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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Clans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Social stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobility,_vassals_and_clerics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobility,_vassals_and_clerics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Nobility, vassals and clerics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobility,_vassals_and_clerics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Castes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Slaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Astronomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomadic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomadic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Nomadic architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Traditional weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_genres,_groups_and_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_genres,_groups_and_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.1 Music genres, groups and artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_genres,_groups_and_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_culture_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_culture_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.2 Music and culture festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_culture_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caravan_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caravan_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11.1 Caravan trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caravan_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Y-chromosome_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-chromosome_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Y-chromosome DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-chromosome_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mtDNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mtDNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 mtDNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mtDNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Autosomal DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tuareg people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toearegs" title="Toearegs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toearegs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طوارق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوارق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregs" title="Tuaregs – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tuaregs" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareql%C9%99r" title="Tuareqlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tuareqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="طوارق‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طوارق‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Туарэгі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туарэгі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Туареги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Туареги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touareged" title="Touareged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Touareged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C3%A0regs" title="Tuàregs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuàregs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregov%C3%A9" title="Tuaregové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuaregové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twareg" title="Twareg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twareg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareger" title="Tuareger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tuareger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DD%A3" title="توارݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="توارݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareegid" title="Tuareegid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuareegid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Τουαρέγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουαρέγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregoj" title="Tuaregoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuaregoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طوارق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طوارق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touaregs" title="Touaregs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Touaregs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuargaigh" title="Tuargaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuargaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_tuareg" title="Pobo tuareg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo tuareg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="투아레그인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투아레그인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzaye" title="Buzaye – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Buzaye" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տուարեգներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուարեգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuarezi" title="Tuarezi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tuarezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tuareg" title="Orang Tuareg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAaregar" title="Túaregar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túaregar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92" title="טוארג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוארג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტუარეგები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუარეგები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Туарегтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Туарегтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregi" title="Tuaregi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tuaregi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregai" title="Tuaregai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tuaregai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeareg" title="Toeareg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toeareg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregek" title="Tuaregek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tuaregek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Туарези – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туарези" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toarega_(vahoaka)" title="Toarega (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toarega (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ტუარეგეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტუარეგეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طوارق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوارق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Tuareg" title="Orang Tuareg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toeareg" title="Toeareg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toeareg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B0" title="トゥアレグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥアレグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregar" title="Tuaregar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tuaregar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareglar" title="Tuareglar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuareglar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="طوراق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طوراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregowie" title="Tuaregowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tuaregowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregues" title="Tuaregues – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tuaregues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregi" title="Tuaregi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuaregi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Туареги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Туареги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tuareg people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregovia" title="Tuaregovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tuaregovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregi" title="Tuaregi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tuaregi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadka_Tuareg" title="Dadka Tuareg – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadka Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Туарези – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туарези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuarezi" title="Tuarezi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuarezi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregit" title="Tuaregit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuaregit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareger" title="Tuareger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tuareger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துவாரக்கு மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துவாரக்கு மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imuha%C9%A3" title="Imuhaɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imuhaɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaregler" title="Tuaregler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tuaregler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1buzu" title="A̱buzu – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱buzu" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Туареги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туареги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82" title="طوارق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طوارق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Tuareg" title="Người Tuareg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="图阿雷格人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图阿雷格人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Tuareg" title="Àwọn Tuareg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" title="Tuareg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tuareg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Berber confederation of the Sahara desert</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tuareg" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuareg (disambiguation)">Tuareg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tuareg</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="Tuareg">Imuhăɣ/Imašăɣăn/Imajăɣăn ⵎⵂⵗ/ⵎⵛⵗⵏ/ⵎ‌ⵊⵗⵏ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Homme_toureg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homme_toureg.jpg/220px-Homme_toureg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homme_toureg.jpg/330px-Homme_toureg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Homme_toureg.jpg/440px-Homme_toureg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4224" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A Tuareg in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, Algeria.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.0 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,793,652 (11% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-nigertuareg-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">704,814 (1.7% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="infobox-data">406,271 (1.9% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-burkinatuareg-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000–250,000 (nomadic, 1.5% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-comprehedv.cluster011.ovh.net-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hal_open_science-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152,000 (0.34% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">123,000 (2.6% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-Taq-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 (0.015% of its total population)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq/Tafaghist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Tamajeq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a> (those resident in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso), <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a> (those residing in Mauritania, Mali, and Niger), <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a> (those resident in Nigeria), <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan Arabic</a> (those residing in Algeria and Niger)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songhay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay people">Songhay people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Tuareg people (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtwɑːrɛɡ/</a>; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>) are a large <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> ethnic group, traditionally <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>, who principally inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> in a vast area stretching from far southwestern <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> to southern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, as far as northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shoup-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Tuareg speak <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">languages of the same name</a>, also known as Tamasheq, which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic family">Afroasiatic family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIL-13">[13]</a> They are a semi-nomadic people who mostly practice <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and are descended from the indigenous Berber communities of Northern Africa, whose ancestry has been described as a mosaic of local <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern African</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">European</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a>, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some researchers have tied the origin of the Tuareg ethnicity with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> (Libya) from the 1st millennium BC to the 5th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Tuareg people are credited with spreading Islam in North Africa and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Norris1976-18">[18]</a> Tuareg social structure has traditionally included <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> membership, social status and <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> hierarchies within each political confederation.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tamari_1991_221–222,_228–250-21">[21]</a> The Tuareg have controlled several <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes and have been an important party to the conflicts in the Saharan region during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">post-colonial</a> eras.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The origins and meanings of the name Tuareg have long been debated. It would appear that Twārəg is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plural</a> of Tārgi, a name whose former meaning was "inhabitant of Targa", the Tuareg name of the <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> region commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a>. Targa in Berber means "(drainage) channel".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Another theory is that Tuareg is derived from Tuwariq, the plural of the Arabic exonym Tariqi.<a href="#cite_note-Shoup-11">[11]</a> The term for a Tuareg man is Amajagh (variants: Amashegh, Amahagh), the term for a woman Tamajaq (variants: Tamasheq, Tamahaq, Timajaghen). Spellings of the appellation vary by Tuareg dialect. They all reflect the same linguistic root, expressing the notion of "freemen". As such, the endonym strictly refers only to the Tuareg <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, not the artisanal client castes and the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Two other Tuareg self-designations are Kel Tamasheq, meaning "speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg language">Tamasheq</a>", and Kel Tagelmust, meaning "veiled people" in allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">tagelmust</a> garment that is traditionally worn by Tuareg men.<a href="#cite_note-Shoup-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> exonym "Blue People" is similarly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> color of the tagelmust veils and other clothing, which sometimes stains the skin underneath giving it a blueish tint.<a href="#cite_note-GearonEamonn-24">[24]</a> Another term for the Tuareg is Imuhagh or Imushagh, a cognate to the northern Berber self-name Imazighen.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan418-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography_and_languages">Demography and languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demography and languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/220px-Tuareg_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png/330px-Tuareg_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Tuareg_area.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The traditional distribution of the Tuareg in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoup-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> The Tuareg today inhabit a vast area in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, and the far north of Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-Shoup-11">[11]</a> Their combined population in these territories exceeds 2.5 million, with an estimated population in Niger of around 2 million (11% of inhabitants) and in Mali of another 0.5 million (3% of inhabitants).<a href="#cite_note-nigertuareg-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imperato2008-26">[26]</a> The Tuareg are the majority ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal Region</a> of northeastern Mali.<a href="#cite_note-rudolph381-27">[27]</a> The Tuareg traditionally speak the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a>, also known as Tamasheq, Tamajeq or Tamahaq, depending on the dialect.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> These languages belong to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic family">Afroasiatic family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIL-13">[13]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, there are an estimated 1.2 million Tuareg speakers. Around half of this number consists of speakers of the eastern dialect (Tamajaq, Tawallammat).<a href="#cite_note-SIL-13">[13]</a> The exact number of Tuareg speakers per territory is uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> estimates that the Tuareg population in Mali constitutes approximately 0.9% of the national population (~150,000), whereas about 3.5% of local inhabitants speak Tuareg (Tamasheq) as a primary language.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In contrast, Imperato (2008) estimates that the Tuareg represent around 3% of Mali's population.<a href="#cite_note-Imperato2008-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hinan" title="Tin Hinan">Tin Hinan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan,_125x150cm,_huile_sur_toile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg/220px-2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg/330px-2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg/440px-2_-_La_reine_Tin_Hinan%2C_125x150cm%2C_huile_sur_toile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>An artist's representation of <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hinan" title="Tin Hinan">Tin Hinan</a>, an ancient queen of the <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar</a></figcaption></figure> In antiquity, the Tuareg moved southward from the <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a> region into the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> under the Tuareg founding queen <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hinan" title="Tin Hinan">Tin Hinan</a>, who is believed to have lived between the 4th and 5th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The matriarch's 1,500-year-old monumental <a href="/wiki/Tin_Hinan_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin Hinan tomb">Tin Hinan tomb</a> is located in the Sahara at <a href="/wiki/Abalessa" title="Abalessa">Abalessa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a> of southern Algeria. Vestiges of an inscription in <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>, the Tuareg's traditional Libyco-Berber writing script, have been found on one of the ancient sepulchre's walls.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> External accounts of interactions with the Tuareg are available from at least the 10th century onwards. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hawkal">Ibn Hawkal</a> (10th century), <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">El-Bekri</a> (11th century), <a href="/wiki/Edrisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Edrisi">Edrisi</a> (12th century), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battutah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Battutah">Ibn Battutah</a> (14th century), and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> (16th century) all documented the Tuareg in some form, usually as Mulatthamin or "the veiled ones". Of the early historians, fourteenth century scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C3%BBn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldûn">Ibn Khaldûn</a> probably wrote some of the most detailed commentary on the life and people of the Sahara, though he apparently never actually met them.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg/170px-MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg/255px-MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg/340px-MousaAgAmastane-Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg chief <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Ag_Amastan" title="Moussa Ag Amastan">Moussa Ag Amastan</a> arriving in Paris, 1910</figcaption></figure> At the turn of the 19th century, the Tuareg territory was organised into confederations, each ruled by a supreme Chief (Amenokal), along with a council of elders from each tribe. These confederations were sometimes called "Drum Groups" after the Amenokal's symbol of authority, a drum. Clan (Tewsit) elders, called Imegharan (wisemen), were chosen to assist the chief of the confederation. Historically, there have been seven major confederations.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Ajjer" title="Kel Ajjer">Kel Ajjer</a> or Azjar: centred in the oasis of <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Aghat</a> (Ghat).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Ahaggar" title="Kel Ahaggar">Kel Ahaggar</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar">Ahaggar</a> mountains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Adagh" title="Kel Adagh">Kel Adagh</a>, or Kel Assuk: <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulliminden" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulliminden">Iwillimmidan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kel_Ataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kel Ataram">Kel Ataram</a> or Western Iwillimmidan: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a> regions (Mali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulliminden" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulliminden">Iwillimmidan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kel_Denneg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kel Denneg">Kel Denneg</a>, or Eastern Iwillimmidan: <a href="/wiki/Tchin-Tabaraden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchin-Tabaraden">Tchin-Tabaraden</a>, Abalagh, Teliya <a href="/wiki/Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a> (Niger).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Ayr" title="Kel Ayr">Kel Ayr</a>: <a href="/wiki/Assod%C3%A9" title="Assodé">Assodé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-Gall" title="In-Gall">In Gal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timia" title="Timia">Timia</a> and Ifrwan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Gres" title="Kel Gres">Kel Gres</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a> and Tanut (<a href="/wiki/Tanout" title="Tanout">Tanout</a>) and south into northern Nigeria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Owey" title="Kel Owey">Kel Owey</a>: <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Massif" class="mw-redirect" title="Aïr Massif">Aïr Massif</a>, seasonally south to <a href="/wiki/Tessaoua" title="Tessaoua">Tessaoua</a> (Niger)</li></ul> In the mid-19th century, descriptions of the Tuareg and their way of life were made by the English traveller <a href="/wiki/James_Richardson_(explorer)" title="James Richardson (explorer)">James Richardson</a> in his journeys across the Libyan Sahara in 1845–1846.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the late 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French colonial empire">French colonial invasion</a> of their central Saharan homelands and annihilated a French expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flatters" title="Paul Flatters">Paul Flatters</a> in 1881. Over decades of fighting, Tuareg broadswords were no match for the firearms of French troops.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> After numerous massacres on both sides,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the Tuareg were defeated and forced to sign treaties in Mali in 1905 and Niger in 1917. In southern Algeria, the French met some of the strongest resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar">Ahaggar</a> Tuareg. Their <a href="/wiki/Amenokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenokal">Amenokal</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Moussa_ag_Amastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moussa ag Amastan">Moussa ag Amastan</a> fought numerous battles, but eventually Tuareg territories were subdued under French governance. French colonial administration of the Tuareg was largely based on supporting the existing social hierarchy. The French concluded that Tuareg rebellions were largely the result of reform policies that undermined the traditional chiefs. The colonial authorities wished to create a protectorate operating, ideally, through single chieftains who ruled under French sovereignty, but were autonomous within their territories. Thus French rule, relying on the loyalty of the Tuareg noble caste, did not improve the status of the slave class.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/220px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/330px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/440px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>A Tuareg man in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> with his slave, 1974</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_era">Post-colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tuareg rebellion (disambiguation)">Tuareg rebellions</a></div> When African countries achieved widespread independence in the 1960s, the traditional Tuareg territory was divided among a number of modern states: Niger, Mali, Algeria, Libya, and Burkina Faso. Political instability and competition for resources in the Sahel has since led to conflicts between the Tuareg and neighboring African groups. There have been tight restrictions placed on <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> life because of high <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a> is exacerbated by over-exploitation of resources including firewood. This has pushed some Tuareg to experiment with farming; some have been forced to abandon herding and seek jobs in towns and cities.<a href="#cite_note-peace-38">[38]</a> Following the independence of Mali, a <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg uprising</a> broke out in the Adrar N'Fughas mountains in the 1960s, joined by Tuareg groups from the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_des_Iforas" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar des Iforas">Adrar des Iforas</a> in northeastern Mali. The Malian Army suppressed the revolt, but resentment among the Tuareg fueled further uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-peace-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_(6972875286).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg/220px-Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg/330px-Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg/440px-Le_Mali_entame_le_dialogue_avec_les_Touaregs_%286972875286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">separatist rebels</a> in Mali, January 2012</figcaption></figure> This <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)">second (or third) uprising</a> was in May 1990. In the aftermath of a clash between government soldiers and Tuareg outside a prison in <a href="/wiki/Tchin-Tabaraden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchin-Tabaraden">Tchin-Tabaraden</a>, Niger, Tuareg in both Mali and Niger claimed independence for their traditional homeland: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a> in Niger, including their capital <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a> regions of Mali.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Deadly clashes between Tuareg fighters, with leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mano_Dayak" title="Mano Dayak">Mano Dayak</a>, and the military of both countries followed, with deaths into the thousands. Negotiations initiated by France and Algeria led to peace agreements in January 1992 in Mali and in 1995 in Niger, both arranging for decentralization of national power and the integration of Tuareg resistance fighters into the countries' national armies.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Major fighting between the Tuareg resistance and government security forces ended after the 1995 and 1996 agreements. As of 2004, sporadic fighting continued in Niger between government forces and Tuareg rebels. In 2007, a new <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_Rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009)">surge in violence</a> occurred.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The development of <a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> in North Africa in the 1990s fostered a Tuareg ethnic revival.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Since 1998, three different flags have been designed to represent the Tuareg.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In Niger, the Tuareg people remain socially and economically marginalized, remaining poor and unrepresented in Niger's central government.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On 21 March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">IS-GS</a> militants <a href="/wiki/Tillia_massacres" title="Tillia massacres">attacked</a> several villages around <a href="/wiki/Tillia" title="Tillia">Tillia</a>, Niger, killing 141 people. The main victims of the massacres were the Tuaregs.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Berber mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_(maghrib)_TMnr_20010320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tuareg_tijdens_het_verrichten_van_het_islamitisch_avondgebed_%28maghrib%29_TMnr_20010320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Tuaregs in prayer, 1973</figcaption></figure> The Tuareg traditionally adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Berber mythology</a>. Archaeological excavations of prehistoric tombs in the Maghreb have yielded skeletal remains that were painted with <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>. Although this ritual practice was known to the <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusians</a>, the custom seems instead to have been primarily derived from the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Megalithic tombs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jedars" title="Jedars">jedar</a> sepulchres, were erected for religious and funerary practices. In 1926, one such tomb was discovered south of <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. The monument was engraved with funerary inscriptions in the ancient Libyco-Berber writing script known as <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>, which the Tuareg still use.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During the medieval period, the Tuareg adopted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> after its arrival with the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Norris1976-18">[18]</a> In the 16th century, under the tutelage of El Maghili,<a href="#cite_note-Brfo-48">[48]</a> the Tuareg embraced the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam, which they now primarily follow.<a href="#cite_note-Weissleder1978p17-49">[49]</a> The Tuareg helped spread Islam further into the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Western Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While Islam is the religion of the contemporary Tuareg, historical documents suggest that they initially resisted Islamization efforts in their traditional strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to the anthropologist Susan Rasmussen, after the Tuareg had adopted the religion, they were reputedly lax in their prayers and observances of other Muslim precepts. Some of their ancient beliefs still exist today subtly within their culture and tradition, such as elements of pre-Islamic cosmology and rituals, particularly among Tuareg women, or the widespread "cult of the dead", which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor veneration">ancestor veneration</a>. For example, Tuareg religious ceremonies contain allusions to matrilineal spirits, as well as to fertility, menstruation, the earth and ancestresses.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a> Norris (1976) suggests that this apparent syncretism may stem from the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> Muslim preachers on the Tuareg.<a href="#cite_note-Norris1976-18">[18]</a> The Tuaregs have been one of the influential ethnic groups in the spread of Islam and its legacy in North Africa and adjacent Sahel.<a href="#cite_note-Norris1976-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, an important Islamic center famed for its <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, was established by Imasheghen Tuareg at the start of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It flourished under the protection and rule of a Tuareg confederation.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, modern scholars believe that there is insufficient evidence to pinpoint the exact time of origin and founders of Timbuktu, although it is archeologically clear that the city originated from local trade between the Middle Niger Delta, on the one hand, and between the <a href="/wiki/Pastoralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoralists">pastoralists</a> of the Sahara, long before the first <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">hijra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad19836-56">[56]</a> Monroe asserts, based on archaeological evidence, that Timbuktu emerged from an urban-rural dynamic, that is, aiming to provide services to its immediate rural <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-57">[57]</a> In 1449, a Tuareg ruling house founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Agadez" title="Sultanate of Agadez">Tenere Sultanate of Aïr</a> (Sultanate of Agadez) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a> in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan418-25">[25]</a> 18th century Tuareg Islamic scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jibril_ibn_Umar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jibril ibn Umar (page does not exist)">Jibril ibn 'Umar</a> later preached the value of revolutionary jihad. Inspired by these teachings, Ibn 'Umar's student <a href="/wiki/Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Jihad_of_Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Jihad of Usman dan Fodio">Sokoto jihads</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> Tuareg society has traditionally featured clan membership, social status and caste hierarchies within each political confederation.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans">Clans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tuareg.JPG/170px-Tuareg.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tuareg.JPG/255px-Tuareg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tuareg.JPG/340px-Tuareg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>A Tuareg from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></figcaption></figure> Clans have been a historic part of the Tuaregs. The 7th century invasion of North Africa from the Middle East triggered an extensive migration of Tuaregs such as the Lemta and the Zarawa, along with other fellow <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a> Further invasions of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> Arab tribes into Tuareg regions in the 11th century moved the Tuareg south into seven clans, which the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> of Tuaregs claims are descendants of the same mother.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaisen1963-59">[59]</a> Each Tuareg clan (tawshet) is made up of family groups constituting a tribe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44-20">[20]</a> each led by its chief, the amghar. A series of tawsheten (plural of tawshet) may bond together under an <a href="/wiki/Amenokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenokal">Amenokal</a>, forming a Kel clan confederation. Tuareg self-identification is related only to their specific Kel, which means "those of". For example, Kel Dinnig (those of the east), Kel Ataram (those of the west).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520–21-60">[60]</a> The position of amghar is hereditary through a matrilineal principle; it is usual for the son of a sister of the incumbent chieftain to succeed to his position. The amenokal is elected in a ritual which differs between groups. The individual amghar who lead the clans making up the confederation usually have the deciding voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520–21-60">[60]</a> The matrilineal inheritance and mythology among Tuareg clans, states Susan Rasmussen, is a cultural vestige from the pre-Islamic era of the Tuareg society.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a> According to Rasmussen, Tuareg society exhibits a blend of pre-Islamic and Islamic practices.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a> Patrilineal Muslim values are believed to have been superimposed upon the Tuareg's traditional matrilineal society. Other apparently newer customs include close-cousin endogamous marriages and <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> in conformity with Islamic tenets. Polygyny, which has been witnessed among Tuareg chiefs and Islamic scholars, is in turn thought to have been contrary to the pre-Islamic monogamous tradition of the nomadic Tuareg.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social stratification">edit</a>]</div> Tuareg society has featured caste hierarchies within each clan and political confederation.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tamari_1991_221–222,_228–250-21">[21]</a> These hierarchical systems have included nobles, clerics, craftsmen and unfree strata of people including widespread slavery.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nobility,_vassals_and_clerics">Nobility, vassals and clerics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nobility, vassals and clerics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuareg2.JPG/170px-Tuareg2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuareg2.JPG/255px-Tuareg2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tuareg2.JPG/340px-Tuareg2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg man from Algeria</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Tuareg society is hierarchical, with <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and vassals. The linguist <a href="/wiki/Karl-Gottfried_Prasse" title="Karl-Gottfried Prasse">Karl-Gottfried Prasse</a> (1995) indicates that the nobles constitute the highest caste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516–17-63">[63]</a> They are known in the Tuareg language as imušaɣ/imuhaɣ/imajăɣăn "the proud and free".<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a> The nobles originally had a monopoly on carrying arms and owning camels, and were the warriors of the Tuareg regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516-64">[64]</a> They may have achieved their social status by subjugating other Tuareg castes, keeping arms to defend their properties and vassals. They have collected tribute from their vassals. This warrior nobility has traditionally married within their caste, not to individuals in strata below their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516-64">[64]</a> A collection of tribes, each led by a noble, forms a confederation whose chieftain, the amănokal, is elected from among the nobles by the tribal chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516–17-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a> The chieftain is the overlord during times of war, and receives tribute and taxes from tribes as a sign of their submission to his authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520-65">[65]</a> The vassal-herdsmen are the second free stratum within Tuareg society, occupying a position just below that of the nobles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517-66">[66]</a> They are known as ímɣad (Imghad, singular Amghid) in the Tuareg language.<a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a> Although the vassals were free, they did not own camels but instead kept donkeys and herds of goats, sheep and oxen. They pastured and tended their own herds as well those owned by the nobles of the confederation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517-66">[66]</a> The vassal strata have traditionally paid an annual tiwse, or tribute to the nobles as a part of their status obligations, and hosted any noble who was traveling through their territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">[67]</a> In the late Medieval era, states Prasse, the previously existing weapon monopoly of the nobility broke down after regional wars took a heavy toll on the noble warrior strata, and thereafter the vassals carried weapons as well and were recruited as warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">[67]</a> After the start of the French colonial rule, which deprived the nobles of their powers over war and taxation, the Tuaregs belonging to the noble strata disdained tending cattle and tilling the land, seeking instead soldiering or intellectual work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">[67]</a> A semi-noble stratum of the Tuareg people has been the endogamous religious clerics, the <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabouts</a> (Tuareg: Ineslemen, a loan word that means Muslim in Arabic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">[67]</a> After the adoption of Islam, they became integral to the Tuareg social structure.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to Norris (1976), this stratum of Muslim clerics has been a sacerdotal caste, which propagated Islam in North Africa and the Sahel between the 7th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Norris1976-18">[18]</a> Adherence to the faith was initially centered around this caste, but later spread to the wider Tuareg community.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The marabouts have traditionally been the judges (qadi) and religious leaders (imam) of a Tuareg community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg/170px-1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg/255px-1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg/340px-1997_277-31A_Tuareg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg men near <a href="/wiki/Tahoua" title="Tahoua">Tahoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castes">Castes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Castes">edit</a>]</div> According to anthropologist Jeffrey Heath, Tuareg artisans belong to separate <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> castes known as the Inhăḍăn (<a href="/wiki/Inadan_(African_caste)" title="Inadan (African caste)">Inadan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">[70]</a> These have included blacksmith, jeweler, wood worker and leather artisan castes.<a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a> They produced and repaired the saddles, tools, household items and other items for the Tuareg community. In Niger and Mali, where the largest Tuareg populations are found, the artisan castes were attached as clients to a family of nobles or vassals, carried messages over distances for their patron family, and traditionally sacrificed animals during Islamic <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">[70]</a> These social strata, like caste systems found in many parts of West Africa, included singers, musicians and story tellers of the Tuareg, who kept their <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> They are called Agguta by Tuareg, have been called upon to sing during ceremonies such as weddings or funerals.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The origins of the artisanal castes are unclear. One theory posits a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> derivation, a proposal that Prasse calls "a much vexed question".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">[70]</a> Their association with fire, iron and precious metals and their reputation for being cunning tradesmen has led others to treat them with a mix of admiration and distrust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">[70]</a> According to Rasmussen, the Tuareg castes are not only hierarchical, as each caste differs in mutual perception, food and eating behaviors. For example, she relates an explanation by a smith on why there is endogamy among Tuareg castes in Niger. The smith explained, "nobles are like rice, smiths are like millet, slaves are like corn".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The people who farm oases in some Tuareg-dominated areas form a distinct group known as izeggaghan (or hartani in Arabic). Their origins are unclear but they often speak both Tuareg dialects and Arabic, though a few communities are Songhay speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20-74">[74]</a> Traditionally, these local peasants were subservient to the warrior nobles who owned the oasis and the land. The peasants tilled these fields, whose output they gave to the nobles after keeping a fifth part of the produce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20-74">[74]</a> Their Tuareg patrons were usually responsible for supplying agricultural tools, seed and clothing. The peasants' origins are also unclear. One theory postulates that they are descendants of ancient people who lived in the Sahara before they were dominated by invading groups. In contemporary times, these peasant strata have blended in with freed slaves and farm arable lands together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slaves">Slaves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slaves">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg/112px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg/168px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg/224px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_man_met_amuletten_TMnr_20010119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg/122px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg/183px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg/244px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_Bella_vrouw_TMnr_20010118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Bellah constitute the historic slave stratum within Tuareg society.<a href="#cite_note-Hall2011p5-75">[75]</a></div></div></div></div> The Tuareg confederations acquired slaves, often of <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> as well as tribute-paying states in raids on surrounding communities.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a> They also took captives as war booty or purchased slaves in markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518,_50–54-77">[77]</a> The slaves or servile communities are locally called <a href="/wiki/Ikelan" title="Ikelan">Ikelan</a> (or Iklan, Eklan), and slavery is inherited, with the descendants of the slaves known as irewelen.<a href="#cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">[70]</a> They often live in communities separate from other castes. The Ikelan's Nilotic extraction is denoted via the <a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Ahaggar Berber</a> word Ibenheren (sing. Ébenher).<a href="#cite_note-Nicolaisen-78">[78]</a> The word ikelan is the plural form of "slave",<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> an allusion to most of the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518,_50–54-77">[77]</a> In post-colonial literature, the alternate terms for Ikelan include "Bellah-iklan" or just "Bellah", derived from a <a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> word.<a href="#cite_note-Hall2011p5-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According to historian Priscilla Starratt (1981), the Tuareg evolved a system of slavery that was highly differentiated. They established strata among their slaves, which determined rules as to the slave's expected behavior, marriageability, inheritance rights if any, and occupation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Ikelan later became a bonded caste within Tuareg society, and they now speak the same Tamasheq language as Tuareg nobles and share many customs.<a href="#cite_note-Nicolaisen-78">[78]</a> According to Heath, the Bella in Tuareg society were the slave caste whose occupation was rearing and herding livestock such as sheep and goats.<a href="#cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">[62]</a> French colonial governments stopped the acquisition of new slaves and slave trading in markets, but they did not remove or free domestic slaves from the Tuareg owners who had acquired them before French rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In Tuareg society, like many others in West Africa, slave status was inherited, and the upper strata used slave children for domestic work, at camps and as dowry gifts to newlyweds.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199549–54-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199550–51-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg/220px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg/330px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg/440px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_de_la_f%C3%AAte_de_Bianou_Ao%C3%BBt_2022_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg From Agadez, Niger</figcaption></figure> According to Bernus (1972), Brusberg (1985) and Mortimore (1972), French colonial interests in the Tuareg region were primarily economic, and they had no intention of ending the slave-owning institution.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Klein" title="Martin A. Klein">Martin A. Klein</a> (1998) says that although French colonial rule indeed did not end domestic slavery in Tuareg society, the French reportedly attempted to impress upon the nobles the equality of the Imrad[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">definition needed</a>] and Bella and to encourage the slaves to claim their rights.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> He suggests that there was a large scale attempt by <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West African</a> authorities to liberate slaves and other bonded castes in Tuareg areas following the 1914–1916 Firouan revolt.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Despite this, French officials following the Second World War reported that there were some 50,000 Bella under direct control of Tuareg masters in the Gao–Timbuktu area of <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This was at least four decades after French declarations of mass freedom in other areas of the colony. In 1946, a series of mass desertions of Tuareg slaves and bonded communities began in <a href="/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel" title="Nioro du Sahel">Nioro</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>, quickly spreading along the Niger River valley.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the first decade of the 20th century, French administrators in southern Tuareg areas of the French Sudan estimated that "free" to "servile" groups within Tuareg society existed at ratios of 1 to 8 or 9.<a href="#cite_note-Klein1998ApI-92">[92]</a> At the same time, the servile rimaibe population of the <a href="/wiki/Masina,_Kinshasa" title="Masina, Kinshasa">Masina</a> <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulbe</a>, roughly equivalent to the Bella, constituted between 70% and 80% of the Fulbe population, while servile Songhay groups around <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> made up some 2/3 to 3/4 of the total Songhay population.<a href="#cite_note-Klein1998ApI-92">[92]</a> Klein concludes that approximately 50% of the population of French Sudan at the beginning of the 20th century was in some servile or slave relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Klein1998ApI-92">[92]</a> While post-independence states have sought to outlaw slavery, results have been mixed. Certain Tuareg communities still uphold the institution.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Traditional caste relationships have continued in many places, including slaveholding.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In Niger, where the practice of slavery was outlawed in 2003, according to ABC News, almost 8% of the population are still enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that many slaves held by the Tuareg in Mali were liberated during 2013–14 when French troops intervened on behalf of the Malian government against Islamic radicals.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronology">Chronology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touareg-blacksmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Touareg-blacksmith.jpg/170px-Touareg-blacksmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Touareg-blacksmith.jpg/255px-Touareg-blacksmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Touareg-blacksmith.jpg/340px-Touareg-blacksmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a></figcaption></figure> Tuareg social stratification into noble, clerical and artisanal castes likely emerged after the 10th century, as a corollary of the rising slavery system.<a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-99">[99]</a> Similar caste institutions are found in other communities in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> According to anthropologist Tal Tamari, linguistic evidence suggests that the Tuareg blacksmith and bard <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a> castes evolved under foreign contact with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanic_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudanic people (page does not exist)">Sudanic peoples</a>, since the Tuareg terms for "blacksmith" and "bard" are of non-Berber origin.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The designation for the endogamous blacksmiths among the southern Tuareg is gargassa, a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the Songhay garaasa and <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> garkasaa6e, whereas it is enaden among the northern Tuareg, meaning "the other".<a href="#cite_note-Tamari_1991p13c-102">[102]</a> Archaeological work by Rod McIntosh and Susan Keech McIntosh indicates that long-distance trade and specialized economies existed in the Western Sudan at an early date. During the 9th and 10th centuries, Berbers and Arabs built upon these pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> and quickly developed trans-Saharan and sub-Saharan transport networks. Successive local Muslim kingdoms developed increasing sophistication in their martial capacity, slave raiding, holding and trading systems. Among these Islamic states were the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (11th century), the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> (13th and 14th centuries), and the <a href="/wiki/Songhay_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay Empire">Songhay Empire</a> (16th century).<a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-99">[99]</a> Slavery created a template for servile relationships, which developed into more complex castes and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p19-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality#Tuareg" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality § Tuareg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/220px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/330px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg/440px-Nomad-Tuaregs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> in southern Algeria</figcaption></figure> Tuareg culture is largely <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haven07-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Review66-106">[106]</a> Other distinctive aspects of Tuareg culture include clothing, food, language, religion, arts, astronomy, nomadic architecture, traditional weapons, music, films, games, and economic activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> In Tuareg society women do not traditionally wear the <a href="/wiki/Face_veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Face veil">face veil</a>, whereas men do.<a href="#cite_note-Haven07-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Review66-106">[106]</a> The most famous Tuareg symbol is the <a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">tagelmust</a> (also called éghéwed and, in Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">litham</a>), sometimes referred to as a cheche (pronounced "shesh"), a combined turban and veil, often indigo-blue colored. The men's facial covering originates from the belief that such action wards off evil spirits. It may have related instrumentally from the need for protection from the harsh desert sands as well. It is a firmly established tradition, as is the wearing of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> containing sacred objects and, recently, verses from the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Taking on the veil is associated with the rite of passage to manhood. Men begin wearing a veil when they reach maturity. The veil usually conceals their face, excluding their eyes and the top of the nose. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg/220px-Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg/330px-Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg/440px-Tuareg_woman_from_Mali_January_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>A Tuareg woman in traditional garb</figcaption></figure> Names for traditional clothing include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">tagelmust</a>: turban – men</li> <li>bukar: black cotton turban – men</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasuwart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasuwart (page does not exist)">tasuwart</a>: women's veil</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takatkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takatkat (page does not exist)">takatkat</a>: shirt – women and men</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takarbast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takarbast (page does not exist)">takarbast</a>: short shirt – women and men</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akarbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akarbey (page does not exist)">akarbey</a>: pants worn by men</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afetek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afetek (page does not exist)">afetek</a>: loose shirt worn by women</li> <li>afer: women's <a href="/wiki/Pagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagne">pagne</a></li> <li>tari: large black pagne for winter season</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">bernuz</a>: long woolen cloth for winter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhebay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhebay (page does not exist)">akhebay</a>: loose bright green or blue cloth for women</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ighateman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ighateman (page does not exist)">ighateman</a>: shoes</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iragazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iragazan (page does not exist)">iragazan</a>: red leather sandals</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibuzagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibuzagan (page does not exist)">ibuzagan</a>: leather shoes</li></ul> The traditional indigo turban is still preferred for celebrations, and generally Tuareg wear clothing and turbans in a variety of colors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taguella" title="Taguella">Tagella</a> is a flatbread made from wheat flour and cooked on a <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> fire; the flat disk-shaped bread is buried under the hot sand. The bread is broken into small pieces and eaten with a meat sauce. <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> called a cink or a liwa is a staple much like <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a>. Millet is boiled with water to make a pap and eaten with milk or a heavy sauce. Common dairy foods are goat and <a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">camel milk</a>, called akh, as well as a cheese, ta komart, and tona, a thick <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, made from them. <a href="/wiki/Eghajira" title="Eghajira">Eghajira</a> is a beverage drunk with a <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)" title="Ladle (spoon)">ladle</a>, made by pounding millet, <a href="/wiki/Goat_cheese" title="Goat cheese">goat cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, milk, and sugar, served at festivals. Just like in Morocco, the local popular tea, called atay or ashay, is made from <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder Tea">gunpowder green tea</a> with much sugar added. After steeping, it is poured three times in and out of the teapot over the tea, mint leaves and sugar and served by pouring from a height of over a foot into small tea glasses with a froth on top. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a></div> The Tuareg natively speak the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg languages</a>. A dialect cluster, it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic family">Afroasiatic family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Tuareg is known as <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a> by western Tuareg in Mali, as <a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a> among Algerian and Libyan Tuareg, and as <a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Tamajeq</a> in the Azawagh and Aïr regions of Niger. French missionary <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a> compiled perhaps the earliest dictionary of the Tuareg language.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The Tuaregs compose a great deal of poetry, often elegiac, epigrammatic, and amatory. Charles de Foucauld, and other ethnographers have preserved thousands of these poems, many of which Foucauld translated into French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg/220px-Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg/330px-Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg/440px-Les_21_croix_du_Niger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Agadez_Cross" title="Agadez Cross">Cross of Agadez</a> in 21 modern variations, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> As in other rural Berber traditions, jewellery made of silver, coloured glass or iron us a special artform of the Tuareg people.<a href="#cite_note-:9-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> While in <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">other Berber cultures</a> in the Maghreb jewelry is mainly worn by women, Tuareg men also wear necklaces, amulets and rings. These traditional handicrafts are made by the inadan wan-tizol (makers of weapons and jewelry). Among their products are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanaghilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanaghilt (page does not exist)">tanaghilt</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakkat (page does not exist)">zakkat</a> (the '<a href="/wiki/Agadez_Cross" title="Agadez Cross">Agadez Cross</a>' or 'Croix d'Agadez'); the Tuareg sword (<a href="/wiki/Takoba" title="Takoba">takoba</a>), gold and silver necklaces called 'takaza' as well as earrings called 'tizabaten'. Pilgrimage boxes with intricate iron and brass decorations are used to carry items. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahatint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahatint (page does not exist)">Tahatint</a> are made of goat skin.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Other such artifacts include metalwork for saddle decoration, called trik. Most forms of the Agadez Cross are worn as <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> with varied shapes that either resemble a cross or have the shape of a plate or shield. Historically, the oldest known specimens were made of stone or copper, but subsequently Tuareg blacksmiths also used iron and silver, in the <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> technique. According to the article "The cross of Agadez" by Seligman and Loughran (2006), this piece has become a national and African symbol for Tuareg culture and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Today, these pieces of jewellery are often made for tourists or as items of <a href="/wiki/Fashion#Anthropological_perspective" title="Fashion">ethnic-style fashion</a> for customers in other countries, with certain modern changes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Astronomy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tuareg_people" title="Special:EditPage/Tuareg people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The clear desert skies allowed the Tuareg to be keen observers. Tuareg celestial objects include: <ul><li>Azzag Willi (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>), which indicates the time for milking the goats</li> <li>Shet Ahad (<a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>), the seven sisters of the night</li> <li>Amanar (<a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>), the warrior of the desert</li> <li>Talemt (<a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>), the she-camel wakes up</li> <li>Awara (<a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>), the baby camel goes to sleep</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomadic_architecture">Nomadic architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nomadic architecture">edit</a>]</div> While living quarters are progressively changing to adapt to a more sedentary lifestyle, Tuareg groups are well known for their nomadic architecture (<a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>). There are several documented styles, some covered with animal skin, some with mats. The style tends to vary by location or subgroup.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The tent is traditionally constructed for the first time during the marriage ceremony and is considered an extension of the union, to the extent that the phrase "making a tent" is a metaphor for becoming married.<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-116">[116]</a> Because the tent is considered to be under the ownership of a married woman, sedentary dwellings generally belong to men, reflecting a patriarchal shift in power dynamics. Current documentation suggests a negotiation of common practice in which a woman's tent is set up in the courtyard of her husband's house.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It has been suggested that the traditional tent construction and arrangement of living space within it represent a microcosm of the greater world as an aide in the organization of lived experiences<a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-116">[116]</a> so much so that movement away from the tent can cause changes in character for both men and women as its stabilizing force becomes faint.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> An old legend says the Tuareg once lived in grottoes, akazam, and they lived in foliage beds on the top <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> trees, tasagesaget. Other kinds of traditional housing include:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] ahaket (Tuareg goatskin red tent), tafala (a shade made of millet sticks), akarban also called takabart (temporary hut for winter), ategham (summer hut), taghazamt (<a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> house for long stay), and ahaket (a dome-shaped house made of mats for the dry season and square shaped roof with holes to prevent hot air).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_weapons">Traditional weapons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional weapons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather,_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg/220px-Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg/330px-Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg/440px-Tuarick_in_a_Shirt_of_Leather%2C_Tuarick_of_Aghades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Armed Tuareg men depicted in a French book of 1821. Both men carry spears and the telek dagger attached to the left forearm, the man on the right (a noble) is also armed with the takouba sword.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takoba" title="Takoba">takoba</a>: 1 meter long straight sword</li> <li>sheru: long dagger</li> <li>telek: short dagger kept in a sheath attached to the left forearm.</li> <li>allagh: 2 meter long lance</li> <li>tagheda: small and sharp <a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">assegai</a></li> <li>taganze: leather covered-wooden bow</li> <li>amur: wooden arrow</li> <li>taburek: wooden stick</li> <li>alakkud or abartak: <a href="/wiki/Riding_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding crop">riding crop</a></li> <li>agher: 1.50 meter high shield</li></ul> In 2007, Stanford's <a href="/wiki/Cantor_Arts_Center" title="Cantor Arts Center">Cantor Arts Center</a> opened an exhibition, "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World", the first such exhibit in the United States. It was curated by Tom Seligman, director of the center. He had first spent time with the Tuareg in 1971 when he traveled through the Sahara after serving in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>. The exhibition included crafted and adorned functional objects such as camel saddles, tents, bags, swords, amulets, cushions, dresses, earrings, spoons and drums.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The exhibition also was shown at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> Fowler Museum in Angeles and the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_Art" title="National Museum of African Art">National Museum of African Art</a> in Washington, D.C. Throughout history, the Tuareg were renowned and respected warriors. Their decline as a military might came with the introduction of firearms, weapons which the Tuareg did not possess. The Tuareg warrior equipment consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Takoba" title="Takoba">takoba</a> (sword), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allagh (page does not exist)">allagh</a> (lance), and aghar (shield) made of antelope hide.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber music</a></div> Traditional Tuareg music has two major components: the monochord violin <a href="/wiki/Anzad" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzad">anzad</a> played often during night parties and a small <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tambour</a> covered with goatskin called <a href="/wiki/Tende_(drum)" title="Tende (drum)">tende</a>, performed during camel and horse races, and other festivities. Traditional songs called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asak_(Tuareg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asak (Tuareg) (page does not exist)">Asak</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tisiway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tisiway (page does not exist)">Tisiway</a> (poems) are sung by women and men during feasts and social occasions. Another popular Tuareg musical genre is <a href="/wiki/Takamba" title="Takamba">Takamba</a>, characterized by its Afro percussions. Vocal music <ul><li>tisiway: poems</li> <li>tasikisikit: songs performed by women, accompanied by tende (drum); the men, on camel-back, circle the women as they sing.</li> <li>asak: songs accompanied by anzad monocord violin.</li> <li>tahengemmit: slow songs sung by elder men</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinariwen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tinariwen.jpg/220px-Tinariwen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tinariwen.jpg/330px-Tinariwen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tinariwen.jpg/440px-Tinariwen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a> (Tuareg band) from <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, taken at the <a href="/wiki/Nice_Jazz_Festival" title="Nice Jazz Festival">Nice Jazz Festival</a> in France</figcaption></figure> Children and youth music <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg/220px-Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg/330px-Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg/440px-Othmane_Bali-Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Tuareg singer Athmane Bali from <a href="/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet, Algeria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Bellulla: songs made by children playing with the lips</li> <li>Fadangama: small monocord instrument for children</li> <li>Odili flute: made from trunk of sorghum</li> <li>Gidga small: wooden instrument with irons sticks to make strident sounds</li></ul> Dance <ul><li>Tagest: dance made while seated, moving the head, the hands and the shoulders</li> <li>Ewegh: strong dance performed by men, in couples and groups</li> <li>Agabas: dance for modern ishumar guitars: women and men in groups</li></ul> In the 1980s rebel fighters founded <a href="/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a>, a Tuareg band that fuses electric guitars and indigenous musical styles. Especially in areas that were cut off during the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">Tuareg rebellion</a> (e.g., Adrar des Iforas), they were practically the only music available, which helped them to regional success. They released their first CD in 2000, and toured in Europe and the United States in 2004. Tuareg guitar groups that followed in their path include Group Inerane and <a href="/wiki/Group_Bombino" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Bombino">Group Bombino</a>. The Niger-based band <a href="/wiki/Etran_Finatawa" title="Etran Finatawa">Etran Finatawa</a> combines Tuareg and <a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a> members, playing a combination of traditional instruments and electric guitars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_genres,_groups_and_artists">Music genres, groups and artists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music genres, groups and artists">edit</a>]</div> Traditional music <ul><li>Majila Ag Khamed Ahmad: asak singer, from Aduk, Niger</li> <li>Almuntaha: anzad player, from Aduk</li> <li>Ajju: anzad player, from Agadez, Niger</li> <li>Islaman: asak singer, from Abalagh, Niger</li> <li>Tambatan: asak singer, from Tchin-Tabaraden, Niger</li> <li>Alghadawiat: anzad player, from Akoubounou, Niger</li> <li>Taghdu: anzad player, from Aduk</li></ul> Ishumar music also known as Teshumara or al guitarra music style <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Oumbadougou" title="Abdallah Oumbadougou">Abdallah Oumbadougou</a>, the "godfather" of the <a href="/wiki/Desert_blues#Ishumar" title="Desert blues">ishumar</a> genre<a href="#cite_note-deycard-120">[120]</a></li> <li>In Tayaden, singer and guitar player, Adagh</li> <li>Abareybon, singer and guitar player in <a href="/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a>, Adagh</li> <li>Kiddu Ag Hossad, singer and guitar player, Adagh</li> <li>Baly Othmani singer, luth player, Djanet, Azjar</li> <li>Abdalla Ag Umbadugu, singer, Takrist N'Akal group, Ayr</li> <li>Hasso Ag Akotey, singer, Ayr</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="World Music">World Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinariwen" title="Tinariwen">Tinariwen</a>, exemplar of the <a href="/wiki/Tishoumaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Tishoumaren">tishoumaren</a> genre. <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plant" title="Robert Plant">Robert Plant</a>, a major supporter of Tinariwen and the Festival au Désert said of Tinariwen, "When I first heard them, I felt, this was the music I'd been looking for all my life."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombino_(musician)" title="Bombino (musician)">Bombino</a>, guitarist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kel_Assouf" title="Kel Assouf">Kel Assouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imarhan" title="Imarhan">Imarhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Filles_de_Illighadad" title="Les Filles de Illighadad">Les Filles de Illighadad</a>, Niger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mdou_Moctar" title="Mdou Moctar">Mdou Moctar</a>, guitarist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_and_culture_festivals">Music and culture festivals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music and culture festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition,_Djanet_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/250px-Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/375px-Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/500px-Sebiba_Touareg_Exhibition%2C_Djanet_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Sebiba<a href="#cite_note-126">[nb 1]</a> Tuareg festival in <a href="/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a>, Algeria. The celebrants brandish takouba swords.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu,_Mali_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg/250px-Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg/375px-Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg/500px-Touaregs_at_the_Festival_au_Desert_near_Timbuktu%2C_Mali_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5212" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Tuaregs at the January 2012 <a href="/wiki/Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" title="Festival au Désert">Festival au Désert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, just before the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">MNLA</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Azawadi rebellion</a> later in the same month</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Festival_in_the_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival in the Desert">Festival in the Desert</a> in Mali's Timbuktu provides one opportunity to see Tuareg culture and dance and hear their music. Other festivals include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cure_Salee" title="Cure Salee">Cure Salee</a> Festival in the oasis of <a href="/wiki/In-Gall" title="In-Gall">In-Gall</a>, Niger</li> <li>Sabeiba Festival in Ganat (<a href="/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a>), Algeria</li> <li>Shiriken Festival in Akabinu (<a href="/wiki/Akoubounou" title="Akoubounou">Akoubounou</a>), Niger</li> <li>Takubelt Tuareg Festival in Mali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a> Festival in Aghat (Ghat), Libya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Festival_au_D%C3%A9sert" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Festival au Désert">Le Festival au Désert</a> in Mali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> Tuareg Festival in Libya</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>A Love Apart, was released in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Bettina_Haasen" title="Bettina Haasen">Bettina Haasen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></li> <li>Akounak Tedalat Taha Tazoughai, was released in 2014 and stars the musician <a href="/wiki/Mdou_Moctar" title="Mdou Moctar">Mdou Moctar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerzura_(film)" title="Zerzura (film)">Zerzura</a> is a Tamashek-language film released in 2017 by <a href="/wiki/Sahel_Sounds" title="Sahel Sounds">Sahel Sounds</a> based on the Northern African <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zerzura" title="Zerzura">Zerzura</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tuareg_people" title="Special:EditPage/Tuareg people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tuareg traditional games and plays include: <ul><li>Tiddas, played with small stones and sticks.</li> <li>Kelmutan: consists of singing and touching each person's leg, where the ends, that person is out: the last person loses the game.</li> <li>Temse: comic game try to make the other team laugh and you win.</li> <li>Izagag, played with small stones or dried fruits.</li> <li>Iswa, played by picking up stones while throwing another stone.</li> <li>Melghas, children hide themselves and another tries to find and touch them before they reach the well and drink.</li> <li>Tabillant, traditional Tuareg wrestling</li> <li>Alamom, wrestling while running</li> <li>Solagh, another type of wrestling</li> <li>Tammazaga or Tammalagha, race on camel back</li> <li>Takket, singing and playing all night.</li> <li>Sellenduq one person to be a jackal and try to touch the others who escape running (tag).</li> <li>Takadant, children try to imagine what the others are thinking.</li> <li>Tabakoni: clown with a goatskin mask to amuse children.</li> <li>Abarad Iqquran: small dressed wooden puppet that tells stories and makes people laugh.</li> <li>Maja Gel Gel: one person tries to touch all people standing, to avoid this sit down.</li> <li>Bellus: everyone runs not to be touched by the one who plays (tag).</li> <li>Tamammalt: pass a burning stick, when it is blown off in one's hands tells who is the lover.</li> <li>Ideblan: game with girls, prepare food and go search for water and milk and fruits.</li> <li>Seqqetu: play with girls to learn how to build tents, look after babies made of clay.</li> <li>Mifa Mifa: beauty contest, girls and boys best dressed.</li> <li>Taghmart: children pass from house to house singing to get presents: dates, sugar, etc.</li> <li>Melan Melan: try to find a riddle</li> <li>Tawaya: play with the round fruit calotropis or a piece of cloth.</li> <li>Abanaban: try to find people while eyes are shut (blind man's bluff).</li> <li>Shishagheren, writing the name of one's lover to see if this person brings good luck.</li> <li>Taqqanen, telling devinettes and enigmas.</li> <li>Maru Maru, young people mime how the tribe works.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touareg-craftmanship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Touareg-craftmanship.jpg/220px-Touareg-craftmanship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Touareg-craftmanship.jpg/330px-Touareg-craftmanship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Touareg-craftmanship.jpg/440px-Touareg-craftmanship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> Tuareg selling crafts to tourists in the <a href="/wiki/Ahaggar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaggar Mountains">Hoggar</a> (Algeria)</figcaption></figure> Tuareg are distinguished in their native language as the Imouhar, meaning the free people;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the overlap of meaning has increased local cultural nationalism. Many Tuareg today are either settled agriculturalists or nomadic cattle breeders, while others are <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> leaders. The Tuareg are a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> people, having an economy based on livestock breeding, trading, and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian1-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caravan_trade">Caravan trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Caravan trade">edit</a>]</div> Since prehistoric times, Tuareg peoples have been organising caravans for trading across the Sahara desert. The caravan in Niger from around Agadez to Fachi and Bilma is called Tarakaft or Taghlamt in Tamashek, and that in Mali from Timbuktu to Taoudenni, Azalay.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These caravans used first oxen, horses and later camels as a means of transportation. Salt mines or salines in the desert. <ul><li>Tin Garaban near Ghat in <a href="/wiki/Azjar" title="Azjar">Azjar</a>, Libya</li> <li>Amadghor in Ahaggar, Algeria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoudenni" title="Taoudenni">Taoudenni</a> in far northern Mali</li> <li>Tagidda N Tesemt in Azawagh, Niger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fachi" title="Fachi">Fachi</a> in Ténéré desert, Niger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a> in Kawar, eastern Niger</li></ul> A contemporary variant is occurring in northern Niger, in a traditionally Tuareg territory that comprises most of the uranium-rich land of the country. The central government in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a> has shown itself unwilling to cede control of the highly profitable mining to indigenous clans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Tuareg are determined not to relinquish the prospect of substantial economic benefit. The French government has independently tried to defend a French firm, Areva, established in Niger for fifty years and now mining the massive uranium deposit.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Additional complaints against Areva are that it is: "...plundering...the natural resources and [draining] the fossil deposits. It is undoubtedly an ecological catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> These mines yield uranium ores, which are then processed to produce <a href="/wiki/Yellowcake" title="Yellowcake">yellowcake</a>, crucial to the nuclear power industry, as well as aspirational nuclear powers. In 2007, some Tuareg people in Niger allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Niger Movement for Justice</a> (MNJ), a rebel group operating in the north of the country. In 2004–2007, U.S. Special Forces teams trained Tuareg units of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Army">Nigerien Army</a> in the Sahel region as part of the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Partnership. Some of these trainees are reported to have fought in <a href="/wiki/Second_Tuareg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Tuareg Rebellion">the 2007 rebellion</a> within the MNJ. The goal of these Tuareg appears to be economic and political control of ancestral lands, rather than operating from religious and political ideologies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite the Sahara's erratic and unpredictable rainfall patterns, the Tuareg have managed to survive in the hostile desert environment for centuries. Over recent years however, depletion of water by the uranium exploitation process combined with the effects of climate change are threatening their ability to subsist. Uranium mining has diminished and degraded Tuareg grazing lands. The mining industry produces radioactive waste that can contaminate crucial sources of ground water resulting in cancer, stillbirths, and genetic defects, and uses up huge quantities of water in a region where water is already scarce. This is exacerbated by the increased rate of desertification thought to be the result of global warming. Lack of water forces the Tuareg to compete with southern farming communities for scarce resources and this has led to tensions and clashes between these communities. The precise levels of environmental and social impact of the mining industry have proved difficult to monitor due to governmental obstruction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Tamanrasset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Tamanrasset (page does not exist)">University of Tamanrasset</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">Genetic history of North Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-chromosome_DNA">Y-chromosome DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Y-chromosome DNA">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-Dna haplogroups</a>, passed on exclusively through the paternal line, were found at the following frequencies in Tuaregs: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Population </th> <th>Nb </th> <th>A/B </th> <th>E1b1a </th> <th>E-M35 </th> <th>E-M78 </th> <th>E-M81 </th> <th>E-M123 </th> <th>F </th> <th>K-M9 </th> <th>G </th> <th>I </th> <th>J1 </th> <th>J2 </th> <th>R1a </th> <th>R1b </th> <th>Other </th> <th>Study </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tuareg (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</td> <td>47</td> <td>0</td> <td>43%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>49%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>6%</td> <td>2%</td> <td>Ottoni et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Ottoni2011-136">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al Awaynat Tuareg (Libya)</td> <td>47</td> <td>0</td> <td>50%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>39%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>8%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>Ottoni et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Ottoni2011-136">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tahala Tuareg (Libya)</td> <td>47</td> <td>0</td> <td>11%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>89%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Ottoni et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Ottoni2011-136">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuareg (<a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>)</td> <td>11</td> <td>0</td> <td>9.1%</td> <td>0</td> <td>9.1%</td> <td>81.8%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Pereira et al. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Pereira2011-137">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuareg (<a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>)</td> <td>18</td> <td>0</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>77.8%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>Pereira et al. (2011) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuareg (<a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>)</td> <td>18</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>44.4%</td> <td>0</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>11.1%</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>33.3%</td> <td>0</td> <td>Pereira et al. (2011) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> is the most common paternal haplogroup among the Tuareg. Most belong to its <a href="/wiki/E1b1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="E1b1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b1b</a> (E-M81) subclade, which is colloquially referred to as the Berber marker due to its prevalence among <a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Atlas" title="Middle Atlas">Middle Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> and other Berber groups. It reaches frequencies of up to 100 percent in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and is dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. M81 is thought to have originated in North Africa up to 14,000 years ago, but a single 2200-year-old branch M183-PF2546 dominates Northern and Eastern Berbers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Its parent haplogroup E1b1b is associated with Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations, and is thought to have arisen in the Horn of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2004-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arredi-140">[139]</a> Besides E1b1b, Pereira et al. (2011) and Ottoni et al. (2011) observed that certain Tuareg inhabiting Niger and Libya carry the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E1b1a1-M2</a> haplogroup (see table above). This clade is today primarily found among <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>-speaking populations, which suggests that some Tuareg tribes in parts of Libya and Niger may have assimilated many persons of West African origin into their communities.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoni2011-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pereira2011-137">[136]</a> To wit, around 50% of individuals among the Al Awaynat Tuareg in Libya are E1b1a carriers compared to only 11% of the adjacent Tahala Tuareg. 89% of the Tahala belong instead to the E1b1b-M81 Berber founding lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Ottoni2011-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mtDNA">mtDNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: mtDNA">edit</a>]</div> According to mtDNA analysis by Ottoni et al. (2010) in a study of 47 individuals, the Tuareg inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> region in Libya predominantly carry the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1</a> haplogroup (61%). This is the highest global frequency found so far of the maternal clade. The haplogroup peaks among Berber populations. The remaining Libyan Tuareg mainly belong to two other West Eurasian mtDNA lineages, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup V (mtDNA)">V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> M1 is today most common among other Afro-Asiatic speakers inhabiting East Africa, and is believed to have arrived on the continent along with the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6</a> haplogroup from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> around 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Pereira2010-142">[141]</a> In 2009, based on 129 individuals, Libyan Tuareg were shown to have a maternal genetic pool with a "European" component similar to other Berbers, as well as a south Saharan contribution linked to Eastern Africa and Near Eastern populations.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of 90 unrelated individuals observed greater matrilineal heterogeneity among the Tuareg inhabiting more southerly areas in the Sahel. The Tuareg in the Gossi environs in Mali largely bear the H1 haplogroup (52%), with the M1 lineage (19%), and various Sub-Saharan <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L2_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)">L2</a> subclades (19%) next most common. Similarly, most of the Tuareg inhabiting Gorom-Gorom in Burkina Faso carry the H1 haplogroup (24%), followed by various L2 subclades (24%), the V lineage (21%), and haplogroup M1 (18%).<a href="#cite_note-Pereira2010-142">[141]</a> The Tuareg in the vicinity of Tanout in Maradi Region and westward to villages of Loube and Djibale in Tahoua Region in Niger are different from the other Tuareg populations in that a majority carry Sub-Saharan mtDNA lineages. In fact, the name for these mixed Tuareg-Haussa people is "Djibalawaa" named after the village of Djibale in Bouza Department, Tahoua Region of Niger. This points to significant assimilation of local West African females into this community. The most common maternal haplogroups found among the Tanout Tuareg are various L2 subclades (39%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3</a> (26%), various <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L1_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)">L1</a> sublineages (13%), V (10%), H1 (3%), M1 (3%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U3a</a> (3%), and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L0" title="Haplogroup L0">L0a1a</a> (3%).<a href="#cite_note-Pereira2010-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA">edit</a>]</div> Based on classical genetic markers, according to Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A. (1994), the Tuareg have genetic affinities with the <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja people</a>, a minority ethnic group inhabiting parts of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. The inferred ethnogenesis of the Tuareg people happened within a time period of 9,000 to 3,000 years ago, and most likely took place somewhere in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A 2017 study by Arauna et al. which analyzed existing genetic data obtained from Northern African populations, such as Berbers, described them as a mosaic of local Northern African (Taforalt), Middle Eastern, European (Early European Farmers), and Sub-Saharan African-related ancestries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> The 3000 year old Sebiba festival is celebrated each year in <a href="/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a> (Algeria) where inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> and Tuaregs from neighbouring countries meet to simulate through songs and dance the fights that once separated them.<a href="#cite_note-Abada_2016-125">[125]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nigertuareg-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nigertuareg_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigertuareg_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fniger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2021-Mali-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2021-Mali_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Mali+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Mali: 1.7% of 20.1 million </li> <li id="cite_note-burkinatuareg-3"><a href="#cite_ref-burkinatuareg_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fburkina-faso%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million </li> <li id="cite_note-comprehedv.cluster011.ovh.net-4"><a href="#cite_ref-comprehedv.cluster011.ovh.net_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdriana_PetreEwan_Gordon2016" class="citation web cs1">Adriana Petre; Ewan Gordon (7 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125180536/http://comprehedv.cluster011.ovh.net/thinktank/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Toubou-Tuareg-Dynamics-AP-EG-Finalized-607.pdf">"Toubou-Tuareg Dynamics within Libya"</a> (PDF). DANU Strategic Forecasting Group. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toubou-Tuareg+Dynamics+within+Libya&rft.pub=DANU+Strategic+Forecasting+Group&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.au=Adriana+Petre&rft.au=Ewan+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomprehedv.cluster011.ovh.net%2Fthinktank%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2FToubou-Tuareg-Dynamics-AP-EG-Finalized-607.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hal_open_science-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Hal_open_science_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amu.hal.science/hal-01395167/document">"Tuareg and citizenship: 'The last camp of nomadism'"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imuhar.eu&rft.atitle=Anja+Fischer+%2F+Imuhar+%28Tuareg%29+%E2%80%93+designation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimuhar.eu%2Fsite%2Fen%2Fimuhartuareg%2Fdesignation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoup-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shoup_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup_III2011" class="citation book cs1">Shoup III, John A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA295">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843637" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843637"><bdi>978-1598843637</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598843637&rft.aulast=Shoup+III&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN5yv3-U6goC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "The total Tuareg population is well above one million individuals." 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Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson1996tua-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1996tua_14-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen1996" class="citation book cs1">Rasmussen, Susan J. (1996). "Tuareg". In Levinson, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Culture, Volume 9: Africa and the Middle East. G.K. Hall. pp. 366–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1808-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1808-3"><bdi>978-0-8161-1808-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuareg&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Culture%2C+Volume+9%3A+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=366-369&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Susan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraunaComas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485">"Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs"</a>. eLS: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485">10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470016176" title="Special:BookSources/9780470016176"><bdi>9780470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLS&rft.atitle=Genetic+Heterogeneity+between+Berbers+and+Arabs&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485&rft.isbn=9780470016176&rft.aulast=Arauna&rft.aufirst=Lara+R&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John (3 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA46PBGp0tUC&q=garamantes">The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade</a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17987-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17987-9"><bdi>978-1-134-17987-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Saharan+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17987-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZA46PBGp0tUC%26q%3Dgaramantes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoniLarmuseauVanderheydenMartínez-Labarga2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ottoni, Claudio; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Primativo, Giuseppina; Biondi, Gianfranco; Decorte, Ronny; Rickards, Olga (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21312181/">"Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage"</a>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 145 (1): 118–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.21473">10.1002/ajpa.21473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-8644">1096-8644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21312181">21312181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Deep+into+the+roots+of+the+Libyan+Tuareg%3A+a+genetic+survey+of+their+paternal+heritage&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-124&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.issn=1096-8644&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21312181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.21473&rft.aulast=Ottoni&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Larmuseau%2C+Maarten+H.+D.&rft.au=Vanderheyden%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Labarga%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Primativo%2C+Giuseppina&rft.au=Biondi%2C+Gianfranco&rft.au=Decorte%2C+Ronny&rft.au=Rickards%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F21312181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris1976-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris1976_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris1976_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris1976_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris1976_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris1976_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_T._Norris1976" class="citation book cs1">Harry T. Norris (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ihzHQAACAAJ">The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel</a>. London: Warminster. pp. 1–4, chapters 3, 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-362-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-362-6"><bdi>978-0-85668-362-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750606862">750606862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuaregs%3A+Their+Islamic+Legacy+and+Its+Diffusion+in+the+Sahel&rft.pages=1-4%2C+chapters+3%2C+4&rft.pub=London%3A+Warminster&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750606862&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-362-6&rft.au=Harry+T.+Norris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ihzHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">; For an abstract, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=760272166">ASC Leiden Catalogue</a>; For a review of Norris' book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1158348">10.2307/1158348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1158348">1158348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140786332">140786332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=The+Tuaregs%3A+Their+Islamic+Legacy+and+its+Diffusion+in+the+Sahel.+By+H.+T.+Norris&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-424&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140786332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1158348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1158348&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates2010p499-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates2010p499_19-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Heath2010" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Heath (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Encyclopedia of Africa</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=499-500&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Elizabeth+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516,_17–22,_38–44_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 16, 17–22, 38–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamari_1991_221–222,_228–250-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_1991_221–222,_228–250_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_1991_221–222,_228–250_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–222, 228–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718">10.1017/s0021853700025718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509491">162509491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Caste+Systems+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-222%2C+228-250&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tamari&rft.aufirst=Tal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoubeid2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghoubeid, Alojaly (2003). Dictionnaire touareg-français (in French). Museum Tusculanum. p. 656. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-844-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-844-5"><bdi>978-87-7289-844-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+touareg-fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=656&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-844-5&rft.aulast=Ghoubeid&rft.aufirst=Alojaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hourst, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-GearonEamonn-24"><a href="#cite_ref-GearonEamonn_24-0">^</a> Gearon, Eamonn, (2011) The Sahara: A Cultural History Oxford University Press, p. 239 </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan418-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan418_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minahan418_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Minahan2016" class="citation book cs1">James B. Minahan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA418">Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</a> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-954-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.pages=418&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-954-9&rft.au=James+B.+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGClDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imperato2008-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imperato2008_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imperato2008_26-1">b</a> Pascal James Imperato, Gavin H. Imperato (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&dq=Imperato+%282008%29+-+Tuareg&pg=PA320">Historical Dictionary of Mali</a>, fourth Edition. Published by Historical Dictionary of Africa No. 107. Scarecrow Press. Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-rudolph381-27"><a href="#cite_ref-rudolph381_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_R._Rudolph_Jr.2015" class="citation book cs1">Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA381">Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-553-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Ethnic+Conflicts%2C+2nd+Edition+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-553-4&rft.au=Joseph+R.+Rudolph+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjkVCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/taq">Tamasheq: A language of Mali</a>, Ethnologue </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/">Mali</a>, CIA Factbook, Accessed on 7 November 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Brett, Michael; Elizabeth Fentress <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdrAfKmUrLcC&dq=%22tin+hinan%22&pg=PA207">M1 The Berbers</a> Wiley Blackwell 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631207672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631207672">978-0631207672</a> p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1957" class="citation journal cs1">Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications". Man. 56: 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2793877">10.2307/2793877</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2793877">2793877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Physical+Anthropology+of+the+Sahara+and+Its+Prehistoric+Implications&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=1957-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2793877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2793877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=L.+Cabot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Nicolaisen, Johannes and Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture and Society Vol. I & II. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.temehu.com/tuareg-confederacies.htm">"Tuareg Confederacies, Federations & Twareg Territories of North Africa:الطوارق"</a>. www.temehu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.temehu.com&rft.atitle=Tuareg+Confederacies%2C+Federations+%26+Twareg+Territories+of+North+Africa%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.temehu.com%2Ftuareg-confederacies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, in the Years of 1845 and 1846 Containing a Narrative of Personal Adventures, During a Tour of Nine Months Through the Desert, Amongst the Touaricks and Other Tribes of Saharan People; Including a Description of the Oases and Cities of Ghat, Ghadames, and Mourzuk by James Richardson Project Gutenberg Release Date: July 17, 2007 [EBook #22094] Last Updated: April 7, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023073845/http://www.africamission-mafr.org/foucauld2.htm">"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africamission-mafr.org/foucauld2.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+de+Foucauld+%E2%80%93+Sera+b%C3%A9atifi%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27automne+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africamission-mafr.org%2Ffoucauld2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023073845/http://www.africamission-mafr.org/foucauld2.htm">"Charles de Foucauld – Sera béatifié à l'automne 2005"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africamission-mafr.org/foucauld2.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+de+Foucauld+%E2%80%93+Sera+b%C3%A9atifi%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27automne+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africamission-mafr.org%2Ffoucauld2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Hall, B.S. (2011) A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139499088" title="Special:BookSources/9781139499088">9781139499088</a>, pp. 181–182 </li> <li id="cite_note-peace-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peace_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peace_38-1">b</a> "Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali" (Nov., 2008) Journal of Peace Research Vol. 45, No. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "A Political Analysis of Decentralisation: Coopting the Tuareg Threat in Mali" (Sep. 2001) The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 39, No. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "A Political Analysis of Decentralisation: Coopting the Tuareg Threat in Mali" (Sep. 2001) The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 39, No. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_Youngblood_Coleman2013" class="citation web cs1">Denise Youngblood Coleman (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221185636/http://www.countrywatch.com/country_profile.aspx?vcountry=127">"Niger"</a>. Country Watch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrywatch.com/country_profile.aspx?vcountry=127">the original</a> on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Watch&rft.atitle=Niger&rft.date=2013-06&rft.au=Denise+Youngblood+Coleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrywatch.com%2Fcountry_profile.aspx%3Fvcountry%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Jane E. Goodman (2005) Berber Culture on the World Stage: Village to Video, Indiana University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253217844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253217844">978-0253217844</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/xb%5Earm.html">"Berbers: Armed movements"</a>. Flags Of The World. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+Of+The+World&rft.atitle=Berbers%3A+Armed+movements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fxb%255Earm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElischer2013" class="citation news cs1">Elischer, Sebastian (12 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138931/sebastian-elischer/after-mali-comes-niger">"After Mali Comes Niger"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=After+Mali+Comes+Niger&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft.aulast=Elischer&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F138931%2Fsebastian-elischer%2Fafter-mali-comes-niger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacé" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macé, Célian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/international/afrique/au-niger-les-tueries-a-repetition-de-letat-islamique-20210322_3YXC74YX6NHWPELFD5OH6MR3VQ/">"Au Niger, l'escalade macabre de l'Etat islamique"</a>. Libération (in French). Retrieved 28 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Au+Niger%2C+l%E2%80%99escalade+macabre+de+l%E2%80%99Etat+islamique&rft.aulast=Mac%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9lian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Finternational%2Fafrique%2Fau-niger-les-tueries-a-repetition-de-letat-islamique-20210322_3YXC74YX6NHWPELFD5OH6MR3VQ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuachi" class="citation book cs1">Ouachi, Moustapha. The Berbers and the death. El-Haraka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers+and+the+death&rft.pub=El-Haraka&rft.aulast=Ouachi&rft.aufirst=Moustapha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuachi" class="citation book cs1">Ouachi, Moustapha. The Berbers and rocks. El-Haraka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers+and+rocks&rft.pub=El-Haraka&rft.aulast=Ouachi&rft.aufirst=Moustapha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brfo-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Brfo_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php">"The Tuareg the Nomadic inhabitants of North Africa"</a>. Bradshaw Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bradshaw+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Tuareg+the+Nomadic+inhabitants+of+North+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradshawfoundation.com%2Ftuareg%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weissleder1978p17-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Weissleder1978p17_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Weissleder1978" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Weissleder (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&pg=PA17">The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081023-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081023-3"><bdi>978-3-11-081023-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nomadic+Alternative%3A+Modes+and+Models+of+Interaction+in+the+African-Asian+Deserts+and+Steppes&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081023-3&rft.au=Wolfgang+Weissleder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRyqfpi5BKcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The religion of the Tuareg is Maliki Sunni Islam" </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlichte1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schlichte, Klaus (1 March 1994). "Is ethnicity a cause of war?". Peace Review. 6 (1): 59–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402659408425775">10.1080/10402659408425775</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Is+ethnicity+a+cause+of+war%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=1994-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402659408425775&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft.aulast=Schlichte&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Rasmussen2013" class="citation book cs1">Susan Rasmussen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4DAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">Neighbors, Strangers, Witches, and Culture-Heroes: Ritual Powers of Smith/Artisans in Tuareg Society and Beyond</a>. University Press of America. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6149-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-6149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neighbors%2C+Strangers%2C+Witches%2C+and+Culture-Heroes%3A+Ritual+Powers+of+Smith%2FArtisans+in+Tuareg+Society+and+Beyond&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-6149-2&rft.au=Susan+Rasmussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc4DAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Historically, Tuareg and other Berber (Amazigh) peoples initially resisted Islam in their mountain and desert fortresses" </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_S._Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Bruce S. Hall (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_0EA2DrmUkC">A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49908-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Race+in+Muslim+West+Africa%2C+1600%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49908-8&rft.au=Bruce+S.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_0EA2DrmUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "We remind ourselves that the Tuareg carries this name for having long resisted and refused Islamization." </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._Hunwick2003" class="citation book cs1">John O. Hunwick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C&pg=PA29">Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 29 with footnote 1 and 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12822-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12822-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12822-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sa%CA%BFdi%27s+Ta%CA%BEr%C4%ABkh+Al-S%C5%ABd%C4%81n+Down+to+1613&rft.pages=29+with+footnote+1+and+2&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12822-4&rft.au=John+O.+Hunwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdEsWyzLnD8C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hunwick2003" class="citation journal cs1">John Hunwick (2003). "Timbuktu: A Refuge of Scholarly and Righteous Folk". Sudanic Africa. 14. Brill Academic: 13–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653392">25653392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudanic+Africa&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%3A+A+Refuge+of+Scholarly+and+Righteous+Folk&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=13-20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=John+Hunwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Glover2007" class="citation book cs1">John Glover (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn3jLfdvoNEC">Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order</a>. University of Rochester Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-268-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-268-6"><bdi>978-1-58046-268-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+and+Jihad+in+Modern+Senegal%3A+The+Murid+Order&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-268-6&rft.au=John+Glover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHn3jLfdvoNEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaad19836-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaad19836_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaad1983">Saad 1983</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Monroe,_J._Cameron_2017_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe,_J._Cameron2018" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, J. Cameron (2018). ""Elephants for Want of Towns": Archaeological Perspectives on West African Cities and Their Hinterlands". Journal of Archaeological Research. 26 (4): 387–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10814-017-9114-2">10.1007/s10814-017-9114-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.atitle=%22Elephants+for+Want+of+Towns%22%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives+on+West+African+Cities+and+Their+Hinterlands&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-446&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10814-017-9114-2&rft.au=Monroe%2C+J.+Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2012" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Shillington (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdscBQAAQBAJ">History of Africa</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1"><bdi>978-1-137-00333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00333-1&rft.au=Kevin+Shillington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolaisen1963-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaisen1963_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Nicolaisen1963" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Nicolaisen (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLUbAAAAIAAJ">Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg</a>. New York: Thames and Hudson; Copenhagen: Rhodos. pp. 411–412. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67475747">67475747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Culture+of+the+Pastoral+Tuareg&rft.pages=411-412&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Thames+and+Hudson%3B+Copenhagen%3A+Rhodos&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67475747&rft.au=Johannes+Nicolaisen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLUbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520–21-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520–21_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520–21_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Rudolph_Jr.2015" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Rudolph Jr. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjkVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA380">Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 380–381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-553-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Ethnic+Conflicts%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=380-381&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-553-4&rft.au=Joseph+Rudolph+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjkVCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The Tuareg are seminomadic people of Berber origin. There are various Tuareg clans and confederation of clans. Historically, Tuareg groups are composed of hierarchical caste systems within clans, including noble warriores, religious leaders, craftsmen, and those who are unfree". </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath2005p7-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heath2005p7_62-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Heath2005" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Heath (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWMR_TGTZasC&pg=PA7">A Grammar of Tamashek, Tuareg of Mali</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-090958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-090958-6"><bdi>978-3-11-090958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Tamashek%2C+Tuareg+of+Mali&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-090958-6&rft.au=Jeffrey+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWMR_TGTZasC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516–17-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516–17_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516–17_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199516_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199520_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199517–18_67-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, C. C. (1977). "The Tuaregs: Their Islamic Legacy and its Diffusion in the Sahel. By H. T. Norris". Africa. 47 (4): 423–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1158348">10.2307/1158348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1158348">1158348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140786332">140786332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=The+Tuaregs%3A+Their+Islamic+Legacy+and+its+Diffusion+in+the+Sahel.+By+H.+T.+Norris&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-424&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140786332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1158348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1158348&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2005" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Jeffrey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWMR_TGTZasC&pg=PA7">A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110909586" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110909586"><bdi>978-3110909586</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Tamashek+%28Tuareg+of+Mali%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3110909586&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWMR_TGTZasC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518_70-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._ConradBarbara_E._Frank1995" class="citation book cs1">David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC&pg=PA67">Status and Identity in West Africa</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11264-4"><bdi>978-0-253-11264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Identity+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=67-74&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11264-4&rft.au=David+C.+Conrad&rft.au=Barbara+E.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzeVS6pYS7YC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_M._Stone2010" class="citation book cs1">Ruth M. Stone (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ">The Garland Handbook of African Music</a>. Routledge. pp. 249–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90001-4"><bdi>978-1-135-90001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Handbook+of+African+Music&rft.pages=249-250&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-90001-4&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXEeTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "In Mali, Niger and southern Algeria, Tuareg griots of the artisanal caste practice a related tradition. Known to the Tuareg as agguta, they typically entertain at weddings (...)" </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Susan Rasmussen (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3630236">Matters of Taste: Food, Eating, and Reflections on "The Body Politic" in Tuareg Society</a>, Journal of Anthropological Research, University of Chicago Press, Volume 52, Number 1 (Spring, 1996), page 61, Quote: "'Nobles are like rice, smiths are like millet, and slaves are like corn', said Hado, a smith from the Kel Ewey confederation of Tuareg near Moun Bagzan in northeastern Niger. He was explaining to me the reasons for endogamy." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519–20_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2011p5-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2011p5_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2011p5_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_S._Hall2011" class="citation book cs1">Bruce S. Hall (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_0EA2DrmUkC">A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5, 7–8, 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49908-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Race+in+Muslim+West+Africa%2C+1600%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=5%2C+7-8%2C+220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49908-8&rft.au=Bruce+S.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_0EA2DrmUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaston2019" class="citation book cs1">Gaston, Tony (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ocm2DwAAQBAJ&dq=ikelan+nilotic&pg=PT72">African Journey: A Voyage on the Sea of Humanity</a>. FriesenPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-4981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-4981-6"><bdi>978-1-5255-4981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Journey%3A+A+Voyage+on+the+Sea+of+Humanity&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5255-4981-6&rft.aulast=Gaston&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcm2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dikelan%2Bnilotic%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518,_50–54-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518,_50–54_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199518,_50–54_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 18, 50–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolaisen-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaisen_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaisen_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaisen1963" class="citation book cs1">Nicolaisen, Johannes (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLUbAAAAIAAJ">Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg: With Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr</a>. National Museum of Copenhagen. p. 16. Retrieved 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Culture+of+the+Pastoral+Tuareg%3A+With+Particular+Reference+to+the+Tuareg+of+Ahaggar+and+Ayr&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Copenhagen&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Nicolaisen&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLUbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsain_Ilahiane2006" class="citation book cs1">Hsain Ilahiane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&pg=PA61">Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</a>. Scarecrow. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6490-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6490-0&rft.au=Hsain+Ilahiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E8qp_k515oC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">, Quote: "IKLAN. This term refers to all former black slaves and domestic serfs of traditional Tuareg society. The term iklan is plural form for'slave'." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_Mann2014" class="citation book cs1">Gregory Mann (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PasPBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–111 with footnote 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01654-5"><bdi>978-1-107-01654-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Empires+to+NGOs+in+the+West+African+Sahel&rft.pages=110-111+with+footnote+73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01654-5&rft.au=Gregory+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPasPBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarratt1981" class="citation journal cs1">Starratt, Priscilla Ellen (1981). "Tuareg slavery and slave trade". Slavery & Abolition. 2 (2): 83–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440398108574825">10.1080/01440398108574825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+%26+Abolition&rft.atitle=Tuareg+slavery+and+slave+trade&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-113&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440398108574825&rft.aulast=Starratt&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199519_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Klein1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Klein" title="Martin A. Klein">Martin A. Klein</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnSmbqbtfoC">Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Colonial+Rule+in+French+West+Africa&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59678-7&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NnSmbqbtfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Klein1998" class="citation book cs1">Martin A. Klein (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnSmbqbtfoC">Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii, 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Colonial+Rule+in+French+West+Africa&rft.pages=xviii%2C+138-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59678-7&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NnSmbqbtfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199549–54-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199549–54_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 49–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199550–51-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarl_G._Prasse199550–51_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995">Karl G. Prasse 1995</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_04-05/05798.pdf">Edouard Bernus. "Les palmeraies de l'Aïr", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11, (1972) pp. 37–50</a>; Frederick Brusberg. "Production and Exchange in the Saharan Aïr ", Current Anthropology, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jun., 1985), pp. 394–395. Field research on the economics of the Aouderas valley, 1984.; Michael J. Mortimore. "The Changing Resources of Sedentary Communities in Aïr, Southern Sahara", Geographical Review, Vol. 62, No. 1. (Jan., 1972), pp. 71–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Klein1998" class="citation book cs1">Martin A. Klein (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnSmbqbtfoC">Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59678-7"><bdi>978-0-521-59678-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Colonial+Rule+in+French+West+Africa&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59678-7&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NnSmbqbtfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Klein (1998) pp.111–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Klein (1998) p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Klein (1998) pp. 234–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein1998ApI-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1998ApI_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1998ApI_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein1998ApI_92-2">c</a> Klein (1998) "Appendix I:How Many Slaves?" pp. 252–263 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlFischer2010" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Ines; Fischer, Anja (31 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIkAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Tuareg Society within a Globalized World</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857719249" title="Special:BookSources/9780857719249"><bdi>9780857719249</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuareg+Society+within+a+Globalized+World&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.isbn=9780857719249&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIkAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/PDF/Full%2520English%2520Slavery%2520in%2520Niger.pdf">Anti-Slavery International & Association Timidira, Galy kadir Abdelkader, ed. Niger: Slavery in Historical, Legal and Contemporary Perspectives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306073532/http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/PDF/Full%20English%20Slavery%20in%20Niger.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. March 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm">Hilary Andersson, "Born to be a slave in Niger"</a>, BBC Africa, Niger; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030208075614/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/12/1206_021205_salakkayak.html">"Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade, More"</a>, National Geographic.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1">"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger"</a>. ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shackles+of+Slavery+in+Niger&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FStory%3Fid%3D813618%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/53497/niger-slavery-an-unbroken-chain">"Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain"</a>. Irinnews.org. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger%3A+Slavery+%E2%80%93+an+unbroken+chain&rft.pub=Irinnews.org&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F53497%2Fniger-slavery-an-unbroken-chain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0310/p07s01-woaf.html">"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo"</a>, Christian Science Monitor </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1">"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger"</a>, ABC News </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2013" class="citation news cs1">Raghavan, Sudarsan (1 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/timbuktus-slaves-liberated-as-islamists-flee/2013/05/31/ea4d3e1a-c142-11e2-9aa6-fc21ae807a8a_story.html">"Timbuktu's slaves liberated as Islamists flee"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%27s+slaves+liberated+as+Islamists+flee&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Sudarsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Ftimbuktus-slaves-liberated-as-islamists-flee%2F2013%2F05%2F31%2Fea4d3e1a-c142-11e2-9aa6-fc21ae807a8a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/02/14/mali-slavery/1920579/">"Mali slavery problem persists after French invasion"</a>. USA TODAY. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Mali+slavery+problem+persists+after+French+invasion&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F02%2F14%2Fmali-slavery%2F1920579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_McIntosh2001" class="citation book cs1">Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC">West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0247-8"><bdi>978-0-7185-0247-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Africa+During+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8&rft.au=Susan+McIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Fcr1HSZXNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdda_Bruemmer_Bozeman2015" class="citation book cs1">Adda Bruemmer Bozeman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280">Conflict in Africa: Concepts and Realities</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 280–282 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6742-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6742-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-6742-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Africa%3A+Concepts+and+Realities&rft.pages=280-282+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6742-4&rft.au=Adda+Bruemmer+Bozeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1F9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._ConradBarbara_E._Frank1995" class="citation book cs1">David C. Conrad; Barbara E. Frank (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC&pg=PA77">Status and Identity in West Africa</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 75–77, 79–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-11264-4"><bdi>978-0-253-11264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Identity+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=75-77%2C+79-81&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-11264-4&rft.au=David+C.+Conrad&rft.au=Barbara+E.+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzeVS6pYS7YC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamari_1991p13c-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_1991p13c_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tamari, Tal (1991). 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European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.21">10.1038/ejhg.2010.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987384">2987384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20234393">20234393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Linking+the+sub-Saharan+and+West+Eurasian+gene+pools%3A+maternal+and+paternal+heritage+of+the+Tuareg+nomads+from+the+African+Sahel&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=915-923&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20234393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.21&rft.au=Lu%C3%ADsa+Pereira&rft.au=Viktor+%C4%8Cern%C3%BD&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Cerezo&rft.au=Nuno+M+Silva&rft.au=Martin+H%C3%A1jek&rft.au=Al%C5%BEb%C4%9Bta+Va%C5%A1%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&rft.au=Martina+Kujanov%C3%A1&rft.au=Radim+Brdi%C4%8Dka&rft.au=Antonio+Salas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoniMartínez-LabargaLoogväliPennarun2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ottoni, Claudio; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Pennarun, Erwan; Achilli, Alessandro; De Angelis, Flavio; Trucchi, Emiliano; Contini, Irene; Biondi, Gianfranco; Rickards, Olga (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19476452/">"First genetic insight into Libyan Tuaregs: a maternal perspective"</a>. Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 4): 438–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2009.00526.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00526.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1809">1469-1809</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19476452">19476452</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31919422">31919422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=First+genetic+insight+into+Libyan+Tuaregs%3A+a+maternal+perspective&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=438-448&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.issn=1469-1809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31919422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19476452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2009.00526.x&rft.aulast=Ottoni&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Labarga%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Loogv%C3%A4li%2C+Eva-Liis&rft.au=Pennarun%2C+Erwan&rft.au=Achilli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=De+Angelis%2C+Flavio&rft.au=Trucchi%2C+Emiliano&rft.au=Contini%2C+Irene&rft.au=Biondi%2C+Gianfranco&rft.au=Rickards%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19476452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereira2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pereira, Luisa; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987384">"Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.21">10.1038/ejhg.2010.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987384">2987384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20234393">20234393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Linking+the+sub-Saharan+and+West+Eurasian+gene+pools%3A+maternal+and+paternal+heritage+of+the+Tuareg+nomads+from+the+African+Sahel&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=915-923&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20234393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.21&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalli-SforzaCavalli-SforzaMenozziPiazza1994" class="citation book cs1">Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC">The History and Geography of Human Genes</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08750-4"><bdi>978-0-691-08750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Geography+of+Human+Genes&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08750-4&rft.aulast=Cavalli-Sforza&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Luca&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+Luca&rft.au=Menozzi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Piazza%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrwNcwKaUKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraunaComas2017" class="citation journal cs1">Arauna, Lara R; Comas, David (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485">"Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs"</a>. eLS: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485">10.1002/9780470015902.a0027485</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470016176" title="Special:BookSources/9780470016176"><bdi>9780470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLS&rft.atitle=Genetic+Heterogeneity+between+Berbers+and+Arabs&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485&rft.isbn=9780470016176&rft.aulast=Arauna&rft.aufirst=Lara+R&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0027485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Heath Jeffrey 2005: A Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali). New York: Mouton de Gruyer. Mouton Grammar Library, 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-018484-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-018484-2">3-11-018484-2</a></li> <li>Hourst, Lieutenant (1898) (translated from the French by Mrs. Arthur Bell) French Enterprise in Africa: The Exploration of the Niger. Chapman Hall, London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughran2006" class="citation book cs1">Loughran, Kristyne (2006). "Tuareg women and their jewelry". In Seligman, Thomas K.; Loughran, Kristyne (eds.). Art of being Tuareg: Sahara nomads in a modern world. Los Angeles: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 167–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748729-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748729-4-0"><bdi>978-0-9748729-4-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61859773">61859773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuareg+women+and+their+jewelry&rft.btitle=Art+of+being+Tuareg%3A+Sahara+nomads+in+a+modern+world&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=167-212&rft.pub=Iris+%26+B.+Gerald+Cantor+Center+for+Visual+Arts+at+Stanford+University+UCLA+Fowler+Museum+of+Cultural+History&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61859773&rft.isbn=978-0-9748729-4-0&rft.aulast=Loughran&rft.aufirst=Kristyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_G._Prasse1995" class="citation book cs1">Karl G. Prasse (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jeh3gxrpp1kC">The Tuaregs: The Blue People</a>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-313-6"><bdi>978-87-7289-313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tuaregs%3A+The+Blue+People&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-313-6&rft.au=Karl+G.+Prasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djeh3gxrpp1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_PrasseGhoubeid_AlojalyGhabdouane_Mohamed2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Prasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Prasse">Karl Prasse</a>; Ghoubeid Alojaly; Ghabdouane Mohamed (2003). Dictionnaire touareg-français. Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-844-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-844-5"><bdi>978-87-7289-844-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+touareg-fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=Copenhague%2C+Museum+Tusculanum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-844-5&rft.au=Karl+Prasse&rft.au=Ghoubeid+Alojaly&rft.au=Ghabdouane+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rando et al. (1998) "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, near-eastern, and sub-Saharan populations". Annals of Human Genetics 62(6): 531–50; Watson et al. (1996) mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. American Journal of Human Genetics 59(2): 437–44; Salas et al. (2002) "The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape". American Journal of Human Genetics 71: 1082–1111. These are good sources for information on the genetic heritage of the Tuareg and their relatedness to other populations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, Susan (September 2021). Jain, Andrea R. (ed.). "Re-Thinking a Matrilineal Myth of Healing: Tuareg Medicine Women, Islam, and the Market in Niger". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religion" title="Journal of the American Academy of Religion">Journal of the American Academy of Religion</a>. 89 (3). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Religion" title="American Academy of Religion">American Academy of Religion</a>: 909–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfab076">10.1093/jaarel/lfab076</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-4585">1477-4585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/00027189">00027189</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sc76000837">sc76000837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Re-Thinking+a+Matrilineal+Myth+of+Healing%3A+Tuareg+Medicine+Women%2C+Islam%2C+and+the+Market+in+Niger&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=909-930&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsc76000837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F00027189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.eissn=1477-4585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfab076&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rodd,_2nd_Baron_Rennell" title="Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell">Francis James Rennell Rodd</a>, People of the veil. Being an account of the habits, organisation and history of the wandering Tuareg tribes which inhabit the mountains of Aïr or Asben in the Central Sahara, London, MacMillan & Co., 1926 (repr. Oosterhout, N.B., Anthropological Publications, 1966)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaad1983" class="citation cs2">Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24603-2"><bdi>0-521-24603-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Timbuktu%3A+The+Role+of+Muslim+Scholars+and+Notables+1400%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-24603-2&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Elias+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Edmond Bernus, "Les Touareg", pp. 162–171 in Vallées du Niger, Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1993.</li> <li>Andre Bourgeot, Les Sociétés Touarègues, Nomadisme, Identité, Résistances, Paris: Karthala, 1995.</li> <li>Hélène Claudot-Hawad, ed., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/issue/remmm_0997-1327_1990_num_57_1">Touaregs, exil et résistance</a>". Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, No. 57, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1990.</li> <li>Claudot-Hawad, Touaregs, Portrait en Fragments, Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1993.</li> <li>Hélène Claudot-Hawad and <a href="/wiki/Hawad" title="Hawad">Hawad</a>, "Touaregs: Voix Solitaires sous l'Horizon Confisque", Ethnies-Documents No. 20–21, Hiver, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Dayak" title="Mano Dayak">Mano Dayak</a>, Touareg: La Tragedie, Paris: Éditions Lattes, 1992.</li> <li>Sylvie Ramir, Les Pistes de l'Oubli: Touaregs au Niger, Paris: éditions du Felin, 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuareg_people&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tuareg" class="extiw" title="commons:Tuareg">Tuareg</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tuareg">"Tuareg" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuareg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuareg+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php">Tuareg Culture and Art</a>, Bradshaw Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/africa/tuareg_salt_caravans/index.php">Franco Paolinellli, "Tuareg Salt Caravans"</a>, Bradshaw Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/tuareg/who.html">Who are the Tuareg?</a> Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a Modern World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/images/2014/1/9/201419151344267965_8.jpg">Tuareg children 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Ades" title="Beni Ades">Beni Ades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawiya_language" title="Shawiya language">Shawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenwa_language" title="Shenwa language">Shenwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_language" title="Mozabite language">Mozabite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamahaq_language" title="Tamahaq language">Tamahaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Libya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Libya" title="Template:Demographics of Libya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Libya" title="Template talk:Demographics of Libya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Libya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Libya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Demographics of Libya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Libya" title="Islam in Libya">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Libya">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Libya">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya#Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Christianity in Libya">Coptic Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Libya">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Libya" title="Protestantism in Libya">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan people">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawada" title="Dawada">Dawada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbers in Libya">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Libya" title="Circassians in Libya">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Libya" title="Filipinos in Libya">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Libya">Italian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouran">Gouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Libya" title="Doms in Libya">Doms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Niger"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Niger"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Niger"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Niger" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Niger#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Niger">Ethnic groups in Niger</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait-Awari_tribe" title="Ait-Awari tribe">Ait-Awari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Baggara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diffa_Arabs" title="Diffa Arabs">Diffa Arabs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Daza people">Daza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouran">Gouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddad_people" title="Haddad people">Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaksahak_people" title="Idaksahak people">Idaksahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igdalen_people" title="Igdalen people">Igdalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerwa_Kanuri_people" title="Yerwa Kanuri people">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtey_people" title="Kurtey people">Kurtey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maouri_people" title="Maouri people">Maouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toubou_people" title="Toubou people">Toubou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuareg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogo_people" title="Wogo people">Wogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Berbers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Berber" title="Template:Berber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Berber" title="Template talk:Berber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Berber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Berber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Berbers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavares" title="Bavares">Bavares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banioubae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banioubae (page does not exist)">Banioubae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Koidamousii/Ucutumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Leuathae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macae people (page does not exist)">Macae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machlyes" title="Machlyes">Machlyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaridae">Marmaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baccuates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccuates">Bakouatae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macenites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macenites (page does not exist)">Makanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshwesh" title="Meshwesh">Meshwesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musulamii" title="Musulamii">Musulamii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasamones" title="Nasamones">Nasamones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masaesyli" title="Masaesyli">Masaesyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massylii" title="Massylii">Massylii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquegentiani" title="Quinquegentiani">Quinquegentiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psylli" title="Psylli">Psylli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjissa (page does not exist)">Adjissa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awerba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awerba (page does not exist)">Awerba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awregha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awregha (page does not exist)">Awregha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdeja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdeja (page does not exist)">Azdeja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahlula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahlula (page does not exist)">Bahlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazaz (page does not exist)">Fazaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendelawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendelawa (page does not exist)">Fendelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghomaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghomaras (page does not exist)">Ghumara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gazoula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gazoula (page does not exist)">Gazoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Ghiatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Ghiatas (page does not exist)">Ghiatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godala" title="Godala">Godala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haskura (page does not exist)">Haskura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedouikech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedouikech">Sedouikech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguatan" title="Laguatan">Luwata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madyuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madyuna (page does not exist)">Madyuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Matmatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Matmatas (page does not exist)">Matmata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafzawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafzawa (page does not exist)">Nafzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zanata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabers (page does not exist)">Brabers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaouis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Chenouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghomaras" title="Ghomaras">Ghomaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawwara" title="Hawwara">Hawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerba_people" title="Jerba people">Jerbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matmata_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matmata people (page does not exist)">Matmatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozabite_people" title="Mozabite people">Mozabites</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafusi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafusi people (page does not exist)">Nafusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffians" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffians">Riffians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanhajas_de_Srayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanhajas de Srayr (page does not exist)">Sanhajas de Srayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilha_people" title="Shilha people">Shilha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwi_people" title="Siwi people">Siwis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekna" title="Tekna">Teknas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuaregs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Latin script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Arab-Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber diaspora">Berber diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Canadians" title="Berber Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_flag" title="Berber flag">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58843#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061129-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85138365">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183889">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183889">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph260647&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553515605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02725321X">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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