog/12_618.html">St Boris and St Gleb’s Church in Grodno</a>. Tourism in Belarus. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.belarustourism.by/catalog/12_618.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-09-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=St+Boris+and+St+Gleb%E2%80%99s+Church+in+Grodno&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tourism+in+Belarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.belarustourism.by%2Fcatalog%2F12_618.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731094257/http://www.communitrip.com/belarus/hrodna/sights/old_grodno_castle.html">Old Grodno Castle information - Hrodna Sights</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communitrip.com/belarus/hrodna/sights/old_grodno_castle.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Old+Grodno+Castle+information+-+Hrodna+Sights&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communitrip.com%2Fbelarus%2Fhrodna%2Fsights%2Fold_grodno_castle.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odyssei.com/travel-tips/4355.html">Hrodna Old Castle, Belarus</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306103522/http://www.odyssei.com/travel-tips/4355.html">存档</a>于2016-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Hrodna+Old+Castle%2C+Belarus&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odyssei.com%2Ftravel-tips%2F4355.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412114051/http://www.grsmu.by/eng/">Establishment of Education "Grodno State Medical University<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-07-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grsmu.by/eng/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Establishment+of+Education+%22Grodno+State+Medical+University%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grsmu.by%2Feng%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611130303/http://grsu.by/en/university/history/education-grodno-region/">The History of Education in Grodno Region</a>. Grodno State University named Yanka Kupala. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grsu.by/en/university/history/education-grodno-region/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Education+in+Grodno+Region&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Grodno+State+University+named+Yanka+Kupala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grsu.by%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Fhistory%2Feducation-grodno-region%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=2051">Grodno City Executive Committee</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902204036/http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx?guid=2051">存档</a>于2014-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&rft.btitle=Grodno+City+Executive+Committee&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fen%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D2051&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewropa.blox.pl/">Notatki znad Niemna</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022151338/http://ewropa.net/grodno/">Grodno</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx">格罗德诺市政府网站</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110626140047/http://grodno.gov.by/en/main.aspx">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belarusguide.com/cities/hrodna/">格罗德诺介绍</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210212010046/http://www.belarusguide.com/cities/hrodna/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="白俄罗斯各州首府" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" title="Template:白俄罗斯各州首府"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:白俄罗斯各州首府（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:白俄罗斯各州首府"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="白俄罗斯各州首府" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="白俄罗斯行政区划">各州</a>首府</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布列斯特">布列斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9" title="戈梅利">戈梅利</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">格罗德诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%90%89%E5%BB%96%E5%A4%AB" title="莫吉廖夫">莫吉廖夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%8D%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="维捷布斯克">维捷布斯克</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png/30px-Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png/45px-Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png/60px-Subdivisions_of_Belarus.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="格羅德諾州行政區劃" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="Template:格羅德諾州行政區劃"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="Template talk:格羅德諾州行政區劃"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:格羅德諾州行政區劃"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="格羅德諾州行政區劃" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="格羅德諾州">格羅德諾州</a>行政區劃</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80_(%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="區 (白俄羅斯)">區</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%80" title="奧什米亞內區">奧什米亞內區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E9%9F%8B%E8%8C%A8%E5%8D%80" title="奧斯特羅韋茨區">奧斯特羅韋茨區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E7%B6%AD%E5%AF%9F%E5%8D%80" title="別列斯托維察區">別列斯托維察區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E6%B2%83%E5%8D%80" title="佳特洛沃區">佳特洛沃區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%8D%80" title="格羅德諾區">格羅德諾區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B6%AD%E8%80%B6%E5%8D%80" title="伊維耶區">伊維耶區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%80" title="科列利奇區">科列利奇區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%81%94%E5%8D%80" title="利達區">利達區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="莫斯特區">莫斯特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%80" title="新格魯多克區">新格魯多克區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%AC%BD%E5%8D%80" title="休欽區">休欽區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%80" title="斯洛尼姆區">斯洛尼姆區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%A2%E5%8D%80" title="斯莫爾貢區">斯莫爾貢區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%80" title="斯維斯拉奇區">斯維斯拉奇區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%80" title="沃爾科維斯克區">沃爾科維斯克區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%BE%85%E8%AB%BE%E6%B2%83%E5%8D%80" title="沃羅諾沃區">沃羅諾沃區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%80" title="澤利瓦區">澤利瓦區</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Grodno Region"><img alt="Coat of arms of Grodno Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">城市</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">格罗德诺</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E9%9F%8B%E8%8C%A8" title="奧斯特羅韋茨">奧斯特羅韋茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7" title="奧什米亞內">奧什米亞內</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%BB%96%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%A1" title="別廖佐夫卡">別廖佐夫卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E6%B2%83" title="佳特洛沃">佳特洛沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%BB%B4%E8%80%B6_(%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="伊维耶 (白俄罗斯)">伊维耶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科列利奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Karelichy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科列利奇（页面不存在）">科列利奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelichy" class="extiw" title="en:Karelichy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Karelichy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%BE%BE" title="利达">利达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="莫斯特 (白俄羅斯)">莫斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B" title="新格鲁多克">新格鲁多克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9" title="斯基傑利">斯基傑利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%A7%86" title="斯洛尼姆">斯洛尼姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%A2" title="斯莫爾貢">斯莫爾貢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%AC%BD" title="休欽">休欽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87" title="斯維斯拉奇">斯維斯拉奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="沃爾科維斯克">沃爾科維斯克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大别列斯托维察" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%AB%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E7%BB%B4%E5%AF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大别列斯托维察（页面不存在）">大别列斯托维察</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyalikaya_Byerastavitsa" class="extiw" title="en:Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181376#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181376#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181376#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213553/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139563518">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4Mt8qPDqQWcbWQGkRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15679983h">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15679983h">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4238420-5">德国</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4404504-9">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564582505171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81059012">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grodno (Bělorusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge136516&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bc82ec2f-70bd-4607-abd8-db1268b2f0d2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=格罗德诺&oldid=85033465">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=格罗德诺&oldid=85033465</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE" title="Category:格羅德諾">格羅德諾</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B7%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Category:格罗德诺州城市">格罗德诺州城市</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80%E5%9C%B0%E7%82%B9" title="Category:白俄罗斯犹太人大屠杀地点">白俄罗斯犹太人大屠杀地点</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8WikiMiniAtlas%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面">使用WikiMiniAtlas小工具的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97formatnum%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有非数字formatnum参数的页面">含有非数字formatnum参数的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(ru)" title="Category:CS1俄语来源 (ru)">CS1俄语来源 (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2022%E5%B9%B41%E6%9C%88%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E6%B8%85%E7%90%86" title="Category:自2022年1月维基百科来源清理">自2022年1月维基百科来源清理</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有白俄羅斯語的條目">含有白俄羅斯語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有俄語的條目">含有俄語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:维基数据存在坐标数据的页面">维基数据存在坐标数据的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目">自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABWorldCat%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目">包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABMusicBrainz_area%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目">包含MusicBrainz area标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月19日 (星期二) 23:46。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-x8vzr","wgBackendResponseTime":251,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.990","walltime":"1.240","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5652,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":97757,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":50384,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1105.295 1 -total"," 51.20% 565.927 1 Template:Infobox_Settlement"," 46.22% 510.822 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.30% 169.132 2 Template:Native_name"," 13.73% 151.722 1 Template:References"," 9.99% 110.464 15 Template:Cite_web"," 9.55% 105.516 1 Template:Citation_style"," 9.06% 100.122 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.34% 92.152 1 Template:白俄罗斯各州首府"," 7.29% 80.588 1 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.568","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17127145,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-j98pz","timestamp":"20241126035719","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u8bfa","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181376","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q181376","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-04-18T17:47:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T23:46:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c2\/Belarus_location_map.svg","headline":"\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u57ce\u5e02"}</script> </body> </html>