CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Edward Said - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b203e6a0-a035-467b-a1be-cac31d2eea3f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Edward_Said","wgTitle":"Edward Said","wgCurRevisionId":1259698932,"wgRevisionId":1259698932,"wgArticleId":18247304,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages with Arabic IPA","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use American English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from January 2023","Articles with hCards","Open Library ID same as Wikidata","Articles with Open Library links", "People appearing on C-SPAN","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","1935 births","2003 deaths","Edward Said","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American non-fiction writers","21st-century American male writers","21st-century American non-fiction writers","Academics from Jerusalem","American activists","American agnostics","American anti-Zionists","American Book Award winners","American humanists","American literary critics","American male non-fiction writers","American political writers","American writers of Lebanese descent","American writers of Palestinian descent","Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows","Columbia University faculty","Deaths from leukemia in New York (state)","Harvard University alumni","Islam and politics","Middle Eastern studies in the United States","Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni","Orientalism","Palestinian activists","Palestinian agnostics", "Palestinian literary critics","Palestinian people of Lebanese descent","Palestinian political writers","Postcolonial literature","Presidents of the Modern Language Association","Princeton University alumni","Said family","Scholars of nationalism","St. George's School, Jerusalem alumni","The Nation (U.S. magazine) people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Edward_Said","wgRelevantArticleId":18247304,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q201538","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1066"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Edward Said - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Edward_Said rootpage-Edward_Said skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edward+Said" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+Said" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edward+Said" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+Said" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life and career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life and career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary productions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_productions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary productions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Orientalism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Orientalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Orientalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Criticism of <i>Orientalism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Orientalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Orientalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Orientalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Influence of <i>Orientalism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Orientalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arab–Israeli conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Views_on_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Views on Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_National_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_National_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Palestinian National Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_National_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon_stone-throwing_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon_stone-throwing_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lebanon stone-throwing incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon_stone-throwing_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_U.S._foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_U.S._foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Criticism of U.S. foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_U.S._foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_FBI_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_FBI_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Under FBI surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_FBI_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Musical interests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_interests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical interests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West–Eastern_Divan_Orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West–Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>West–Eastern Divan Orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West–Eastern_Divan_Orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Said</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="إدوارد سعيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد سعيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_S%C9%99id" title="Eduard Səid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eduard Səid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ادوارد سعید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد سعید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6" title="এডওয়ার্ড সাঈদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডওয়ার্ড সাঈদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Едуард Саид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Саид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ادوارد سعید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد سعید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sa%C3%AFd" title="Edward Saïd – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Saïd" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="에드워드 사이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 사이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A6" title="एडवर्ड सईद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड सईद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93" title="אדוארד סעיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד סעיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಸೈದ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಸೈದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ვადი საიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედვარდ ვადი საიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Эдуард Уади Саид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Уади Саид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Эдвард Вади Саид – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эдвард Вади Саид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Едвард Саид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард Саид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="എഡ്വേർഡ് സൈദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വേർഡ് സൈദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ادوارد سعيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد سعيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="エドワード・サイード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・サイード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A6" title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਸਈਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਸਈਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Саид, Эдвард Вади – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саид, Эдвард Вади" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%8A_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ايڊورڊ سعيد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڊورڊ سعيد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئیدوارد سەعید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیدوارد سەعید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Едвард Саид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард Саид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="எட்வர்டு செயித் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எட்வர்டு செயித்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Said" title="Edward W. Said – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward W. Said" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Едвард Саїд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Саїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ایڈورڈ سعید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ سعید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%89%E5%BE%B7" title="爱德华·萨义德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华·萨义德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward Said" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%E8%96%A9%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="愛德華薩伊德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛德華薩伊德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%89%E5%BE%B7" title="爱德华·萨义德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华·萨义德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201538#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Edward_Said" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Edward_Said" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Edward_Said" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&oldid=1259698932" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Edward_Said&id=1259698932&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Said"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Said"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edward_Said&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Said" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_Said" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Wadie_Said" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201538" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Palestinian-American academic (1935–2003)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edward Said</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla,_2002_(Said).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg/220px-Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg/330px-Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg/440px-Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="745" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Said in Seville, Spain, 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Wadie Said</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-11-01</span>)</span>1 November 1935<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 September 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-09-24)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Protestant Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Brummana" title="Brummana">Brummana</a>, Lebanon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mariam_C._Said" title="Mariam C. Said">Mariam Cortas</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Najla_Said" title="Najla Said">Najla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Said_Zahlan" title="Rosemarie Said Zahlan">Rosemarie Said Zahlan</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Said_Makdisi" title="Jean Said Makdisi">Jean Said Makdisi</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occidentalism" title="Occidentalism">Occidentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">the<span class="nowrap"> </span>Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Wadie Said</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1 November 1935 – 24 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American academic, literary critic, and political activist.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a professor of literature at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, he was among the founders of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonial studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ryoung_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryoung-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural critic</a>, Said is best known for his book <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> (1978), a foundational text which critiques the <a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">cultural representations</a> that are the bases of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>—how the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> perceives the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghazoul2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghazoul2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gentz2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentz2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His model of textual analysis transformed the academic discourse of researchers in literary theory, literary criticism, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Middle Eastern studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newhumanist_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhumanist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buchanan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buchanan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, in 1935, Said was a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">United States citizen</a> by way of his father, who had served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, he relocated the family to Egypt, where they had previously lived, and then to the United States. Said enrolled at the secondary school <a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Alexandria" title="Victoria College, Alexandria">Victoria College</a> while in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Northfield_Mount_Hermon_School" title="Northfield Mount Hermon School">Northfield Mount Hermon School</a> after arriving in the United States. He graduated with a BA in English from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1957, and later with an MA (1960) and a PhD (1964) in English Literature from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His principal influences were <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buchanan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buchanan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Said joined <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> as a member of the English and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative Literature">Comparative Literature</a> faculties, where he taught and worked until 2003. He lectured at more than 200 other universities in North America, Europe, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-dfgw_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfgw-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a public intellectual, Said was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Council" title="Palestinian National Council">Palestinian National Council</a> supporting a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> that incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a>, before resigning in 1993 due to his criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">establishment of a Palestinian state</a> to ensure political and humanitarian equality in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>, where Palestinians have witnessed the increased expansion of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>. However, in 1999, he argued that sustainable peace was only possible with <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one Israeli–Palestinian state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined his oppositional relation with the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_(Israel)" title="Status quo (Israel)">Israeli <i>status quo</i></a> as the remit of the public intellectual who has "to sift, to judge, to criticize, to choose, so that choice and agency return to the individual" man and woman. </p><p>In 1999, Said and Argentine-Israeli conductor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> co-founded the <a href="/wiki/West%E2%80%93Eastern_Divan_Orchestra" title="West–Eastern Divan Orchestra">West–Eastern Divan Orchestra</a>, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain. Said was also an accomplished pianist, and, with Barenboim, co-authored the book <i>Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society</i> (2002), a compilation of their conversations and public discussions about music at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaidSis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Edward Said and his sister as children, dressed in Arab-style clothing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/SaidSis.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="342" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Edward Said and his sister, <a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Said_Zahlan" title="Rosemarie Said Zahlan">Rosemarie Said</a> dressed in traditional Arab clothing, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Said was born on 1 November 1935<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a family of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, at the time under the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were born in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: his mother Hilda Said (née Musa) was half Palestinian and half Lebanese, and was raised in the city of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>; and his father Wadie "William" Said was a Jerusalem-based Palestinian businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Hilda and Wadie were <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>, adhering to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Wadie served in the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a>, subsequently earning <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">United States citizenship</a> for himself and his immediate family.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Wadie and his cousin established a stationery business in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>Although he was raised Protestant, Said became an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> in his later years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protestant_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protestant-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>Said's childhood was split between Jerusalem and Cairo: he was enrolled in Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_School,_Jerusalem" title="St. George's School, Jerusalem">St. George's School</a>, a British boys' school run by the local <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem">Anglican Diocese</a>, but stopped going to his classes when growing intercommunal violence between <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a> made it too dangerous for him to continue attending, prompting his family to leave Jerusalem at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1940s, Said was in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, enrolled at the Egyptian branch of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Alexandria" title="Victoria College, Alexandria">Victoria College</a>, where "classmates included <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a>, and the Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, and Saudi Arabian boys whose academic careers would progress to their becoming ministers, prime ministers, and leading businessmen in their respective countries."<sup id="cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> However, he was expelled in 1951 for troublesome behaviour, though his academic performance was high. Having relocated to the United States, Said attended <a href="/wiki/Northfield_Mount_Hermon_School" title="Northfield Mount Hermon School">Northfield Mount Hermon School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>—a socially élite, college-prep boarding school where he struggled with social alienation for a year. Nonetheless, he continued to excel academically and achieved the rank of either first (valedictorian) or second (salutatorian) out of a class of 160 students.<sup id="cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_Worlds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In retrospect, he viewed being sent far from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> as a parental decision much influenced by "the prospects of deracinated people, like us the Palestinians, being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_Worlds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realities of peripatetic life—of interwoven cultures, of feeling out of place, and of homesickness—so affected the schoolboy Edward that themes of dissonance feature in the work and worldview of the academic Said.<sup id="cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Between_Worlds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At school's end, he had become Edward W. Said—a polyglot intellectual (fluent in English, French, and Arabic). He graduated with an A.B. in English from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1957 after completing a senior thesis titled "The Moral Vision: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Said_1957_senior_thesis_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_1957_senior_thesis-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later received Master of Arts (1960) and Doctor of Philosophy (1964) degrees in <a href="/wiki/English_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="English Literature">English Literature</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82–83">: 82–83 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3></div> <p>In 1963, Said joined <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> as a member of the English and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative Literature">Comparative Literature</a> faculties, where he taught and worked until 2003. In 1974, he was Visiting Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard; during the 1975–76 period, he was a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science, at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. In 1977, he became the Parr Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and subsequently was the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities; and in 1979 was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University.<sup id="cite_ref-lajewsforpeace.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lajewsforpeace.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Said also worked as a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, and lectured at more than 200 other universities in North America, Europe, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-dfgw_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfgw-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Said was promoted to full professor.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editorially, Said served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>, as editor of the <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, on the executive board of <a href="/wiki/International_PEN" class="mw-redirect" title="International PEN">International PEN</a>, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>, the Council of Foreign Relations,<sup id="cite_ref-lajewsforpeace.org_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lajewsforpeace.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Said presented the BBC's annual <a href="/wiki/Reith_Lectures" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a>, a six-lecture series titled <i>Representation of the Intellectual</i>, wherein he examined the role of the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">public intellectual</a> in contemporary society, which the BBC published in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work, Said frequently researches the term and concept of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_archive" title="Cultural archive">cultural archive</a>, especially in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Imperialism" title="Culture and Imperialism">Culture and Imperialism</a></i> (1993). He states the cultural archive is a major site where investments in imperial conquest are developed, and that these archives include "narratives, histories, and travel tales."<sup id="cite_ref-cultureimperialism_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultureimperialism-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said emphasizes the role of the Western imperial project in the disruption of cultural archives, and theorizes that disciplines such as comparative literature, English, and anthropology can be directly linked to the concept of empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_productions">Literary productions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said_bibliography" title="Edward Said bibliography">Edward Said bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Conrad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Joseph Conrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Joseph_Conrad.PNG/150px-Joseph_Conrad.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Joseph_Conrad.PNG/225px-Joseph_Conrad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Joseph_Conrad.PNG/300px-Joseph_Conrad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>The 19th-century novelist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> is the subject of Said's first book, <i>Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography</i> (1966).</figcaption></figure> <p>Said's first published book, <i>Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography</i> (1966), was an expansion of the doctoral dissertation he presented to earn the PhD degree. <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Hussein" title="Abdirahman Hussein">Abdirahman Hussein</a> said in <i>Edward Saïd: Criticism and Society</i> (2010), that Conrad's novella <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> (1899) was "foundational to Said's entire career and project".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Beginnings: Intention and Method</i> (1974), Said analyzed the theoretical bases of literary criticism by drawing on the insights of <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said's later works included </p> <ul><li><i>The World, the Text, and the Critic</i> (1983),</li> <li><i>Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature: Yeats and Decolonization</i> (1988),</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Imperialism" title="Culture and Imperialism">Culture and Imperialism</a></i> (1993),</li> <li><i>Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith Lectures</i> (1994),</li> <li><i>Humanism and Democratic Criticism</i> (2004), and</li> <li><i>On Late Style</i> (2006).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalism"><i>Orientalism</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism (book)</a></div> <p>Said became an established cultural critic with the book <i><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i> (1978), a <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> as the source of the false cultural representations in western-eastern relations. The thesis of <i>Orientalism</i> proposes the existence of a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo–Islamic peoples and their culture",<sup id="cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windschuttle-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which originates from <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>'s long tradition of false, romanticized images of Asia, in general, and the Middle East in particular. Said wrote that such cultural representations have served as implicit justifications for the colonial and imperial ambitions of the European powers and of the U.S. Likewise, Said denounced the political and the cultural malpractices of the régimes of the ruling Arab élites who he felt <a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">internalized</a> the false and romanticized representations of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">Arabic culture</a> that were created by Anglo–American Orientalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windschuttle-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This painting shows the back side of a naked man standing with a snake wrapped around his waist and shoulders. The man is lifting up the head of the snake with his left hand. Another man to his right is sitting on the ground playing a pipe. A group of 10 men are sitting on the floor facing the snake handler with their backs against an ornate blue mosaic wall decorated with Arabic calligraphy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Le_charmeur_de_serpents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5914" data-file-height="4008" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the book <i>Orientalism</i> (1978) is a detail from the 19th-century Orientalist painting <i>The Snake Charmer</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> (1824–1904).</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Orientalism</i> proposed that much Western study of Islamic civilization was political intellectualism, meant for the self-affirmation of European identity, rather than objective academic study; thus, the academic field of Oriental studies functioned as a practical method of cultural discrimination and imperialist domination—that is to say, the Western Orientalist knows more about "the Orient" than do "the Orientals."<sup id="cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windschuttle-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting,_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27,_1511,_the_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bustling city scene of men dressed in turbans outside the walls of an Oriental city. An official appears to be holding court at the gate, reclining on a red sofa with two individuals facing him (perhaps parties to a dispute). Others observe the proceedings—many men on foot, two men on camel-back, and one on horse-back. A monkey, a male deer and a female deer are also present in the crowd." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg/220px-Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg/330px-Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg/440px-Anonymous_Venetian_orientalist_painting%2C_The_Reception_of_the_Ambassadors_in_Damascus%27%2C_1511%2C_the_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>The idealized Oriental world of <i>The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus</i> (1511)</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Art, <i>Orientalism</i> continues, has misrepresented the Orient with stereotypes since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a>, as in the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i> (472 BCE), by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, where the Greek protagonist falls because he misperceived the true nature of The Orient.<sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> The European political domination of Asia has biased even the most outwardly objective Western texts about The Orient, to a degree unrecognized by the Western scholars who appropriated for themselves the production of cultural knowledge—the academic work of studying, exploring, and interpreting the languages, histories, and peoples of Asia. Therefore, Orientalist scholarship implies that the <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(post-colonialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subaltern (post-colonialism)">colonial subaltern</a> (the colonised people) were incapable of thinking, acting, or speaking for themselves, thus are incapable of writing their own national histories. In such imperial circumstances, the Orientalist scholars of the West wrote the history of the Orient—and so constructed the modern, cultural identities of Asia—from the perspective that the West is the cultural standard to emulate, the norm from which the "exotic and inscrutable" Orientals deviate.<sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–41">: 38–41 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_Orientalism">Criticism of <i>Orientalism</i></h4></div> <p><i>Orientalism</i> provoked much professional and personal criticism for Said among academics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Orientalists, such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hourani" title="Albert Hourani">Albert Hourani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham Irwin">Robert Graham Irwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Keddie" title="Nikki Keddie">Nikki Keddie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanan_Makiya" title="Kanan Makiya">Kanan Makiya</a>, suffered negative consequences, because <i>Orientalism</i> affected public perception of their intellectual integrity and the quality of their <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist scholarship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Keddie said that Said's <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical</a> work about the field of Orientalism had caused, in their academic disciplines: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some unfortunate consequences ... I think that there has been a tendency in the Middle East [studies] field to adopt the word <i>Orientalism</i> as a generalized swear-word, essentially referring to people who take the "wrong" position on the Arab–Israeli dispute, or to people who are judged "too conservative." It has nothing to do with whether they are good or not good in their disciplines. So, <i>Orientalism</i>, for many people, is a word that substitutes for thought, and enables people to dismiss certain scholars and their works. I think that is too bad. It may not have been what Edward Saïd meant, at all, but the term has become a kind of slogan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Approaches to the History of the Middle East</i> (1994), pp. 144–45.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <i>Orientalism</i>, Said described <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, the Anglo–American Orientalist, as "a perfect exemplification [of an] Establishment Orientalist [whose work] purports to be objective, liberal scholarship, but is, in reality, very close to being propaganda <i>against</i> his subject material."<sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 315">: 315 </span></sup> </p><p>Lewis responded with a harsh critique of <i>Orientalism</i> accusing Said of politicizing the scientific study of the Middle East (and Arabic studies in particular); neglecting to critique the scholarly findings of the Orientalists; and giving "free rein" to his biases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Said retorted that in <i>The Muslim Discovery of Europe</i> (1982), Lewis responded to his thesis with the claim that the Western quest for knowledge about other societies was unique in its display of disinterested curiosity, which Muslims did not reciprocate towards Europe. Lewis was saying that "knowledge about Europe [was] the only acceptable criterion for true knowledge." The appearance of academic impartiality was part of Lewis's role as an academic authority for zealous "anti–Islamic, anti–Arab, Zionist, and Cold War crusades."<sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 315">: 315 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the Afterword to the 1995 edition of the book, Said replied to Lewis's criticisms of the first edition of <i>Orientalism</i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orientalism_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 329–54">: 329–54 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_of_Orientalism">Influence of <i>Orientalism</i></h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_(1825-1905)_-_The_Motherland_(1883).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A seated woman surrounded by 9 children who seem dependent upon her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg/220px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg/330px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg/440px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_The_Motherland_%281883%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption><i>The Motherland</i> and her dependent colonies are the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Post-colonial studies</a> (<a href="/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau" title="William-Adolphe Bouguereau">William-Adolphe Bouguereau</a>, 1883).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the academy, <i>Orientalism</i> became a foundational text of the field of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonial studies</a>, for what the British intellectual <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> said is the book's "central truth ... that demeaning images of the East, and imperialist incursions into its terrain, have historically gone hand in hand."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Said's supporters and his critics acknowledge the transformative influence of <i>Orientalism</i> upon scholarship in the humanities; critics say that the thesis is an intellectually limiting influence upon scholars, whilst supporters say that the thesis is intellectually liberating.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fields of post-colonial and cultural studies attempt to explain the "post-colonial world, its peoples, and their discontents",<sup id="cite_ref-ryoung_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryoung-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which the techniques of investigation and efficacy in <i>Orientalism</i>, proved especially applicable in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Middle Eastern studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newhumanist_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhumanist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As such, the investigation and analysis Said applied in <i>Orientalism</i> proved especially practical in <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-newhumanist_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhumanist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the post-colonial histories of India by <a href="/wiki/Gyan_Prakash" title="Gyan Prakash">Gyan Prakash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Dirks" title="Nicholas Dirks">Nicholas Dirks</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Ronald Inden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern Cambodia by Simon Springer,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the literary theories of <a href="/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha" title="Homi K. Bhabha">Homi K. Bhabha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Iran:_A_People_Interrupted" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran: A People Interrupted">Iran: A People Interrupted</a></i>, 2007). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Milica Bakić–Hayden developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nesting_Orientalisms" title="Nesting Orientalisms">Nesting Orientalisms</a> (1992), derived from the ideas of the historian Larry Wolff (<i>Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment</i>, 1994) and Said's ideas in <i>Orientalism</i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian historian <a href="/wiki/Maria_Todorova" title="Maria Todorova">Maria Todorova</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Imagining_the_Balkans" title="Imagining the Balkans">Imagining the Balkans</a></i>, 1997) presented the <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologic</a> concept of Nesting Balkanisms (<i>Ethnologia Balkanica</i>, 1997), which is derived from Milica Bakić–Hayden's concept of Nesting Orientalisms.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Impact of "Biblical Orientalism" in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine</i> (2014), the historian <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kamel" title="Lorenzo Kamel">Lorenzo Kamel</a>, presented the concept of "Biblical Orientalism" with an historical analysis of the simplifications of the complex, local Palestinian reality, which occurred from the 1830s until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kamel said that the selective usage and simplification of religion, in approaching the place known as "The Holy Land", created a view that, as a place, the Holy Land has no human history other than as the place where Bible stories occurred, rather than as Palestine, a country inhabited by many peoples. </p><p>The post-colonial discourse presented in <i>Orientalism</i>, also influenced post-colonial theology and post-colonial biblical criticism, by which method the analytical reader approaches a scripture from the perspective of a colonial reader.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another book in this area is <i>Postcolonial Theory</i> (1998), by <a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela Gandhi</a>, explains Post-colonialism in terms of how it can be applied to the wider philosophical and intellectual context of history.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict"><span id="Arab.E2.80.93Israeli_conflict"></span>Arab–Israeli conflict</h3></div> <p>In 1967, consequent to the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Said became a public intellectual when he acted politically to counter the stereotyped misrepresentations (factual, historical, cultural) with which American news media explained the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>; reportage divorced from the historical realities of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, in general, and from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, in particular. To address, explain, and correct such perceived <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalism</a>, Said published <i>The Arab Portrayed</i> (1968), a descriptive essay about images of "the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>" that are meant to evade specific discussion of the historical and cultural realities of the peoples represented in the Middle East, featured in journalism (print, photograph, television) and some types of scholarship (specialist journals).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_on_Zionism">Views on Zionism</h4></div> <p>In the essay "<a href="/wiki/Zionism_from_the_Standpoint_of_Its_Victims" title="Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims">Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims</a>" (1979), Said argued in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">philosophical authenticity</a> of the claims and right to a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish homeland</a>, while also asserting the simultaneously inherent right of national self-determination for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also characterized Israel's founding as it happened, the displacement of the Palestinian Arabs that accompanied it, and the subjugation of the Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a> as a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western-style imperialism</a>. His books on this topic include <i>The Question of Palestine</i> (1979), <i>The Politics of Dispossession</i> (1994), and <i>The End of the Peace Process</i> (2000). </p><p>During a lecture conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in 2003, Said affirmed that <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> had grounds for a territorial claim to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>), but maintained that it was not "the only claim or the main claim" vis-à-vis all of the other ethnic groups (including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Jews and Arabs</a>) who have inhabited the region throughout human history: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Halleran: "Professor Said, do the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> have any historical claim to the lands of Israel?"<br /><br />Said: "Of course! But I would not say that the Jewish claim, or the Zionist claim, is the only claim or the main claim; I say that it is a claim among many others. Certainly, the Arabs have a much greater claim because <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Palestinians" title="Origin of the Palestinians">they have had a longer history of inhabitance</a>—of actual residence in Palestine—<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">than the Jews did</a>. If you look at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">history of Palestine</a>, there's been some quite interesting work done by <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">biblical archaeologists</a>... you'll see that the period of actual <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a>—as it was called in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Old Testament</a>—dominance in Palestine amounts to about 200 to 250 years. But there were <a href="/wiki/Moabites" class="mw-redirect" title="Moabites">Moabites</a>, there were <a href="/wiki/Jebusites" title="Jebusites">Jebusites</a>, there were <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, there were <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, there were many other people in Palestine at the time and before and after. And to isolate one of them and say, 'That's the real owner of the land,' I mean, that is—that is fundamentalism. Because the only way you can back it up is say, 'Well, <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">God gave it to us</a>.' [...] So, I think the people who have a history of residence in Palestine for a certain amount of time—including Jews, yes, and, of course, the Arabs—have a claim. But... this is very important: I don't think any claim [...] nobody has a claim that overrides all the others and entitles that person with that so-called claim to drive people out!"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"Imperial Continuity – Palestine, Iraq, and U.S. Policy"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (8 May 2003)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Said's argument against the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a> traditionally espoused by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalists</a> (i.e., citing <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a> to project the Jewish/Israeli claim as superior to the Arab/Palestinian claim) asserted that such justifications were inherently irrational because they would, among other factors, enable <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds to lay superseding territorial claims to Palestine on the basis of their faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_National_Council">Palestinian National Council</h3></div> <p>From 1977 until 1991, Said was an independent member of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Council" title="Palestinian National Council">Palestinian National Council</a> (PNC).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, he was a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, and voted for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> at a meeting of the PNC in Algiers. In 1993, Said quit his membership in the Palestinian National Council, to protest the internal politics that led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> (Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, 1993), which he thought had unacceptable terms, and because the terms had been rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference of 1991</a>. </p><p>Said disliked the Oslo Accords for not producing an independent State of Palestine, and because they were politically inferior to a plan that <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasir Arafat</a> had rejected—a plan Said had presented to Arafat on behalf of the U.S. government in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially troublesome to Said was his belief that Yasir Arafat had betrayed the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">right of return</a> of the Palestinian refugees to their houses and properties in the Green Line territories of <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">pre-1967 Israel</a>, and that Arafat ignored the growing political threat of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a> in the occupied territories that had been established since the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Governorate" title="Israeli Military Governorate">conquest of Palestine</a> in 1967. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the West Bank and Gaza strip highlighting administrative domains of the Palestinian authority in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg/300px-Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg/450px-Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg/600px-Zones_A_and_B_in_the_occupied_palestinian_territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>The administrative domains of the Palestinian Authority (red)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, in response to Said's political criticisms, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> (PA) banned the sale of Said's books;<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the PA lifted the book ban when Said publicly praised Yasir Arafat for rejecting Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>'s offers at the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp David 2000 Summit">Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David</a> (2000) in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-LRB_Wood_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB_Wood-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1990s, Said wrote the foreword to the history book <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Shahak#Jewish_History,_Jewish_Religion:_The_Weight_of_Three_Thousand_Years" title="Israel Shahak">Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years</a></i> (1994), by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Shahak" title="Israel Shahak">Israel Shahak</a>, about Jewish fundamentalism, which presents the cultural proposition that Israel's mistreatment of the Palestinians is rooted in a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaic</a> requirement (of permission) for Jews to commit crimes, including murder, against Gentiles (non-Jews). In his foreword, Said said that <i>Jewish History, Jewish Religion</i> is "nothing less than a concise history of classic and modern <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, insofar as these are relevant to the understanding of modern Israel"; and praised the historian Shahak for describing contemporary Israel as a nation subsumed in a "Judeo–Nazi" cultural ambiance that allowed the <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a> of the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In all my works, I remained fundamentally critical of a gloating and uncritical nationalism. ... My view of Palestine ... remains the same today: I expressed all sorts of reservations about the insouciant nativism, and militant militarism of the nationalist consensus; I suggested, instead, a critical look at the Arab environment, Palestinian history, and the Israeli realities, with the explicit conclusion that only a negotiated settlement, between the two communities of suffering, Arab and Jewish, would provide respite from the unending war.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1998, Said made <i>In Search of Palestine</i> (1998), a BBC documentary film about Palestine, past and present. In the company of his son, Wadie, Said revisited the places of his boyhood, and confronted injustices meted out to ordinary Palestinians in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. Despite the social and cultural prestige afforded to BBC cinema products in the U.S., the documentary was never broadcast by any American television company.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon_stone-throwing_incident">Lebanon stone-throwing incident</h3></div> <p>On 3 July 2000, whilst touring the Middle East with his son, Wadie, Said was photographed throwing a stone across the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(withdrawal_line)" title="Blue Line (withdrawal line)">Blue Line Lebanese–Israel border</a>, which image elicited much political criticism about his action demonstrating an inherent, personal sympathy with terrorism; and, in <i>Commentary</i> magazine, the journalist Edward Alexander labelled Said as "The Professor of Terror", for aggression against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said explained the stone-throwing as a two-fold action, personal and political; a man-to-man contest-of-skill, between a father and his son, and an Arab man's gesture of joy at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a> (1985–2000): "It was a pebble; there was nobody there. The guardhouse was at least half a mile away."<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueLine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing a light blue and a dark blue line between Lebanon and Israel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/375px-BlueLine.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/563px-BlueLine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BlueLine.jpg/750px-BlueLine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>For throwing a stone at an Israeli guardhouse across the Blue Line Lebanese–Israeli border, <i>Commentary</i> magazine labelled Said "The Professor of Terror" in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Said described the incident as trivial and said that he "threw the stone as a symbolic act" into "an empty place". The Beirut newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/As-Safir" title="As-Safir">As-Safir</a></i> (The Ambassador) interviewed a Lebanese local resident who said that Said was less than ten metres (ca. 30 ft.) from the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defense Force">Israel Defense Force</a> (IDF) soldiers manning the two-storey guardhouse, when he threw the stone, which hit the barbed wire fence in front of the guardhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., Said's action was criticised by some students at Columbia University and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith International</a> (Sons of the Covenant). The university provost published a five-page letter stating that Said's action was protected under <a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">academic freedom</a>: "To my knowledge, the stone was directed at no-one; no law was broken; no indictment was made; no criminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Saïd."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2001, the Freud Society in Austria cancelled a lecture by Said due to the stone-throwing incident.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President of the Freud Society said "[t]he majority [of the society] decided to cancel the Freud lecture to avoid an internal clash. I deeply regret that this has been done to Professor Said".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_U.S._foreign_policy">Criticism of U.S. foreign policy</h3></div> <p>In the revised edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Covering_Islam" title="Covering Islam">Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World</a></i> (1997), Said criticized the Orientalist bias of the Western news media's reportage about the Middle East and Islam, especially the tendency to editorialize "speculations about the latest conspiracy to blow up buildings, sabotage commercial airliners, and poison water supplies."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticized the American military involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (1998–99) as an imperial action; and described the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Liberation_Act" title="Iraq Liberation Act">Iraq Liberation Act</a> (1998), promulgated during the Clinton Administration, as the political license that predisposed the U.S. to invade Iraq in 2003, which was authorised with the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">Iraq Resolution</a> (2 October 2002); and the continual support of Israel by successive U.S. presidential governments, as actions meant to perpetuate regional political instability in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event, despite being sick with leukemia, as a public intellectual, Said continued criticising the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. Invasion of Iraq</a> in mid-2003;<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weekly" title="Al-Ahram Weekly">Al-Ahram Weekly</a></i> newspaper, in the article "Resources of Hope" (2 April 2003), Said said that the U.S. war against Iraq was a politically ill-conceived military enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_FBI_surveillance">Under FBI surveillance</h4></div> <p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Haidar_Abdel-Shafi" title="Haidar Abdel-Shafi">Haidar Abdel-Shafi</a>, Ibrahim Dakak, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barghouti" title="Mustafa Barghouti">Mustafa Barghouti</a>, and Said established Al-Mubadara (the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Initiative" title="Palestinian National Initiative">Palestinian National Initiative</a>), headed by Barghouti, a third-party reformist, democratic party meant to be an alternative to the usual <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party politics</a> of Palestine. Its ideology is to be an alternative to the extremist politics of the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>. Said's founding of the group, as well as his other international political activities concerning Palestine, were noticed by the U.S. government, and Said came under FBI surveillance, which became more intensive after 1972. <a href="/wiki/David_Price_(anthropologist)" title="David Price (anthropologist)">David Price</a>, an anthropologist at <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_State_College" title="Evergreen State College">Evergreen State College</a>, requested the FBI file on Said through the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/CounterPunch" title="CounterPunch">CounterPunch</a> and published a report there on his findings.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The released pages of Said's FBI files show that the FBI read Said's books and reported on their contents to Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan2021_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan2021-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158">: 158 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_interests">Musical interests</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of an orchestra playing in casual dress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg/220px-Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg/330px-Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Div%C3%A1n_Este-Oeste_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The harmonious Middle East: the <a href="/wiki/West-Eastern_Divan_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Eastern Divan Orchestra">West-Eastern Divan Orchestra</a> conducted by Daniel Barenboim</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides having been a public intellectual, Edward Said was an accomplished pianist, worked as the music critic for <i>The Nation</i> magazine, and wrote four books about music: <i>Musical Elaborations</i> (1991); <i>Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society</i> (2002), with Daniel Barenboim as co-author; <i>On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain</i> (2006); and <i>Music at the Limits</i> (2007) in which final book he spoke of finding musical reflections of his literary and historical ideas in bold compositions and strong performances.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the musical world, the composer <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fairouz" title="Mohammed Fairouz">Mohammed Fairouz</a> acknowledged the deep influence of Edward Said upon his works; compositionally, Fairouz's <i>First Symphony</i> thematically alludes to the essay "Homage to a Belly-Dancer" (1990), about <a href="/wiki/Tahia_Carioca" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahia Carioca">Tahia Carioca</a>, the Egyptian dancer, actress, and political militant; and a piano sonata, titled <i>Reflections on Exile</i> (1984), which thematically refers to the emotions inherent to being an exile.<sup id="cite_ref-qonstage_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qonstage-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West–Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"><span id="West.E2.80.93Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"></span>West–Eastern Divan Orchestra</h3></div> <p>In 1999, Said and Barenboim co-founded the <a href="/wiki/West-Eastern_Divan_(orchestra)" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Eastern Divan (orchestra)">West-Eastern Divan Orchestra</a>, composed of young Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab musicians. They also established The Barenboim–Said Foundation in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, to develop education-through-music projects. Besides managing the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Barenboim–Said Foundation assists with the administration of the Academy of Orchestral Studies, the Musical Education in Palestine Project, and the Early Childhood Musical Education Project, in Seville.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div> <p>Besides honors, memberships, and postings to prestigious organizations worldwide, Edward Said was awarded some twenty honorary university degrees in the course of his professional life as an academic, critic, and Man of Letters.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the honors bestowed to him were: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdoin Prize">Bowdoin Prize</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</li> <li>He twice received the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Trilling_Book_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Trilling Book Award (page does not exist)">Lionel Trilling Book Award</a>; the first occasion was the inaugural bestowing of said literary award in 1976, for <i>Beginnings: Intention and Method</i> (1974). He also received the</li> <li>Wellek Prize of the American Comparative Literature Association</li> <li>The inaugural <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> Lens Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lannan_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lannan Literary Award">Lannan Literary Award</a> for Lifetime Achievement in 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Concord in 2002 (shared with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>).</li> <li>First U.S. citizen to receive the <a href="/wiki/Al_Owais_Award" title="Al Owais Award">Sultan Owais Prize</a> (for Cultural & Scientific Achievements, 1996–1997).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The autobiography <i>Out of Place</i> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was bestowed three awards, the 1999 <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a> Book Award for Non-Fiction; the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a> for Non-Fiction; and the Morton Dauwen Zabel Award in Literature.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Said.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edward_Said.jpg/220px-Edward_Said.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edward_Said.jpg/330px-Edward_Said.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edward_Said.jpg/440px-Edward_Said.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Edward Said's gravestone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tattered poster on wall, partially covered by graffiti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg/220px-Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg/330px-Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg/440px-Poster_of_Edward_Said.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><i>In Memoriam Edward Wadie Saïd</i>: a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Initiative" title="Palestinian National Initiative">Palestinian National Initiative</a> poster at the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank wall">Israeli West Bank wall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 September 2003, after enduring a 12-year sickness with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a>, Said died, at 67 years of age, in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is survived by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mariam_C._Said" title="Mariam C. Said">Mariam C. Said</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son, Wadie Said, and his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Najla_Said" title="Najla Said">Najla Said</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eulogists included <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Alexander Cockburn</a> ("A Mighty and Passionate Heart");<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Deane" title="Seamus Deane">Seamus Deane</a> ("A Late Style of Humanism");<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> ("A Valediction for Edward Said");<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a> ("The Rootless Cosmopolitan");<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Wood (academic)">Michael Wood</a> ("On Edward Said");<sup id="cite_ref-LRB_Wood_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB_Wood-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> ("Remembering Edward Said, 1935–2003").<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said is buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Broumana, Jabal Lubnan, Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His headstone indicates he died on 25 September 2003. </p><p>The tributes to Said include books and schools. The books include <i>Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward W. Said</i> (2008) that features essays by <a href="/wiki/Akeel_Bilgrami" title="Akeel Bilgrami">Akeel Bilgrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elias_Khoury" title="Elias Khoury">Elias Khoury</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Edward Said: The Charisma of Criticism</i> (2010), by Harold Aram Veeser, a critical biography; and <i>Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representations</i> (2010), with essays by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ella_Shohat" title="Ella Shohat">Ella Shohat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghada_Karmi" title="Ghada Karmi">Ghada Karmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a>. </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan" title="Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan">Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nayhan</a>, the founder and president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and others endowed the Edward Said Chair at Columbia University; it is currently filled by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2004, in Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Birzeit_University" title="Birzeit University">Birzeit University</a> renamed their music school the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said_National_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Edward Said National Conservatory of Music">Edward Said National Conservatory of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barenboim%E2%80%93Said_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barenboim–Said Academy">Barenboim–Said Academy</a> (Berlin) was established in 2012. </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno" title="California State University, Fresno">California State University, Fresno</a> started examining applicants for a newly created Professorship in Middle East Studies named after Edward Said, but after months of examining applicants, Fresno State canceled the search. Some observers claim that the cancellation was due to pressure from pro-Israeli individuals and groups.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إدوارد وديع سعيد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Idwārd Wadīʿ Saʿīd</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[wædiːʕ<span class="wrap"> </span>sæʕiːd]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Said">"Edward Said"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 16 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Said&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEdward-Said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryoung-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryoung_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryoung_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Young, <i>White Mythologies: Writing History and the West</i>, New York & London: Routledge, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazoul2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazoul2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerial_Jabouri_Ghazoul2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferial Jabouri Ghazoul, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf9_dbmJyQkC&pg=PA290"><i>Edward Saïd and Critical Decolonization</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 290–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-087-5"><bdi>978-977-416-087-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>Edward W. Saïd (1935–2003) was one of the most influential intellectuals in the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Sa%C3%AFd+and+Critical+Decolonization&rft.pages=290-&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-977-416-087-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf9_dbmJyQkC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamir2005" class="citation cs2">Zamir, Shamoon (2005), "Saïd, Edward W.", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition</i>, vol. 12, Macmillan Reference USA, Thomas Gale, pp. 8031–32, <q>Edward W. Saïd (1935–2003) is best known as the author of the influential and widely-read <i>Orientalism</i> (1978) ... His forceful defense of secular humanism and of the public role of the intellectual, as much as his trenchant critiques of Orientalism, and his unwavering advocacy of the Palestinian cause, made Saïd one of the most internationally influential cultural commentators writing out of the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sa%C3%AFd%2C+Edward+W.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=8031-32&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA%2C+Thomas+Gale&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zamir&rft.aufirst=Shamoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentz2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gentz2009_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentz2009" class="citation book cs1">Gentz, Joachim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Omfg11_rzEAC&pg=PA41">"Orientalism/Occidentalism"</a>. <i>Keywords re-oriented</i>. interKULTUR, European-Chinese intercultural studies, Volume IV. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-86-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-86-1"><bdi>978-3-940344-86-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>Edward Saïd's influential <i>Orientalism</i> (1979) effectively created a <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discursive field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, stimulating fresh critical analysis of Western academic work on "The Orient". Although the book, itself, has been criticized from many angles, it is still considered to be the seminal work to the field.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orientalism%2FOccidentalism&rft.btitle=Keywords+re-oriented&rft.series=interKULTUR%2C+European-Chinese+intercultural+studies%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-940344-86-1&rft.aulast=Gentz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmfg11_rzEAC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_T._GrayRuth_V._GrossRolf_J._GoebelClayton_Koelb2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard T. Gray; Ruth V. Gross; Rolf J. Goebel; Clayton Koelb, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLW5gXc0X4C&pg=PA212"><i>A Franz Kafka encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30375-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>In its current usage, <i>Orient</i> is a key term of cultural critique that derives from Edward W. Saïd's influential book <i>Orientalism</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Franz+Kafka+encyclopedia&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30375-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZLW5gXc0X4C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newhumanist-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newhumanist_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newhumanist_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newhumanist_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Howe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newhumanist.org.uk/1908">"Dangerous mind?"</a>, <i>New Humanist</i>, Vol. 123, November/December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Between Worlds", <i>Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays</i> (2002) pp. 561, 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sherry, Mark (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001/acref-9780199754663-e-835">"Said, Edward Wadie"</a></span>. In John R. Shook (ed.). <i>Said, Edward Wadie (1935–2003)</i>. <i>The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers</i>. Oxford: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975466-3"><bdi>978-0-19-975466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Said%2C+Edward+Wadie+%281935%E2%80%932003%29&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Modern+American+Philosophers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975466-3&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199754663.001.0001%2Facref-9780199754663-e-835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buchanan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buchanan_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchanan_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Buchanan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ian Buchanan, ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532919.001.0001/acref-9780199532919-e-617">"Said, Edward"</a></span>. <i>A Dictionary of Critical Theory</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953291-9"><bdi>978-0-19-953291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Said%2C+Edward&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Critical+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953291-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199532919.001.0001%2Facref-9780199532919-e-617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfgw-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dfgw_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dfgw_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Farooq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/edward_said/banners.html"><i>Study Resource Page</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609171458/http://globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/edward_said/banners.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Global Web Post. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2003" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Richard (26 September 2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/arts/edward-w-said-literary-critic-advocate-for-palestinian-independence-dies-67.html">"Edward W. Said, Literary Critic and Advocate for Palestinian Independence, Dies at 67"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520040836/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/arts/edward-w-said-literary-critic-advocate-for-palestinian-independence-dies-67.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Edward+W.+Said%2C+Literary+Critic+and+Advocate+for+Palestinian+Independence%2C+Dies+at+67&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F09%2F26%2Farts%2Fedward-w-said-literary-critic-advocate-for-palestinian-independence-dies-67.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew N. Rubin,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713113355/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_4_26/ai_n13562961/">"Edward W. Said"</a>, <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i>, Fall 2004: p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1999" class="citation news cs1">Said, Edward (10 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/10/magazine/the-one-state-solution.html">"The One-State Solution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Given the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Twenty-seventh government of Israel">Netanyahu Government</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye peace agreement</a>, it is time to question whether the entire process begun in <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo</a> in 1993 is the right instrument for bringing peace between Palestinians and Israelis. It is my view that the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">peace process</a> has in fact put off the real reconciliation that must occur if the hundred-year war between <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and the Palestinian people is to end. Oslo set the stage for separation, but real peace can come only with a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">binational Israeli–Palestinian state</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+One-State+Solution&rft.date=1999-01-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F01%2F10%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-one-state-solution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracy-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-democracy_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-democracy_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Democracy Now!, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/features/edward_said">"Edward Saïd Archive"</a>, DemocracyNow.org, 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108201059/http://www.democracynow.org/features/edward_said">Archived</a> 8 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry2005" class="citation book cs1">Sherry, Mark (2005). Shook, John R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijpj1tB3Qr0C&pg=PA2106"><i>Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers</i></a>. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum. p. 2106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843710370" title="Special:BookSources/9781843710370"><bdi>9781843710370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+American+Philosophers&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=2106&rft.pub=Thoemmes+Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843710370&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjpj1tB3Qr0C%26pg%3DPA2106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Hughes, Robert (21 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004224830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978727,00.html">"Envoy to Two Cultures"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978727,00.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Envoy+to+Two+Cultures&rft.date=1993-06-21&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C978727%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thisweekinpalestine.com/edward-said/">"Edward Said"</a>. <i>This Week in Palestine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Week+in+Palestine&rft.atitle=Edward+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthisweekinpalestine.com%2Fedward-said%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said_autobiography-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_autobiography_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1999" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (1999). <i>Out of Place</i>. Vintage Books, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Place&rft.pub=Vintage+Books%2C+NY&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2018/11/edward-place-181114122149652.html">"Edward Said: 'Out of Place<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>, 14 November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Aljazeera.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera.com">Aljazeera.com</a>. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiterberg2003" class="citation news cs1">Piterberg, Gabriel (27 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/edward-said-37181.html">"Edward Wadie Said a political activist literary critic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Edward+Wadie+Said+a+political+activist+literary+critic&rft.date=2003-09-27&rft.aulast=Piterberg&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fedward-said-37181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283211736">"Narrativising Illness: Edward Said's Out of Place and the Postcolonial Confessional/Indisposed Self"</a>. Arab World English Journal. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narrativising+Illness%3A+Edward+Said%27s+Out+of+Place+and+the+Postcolonial+Confessional%2FIndisposed+Self&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Arab+World+English+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283211736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ihab Shalback, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9dPZ1RcSkAC&pg=PA76">'Edward Said and the Palestinian Experience,'</a> in Joseph Pugliese (ed.) <i>Transmediterranean: Diasporas, Histories, Geopolitical Spaces,</i> Peter Lang, 2010, pp. 71–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/sep/11/2">"Out of the shadows"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 11 September 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+shadows&rft.date=1999-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F1999%2Fsep%2F11%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskanderHakem_Rustom2010" class="citation book cs1">Iskander, Adel; Hakem Rustom (2010). <i>Edward Saïd: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24546-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24546-4</bdi></a>. <q>[Edward Wadie] Saïd was of Christian background, a confirmed agnostic, perhaps even an atheist, yet he had a rage for justice and a moral sensibility lacking in most [religious] believers. Saïd retained his own ethical compass without God, and persevered in an exile, once forced, from Cairo, and now chosen, affected by neither malice nor fear.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Sa%C3%AFd%3A+A+Legacy+of+Emancipation+and+Representation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24546-4&rft.aulast=Iskander&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft.au=Hakem+Rustom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (2010). <i>Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441150844" title="Special:BookSources/9781441150844"><bdi>9781441150844</bdi></a>. <q>A hundred and fifty years on, Edward Saïd, an agnostic of Palestinian origins, who strove to correct false Western impressions of 'Orientalism', would declare Newman's university <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourses</a> both true and 'incomparably eloquent'. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman%27s+Unquiet+Grave%3A+The+Reluctant+Saint&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441150844&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-protestant-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-protestant_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacco2001" class="citation book cs1">Sacco, Joe (2001). <i>Palestine</i>. Fantagraphics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine&rft.pub=Fantagraphics&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sacco&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amritjit Singh, <i>Interviews With Edward W. Saïd</i> (Oxford: UP of Mississippi, 2004), pp. 19, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/said2.html"><i>Defamation, Revisionist Style</i></a>, <i>CounterPunch</i>, 1999. Retrieved 7 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021210044310/http://www.counterpunch.org/said2.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/23/israel">"Friends rally to repulse attack on Edward Said" by Julian Borger 23 August 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Between_Worlds-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Between_Worlds_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward (7 May 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v20/n09/edward-said/between-worlds">"Between Worlds | Edward Said makes sense of his life"</a>, <i>London Review of Books</i>. Retrieved 24 November 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said_1957_senior_thesis-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Said_1957_senior_thesis_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1957" class="citation web cs1">Said, Edward William (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp01r781wh54t?mode=full">"The Moral Vision: Andre Gide and Graham Greene"</a>. <i>Princeton DataSpace</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+DataSpace&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Vision%3A+Andre+Gide+and+Graham+Greene&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataspace.princeton.edu%2Fhandle%2F88435%2Fdsp01r781wh54t%3Fmode%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lajewsforpeace.org-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lajewsforpeace.org_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lajewsforpeace.org_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">LA Jews For Peace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html"><i>The Question of Palestine</i> by Edward Saïd. (1997)</a> <i>Books on the Israel–Palestinian Conflict – Annotated Bibliography</i>. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omri, Mohamed-Salah, "The Portrait of the Intellectual as a Porter"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia University Press, <i>About the Author: Humanism and Democratic Criticism</i>, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Moustafa_Bayoumi" title="Moustafa Bayoumi">Moustafa Bayoumi</a> and Andrew Rubin, Eds., <i>The Edward Saïd Reader</i>, Vintage, 2000, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gmx4c">"The Reith Lectures: Edward Saïd: Representation of the Intellectual: 1993"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reith+Lectures%3A+Edward+Sa%C3%AFd%3A+Representation+of+the+Intellectual%3A+1993&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp00gmx4c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cultureimperialism-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cultureimperialism_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2012" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (24 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NmWrG9PgCQC&q=culture%20and%20imperialism&pg=PP1"><i>Culture and Imperialism</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307829658" title="Special:BookSources/9780307829658"><bdi>9780307829658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Imperialism&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.isbn=9780307829658&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NmWrG9PgCQC%26q%3Dculture%2520and%2520imperialism%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5FIrrLKXDIC&q=joseph+conrad+and+the+fiction+of+autobiography">Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography</a></i> (1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Conor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pagV6FegTJoC&pg=PA16"><i>The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said</i></a>. Cambridge UP. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139491402" title="Special:BookSources/9781139491402"><bdi>9781139491402</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Edward+Said&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139491402&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpagV6FegTJoC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Saïd, <i>Power, Politics and Culture</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001: pp. 77–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windschuttle-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windschuttle_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Windschuttle" title="Keith Windschuttle">Windschuttle, Keith</a>. "Edward Saïd's 'Orientalism revisited'", <i>The New Criterion</i> 17 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501055657/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/17/jan99/said.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2008, at the Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orientalism-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orientalism_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2003" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward (2003) [Reprinted with a new preface, first published 1978]. <i>Orientalism</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141187425" title="Special:BookSources/0141187425"><bdi>0141187425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0141187425&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kramer" title="Martin Kramer">Kramer, Martin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/3082">"Enough Said (Book review: <i>Dangerous Knowledge</i>, by Robert Irwin)"</a>, March 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>. "The Question of Orientalism", <i>Islam and the West</i>, London: 1993. pp. 99, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Robert. <i>For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies</i> London:Allen Lane: 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040219000944/http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/SaidSplash.htm">"Said's Splash"</a> <i>Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America</i>, Policy Papers 58 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Kramer said that "Fifteen years after [the] publication of <i>Orientalism</i>, the UCLA historian Nikki Keddie (whose work Saïd praised in <i>Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World</i>) allowed that <i>Orientalism</i> was 'important, and, in many ways, positive' ".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Approaches to the History of the Middle East</i>, Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher, Ed., London:Ithaca Press, 1994: pp. 144–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1982" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Bernard (24 June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/307584/original/The+Question+of+Orientalism+by+Bernard+Lewis+%7C+The+New+York+Review+of+Books.pdf">"The Question of Orientalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Orientalism&rft.date=1982-06-24&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amherst.edu%2Fmedia%2Fview%2F307584%2Foriginal%2FThe%2BQuestion%2Bof%2BOrientalism%2Bby%2BBernard%2BLewis%2B%257C%2BThe%2BNew%2BYork%2BReview%2Bof%2BBooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Saïd_1985,_p._96_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saïd, Edward, "Orientalism Reconsidered", <i>Cultural Critique</i> magazine, No. 1, Autumn 1985, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eagleton, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200602130032"><i>Eastern Block</i> (book review of <i>For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies</i>, 2006, by Robert Irwin)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118042021/http://www.newstatesman.com/200602130032">Archived</a> 18 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New Statesman</i>, 13 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramer, Martin (2001). <i>Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew N. Rubin, "Techniques of Trouble: Edward Saïd and the Dialectics of Cultural Philology", <i>The South Atlantic Quarterly</i>, 102.4 (2003). pp. 862–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emory University, Department of English, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Intro.html">Introduction to Postcolonial Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Prakash" title="Gyan Prakash">Prakash, Gyan</a> (April 1990). "Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 383–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500016534">10.1017/s0010417500016534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178920">178920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144435305">144435305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Writing+Post-Orientalist+Histories+of+the+Third+World%3A+Perspectives+from+Indian+Historiography&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-408&rft.date=1990-04&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144435305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500016534&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Gyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Dirks" title="Nicholas Dirks">Nicholas Dirks</a>, <i>Castes of Mind</i>, Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inden" title="Ronald Inden">Ronald Inden</a>, <i>Imagining India</i>, New York: Oxford UP, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Springer, "Culture of Violence or Violent Orientalism? Neoliberalisation and Imagining the 'Savage Other' in Post-transitional Cambodia", <i>Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</i> 34.3 (2009): 305–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homi_K._Bhabha" title="Homi K. Bhabha">Bhabha, Homi K.</a>, <i>Nation and Narration</i>, New York & London: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>, <i>In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics</i>, London: Methuen, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbrook2008" class="citation book cs1">Ashbrook, John E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9VVZ1esGwC&q=%22Nesting+Orientalisms%22&pg=PA22"><i>Buying and Selling the Istrian Goat: Istrian Regionalism, Croatian Nationalism, and EU Enlargement</i></a>. New York: Peter Lang. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-391-6"><bdi>978-90-5201-391-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213599021">213599021</a>. <q>Milica Baki–Hayden built on Wolff's work, incorporating the ideas of Edward Saïd's "Orientalism"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buying+and+Selling+the+Istrian+Goat%3A+Istrian+Regionalism%2C+Croatian+Nationalism%2C+and+EU+Enlargement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213599021&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-391-6&rft.aulast=Ashbrook&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duk9VVZ1esGwC%26q%3D%2522Nesting%2BOrientalisms%2522%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ogSzrXJEfMC&q=%22Nesting+Orientalisms%22&pg=PA37"><i>Ethnologia Balkanica</i></a>. Sofia: Prof. M. Drinov Academic Pub. House. 1995. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41714232">41714232</a>. <q>The idea of "nesting orientalisms", in Baki–Hayden 1995, and the related concept of "nesting balkanisms", in Todorova 1997. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologia+Balkanica&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Prof.+M.+Drinov+Academic+Pub.+House&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41714232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ogSzrXJEfMC%26q%3D%2522Nesting%2BOrientalisms%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamel2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kamel" title="Lorenzo Kamel">Kamel, Lorenzo</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075912/http://www.brismes.ac.uk/nmes/archives/1263">"The Impact of "Biblical Orientalism" in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Palestine"</a>. <i>New Middle Eastern Studies</i> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brismes.ac.uk/nmes/archives/1263">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+%22Biblical+Orientalism%22+in+Late+Nineteenth-+and+Early+Twentieth-Century+Palestine&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kamel&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brismes.ac.uk%2Fnmes%2Farchives%2F1263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2007). <i>The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine–Israel</i>. New York: Zed Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Zionism%3A+Invented+Traditions%2C+Archaeology+and+Post-Colonialism+in+Palestine%E2%80%93Israel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Gandhi, Leela</a> (1998). <i>Postcolonial Theory</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Leela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Between Worlds", <i>Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays</i> (2002) pp. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saïd, Edward, "Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims" (1979), in <i>The Edward Saïd Reader</i>, Vintage Books, 2000, pp. 114–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgteoJ1LihU">"Imperial Continuity – Palestine, Iraq, and U.S. Policy"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 8 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Imperial+Continuity+%E2%80%93+Palestine%2C+Iraq%2C+and+U.S.+Policy&rft.date=2003-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtgteoJ1LihU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Ruthven, Nalise</a> (26 September 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,2763,1049931,00.html">"Edward Said: Controversial Literary Critic and Bold Advocate of the Palestinian Cause in America"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 1 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saïd, Edward (21 October 1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v15/n20/edward-said/the-morning-after">"The Morning After"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>, Vol. 15, No. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenna2007" class="citation news cs1">Senna, Carl (6 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/dis-oriented/article720848/">"Dis-Oriented"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dis-Oriented&rft.date=2007-01-06&rft.aulast=Senna&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Fdis-oriented%2Farticle720848%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRB_Wood-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRB_Wood_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRB_Wood_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Wood, Michael (23 October 2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n20/michael-wood/on-edward-said">"On Edward Said"</a></span>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. Vol. 25, no. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630071727/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n20/michael-wood/on-edward-said">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=On+Edward+Said&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2003-10-23&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv25%2Fn20%2Fmichael-wood%2Fon-edward-said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward (23 July 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediamonitors.net/edward33.html">"The price of Camp David"</a>, <i>Al Ahram Weekly</i>. Retrieved 5 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815002641/http://www.mediamonitors.net/edward33.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Cohn" title="Werner Cohn">Werner Cohn</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wernercohn.com/Said.html">What Edward Said knows</a>. Retrieved 15 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Saïd, "Orientalism, an Afterward" <i>Raritan</i> 14:3 (Winter 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106172454/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b813cf212">"In Search of Palestine (1998)"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b813cf212">the original</a> on 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Palestine+%281998%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b813cf212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxWOkkkFMwC&q=IN+SEARCH+OF+PALESTINE">Culture and resistance: conversations with Edward W. Said</a> By Edward W. Said, David Barsamian, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Julian_Vigo_2004_pp._43_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Vigo, "Edward Saïd and the Politics of Peace: From Orientalisms to Terrorology", <i>A Journal of Contemporary Thought</i> (2004): pp. 43–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dinitia_Smith" title="Dinitia Smith">Dinitia Smith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/10/arts/a-stone-s-throw-is-a-freudian-slip.html?scp=1&sq=%22edward+said%22&st=nyt">"A Stone's Throw is a Freudian Slip"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 10 March 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunnie Kim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2000/07/19/edward-said-accused-stoning-south-lebanon"><i>Edward Said Accused of Stoning in South Lebanon</i></a>, Columbia Spectator, 19 July 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_W._Arenson2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_W._Arenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen W. Arenson">Karen W. Arenson</a> (19 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/19/nyregion/19COLU.html?ex=1176523200&en=ea585e33b37df5f2&ei=5070">"Columbia Debates a Professor's 'Gesture'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columbia+Debates+a+Professor%27s+%27Gesture%27&rft.date=2000-10-19&rft.au=Karen+W.+Arenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F19%2Fnyregion%2F19COLU.html%3Fex%3D1176523200%26en%3Dea585e33b37df5f2%26ei%3D5070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Saïd and David Barsamian, <i>Culture and Resistance – Conversations with Edward Said</i>, South End Press, 2003: pp. 85–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Kramer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/3082">Enough Said review of <i>Dangerous Knowledge</i>, by Robert Irwin</a>, March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Democracy Now!, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2003/4/15/syrian_expert_patrick_seale_and_columbia">"Syrian Expert Patrick Seale and Columbia University Professor Edward Said Discuss the State of the Middle East After the Invasion of Iraq"</a>, DemocracyNow.org, 15 April 2003. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Said, Edward.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/631/focus.htm">"Resources of Hope"</a>, <i>Al-Ahram Weekly</i>, 2 April 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221221020/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/631/focus.htm">Archived</a> 21 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, David (13 January 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2006/01/13/how-the-fbi-spied-on-edward-said/">"How the FBI Spied on Edward Said"</a>, <i>CounterPunch</i>. Retrieved 15 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116100931/http://www.counterpunch.org/price01132006.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brennan2021-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brennan2021_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2021" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Timothy (2021). <i>Places of Mind. A Life of Edward Said</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374146535" title="Special:BookSources/9780374146535"><bdi>9780374146535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Places+of+Mind.+A+Life+of+Edward+Said&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780374146535&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2006" class="citation web cs1">Cockburn, Alexander (12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/fbi-and-edward-said/">"The FBI and Edward Said"</a>. <i>The Nation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+FBI+and+Edward+Said&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Ffbi-and-edward-said%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranjan Ghosh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewidgetsonline.com/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=lHNy0CN9jdX%2fkV3%2f8IVtAA%3d%3d&rand=1414102986&buyNowLink="><i>Edward Said and the Literary, Social, and Political World</i></a>, New York: Routledge, 2009: p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710211037/http://www.ewidgetsonline.com/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=lHNy0CN9jdX%2FkV3%2F8IVtAA%3D%3D&rand=1414102986&buyNowLink=">Archived</a> 10 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-13936-6/music-at-the-limits"><i>Music at the Limits</i> by Edward W. Saïd</a>. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qonstage-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qonstage_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rase, Sherri (8 April 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qonstage.com/QOnStage_articles/2011fairouz-rase/index.html">Conversations—with Mohammed Fairouz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322231341/http://www.qonstage.com/QOnStage_articles/2011fairouz-rase/index.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>[Q]onStage</i>. Retrieved 19 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Homage to a Belly-dancer", <i>Granta</i>, 13 (Winter 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reflections on Exile", <i>London Review of Books</i>, 13 September 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barenboim–Saïd Foundation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barenboim-said.org/index.php?id=119">official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027113059/http://www.barenboim-said.org/index.php?id=119">Archived</a> 27 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Barenboim-Said.org. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English Pen World Atlas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16">"Edward Said"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 3 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinozalens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinozalens.nl/pages/laureaten_en.htm"><i>Internationale Spinozaprijs Laureates</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805011845/http://www.spinozalens.nl/pages/laureaten_en.htm">Archived</a> 5 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia University Press, "About the Author", <i>Humanism and Democratic Criticism</i>, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English Pen World Atlas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16"><i>Edward Said</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172211/http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeed2019" class="citation web cs1">Saeed, Saeed (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/life-beyond-edward-how-mariam-said-is-carving-her-own-legacy-1.843862">"Life beyond Edward: how Mariam Said is carving her own legacy"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Life+beyond+Edward%3A+how+Mariam+Said+is+carving+her+own+legacy&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fmusic%2Flife-beyond-edward-how-mariam-said-is-carving-her-own-legacy-1.843862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruthven_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2003" class="citation news cs1">Ruthven, Malise (26 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/26/guardianobituaries.highereducation">"Obituary: Edward Said"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114153120/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/sep/26/guardianobituaries.highereducation">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Edward+Said&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fsep%2F26%2Fguardianobituaries.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031002225327/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/edwardSaid_2.html">"Columbia Community Mourns Passing of Edward Said, Beloved and Esteemed University Professor"</a>. Office of Public Affairs. <i>Columbia News</i>. Columbia University. 26 September 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/09/edwardSaid_2.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+News&rft.atitle=Columbia+Community+Mourns+Passing+of+Edward+Said%2C+Beloved+and+Esteemed+University+Professor&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fnews%2F03%2F09%2FedwardSaid_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2003" class="citation news cs1">Feeney, Mark (26 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2003/09/26/edward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67/">"Edward Said, critic, scholar, Palestinian advocate; at 67"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407000732/http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2003/09/26/edward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Edward+Said%2C+critic%2C+scholar%2C+Palestinian+advocate%3B+at+67&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2003%2F09%2F26%2Fedward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn2003" class="citation news cs1">Cockburn, Alexander (25 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterpunch.org/2003/09/25/edward-said-a-mighty-and-passionate-heart/">"Edward Said: A Mighty and Passionate Heart"</a>. <i>CounterPunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627174807/https://www.counterpunch.org/2003/09/25/edward-said-a-mighty-and-passionate-heart/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CounterPunch&rft.atitle=Edward+Said%3A+A+Mighty+and+Passionate+Heart&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2003%2F09%2F25%2Fedward-said-a-mighty-and-passionate-heart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Deane" title="Seamus Deane">Deane, Seamus</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fieldday.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SDeaneFDR.pdf">"Edward Said (1935–2003): A Late Style of Humanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Field Day Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 189–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1649-6507">1649-6507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30078611">30078611</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617043929/https://fieldday.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/SDeaneFDR.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Day+Review&rft.atitle=Edward+Said+%281935%E2%80%932003%29%3A+A+Late+Style+of+Humanism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=189-202&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30078611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1649-6507&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffieldday.ie%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2FSDeaneFDR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (26 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/09/a-valediction-for-edward-said.html">"A valediction for Edward Said"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307033719/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/09/a-valediction-for-edward-said.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+valediction+for+Edward+Said&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2003%2F09%2Fa-valediction-for-edward-said.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a> (1 July 2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/rootless-cosmopolitan/">"The Rootless Cosmopolitan"</a></span>. <i>The Nation</i> (published 19 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125135723/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/rootless-cosmopolitan/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Rootless+Cosmopolitan&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Frootless-cosmopolitan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii24/articles/tariq-ali-remembering-edward-said">"Remembering Edward Said, 1935–2003"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>. <b>24</b>: 59–65. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6060">0028-6060</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203213707/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii24/articles/tariq-ali-remembering-edward-said">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Remembering+Edward+Said%2C+1935%E2%80%932003&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0028-6060&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii24%2Farticles%2Ftariq-ali-remembering-edward-said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/10/2/edward-said-to-be-buried-in-lebanon">"Edward Said to be buried in Lebanon"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. 2 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Edward+Said+to+be+buried+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F10%2F2%2Fedward-said-to-be-buried-in-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/106842/Ashes-of-Edward-Said-Buried-in-Lebanon">"Ashes of Edward Said Buried in Lebanon"</a>. <i>Tehran Times</i>. 1 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Ashes+of+Edward+Said+Buried+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F106842%2FAshes-of-Edward-Said-Buried-in-Lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.dawn.com/news/118185/said-to-be-buried-in-lebanon">"Said to be buried in Lebanon"</a>. <i>DAWN.COM</i>. 3 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Said+to+be+buried+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F118185%2Fsaid-to-be-buried-in-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejts.revues.org/index931.html">"Conference: Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward Said."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213233123/http://ejts.revues.org/index931.html">Archived</a> 13 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 25–26 May 2007. Bogazici University. <i>European Journal of Turkish Studies</i>. Ejts.org. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorgen Jensehausen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/46/3/458">"Review: 'Waiting for the Barbarians'"</a> <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>, Vol. 46, No. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2010" class="citation book cs1">Fish, Rachel (2010). "Standing up for Academic Integrity on Campus". In Pollack, Eunice G. (ed.). <i>Antisemitism on the Campus: Past and Present</i>. Boston: Academic Studies Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781618110428" title="Special:BookSources/9781618110428"><bdi>9781618110428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standing+up+for+Academic+Integrity+on+Campus&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+on+the+Campus%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781618110428&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.columbia.edu/person/khalidi-rashid/">"Khalidi, Rashid"</a>. <i>Department of History – Columbia University</i>. 2 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+History+%E2%80%93+Columbia+University&rft.atitle=Khalidi%2C+Rashid&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.columbia.edu%2Fperson%2Fkhalidi-rashid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Birzeit_University" title="Birzeit University">Birzeit University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncm.birzeit.edu/"><i>Edward Said National Conservatory of Music</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2017" class="citation news cs1">Flaherty, Colleen (31 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/05/31/why-did-fresno-state-cancel-search-professorship-named-after-late-edward-said">"Why did Fresno State cancel a search for a professorship named after the late Edward Said?"</a>. <i>Inside Higher Ed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Why+did+Fresno+State+cancel+a+search+for+a+professorship+named+after+the+late+Edward+Said%3F&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F31%2Fwhy-did-fresno-state-cancel-search-professorship-named-after-late-edward-said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsamian2003" class="citation book cs1">Barsamian, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC&pg=PA57"><i>Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said</i></a>. Pluto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745320175" title="Special:BookSources/9780745320175"><bdi>9780745320175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Resistance%3A+Conversations+with+Edward+W.+Said&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780745320175&rft.aulast=Barsamian&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUt6EAoH0xgC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2021" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Timothy (2021). <i>Places of Mind. A Life of Edward Said</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374146535" title="Special:BookSources/9780374146535"><bdi>9780374146535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Places+of+Mind.+A+Life+of+Edward+Said&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780374146535&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (2010). <i>Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint</i>. Continuum International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441150844" title="Special:BookSources/9781441150844"><bdi>9781441150844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman%27s+Unquiet+Grave%3A+The+Reluctant+Saint&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441150844&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentz2009" class="citation book cs1">Gentz, Joachim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Omfg11_rzEAC&pg=PA41">"Orientalism/Occidentalism"</a>. <i>Keywords re-oriented</i>. interKULTUR, European-Chinese intercultural studies, Volume IV. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-86-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940344-86-1"><bdi>978-3-940344-86-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orientalism%2FOccidentalism&rft.btitle=Keywords+re-oriented&rft.series=interKULTUR%2C+European-Chinese+intercultural+studies%2C+Volume+IV&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-940344-86-1&rft.aulast=Gentz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOmfg11_rzEAC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazoul2007" class="citation book cs1">Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf9_dbmJyQkC&pg=PA290"><i>Edward Said and Critical Decolonization</i></a>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-416-087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-416-087-5"><bdi>978-977-416-087-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>. <q>Edward W. Said (1935–2003) was one of the most influential intellectuals in the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Said+and+Critical+Decolonization&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-977-416-087-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf9_dbmJyQkC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayGrossGoebelKoelb2005" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Richard T.; Gross, Ruth V.; Goebel, Rolf J.; et al., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZLW5gXc0X4C&pg=PA212"><i>A Franz Kafka encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30375-3"><bdi>978-0-313-30375-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Franz+Kafka+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30375-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZLW5gXc0X4C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskanderRustom2010" class="citation book cs1">Iskander, Adel; Rustom, Hakem (2010). <i>Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24546-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24546-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Said%3A+A+Legacy+of+Emancipation+and+Representation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24546-4&rft.aulast=Iskander&rft.aufirst=Adel&rft.au=Rustom%2C+Hakem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Conor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pagV6FegTJoC&pg=PA10"><i>The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said</i></a>. Cambridge UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139491402" title="Special:BookSources/9781139491402"><bdi>9781139491402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Edward+Said&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139491402&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpagV6FegTJoC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1979" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yivirt2t1lYC"><i>Orientalism</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394740676" title="Special:BookSources/9780394740676"><bdi>9780394740676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780394740676&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYivirt2t1lYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1996" class="citation book cs1">Said, Edward W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n61tAAAAMAAJ"><i>Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process</i></a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679767251" title="Special:BookSources/9780679767251"><bdi>9780679767251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Its+Discontents%3A+Essays+on+Palestine+in+the+Middle+East+Peace+Process&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780679767251&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn61tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghJohnson2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amritjit; Johnson, Bruce G., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OC6PxMiYc3YC"><i>Interviews with Edward W. Said</i></a>. UP of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578063666" title="Special:BookSources/9781578063666"><bdi>9781578063666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interviews+with+Edward+W.+Said&rft.pub=UP+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781578063666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOC6PxMiYc3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerRojek2001" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Bryan S; Rojek, Chris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaGLmpN1RXMC&pg=PA224"><i>Society and Culture: Scarcity and Solidarity</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761970491" title="Special:BookSources/9780761970491"><bdi>9780761970491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Culture%3A+Scarcity+and+Solidarity&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780761970491&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S&rft.au=Rojek%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJaGLmpN1RXMC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamir2005" class="citation book cs1">Zamir, Shamoon (2005). "Said, Edward W.". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition</i>. Vol. 12. Macmillan. pp. 8031–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Said%2C+Edward+W.&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=8031-32&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zamir&rft.aufirst=Shamoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brennan, Timothy. <i>Places of Mind: A Life of Edward Said</i> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/places-of-mind-a-life-of-edward-said-timothy-brennan-review-robert-irwin/">online review</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Valerie. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYMQ44XjIegC&q=critical+introduction+edward+said">Edward Said: A Critical Introduction</a></i>. Key Contemporary Thinkers. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000.</li> <li>McCarthy, Conor. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521683050">The Cambridge Introduction to Edward Said</a></i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannian2016" class="citation book cs1">Pannian, Prasad (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781137548641"><i>Edward Said and the Question of Subjectivity</i></a>. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137548641" title="Special:BookSources/9781137548641"><bdi>9781137548641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Said+and+the+Question+of+Subjectivity&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.isbn=9781137548641&rft.aulast=Pannian&rft.aufirst=Prasad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fin%2Fbook%2F9781137548641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Said" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WEkswEACAAJ">Edward Said and the Question of Subjectivity</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</li> <li>Rubin, Andrew N. ed. <i>Humanism, Freedom, and the Critic: Edward W. Said and After</i>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Said, Edward W. Moustafa Bayoumi, et al. <i>The Selected Works of Edward Said, 1966 – 2006</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Selected-Works-Edward-Said-1966/dp/0525565310/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li>Edward Said, 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v22/n11/edward-said/diary">"My Encounter with Sartre"</a>, <i>London Review of Books</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0756429/">Edward Said</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://othervoices.org/3.1/bvanderlinden/index.php">Review of <i>Reflections on Exile and Other Essays</i> and <i>Edward Said: The Last Interview</i></a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Other_Voices_(open-access_journal_of_cultural_criticism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Voices (open-access journal of cultural criticism)">Other Voices</a></i>, vol. 3, no. 1.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL26322A">Works by Edward Said</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?8001">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_5483040">Finding aid to Edward Said papers at Columbia University – Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Vicariate_of_Solidarity" title="Vicariate of Solidarity">Vicariate of Solidarity</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Communities</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/AmfAR" title="AmfAR">American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Gesto_por_la_Paz" title="Gesto por la Paz">Association for Peace in the Basque Country</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_of_Street_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement of Street Children (page does not exist)">National Movement of Street Children</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messengers_of_Peace_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messengers of Peace (Spain) (page does not exist)">Messengers of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></li> <li>1995: H.M. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein I</a>, king of Jordan</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1998: Nicolás Castellanos, <a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Ferrer_Moncho" title="Vicenç Ferrer Moncho">Vicente Ferrer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sanz_Gadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Sanz Gadea (page does not exist)">Joaquín Sanz Gadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Caritas Spain</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Said</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Way of St. James</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt" title="Íngrid Betancourt">Íngrid Betancourt</a></li> <li>2009: The City of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manos_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manos Unidas (page does not exist)">Manos Unidas</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_50" title="Fukushima 50">Fukushima 50</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Federation_of_Food_Banks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Federation of Food Banks (page does not exist)">Spanish Federation of Food Banks</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/ONCE" title="ONCE">Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE)</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Caddy_Adzuba" title="Caddy Adzuba">Caddy Adzuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hospitallers_of_Saint_John_of_God" title="Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God">Hospitaller Order of St John of God</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li>2019: The City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li>2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen" title="World Central Kitchen">World Central Kitchen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Meals" title="Mary's Meals">Mary's Meals</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Book_Awards" title="Template talk:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Book_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Book Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Book_Awards_winners_(1980–1999)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Book_Awards" title="American Book Awards">American Book Awards</a> winners (1980–1999)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Woolf" title="Douglas Woolf">Douglas Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dorn" title="Ed Dorn">Edward Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Cortez" title="Jayne Cortez">Jayne Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(poet)" title="Alta (poet)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chong_Lau" title="Alan Chong Lau">Alan Chong Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_N._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenido N. Santos">Bienvenido N. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Mitchell (page does not exist)">Lionel Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blue_Cloud" title="Peter Blue Cloud">Peter Blue Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Drachler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Drachler (page does not exist)">Rose Drachler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Young" title="Al Young">Al Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Niatum" title="Duane Niatum">Duane Niatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Mayo" title="E. L. Mayo">E. L. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Obenzinger" title="Hilton Obenzinger">Hilton Obenzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Him_Mark_Lai" title="Him Mark Lai">Him Mark Lai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genny_Lim" title="Genny Lim">Genny Lim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Yung" title="Judy Yung">Judy Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Rothenberg" title="Jerome Rothenberg">Jerome Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Thomas" title="Joyce Carol Thomas">Joyce Carol Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Quintana" title="Leroy Quintana">Leroy Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Dee_Cervantes" title="Lorna Dee Cervantes">Lorna Dee Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Russell Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tato_Laviera" title="Tato Laviera">Tato Laviera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Christian" title="Barbara Christian">Barbara Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Liang (page does not exist)">Cecilia Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Vigil-Pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Evangelina Vigil-Piñón">Evangelina Vigil-Piñón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rohmer" title="Harriet Rohmer">Harriet Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarahata_Hagedorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn">Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Candelaria" title="Nash Candelaria">Nash Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Tuama" title="Seán Ó Tuama">Seán Ó Tuama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(writer)" title="Cecil Brown (writer)">Cecil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz_(writer_and_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Schwartz (writer and editor)">Howard Schwartz</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Podwal" title="Mark Podwal">Mark Podwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamu_Amiri_Baraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamu Amiri Baraka">Imamu Amiri Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kenny" title="Maurice Kenny">Maurice Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanne_Lum_McCunn" title="Ruthanne Lum McCunn">Ruthanne Lum McCunn</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=You-shan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="You-shan Tang (page does not exist)">You-shan Tang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lai-shan_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Lai-shan Yeung (page does not exist)">Ellen Lai-shan Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni" title="Venkatesh Kulkarni">Venkatesh Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William J. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Jackson" title="Angela Jackson">Angela Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kuo_Wei_Tchen" title="John Kuo Wei Tchen">John Kuo Wei Tchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_J._McElroy" title="Colleen J. McElroy">Colleen J. McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisanboku_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisanboku Mori (page does not exist)">Taisanboku Mori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojin_Takei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojin Takei (page does not exist)">Sojin Takei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muin_Ozaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muin Ozaki (page does not exist)">Muin Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Owen" title="Maureen Owen">Maureen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sarton" title="May Sarton">May Sarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Edward Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Vinograd" title="Julia Vinograd">Julia Vinograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oandasan" title="William Oandasan">William Oandasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Walters" title="Anna Lee Walters">Anna Lee Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Barolini" title="Helen Barolini">Helen Barolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hannusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hannusch (page does not exist)">Jeff Hannusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Borovsky" title="Natasha Borovsky">Natasha Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(poet)" title="Ai (poet)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyn_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyn Zarco (page does not exist)">Cyn Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McGuire (page does not exist)">Daniel McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bryant" title="Dorothy Bryant">Dorothy Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheridge_Knight" title="Etheridge Knight">Etheridge Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Giddins" title="Gary Giddins">Gary Giddins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Welch_(writer)" title="James Welch (writer)">James Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chiavola_Birnbaum" title="Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum">Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayo_(poet)" title="Michael Mayo (poet)">Michael Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Poinsette Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Blakely" title="Allison Blakely">Allison Blakely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Edward Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor" title="Gerald Vizenor">Gerald Vizenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Santiago_Baca" title="Jimmy Santiago Baca">Jimmy Santiago Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesho_Y._Scott" title="Kesho Y. Scott">Kesho Y. Scott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Muhanji" title="Cherry Muhanji">Cherry Muhanji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyirba_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyirba High (page does not exist)">Egyirba High</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlon_K._Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlon K. Hom (page does not exist)">Marlon K. Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoff" title="Benjamin Hoff">Benjamin Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sukenick" title="Ronald Sukenick">Ronald Sukenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_La_Puma" title="Salvatore La Puma">Salvatore La Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Tek_Lum" title="Wing Tek Lum">Wing Tek Lum</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tek_Lum_Lum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tek Lum Lum (page does not exist)">Tek Lum Lum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Luz_Villanueva" title="Alma Luz Villanueva">Alma Luz Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_M._Tour%C3%A9" title="Askia M. Touré">Askia M. Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Lau">Carolyn Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._California_Cooper" title="J. California Cooper">J. California Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Stone (writer) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Gattuso_Hendin" title="Josephine Gattuso Hendin">Josephine Gattuso Hendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scalapino" title="Leslie Scalapino">Leslie Scalapino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Tanikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuntaro Tanikawa">Shuntaro Tanikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fanning" title="Charles Fanning">Charles Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kennedy" title="Adrienne Kennedy">Adrienne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Daniela Gioseffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualing_Nieh_Engle" title="Hualing Nieh Engle">Hualing Nieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabari_Njeri" title="Itabari Njeri">Itabari Njeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Freeman" title="James M. Freeman">James M. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Walter" title="John C. Walter">John C. Walter</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(author)" title="John Norton (author)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="José Emilio González">José Emilio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A._Thompson" title="Lloyd A. Thompson">Lloyd A. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_T._Clinton" title="Michelle T. Clinton">Michelle T. Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayumi_Tsutakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayumi Tsutakawa (page does not exist)">Mayumi Tsutakawa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Donnelly (page does not exist)">Margarita Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Wright" title="Bruce M. Wright">Bruce Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Trujillo" title="Charley Trujillo">Charley Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Melhem" title="D. H. Melhem">D. H. Melhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Keenan" title="Deborah Keenan">Deborah Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn" title="Jessica Hagedorn">Jessica Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Berlin" title="Lucia Berlin">Lucia Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crow_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crow Dog">Mary Crow Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridel_Le_Sueur" title="Meridel Le Sueur">Meridel Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Hunk_Herald_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Hunk Herald Collective (page does not exist)">Mill Hunk Herald Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Nora Marks Dauenhauer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Richard Dauenhauer</a></li> <li>R. Baxter Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Centolella" title="Thomas Centolella">Thomas Centolella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%27Lelia_Bundles" title="A'Lelia Bundles">A'Lelia Perry Bundles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alire_S%C3%A1enz" title="Benjamin Alire Sáenz">Benjamin Alire Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Burciaga" title="José Antonio Burciaga">José Antonio Burciaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gilyard" title="Keith Gilyard">Keith Gilyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thompson" title="Lucy Thompson">Lucy Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Field" title="Norma Field">Norma Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bacho" title="Peter Bacho">Peter Bacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalifornsky" title="Peter Kalifornsky">Peter Kalifornsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Andrews" title="Raymond Andrews">Raymond Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Scofield" title="Sandra Scofield">Sandra Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg" title="Verlyn Klinkenborg">Verlyn Klinkenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Branch" title="William B. Branch">William B. Branch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> / <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asake_Bomani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asake Bomani (page does not exist)">Asake Bomani</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvie_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvie Rooks (page does not exist)">Belvie Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mogil" title="Christopher Mogil">Christopher Mogil</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Woodrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Woodrow (page does not exist)">Peter Woodrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Giardina" title="Denise Giardina">Denise Giardina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Glancy" title="Diane Glancy">Diane Glancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Redmond" title="Eugene B. Redmond">Eugene B. Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_X._Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Francisco X. Alarcón">Francisco X. Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Jack Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_V._Quintana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leroy V. Quintana (page does not exist)">Leroy V. Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Peter (page does not exist)">Katherine Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka_Rosca" title="Ninotchka Rosca">Ninotchka Rosca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giose_Rimanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giose Rimanelli (page does not exist)">Giose Rimanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Graciela Limón">Graciela Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Reed (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Campbell_Hale" title="Janet Campbell Hale">Janet Campbell Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Blackman" title="Nicole Blackman">Nicole Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_L._Glickman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose L. Glickman (page does not exist)">Rose L. Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Villanueva" title="Tino Villanueva">Tino Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_L._Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia L. Kroll (page does not exist)">Virginia L. Kroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rodriguez_(novelist)" title="Abraham Rodriguez (novelist)">Abraham Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Allen" title="Robert L. Allen">Robert L. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Chavez">Denise Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(journalist)" title="John Egerton (journalist)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(activist)" title="John Ross (activist)">John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Avena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Avena (page does not exist)">Thomas Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Raymond (page does not exist)">Linda Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_De_Marco_Torgovnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna De Marco Torgovnick (page does not exist)">Marianna De Marco Torgovnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_Mueller" title="Marnie Mueller">Marnie Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Quinn (author) (page does not exist)">Peter Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Martz (page does not exist)">Sandra Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Henry_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Henry Jr.">Gordon Henry Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee" title="Chang-Rae Lee">Chang-Rae Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Banerjee_Divakaruni" title="Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni">Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Miller_Laino" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Miller Laino">E.J. Miller Laino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_C._Loury" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn C. Loury">Glenn C. Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Joe Sacco</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Espinosa" title="Maria Espinosa">Maria Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Viscusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Viscusi (page does not exist)">Robert Viscusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a></li> <li>Ron Sakolsky / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weihan_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Weihan Ho">Fred Weihan Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Cowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Cowell (page does not exist)">Stephanie Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alurista" title="Alurista">Alurista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Barresi" title="Dorothy Barresi">Dorothy Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Owens" title="Louis Owens">Louis Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Espada" title="Martín Espada">Martín Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserrat_Fontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserrat Fontes (page does not exist)">Montserrat Fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaina_Maira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaina Maira (page does not exist)">Sunaina Maira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulani_Davis" title="Thulani Davis">Thulani Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_De_Haven" title="Tom De Haven">Tom De Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Banks_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Banks (author) (page does not exist)">William M. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Knight (page does not exist)">Brenda Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Adelle_Hedge_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Adelle Hedge Coke">Allison Adelle Hedge Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Y._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Y. Davis">Angela Y. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Marie_Osbey" title="Brenda Marie Osbey">Brenda Marie Osbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rawles" title="Nancy Rawles">Nancy Rawles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Okja_Keller" title="Nora Okja Keller">Nora Okja Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Benitez" title="Sandra Benitez">Sandra Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_DeVeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott DeVeaux (page does not exist)">Scott DeVeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)" title="Thomas Lynch (poet)">Thomas Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Linzer" title="Anna Linzer">Anna Linzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Ward_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Ward (author) (page does not exist)">Brian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers" title="E. Donald Two-Rivers">E. Donald Two-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Roche" title="Judith Roche">Judith Roche</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meg_McHutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meg McHutchison (page does not exist)">Meg McHutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioia_Timpanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioia Timpanelli (page does not exist)">Gioia Timpanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Naylor" title="Gloria Naylor">Gloria Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lipka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Lipka (page does not exist)">Jerry Lipka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_V._Mohatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald V. Mohatt (page does not exist)">Gerald V. Mohatt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciulistet_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciulistet Group (page does not exist)">Ciulistet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Ellis" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Novakovich" title="Josip Novakovich">Josip Novakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauro Flores">Lauro Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alberto_Urrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alberto Urrea">Luís Alberto Urrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Morgan" title="Speer Morgan">Speer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gach" title="Gary Gach">Gary Gach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lowry" title="Judith Lowry">Judith Lowry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Edward Said</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Said" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Edward Said">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_Said" class="extiw" title="q:Edward Said">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Wadie_Said" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward Wadie Said">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201538#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121027147">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/82539804">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35281/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCQ7bgqvKH4vqKm9J7HC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119174308">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054179">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119232983">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119232983">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455147">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Said, Edward W."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV113458">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35283599">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0004959&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX887610">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/354431">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068749244">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079046">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072638&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000075358&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000278094">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=74797">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199636295">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs6894hd59ch3tj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616405005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/384719">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279163105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000144091">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513975706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14158579">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00488316?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/896813">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119174308.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119174308">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027117677">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fn2dtw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/said-edward-william">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&oldid=1259698932">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&oldid=1259698932</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_births" title="Category:1935 births">1935 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2003_deaths" title="Category:2003 deaths">2003 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_Said" title="Category:Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:21st-century American male writers">21st-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers">21st-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_from_Jerusalem" title="Category:Academics from Jerusalem">Academics from Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_activists" title="Category:American activists">American activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_agnostics" title="Category:American agnostics">American agnostics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anti-Zionists" title="Category:American anti-Zionists">American anti-Zionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Book_Award_winners" title="Category:American Book Award winners">American Book Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_humanists" title="Category:American humanists">American humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_literary_critics" title="Category:American literary critics">American literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_writers" title="Category:American political writers">American political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_writers_of_Lebanese_descent" title="Category:American writers of Lebanese descent">American writers of Lebanese descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_writers_of_Palestinian_descent" title="Category:American writers of Palestinian descent">American writers of Palestinian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences_fellows" title="Category:Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences fellows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_faculty" title="Category:Columbia University faculty">Columbia University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_leukemia_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Deaths from leukemia in New York (state)">Deaths from leukemia in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_alumni" title="Category:Harvard University alumni">Harvard University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_politics" title="Category:Islam and politics">Islam and politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Eastern_studies_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Middle Eastern studies in the United States">Middle Eastern studies in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northfield_Mount_Hermon_School_alumni" title="Category:Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni">Northfield Mount Hermon School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orientalism" title="Category:Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_activists" title="Category:Palestinian activists">Palestinian activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_agnostics" title="Category:Palestinian agnostics">Palestinian agnostics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_literary_critics" title="Category:Palestinian literary critics">Palestinian literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_people_of_Lebanese_descent" title="Category:Palestinian people of Lebanese descent">Palestinian people of Lebanese descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinian_political_writers" title="Category:Palestinian political writers">Palestinian political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Postcolonial_literature" title="Category:Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Modern_Language_Association" title="Category:Presidents of the Modern Language Association">Presidents of the Modern Language Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princeton_University_alumni" title="Category:Princeton University alumni">Princeton University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Said_family" title="Category:Said family">Said family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_nationalism" title="Category:Scholars of nationalism">Scholars of nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._George%27s_School,_Jerusalem_alumni" title="Category:St. George's School, Jerusalem alumni">St. George's School, Jerusalem alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Nation_(U.S._magazine)_people" title="Category:The Nation (U.S. magazine) people">The Nation (U.S. magazine) people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use American English from August 2022">Use American English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_Library_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:Open Library ID same as Wikidata">Open Library ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Open_Library_links" title="Category:Articles with Open Library links">Articles with Open Library links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 16:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Said&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mtwll","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.824","walltime":"2.246","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10919,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":272092,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13139,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":303647,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1916.199 1 -total"," 26.12% 500.482 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.70% 319.911 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 10.06% 192.750 1 Template:Efn"," 9.08% 173.968 31 Template:Cite_book"," 8.54% 163.644 1 Template:Langx"," 6.03% 115.610 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 5.86% 112.258 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 5.41% 103.702 1 Template:Authority_control"," 4.79% 91.871 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.035","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23776393,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","27.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","20.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","20","1.7"],["sub","20","1.7"],["[others]","200","17.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-qz4g9","timestamp":"20241130014343","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edward Said","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Said","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201538","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q201538","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-19T09:23:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T16:08:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f8\/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002_%28Said%29.jpg","headline":"Palestinian-American professor (1935\u20132003)"}</script> </body> </html>